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Friday 31 July

Computer Vision

OsteoCAD: A Human-in-the-Loop Cloud-Edge Framework for Bone Tumor Segmentation

Maximo Rodriguez-Herrero, Dante D. Sanchez-Gallegos, Heriberto Aguirre-Meneses et al. (+3 more)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Learning (DL) have notably advanced medical image analysis, yet many health- care organizations struggle to adopt them due to limited com- putational resources and specialized expertise. To address these barriers, we introduce OsteoCAD, a modular eHealth framework that democratizes access to DL tools in clinical practice. Osteo- CAD delivers end-to-end DL capabilities-from dataset creation and preprocessing to model training and inference-through an integrated and user-friendly interface. To mitigate local hardware constraints, the framework securely connects to remote GPU infrastructures. We validate OsteoCAD's feasibility through a real-world case study in Mexico focused on large bone tumor segmentation. The results demonstrate the framework's ability to enable DL-powered eHealth solutions without demanding ad- vanced technical expertise or complex local configurations.
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All authors Maximo Rodriguez-Herrero, Dante D. Sanchez-Gallegos, Heriberto Aguirre-Meneses, Marco Antonio Núñez-Gaona, J. L. Gonzalez-Compean, Jesus Carretero

Computer Vision · Cross-listed from physics.med-ph

CBCT-IQ: A Publicly Available Annotated Cone-Beam CT Dataset for Image Quality Assessment and Benchmarking

Sepideh Hatamikia, Anna Breger, Clemens Karner et al. (+14 more)

Medical image quality plays a critical role in diagnostic accuracy, especially in X-ray-based imaging modalities such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), where image quality must be balanced against radiation dose. While expert visual evaluation remains the clinical standard for image quality evaluation, it is time-consuming, subjective and affected by inter-observer variability, emphasizing the need for reliable quantitative image quality assessment (IQA) methods. However, the development and validation of such IQA methods have been limited by the lack of publicly available CBCT datasets with expert image quality annotations. In this study, we provide the first open-access CBCT IQA dataset containing 1,764 annotated image slices acquired using systematic variations in image acquisition and reconstruction parameters. Three clinical experts graded the overall image quality and a predefined regions of interest (ROI) using a four-level scoring scheme. In addition, we benchmark 26 full reference- and no reference-based IQA measures against expert annotations and introduce an exploratory IQA measure-based ranking capable of distinguishing subtle image quality differences. This dataset introduced a standardized benchmark for future CBCT IQA research and provides a valuable resource for the development and validation of new IQA methods, enabling reproducible research and advancing CBCT IQA.
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All authors Sepideh Hatamikia, Anna Breger, Clemens Karner, Birgit Pohn, Poorya MohammadiNasab, Martin Buschmann, Stephanie Nougaret, Laura Haddad, Ali Abbasian Ardakani, Afshin Mohammadi, Paul Apfaltrer, Wolfgang Birkfellner, Alfred Pohl, Ander Biguri, Gernot Kronreif, Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb, Tess Reynolds

Computer Vision

TAVI-TEC: An AI-Based Tool for Procedural Planning of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Alessandra Zerillo, Stefano Cannata, Diego Bellavia et al. (+4 more)

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is crucial for preprocedural TAVI planning, providing the anatomical information required for prosthesis sizing and vascular access assessment. As the volume of TAVI procedure increases, improving efficiency and standardizing annotations is becoming essential in clinical practice. This study presents TAVI-TEC, a fully automated artificial intelligence-based framework integrated into a web based DICOM viewer for routine preoperative TAVI planning. Pre-procedural CTA scans from patients undergoing TAVI with SAPIEN 3 Ultra (S3U) prostheses were processed using a fully automated pipeline. Deep learning-based segmentation of cardiovascular structures, calcification detection, centerline extraction, landmark identification, and annular plane definition was implemented to quantify key annular and aortic root measurements and color-coded maps of lumen reduction and vessel diameter for vascular access. A multilayer perceptron classifier was trained to predict prosthesis size prior to the TAVI procedure. Results revealed that TAVI-TEC enabled pre-procedural measurements in approximately 2-6 min. Strong agreement with clinician-derived measurements was observed for annular area (coefficient of concordance, CCC = 0.934; interclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.935; R^2 = 0.881) and perimeter (CCC = 0.909; ICC = 0.909; R^2 = 0.854). The valve-size prediction model achieved 82% overall accuracy, with most misclassifications occurring between adjacent prosthesis sizes. Though further multicenter validation and extension to additional measurements and valve platforms are required, the TAVI-TEC methodology may reduce operator variability in pre-TAVI measurements and streamline the preoperative workflows of the Heart Team for decision-making.
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All authors Alessandra Zerillo, Stefano Cannata, Diego Bellavia, Daniele Ciriello, Simone Manini, Salvatore Pasta, Caterina Gandolfo

Computer Vision

When Model Priors Conflict with Visual Evidence: Mitigating Commonsense-Driven Hallucinations by Selective Prior Calibration

Kesheng Chen, Yamin Hu and Wenjian Luo

In vision–language models, commonsense-driven hallucination (CDH) occurs when a model's commonsense prior overrides clear visual evidence of an atypical state. For example, a model may report that a visibly six-fingered hand has five fingers. We show that these errors are systematically directed: when a model answers a question about a counterfactual (CF) image incorrectly, its answer often coincides with the candidate it prefers without access to the image. Suppressing this prior indiscriminately can repair CF errors, but may also disrupt correct answers on matched commonsense (CS) images, where the same prior is helpful. We therefore propose Selective Prior Calibration (SPC), which subtracts candidate-level prior-preference estimates from image-conditioned scores with an instance-dependent strength and revises the original prediction only when the resulting score pattern strongly supports an alternative. Extensive experiments demonstrate that SPC substantially improves accuracy on CF images while largely preserving accuracy on matched CS images. Furthermore, these gains generalize across CDH categories, candidate-answer permutations, and other conflict benchmarks, while SPC rarely alters predictions on benchmarks without such conflicts.
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Computer Vision

CorrelationFlow: A Training-Free Geometric Approach for LiDAR Scene Flow Estimation

Minh-Quan Dao, Yancong Lin, Shiming Wang et al. (+2 more)

LiDAR scene flow is the task of estimating point-wise motion from sequential point clouds. It is essential for autonomous driving, as it provides critical information about moving objects and their trajectories. In recent years, unsupervised methods have gained significant traction by eliminating the need for expensive point-wise annotations. However, despite incremental performance improvements, these methods uniformly rely on a single paradigm: training feed-forward networks through optimizing a loss function based on the Chamfer distance, a framework that inherently limits their progression. This paper presents CorrelationFlow, a new paradigm that reformulates LiDAR scene flow as a correlation maximization problem between Bird's-Eye View (BEV) images. Instead of using learnable parameters, our approach employs a chain of image processing operations to solve this problem. The learning-free nature of CorrelationFlow enables strong generalization across diverse domains. This capability is demonstrated by the second-place ranking in the unsupervised track of the Argoverse 2 Scene Flow Challenge at CVPR 2026, which featured a test set spanning five datasets that cover varied vehicle platforms and environments. Our results show that this classical, model-based approach can match or even surpass the performance of learning-based methods, thereby opening a new direction for unsupervised LiDAR scene flow research. The source code will be released.
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All authors Minh-Quan Dao, Yancong Lin, Shiming Wang, Julie Stephany Berrio Perez, Holger Caesar

Computer Vision

Is It Time for the Renaissance of Salient Object Detection in the Era of MLLMs?

Wenzhuo Zhao, Xiuzhi Li, Zhongkuan Mao et al. (+6 more)

The zero-shot capabilities of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are pushing salient object detection (SOD) beyond task-specific supervision. To disentangle MLLMs beyond conventional mask-based evaluation, we decompose SOD into localization and segmentation, and re-engineer datasets with phrases, boxes, and attributes, establishing a diagnostic benchmark for MLLM saliency perception (SaliLLM). SaliLLM uncovers a striking capability mismatch: MLLMs outperform state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods in localization, yet remain substantially weaker in segmentation. Further analyses attribute this gap primarily to mismatches between MLLMs and annotations over foreground cardinality, granularity, and extent. Motivated by this diagnosis, we recast zero-shot SOD as protocol-aligned Foreground Organization and introduce the first training-free framework that leverages Gestalt-inspired Collaborative attention for Unified SOD (FOCUS). FOCUS couples top-down Bayesian-surprise calibration of protocol-conditioned foreground granularity with bottom-up propagation of MLLMs evidence over entity-centric perceptual manifolds induced by self-supervised features, yielding coherent object extents as prompts for a general segmenter. Across 13 RGB, RGB-D, and RGB-T SOD benchmarks, FOCUS generally surpasses SOTA methods without training, reducing mean absolute error by 11%, 34%, and 48% compared with fully, weakly, and self-supervised methods, respectively. Our findings signal the renaissance of SOD: from task-specific supervision to zero-shot foreground organization. Code is available in the supplementary material.
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All authors Wenzhuo Zhao, Xiuzhi Li, Zhongkuan Mao, Ronghao Xian, Yao Jiang, Zhao Gao, Keren Fu, Qijun Zhao, Jian Cheng

Computer Vision

Multi-Modal Object Re-Identification with Dual Semantic Guidance and Global-Local Mutual Modulation

Weixiang Zhou, Xingguo Xu, Yuhao Wang et al. (+4 more)

Multi-modal object Re-Identification (ReID) aims to retrieve target instances by leveraging complementary information across modalities. However, existing methods suffer from two challenges. First, they often fail to exploit well-aligned and reliable semantic priors, making them vulnerable to background clutter and cross-modal misalignment. On the other hand, they typically rely on holistic feature modeling, overlooking the synergy between global and local representations. To overcome these limitations, we propose a robust multi-modal ReID framework with dual semantic guidance and global-local mutual modulation, which mainly consists of three key components, namely the Text-Semantic Injector (TSI), the Masked Global-Local Modulator (MGLM), and the Hierarchical MoE Fusion (HMF). The TSI enhances semantic awareness by integrating clean and coherent textual features into visual tokens. The MGLM enables part-aware cross-modal interaction through joint guidance from soft masks and global context, improving fine-grained feature alignment. Finally, the HMF adaptively aggregates multi-spectral features under local semantic supervision, yielding discriminative and robust representations. Extensive experiments on three multi-modal ReID benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The code will be made publicly available at https://github.com/zw-absin/DSGM upon acceptance.
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All authors Weixiang Zhou, Xingguo Xu, Yuhao Wang, Cong Wang, Yang Yang, Zhixun Su, Jinshan Pan

Computer Vision

Domain-Division based Progressive Learning for Source-Free Domain Adaptation

Pan Liu, Jing Li, Meng Zhao et al. (+3 more)

With growing privacy and portability concerns, source-free domain adaptation requires only a source pre-trained model and an unlabeled target domain, allowing for effective adaptation to the target data. Most existing self-training methods focus on selecting and exploiting samples with reliable predictions, often neglecting others. Inspired by the finding that deep models learn clean samples faster than noisy ones, we propose a domain-division based progressive learning method named DPL. Specifically, our approach consists of two alternating stages, each beginning with the division of the target domain into easy-to-adapt and hard-to-adapt subdomains based on adaptation difficulty, followed by neighborhood-based pseudo label assignment. In stage one, we enhance classification accuracy through uncertainty-aware self-training and alignment of corresponding classes between subdomains. Stage two then applies tailored learning strategies to each subdomain, starting with consistency learning on the easy-to-adapt samples and progressing to utilizing local structural information for the more challenging ones, thereby mining the intrinsic properties of the target data. Extensive experiments on several widely used benchmarks validate the effectiveness of our approach, demonstrating superior performance compared to state-of-the-art methods. Our code is available at https://github.com/iamjingli/DPL.
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All authors Pan Liu, Jing Li, Meng Zhao, Wanli Xue, Qinghua Hu, Shengyong Chen

Computer Vision

UltraSAM3: A Concept-Driven Foundation Model for Universal Ultrasound Image Segmentation

Bo Xu, Quanhao Zhu, Rui Lin et al. (+5 more)

Ultrasound imaging has become increasingly widespread in clinical practice due to its portability, low cost and real-time capability, making ultrasound image segmentation important. However, ultrasound images differ substantially from CT, MRI, and other medical imaging modalities, as they are often affected by speckle noise, low contrast, acoustic shadows and ambiguous boundaries. Existing ultrasound segmentation methods are still mainly limited to task-specific models or visual-prompt-based foundation models, which are either tailored to particular tasks or require expert-provided visual prompts, making them inconvenient for flexible clinical use. To address these challenges, we propose UltraSAM3, a concept-driven foundation model for universal ultrasound image segmentation. Unlike conventional models, UltraSAM3 enables text-based target specification by adapting SAM3 to ultrasound-specific image–mask–concept triplets. The model is trained on a large-scale ultrasound segmentation corpus covering 37 public datasets and 13 anatomical categories, allowing it to align ultrasound visual patterns with clinically meaningful concepts across diverse organs and lesions. To further improve usability under realistic clinical interaction, we propose an instruction-guided agent that parses complex natural language queries into concise ultrasound concept prompts for UltraSAM3. Extensive experiments demonstrate that UltraSAM3 consistently outperforms representative concept- and text-driven biomedical segmentation models on multi-organ ultrasound benchmarks, external datasets, and visual-prompt-enhanced settings. Moreover, the agent improves segmentation robustness for complex user instructions. These results indicate that ultrasound-specific concept adaptation is effective for building generalizable and interactive ultrasound segmentation foundation models.
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All authors Bo Xu, Quanhao Zhu, Rui Lin, Boling Zhu, Chenyuan Wang, Hongfei Lin, Feng Xia, Chenhua Ji

Computer Vision

Locally Consistent Transductive Information Maximization for Few-Shot Remote Sensing Scene Classification

Karim El Khoury, Benoît Gérin, Benoît Macq et al. (+1 more)

Remote sensing scene classification is increasingly relying on foundation models pre-trained on large-scale Earth-observation data. Moreover, transductive inference, which exploits the collective statistical structure of the entire unlabeled query set, appears to naturally match remote sensing pipelines where large images are routinely split into patches and inferred as a batch. In this work, we introduce LC-TIM (Locally Consistent Transductive Information Maximization), which extends the state-of-the-art Transductive Information Maximization for Few-Shot CLIP (TIM++) objective with a local consistency regularizer that enforces prediction agreement between each query sample and its $\kappa$ nearest feature-space neighbors. The regularizer enters as a single multiplicative factor in the closed-form $q$-update, adding negligible computational overhead. We further propose a multi-source extension that fuses the affinity graph from multiple remote sensing foundation model, further boosting classification accuracy. To assess these methods, we establish the first comprehensive, open-source benchmark for transductive few-shot RS scene classification, evaluating LP++, TransCLIP, TIM++, and LC-TIM across ten diverse datasets, two remote sensing vision-language models, and across various few-shot settings. Our experiments show that transductive methods consistently outperform zero-shot baselines, and that LC-TIM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy, with the largest gains in the low-shot regime where neighborhood cues are most informative. Code is publicly available at: https://github.com/elkhouryk/LC-TIM
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All authors Karim El Khoury, Benoît Gérin, Benoît Macq, Christophe De Vleeschouwer

Computer Vision · Cross-listed from cs.LG

SERUM: State Extraction and Refinement for User Modeling

Andy J. Phu, Karin de Langis, James Mooney et al. (+2 more)

Agentic assistants capable of proactive, personalized interactions require structured models of user intent and workflow. However, building these models from raw, unstructured screen activity remains an open challenge. We present SERUM, a multi-pass framework that extracts finite-state behavioral models directly from unstructured egocentric video using hierarchical VLM annotation. Processing screen recordings through a sliding window, SERUM alternates between activity-recognition and intent-inference passes, with each pass refining labels using accumulated prior context to reduce hallucination and temporal conflation seen in single-pass annotation. Synonymous states are then merged via sentence embeddings and human-calibrated thresholds into a compact, coherent taxonomy. We evaluate behavioral structure by fitting first-order Markov models over the resulting label sequences (both actions and intents) and measuring predictive accuracy against frequency baselines. Across 61 egocentric videos in four domains (coding, cooking, physical activities, and daily life), we find: (1) iterative label refinement converges to a stable state vocabulary, which we term schematic equilibrium, after several passes; (2) normalized Markov models achieve substantially lower perplexity and higher action predictions than frequency baselines, with the largest gains on structured tasks like coding; and (3) human annotators rate final-pass labels as accurate and meaningfully improved over first-pass labels. To our knowledge, SERUM is the first system to produce interpretable process models from unstructured egocentric screen video without manual annotation, opening a scalable pathway for user modeling and behavioral understanding in the wild. Our demo, code, and results are publicly available
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All authors Andy J. Phu, Karin de Langis, James Mooney, Khanh Chi Le, Dongyeop Kang

Computer Vision

MoRAE: Flow-Friendly Self-Supervised Latents for Text-to-Motion Generation

Yifei Zhu, Mingyi Shi, Yangyang Cai et al. (+3 more)

Text-to-motion generation must produce motions that are semantically correct, temporally coherent, and physically plausible. A natural approach is to first project motion data into a structured semantic space and then train a generative model within that space. Such a paradigm has been highly successful in image generation through Representation Autoencoders (RAEs), where a frozen self-supervised encoder provides semantic features for diffusion or flow models to learn from. However, direct transfer of such a paradigm to motion space using Motion-JEPA as the frozen encoder fails dramatically. We diagnose this failure geometrically and identify two motion-specific bottlenecks: (1) the JEPA feature space is spectrally ill-conditioned, making the Gaussian-to-data transport unstable; and (2) even with a well-conditioned spectrum, flow residuals tend to align with decoder-sensitive directions, where small latent errors are amplified into large motion artifacts after decoding. Based on these insights, we propose MoRAE. MoRAE addresses the two bottlenecks separately. A compact bottleneck distills the structured JEPA representation while removing weak and redundant directions, bringing the latent spectrum into a transport-stable regime. Motion-coupled training then aligns the retained latent geometry with the decoder, making characteristic flow errors less costly after decoding. With this flow-friendly latent, a standard non-autoregressive Flow-Matching DiT achieves state-of-the-art performance.
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All authors Yifei Zhu, Mingyi Shi, Yangyang Cai, Miao Cheng, Yoshifumi Kitamura, Taku Komura

Computer Vision

Progressive Decision-Making for Localizing Open-Ended AI-Generated Image Forgeries

Jingyi Hou, Xiaoxia Chen, Leyu Zhou et al. (+2 more)

AI-generated image forgeries are becoming increasingly realistic and difficult to characterize with fixed manipulation patterns. As generative models continue to evolve, it is impractical to expect a localization model to exhaustively learn all possible forgery appearances from large-scale training data alone. Nevertheless, many AI-generated forgeries still leave subtle forensic traces, although these cues are often weak and unevenly reliable across regions. Therefore, robust localization requires not only extracting informative forensic traces, but also making reliable decisions from incomplete and ambiguous evidence. In this paper, we move beyond static one-shot prediction and reformulate final forgery localization as an adaptive sequential decision-updating process, where the localization map is treated as an intermediate state rather than a fixed output. Rather than producing the final mask via one-shot pixel-wise prediction, our method progressively updates the localization state guided by available evidence, uncertainty, and boundary conditions. Specifically, we first transform mesoscopic traces into compact decision evidence via a lightweight decision evidence projector, and then introduce Evidence-Guided Mamba (EG-Mamba) to perform uncertainty- and boundary-aware state updating. This design allows reliable manipulated and background regions to be preserved, while ambiguous regions are cautiously revised according to the available evidence. Extensive experiments on both conventional and AI-generated manipulation benchmarks validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Notably, even when trained only on conventional manipulation data, our method brings larger gains on unseen AI-generated forgeries, indicating that progressive decision-updating is especially useful for heterogeneous and hard-to-exhaustively-learn manipulation traces.
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All authors Jingyi Hou, Xiaoxia Chen, Leyu Zhou, Zhichuang Wang, Zhijie Liu

Computer Vision

Have I Seen You? Embedding Behavior Signals Synthetic Face Dataset Membership

Paweł Borsukiewicz, Daniele Lunghi, Wendkûuni C. Ouédraogo et al. (+2 more)

Synthetic face datasets are increasingly used to reduce privacy exposure and data access constraints in biometric recognition. Yet the generators that produce these datasets are trained on real faces, so synthetic data may still reveal their real source data. We study this risk through a dataset-level membership inference attack that first identifies the synthetic dataset used to train a face recognizer and then infers the real dataset used to train the generator. Across 11 face recognition models, 11 synthetic datasets, and 7 real datasets, the attack recovers the synthetic training dataset in 100% of cases and identifies the generator's source dataset in 54.5% of cases. These results show that synthetic data can retain dataset-level traces of real training data and that privacy-preserving deployment requires stronger leakage mitigation.
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All authors Paweł Borsukiewicz, Daniele Lunghi, Wendkûuni C. Ouédraogo, Jacques Klein, Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

Computer Vision

On the Efficacy of Self-Supervised Point Cloud Encoders for Efficient 3D Large Language Models

Yao Zheng and Tian Zhang

3D point cloud-language models (3D-LLMs) enable 3D understanding by pairing point cloud encoders with large language models, but existing methods rely on costly multi-modal encoders (e.g., ULIP-2) that require image-text-point cloud alignment on 8x A100-scale compute, creating high barriers for research and deployment. In this work, we systematically investigate whether low-cost self-supervised point cloud encoders, specifically PCP-MAE and Point-MAE, can serve as effective alternatives. Using MiniGPT-3D as our testbed, we evaluate 7 encoder initialization/pre-training setups (1 multi-modal baseline, 5 self-supervised, 1 random init) under frozen and unfrozen fine-tuning (12 total groups), across 2 architectures (MaskTransformer, PointTransformer), 3 objectives (PCP-MAE, Point-MAE, random init), and 2 datasets (Objaverse 660K, ShapeNet55-34 approximately 50K). Our experiments reveal three key findings: (1) The four-stage MiniGPT-3D pipeline can effectively train a 3D encoder from random initialization: an end-to-end trained random init encoder reaches 52.50% open-vocabulary accuracy and 44.45 captioning score, approaching top pre-trained variants; (2) Architecture and pre-training objective show strong crossover interaction: PCP-MAE + MaskTransformer achieves 59.00% accuracy (best self-supervised), while Point-MAE + MaskTransformer drops to 46.50%, with the pattern reversed for PointTransformer; (3) Closed-set ModelNet40 classification remains a core weakness of purely geometric encoders, reaching only ~13-18% accuracy vs. ~62% for the multi-modal baseline, even after end-to-end fine-tuning. Our results offer practical guidelines for cost-effective 3D-LLM design and reveal interaction patterns between self-supervised objectives and encoder architectures.
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Computer Vision

First Investigation of Deep Learning for Intraoperative Gauze Segmentation in Minimally Invasive Abdominal Surgery

Priya Tomar, Maximilian Broß, Philipp Feodorovici et al. (+7 more)

Surgical gauze is an essential part of surgical procedures, primarily used for controlling bleeding and absorbing bodily fluids. The post-surgical retention of gauze can lead to serious complications and necessitate additional surgery for its removal. Despite the clinical significance, research on gauze segmentation using real-world surgical data remains underexplored, owing in part to the scarcity of annotated datasets. In this work, we investigate the use of deep learning methods for gauze segmentation in robot-assisted minimally invasive abdominal surgeries, utilizing an in-house surgical dataset prepared at a university hospital. The training data reflects realistic surgical settings and captures extensive diversity in spatial, morphological, and visual attributes across three different gauze categories. We evaluate several widely used segmentation architectures, including CNN-based, transformer-based, and hybrid architectures, to establish a proof-of-concept for gauze segmentation in a realistic clinical setting. In addition, we investigate the influence of sub-optimally annotated, auto-tracked segmentation masks as a strategy to address data scarcity and improve performance. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of real-world training data in countering the main challenge reported by prior works, the trade-off between blood presence and gauze detection. The incorporation of auto-tracked annotations yields performance enhancements, particularly in generic surgical scenarios. The integration of effective segmentation approaches can benefit robot-guided surgical procedures and various downstream applications by providing precise delineation of foreign objects, thereby enhancing patient safety and surgical outcomes.
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All authors Priya Tomar, Maximilian Broß, Philipp Feodorovici, Jan Arensmeyer, Philipp Leifels, Aditya Parikh, Hanno Matthaei, Christian Bauckhage, Helen Schneider, Rafet Sifa

Computer Vision

SciFigPlag-Bench: A Benchmark for Provenance-Aware Scientific Figure Plagiarism Detection

Zhiying Cui, Minghao Yang, Linlin Gao et al. (+2 more)

Scientific figures often encode the visual evidence behind scientific findings, yet figure plagiarism remains underexplored as a benchmarked multimodal evaluation problem. We present SciFigPlag-Bench, a benchmark for provenance-aware reasoning over scientific figures in scholarly documents. Unlike general image-similarity or image-forensics benchmarks, SciFigPlag-Bench evaluates whether a suspicious figure reuses evidence from a specific source figure, how the reused content has been transformed, and where the reused evidence appears. We introduce a factorized taxonomy that separates what is reused from how it is transformed, covering material-preserving reuse, such as full-figure and subfigure reuse, as well as abstract-content reuse, such as data re-expression and structural redraw. Guided by this taxonomy, we construct a hybrid benchmark with 2,582 positive pairs and 2,541 negative pairs, combining documented real-world cases, taxonomy-guided synthetic examples, and visually similar negatives. The benchmark supports four diagnostic tasks: pairwise detection, source attribution, hierarchical reuse-type classification, and reuse correspondence localization. Experiments with diverse vision-language models establish initial baselines and reveal persistent challenges in fine-grained provenance reasoning, reuse-type understanding, and spatial evidence grounding.
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All authors Zhiying Cui, Minghao Yang, Linlin Gao, Jie Liu, Pengyuan Li

Computer Vision

A Frozen Pixel-Space Diffusion Model Can Guide Itself with Its Own Samples

Zixuan Fu, Chong Wang, Lanqing Guo et al. (+3 more)

Pixel-space diffusion models aim to learn an end-to-end generator directly over raw pixels. This is challenging because a single model must capture both global structure and local texture in the same high-dimensional space. While recent work improves pixel diffusion through alternative prediction targets, training objectives, and architectures, these advances typically require training a new model from scratch. We show there is a cheaper, complementary strategy: a frozen, pretrained pixel diffusion model can guide itself. Our key observation is that intermediate layers of a pretrained pixel diffusion transformer can be decoded into coarse predictions that capture the main low-frequency structure, while the final layers progressively refine local, high-frequency details. We therefore attach a lightweight prediction head to an intermediate layer, keep the backbone frozen, and use the discrepancy between the intermediate and final predictions as a self-guidance direction during sampling. To train this head, we further find that real images are not necessary. Instead, model-generated samples suffice and even outperform real images for training the head, especially in enhancing the high-frequency components that pixel diffusion tends to underfit. Across multiple pixel diffusion models on ImageNet, our Synthetic Self-Guidance (SSG) consistently improves generation while adapter training requires less than 1$\%$ of full-model training compute: it reduces FID by over 50$\%$ across the evaluated JiT variants without classifier-free guidance (CFG) and further improves strong baselines with CFG, e.g., JiT-H/16 from 1.86 to 1.67 and PixelREPA-H/16 from 1.81 to 1.59. Our code is available at https://github.com/zfu006/SSG.
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All authors Zixuan Fu, Chong Wang, Lanqing Guo, Kailai Zhou, Jiahao Nie, Bihan Wen

Computer Vision

Forwardrobe: Garment-Aware Gaussian Avatars from a Single Image

Daisheng Jin, Shuyun Wang and Ying He

Reconstructing animatable 3D human avatars from a single image remains particularly challenging for loose garments, whose geometry and motion cannot be adequately represented by body-aligned topology and skinning. We present Forwardrobe, a feed-forward framework for reconstructing garment-aware Gaussian avatars from a single image. Forwardrobe explicitly separates clothing from the body in canonical Gaussian space and equips the garment layer with continuity-aware geometry and skinning initialization, pose-conditioned non-rigid deformation, and appearance adaptation. These designs improve garment reconstruction and visual quality during animation, particularly for skirts and dresses. The separated garment layer additionally forms an independently controllable 3D asset, enabling garment editing, transfer, and 3D virtual try-on. Experiments demonstrate improved garment reconstruction quality and greater flexibility in garment manipulation compared with existing single-image avatar reconstruction methods.
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Computer Vision · Cross-listed from cs.LG

StraightDP: Geometry-Aware Differential Privacy for Rectified-Flow Transformers

Xujun Che, Depeng Xu and Xintao Wu

Differentially private (DP) training of text-conditioned generative models suffers a utility cliff at strong privacy. We revisit this problem through the geometry of rectified flows: along the straight interpolation between noise and data, the Bayes-optimal velocity is governed to leading order at the noise end by a few class-conditional moments, and increasingly sample-specific structure matters toward the data end. StraightDP exploits this heterogeneity end to end. A small budget share releases whitened class-conditional moments once, to be distilled into the weights or injected at sampling time. The rest is spent by pre-declared DP-SGD toward the data end, beyond the moments' reach. At $\varepsilon=1$ on MNIST, the released moments alone already attain $0.76$ downstream accuracy with prototype-like samples and an FID of $237$, and uniform DP-SGD attains $0.21$. The pipeline built on the release reaches $0.81$ accuracy at FID $56$ in a public latent space. Constraining per-token stream norms of the multimodal backbone leaves the pretraining loss unchanged yet improves downstream accuracy in the extreme-noise pixel-space regime, and its accuracy effect becomes monotonically more favorable as privacy strengthens. The released moments also port to frozen SD3-medium, where sampling-time injection beats DP-LoRA training at a fraction of the budget.
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Computer Vision

MHRGait: Gait Recognition from Momentum Human Rig Pose

Huiran Duan, Qian Zhou, Xianda Guo et al. (+4 more)

Gait recognition is shaped by its input representation. Silhouettes encode projected body shape, skeletons encode sparse joint coordinates, and 3D meshes encode dense surface geometry. In each case, identity-bearing articulation is observed through geometric carriers that also vary with clothing, skeletal scale, or body shape. We investigate whether gait can instead be recognized from compact articulated controls. We introduce Momentum Human Rig (MHR) pose as a gait representation, describing each frame using 184 semantically organized body and hand parameters estimated from monocular video. MHRGait groups these heterogeneous controls by anatomy, models their intra-frame coordination and temporal evolution, and produces compact body and hand descriptors. We further introduce MHRGait++, which combines MHR pose with silhouettes through modality-balanced distance fusion, preventing descriptor count from determining modality importance. Experiments on four benchmarks show that MHRGait attains the best overall performance among compared model-based methods on CCPG and SUSTech1K and transfers effectively across datasets, while its recognition network requires only 2.76M parameters and 0.69 GFLOPs for a 30-frame input. MHRGait++ consistently improves silhouette recognizers with a favorable accuracy-efficiency trade-off. These results establish rig-space articulation as an effective standalone gait representation and a complementary cue to projected body shape. Our code is available at https://github.com/duanhuiran/MHRGait.
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All authors Huiran Duan, Qian Zhou, Xianda Guo, Hua Zou, Guoying Zhao, Zhongyuan Wang, Yingli Tian

Computer Vision

Learning from Adversity: Semantic-Aware Mask Refinement through Adversarial Perturbation

Beomyoung Kim and Sung Ju Hwang

Despite significant advances in image segmentation, even state-of-the-art models produce masks with imperfect boundaries, semantic inconsistencies, and structural errors. Mask refinement addresses these limitations, yet current approaches rely on simplistic synthetic noise that fails to capture the complex error patterns of real segmentation models. We introduce Phoenix, a novel framework that leverages adversarial learning to generate semantically meaningful noise patterns and contrastive learning to model refinement relationships. Our approach consists of two key innovations: (1) Adversarial Mask Perturbation, which employs embedding attacks to create semantic-aware noise that mimics real segmentation errors, and (2) Contrastive Mask Refinement Learning, which establishes a tri-directional framework that ensures feature consistency within semantic regions while maintaining separation between classes. Experiments demonstrate that Phoenix significantly outperforms existing methods across diverse tasks, while consistently enhancing state-of-the-art segmentation models with substantial improvements. Our code and project page are publicly available at https://phoenix-eccv26.github.io.
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Computer Vision

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Spiking Point Cloud Models

Zihao Guo, Jihua Zhu, Yiding Sun et al. (+2 more)

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer energy-efficient solutions for point cloud analysis on resource-constrained devices through event-driven computation. However, existing pre-trained spiking point cloud models rely on full fine-tuning for downstream task adaptation, incurring substantial parameter and storage overhead. Furthermore, binary spike propagation suppresses task-relevant sub-threshold information. To address these issues, we propose SpikePEFT, the first parameter-efficient fine-tuning framework for spiking point cloud models. Specifically, Intrinsic Dynamics Tuning (IDT) adaptively modulates membrane decay and firing thresholds, enabling efficient neuron-intrinsic adaptation while keeping the pre-trained synaptic transformations frozen. Moreover, Silent-State Disambiguation Adaptation (SSDA) recovers task-relevant information from informative silent states, thereby providing richer evidence for downstream adaptation. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of SpikePEFT. In particular, our method achieves 92.4% accuracy on ModelNet40 and 85.6% on the most challenging classification split ScanObjectNN(PB\_T50\_RS) while updating only about 5% of the trainable parameters and preserving the energy efficiency of SNNs. This work provides a promising step toward parameter-efficient adaptation of neuromorphic vision models.
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All authors Zihao Guo, Jihua Zhu, Yiding Sun, Lin Chen, Danwei Wang

Computer Vision

Adaptive Emotional Video Captioning via Affective Heterogeneous Graph Reasoning and Multi-task Joint Learning

Junbo Wang, Liangyu Fu, Yuke Li et al. (+2 more)

Emotional video captioning (EVC) aims to describe a video with both factual correctness and affective expressiveness. It requires a model to perceive subtle, ambiguous, and temporally varying emotional cues and translate them into natural language without weakening objective visual content. Existing methods have progressively introduced contextual attention, emotion interpretation, emotion priors, dynamic emotion perception and emotion-cause reasoning. Nevertheless, most of them still depend on either global emotion vectors or rigid hierarchical priors. In recent methods, the tree-structured emotion prior establishes a coarse-to-fine connection between psychological emotion categories and daily emotion words, but its hard subordinate masking may irreversibly suppress correct lexical emotions once the coarse category prediction is inaccurate. It is also limited in representing mixed or overlapping emotions that frequently occur in real videos. To address the issues, we propose SAGML, an adaptive EVC framework via affective heterogeneous graph and multi-task language modeling. Instead of treating the emotion prior as a discrete tree, SAGML constructs a soft affective heterogeneous graph containing catalog-level emotion nodes and lexical-level emotion word nodes. The soft gate is injected into video-to-emotion graph attention as a continuous bias, allowing visually supported lexical emotions to remain recoverable rather than being removed by a hard mask. The resulting affective representation is fed together with visual tokens into a causal language decoder, while dual catalog and lexical heads impose explicit emotion distribution learning on the prompt hidden states. The overall model is trained with a joint objective that combines autoregressive caption generation and emotion distribution supervision. SAGML provides an error-resilient and multi-emotion-aware baseline for EVC.
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All authors Junbo Wang, Liangyu Fu, Yuke Li, Xuecheng Wu, Zhiyong Wang

Computer Vision

Rethinking Detection Calibration: A Coordinate and Direction Perspective

Juyong Lee, Seungjin Jung, Jungmin Lee et al. (+2 more)

Deep learning based object detectors require trustworthiness beyond competitive detection performance, but deep neural networks are prone to overconfident predictions, assigning high confidence scores to predictions that are likely to be inaccurate. To improve the alignment between confidence scores and prediction accuracy, existing methods calibrate confidence scores based on box-level localization, such as precision or intersection over union with the ground truth bounding box. However, box-level localization reflects only a measure of agreement between the predicted box and the ground truth, resulting in calibrated confidence scores for box-level accuracy failing to capture the localization accuracy of coordinates of box. To tackle this issue, we propose a novel post-hoc calibration framework, rethinking detection calibration (ReDC), which provides reliable coordinate-level confidence scores, including directional information. The proposed framework defines coordinate-wise alignment and deviation direction between predictions and ground truth. Based on the alignment measure, confidence re-encoding produces reliable coordinate-level confidence scores, while directional displacement estimation predicts coordinate-wise deviation directions. Extensive experiments under in-domain and out-domain scenarios demonstrate that the proposed approach expresses the coordinate-wise localization of detected objects more precisely than existing methods. Furthermore, our method covers the representational scope of prior calibration approaches by aggregating coordinate-level confidence scores into box-level localization.
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All authors Juyong Lee, Seungjin Jung, Jungmin Lee, Sunju Lee, Jongwon Choi

Computer Vision

ReMoE: Report-Guided Mixture-of-Experts for Multimodal OCT/OCTA Anomaly Detection

Zihan Nie, Qincheng Qiao, Muhao Xu et al. (+4 more)

Multimodal medical anomaly detection identifies samples deviating from normal patterns, where scarce abnormal cases make normality modeling from normal data practical. In retinal Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and OCT Angiography (OCTA) anomaly detection, existing unsupervised methods rely on visual feature distributions, reconstruction residuals, or encoder-decoder discrepancies, making anomaly scores depend on appearance-level deviations, while multimodal normality also contains semantic organization described in normal medical reports. To this end, we propose Report-Guided Mixture-of-Experts (ReMoE), which distills normal report semantics into an image-to-text prior student, builds modality-aware priors, and uses Report-Guided Modality Modulation (RMM) to modulate features through mixture-of-experts routing. Experiments on a private OCT/OCTA dataset with paired normal reports and a public OCTA500-3MM setting using a fixed normal report demonstrate state-of-the-art performance.
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All authors Zihan Nie, Qincheng Qiao, Muhao Xu, Wei Feng, Xinguo Hou, Weiye Song, Zongyuan Ge

Computer Vision

GO-PRE: Goal-Oriented Next-Best-View Selection via Predictive Rendering Entropy for Active 3D Reconstruction

Yan Song, Zhihao Li, Chenglong Li et al. (+3 more)

Active 3D reconstruction relies on active view selection to maximize reconstruction fidelity under limited capture budgets. However, most existing methods rely on surrogate signals such as parameter uncertainty or geometric heuristics, but these signals are often misaligned with the ultimate goal: the fidelity of rendered predictions. We propose GO-PRE, a goal-oriented next-best-view selection framework that explicitly targets information gain in the prediction space. Specifically, we formulate the objective as maximizing the reduction of the average marginal predictive entropy over a user-specified target view manifold. GO-PRE supports interactive goal specification and yields an efficient acquisition rule that enables real-time computation of information gain. Extensive experiments across benchmarks demonstrate that GO-PRE consistently improves active reconstruction performance and provides more reliable uncertainty quantification compared to state-of-the-art methods.
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All authors Yan Song, Zhihao Li, Chenglong Li, Li He, Yan Wang, Wenqiang Zhang

Computer Vision

SAM+D: Parameter-Efficient Dimensional Lifting of SAM-Family Models via Depth-Routed LoRA and Depth Shifting

Yu Song, Hao Sun, Shiyu Teng et al. (+2 more)

Existing methods for adapting 2D foundation models such as SAM to 3D volumes either process slices independently—ignoring inter-slice context—or require substantial architectural changes and retraining. In this paper, we present SAM+D, a parameter-efficient framework that lifts SAM-family models by one spatial dimension—enabling 3D volumetric segmentation from 2D SAM and, for the first time via parameter-efficient fine-tuning, end-to-end 4D (3D+T) spatiotemporal segmentation from video-based SAM2—while keeping the vast majority of pre-trained parameters frozen. SAM+D introduces two lightweight, model-agnostic modules into frozen transformer blocks: (1)~Depth-Routed LoRA (DRLoRA) experts with learned routing for spatially adaptive low-rank updates, and (2)~Depth Shift Modules (DSM) for cross-slice feature exchange at zero additional parameter cost. Together, they provide volume-level context while tuning only ${\sim}$2.8% of parameters for SAM and ${\sim}$3.7% for SAM2. We evaluate SAM+D in two distinct settings, each lifting the base model by one spatial dimension: 3D segmentation, where SAM(2D$\,\to\,$3D) is evaluated on four CT benchmarks (KiTS, Pancreas, LiTS, Colon), and 4D segmentation, where SAM2 (2D+T$\,\to\,$3D+T) is evaluated on a cell tracking challenge (CTC) dataset (Fluo-N3DH-SIM+). In both settings SAM+D achieves competitive or superior results under the single-point prompt setting while using fewer trainable parameters than existing methods, demonstrating that SAM+D generalizes across SAM-family architectures, target dimensionalities (3D, 4D), and domains spanning medical imaging and bio-scene understanding. Code is publicly available at https://github.com/JerrySongCST/SAM-Plus-D.
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All authors Yu Song, Hao Sun, Shiyu Teng, Ikuko Nishikawa, Yen-wei Chen

Computer Vision

Evaluation-Verification Reward for Consistent Multi-Reference Image Editing

Yingmao Miao, Pengfei Zhang, Xiaochen Lv et al. (+5 more)

While recent image editing models have made rapid progress, multi-reference editing remains challenging, particularly in maintaining visual consistency across references and ensuring overall visual harmony. Reinforcement learning has proven highly effective for text-to-image generation and single-image editing, but its extension to multi-reference editing is hindered by the absence of suitable reward models that capture multi-image relational constraints. Moreover, naively using multimodal large language models(MLLMs) as zero-shot evaluators faces a key tension between hallucination-prone long-form reasoning and the limited deductive power of short-form judgments. We address these issues with a Multi-dimensional Evaluation-Verification Reward(EVR). EVR decomposes evaluation into distinct visual criteria; for each criterion, an MLLM Evaluator generates multiple candidate hypotheses, and a Verifier grounds each claim in concrete visual evidence to accept or reject it, producing reliable and fine-grained reward signals. Together with a scalable data pipeline, our method enables RL fine-tuning of off-the-shelf editors without architectural changes. Extensive experiments show substantial gains over the base Qwen-Image-Edit, improving consistency and harmony to match or surpass NanoBanana.
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All authors Yingmao Miao, Pengfei Zhang, Xiaochen Lv, Meng Yu, Lei Sun, Xiangxiang Chu, Chao Shen, Chenhao Lin

Computer Vision

SULAND v2: A Refined RGB Dataset and Deep Learning Object Detection Benchmark for UAV/UGV-Based SUrface LANDmine Detection Under Domain Shift

Sagar Lekhak, Prasanna Reddy Pulakurthi, Lalit Joshi et al. (+2 more)

RGB imagery offers a practical, low-cost option for Unmanned Aerial/Ground Vehicle (UAV/UGV) survey support in surface-landmine detection, but object detectors remain underexplored in this safety-critical domain. Limited cross-architecture benchmarking and insufficient out-of-distribution (OOD) analysis obscure whether detectors generalize across deployment conditions. This challenge is amplified by the scarcity of public RGB landmine datasets, making SULAND a key benchmark for PFM-1 and PMA-2 detection. However, inspection reveals missing/false annotations, localization errors, inconsistent visibility criteria, visual artifacts, temporal labeling inconsistencies, and an inverted OOD class-ID convention in SULAND. We present SULAND_v2, a refined RGB surface-landmine dataset and benchmark. Preserving original images and splits, we manually revise annotations to ensure completeness, precise localization, label validity, and class consistency. SULAND_v2 contains 33,771 images and 12,433 bounding boxes. We benchmark 35 detector configurations across nine families. Annotation refinement improves YOLOv8 in-distribution (IID) test mAP@50 by 14.6-19.6 percentage points, while fixing the OOD class-ID convention increases mean YOLOv8 OOD mAP@50 by ~25 percentage points. On SULAND_v2, YOLOv12-Small achieves the highest IID mAP@50 (0.908), while RF-DETR-Large yields the strongest OOD performance (0.799 mAP@50, 0.675 recall). Our results demonstrate that high IID accuracy does not guarantee operational readiness. SULAND_v2 provides a reliable benchmark for evaluating domain-shift robustness in RGB-based mine-action survey support.
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All authors Sagar Lekhak, Prasanna Reddy Pulakurthi, Lalit Joshi, Ramesh Bhatta, Emmett J. Ientilucci