High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
A global analysis of ${\bar B}\to DP$ and ${\bar B} \to {\bar D} P$ decays
Bhubanjyoti Bhattacharya, Rida Boumris and David London
Recently, a fit to the 15 measured branching ratios of ${\bar B} \to D P$ decays ($B = \{B^+, B^0, B_s^0\}$, $D = \{D^0, D^+, D_s^+\}$, $P \in \{\pi, K\}$) was performed under the assumption of flavor SU(3)
symmetry [SU(3)$_F$]. A terrible fit was found: there was a $> 5\sigma$ disagreement with the SU(3)$_F$ limit of the Standard Model [SM$_{\rm{SU(3)}_F}$]. It was also found that this discrepancy can be removed by adding $\sim 20\%$ SU(3)$_F$-breaking effects. Now, the ${\bar B} \to D^0 P$ amplitudes can contribute to other observables (direct and indirect CP asymmetries) if they interfere with the amplitudes for ${\bar B} \to {\bar D}^0 P$ decays. This happens if the $D^0$ and ${\bar D}^0$ decay to the same final state (e.g., $K^+ K^-$, $\pi^+ \pi^-$, $K^\pm \pi^\mp$, etc.). In this paper, we perform a combined fit of ${\bar B} \to D P$ and ${\bar B} \to {\bar D} P$ decays, including all observables. We again find a $> 5\sigma$ disagreement with the SM$_{\rm{SU(3)}_F}$, and we find that the data can be explained if $\sim 60\%$ SU(3)$_F$-breaking effects are included.
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Superconductivity
Nodal nematic superconductivity in moiré graphene
Shuwen Sun, Grgur Palle, Kenji Watanabe et al. (+4 more)
Unconventional superconductivity can emerge in various forms in strongly correlated systems. Historically, the most extensively studied examples include nodal and triplet pairing, which were experimentally detected in cuprates and superfluid helium-3, respectively. Beyond these canonical cases, there are also nematic
superconductors, in which the rotational
symmetry of the
lattice is broken in the superconducting state. While there are several examples of nematic
superconductors whose pairing emerges inside a preexisting nematic normal state, experimental evidence for superconducting states that intrinsically break rotational
symmetry on their own has been exceedingly scarce. Here, we report the experimental realization and identification of an intrinsic multi-component nodal nematic superconducting state in magic-angle twisted trilayer
graphene (MATTG). By integrating tunneling spectroscopy with
quantum transport measurements, we directly probe the
symmetry of low-energy superconducting quasiparticles. Deep inside the superconducting state, we observe a pronounced two-fold anisotropy in the zero-bias tunneling conductance under an in-plane
magnetic field, which is strongly suppressed together with superconductivity as the temperature or perpendicular
magnetic field is increased. Remarkably, the major axis of anisotropy rotates by up to $90^{\circ}$ across the superconducting dome, indicating an intrinsic, field- and density-tunable
symmetry of the low-energy excitations. These behaviors imply a nodal superconducting state in MATTG that spontaneously breaks the six-fold rotational
symmetry of the moiré superlattice. Our results establish moiré
graphene as a versatile platform for realizing and interrogating nodal nematic superconductivity, opening a new avenue for exploring unconventional
symmetry-breaking superconducting states in two-dimensional materials.
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All authors Shuwen Sun, Grgur Palle, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Rafael M. Fernandes, Pablo Jarillo-Herrero, Jeong Min Park
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Heavy-Heavy-Light-Light correlators from holography on the worldsheet
Matías Colaneri, Diego H. Correa, Víctor I. Giraldo-Rivera et al. (+1 more)
We study correlation functions of light local operators and defect changing operators on the conformal line set by the 1/2 BPS Wilson line of $\mathcal N=4$ super Yang-Mills. We consider the defect changing operators associated with geometrical and internal cusp angles, which at strong coupling have a large scaling dimension and back-react on the dual $AdS_2$ world-sheet. We set up a holographic computation of correlation functions, in which the light operators are described by fluctuations around the cusped classical string solution, so that correlators of two defect changing operators and an arbitrary number of light protected operators are obtained from the on-shell action of these fluctuations. We implement this prescription in detail for the case of certain 4-point functions, with two light and two defect changing operators. Finally, since for small cusp angles the defect changing operators become light, we manage to derive relations satisfied by integrated correlators of light operators, valid at any coupling. We verify these relations at strong coupling for both internal and geometrical cusps.
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All authors Matías Colaneri, Diego H. Correa, Víctor I. Giraldo-Rivera, Nicolás A. Ivanovich
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Transient PULSE: Code for the Transient Propagation of UltraLight (pseudo)Scalars to Earth
Jason Arakawa, Charles Cheung, Muhammad Hani Zaheer et al. (+2 more)
We present Transient PULSE, a software package that numerically implements a previously developed source-to-detector framework for transient ultralight bosonic signals from astrophysical bursts. Predicting these signals relies on connecting the source emission spectrum to its
evolution during propagation and the resulting observables at a terrestrial detector. The package discretizes a user supplied energy spectrum into momentum modes, propagates them through a specified matter density profile and constructs the time-frequency energy density distribution at Earth, accounting for dispersion and in-medium screening effects. This treatment accommodates non-Gaussian source spectra and provides inputs for detector specific analyses. A complementary analytical module estimates coupling sensitivities, arrival time delays and screening thresholds from parameterized source and detector properties.
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All authors Jason Arakawa, Charles Cheung, Muhammad Hani Zaheer, Volodymyr Takhistov, Marianna Safronova
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
International Astrophysical Consortium for High-energy Calibration: Summary of the 18th IACHEC Workshop
K. K. Madsen, C. E. Grant, V. Burwitz et al. (+14 more)
In this report we summarize the activities of the International Astronomical Consortium for High Energy Calibration (IACHEC) from the 18th IACHEC Workshop at Pelham, Germany. Fifty-six scientists directly involved in the calibration of operational and future high-energy missions gathered during four days to discuss the status of the cross-calibration between the current international complement of X-ray observatories, and the possibilities to improve it. This summary consists of reports from the Working Groups with topics ranging across: the identification and characterization of standard calibration sources, multi-observatory cross-calibration campaigns, appropriate and new statistical techniques, calibration of instruments and characterization of background, preservation of knowledge, and results for the benefit of the astronomical community.
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All authors K. K. Madsen, C. E. Grant, V. Burwitz, H. Earnshaw, K. Forster, M. Guainazzi, V. L. Kashyap, H. L. Marshall, C. B. Markwardt, F. Meeker-Fürst, E. D. Miller, L. Natalucci, P. P. Plucinsky, M. Shidatsu, H. Suzuki, Y. Terada, A. Tümer
Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Landau quantization of $C_3$ high-fold fermions in honeycomb lattices
Luisa Madail and Joaquín Fernández-Rossier
We present the theory of the Landau levels of $C_3$ high-fold
fermions in honeycomb
lattices. These
fermions arise as a generalization of the tight-binding model in a honeycomb
lattice with one orbital per site, known to describe
graphene, to a family of models with several orbitals per site transforming according to representations of $C_3$, relevant for triangulene two-dimensional
crystals. The models are defined by the number of orbitals $n_a$ and $n_b$ at the $a$ and $b$ sites of the unit
cell. They feature energy bands that combine flat bands and Dirac cones, that are isomorphic to those of
graphene, the Lieb, $p_{xy}$ honeycomb, and the Kagome tight-binding models. Combining tight-binding and $k\cdot p$ methods, here we compute the Landau levels of the $(1,1)$, $(1,2)$, $(2,2)$ and $(3,3)$ models, we compare them to those of the reference models, and we explore the similarities and differences with the Landau levels in
graphene. Our findings reveal that the nature of $C_3$ high-fold
fermions combine Dirac-type Landau quantization, originating from the linear crossings and associated relativistic band dispersion, with anomalous Landau quantization rooted in the
quantum geometry of the singular flat bands.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Constraining the Progenitor Orbits of Sequential Black-Hole Mergers in Hierarchical Triples: Peters-Based Estimates
Felix M. Heinze and Zhoujian Cao
Two black-hole merger events may originate from sequential mergers in a pre-existing hierarchical black-hole triple if their spatial localizations overlap and the remnant mass of the first merger is compatible with a component mass of the second. In this scenario, the inner binary merges first, leaving a remnant that remains bound to the tertiary and subsequently undergoes a second merger. We present a method to constrain the progenitor triple's outer orbit by modeling the gravitational-wave-driven
evolution of the remnant-tertiary binary using Peters' equations. Given an assumed upper bound on the recoil velocity of the first merger, the method requires only the black-hole masses, the time delay between the mergers, and the eccentricity at a reference frequency - quantities that can be inferred from the merger events themselves. We investigate the potential constraining power by constructing a constraint atlas spanning a range of system properties and identify the conditions under which the method places tight and reliable bounds on the progenitor triple's outer orbital parameters. By imposing an upper bound on the detector-band eccentricity, we also obtain meaningful constraints for candidate hierarchical mergers proposed in the literature, including GW190514-GW190521. We provide numerical tools for applying the method to user-specified systems and evaluating the reliability of the resulting Peters-based constraints. This framework offers a computationally inexpensive first step toward reconstructing hierarchical-merger progenitors and provides a foundation for extensions incorporating more sophisticated relativistic treatments.
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Quantum Physics
Logical CCZ state cultivation
Yuta Hirasaki and Jong Yeon Lee
Logical CCZ states enable Toffoli gates, a central building block of fault-tolerant
quantum arithmetic. We introduce an end-to-end protocol for direct CCZ-state preparation on bivariate tricycle and bicycle (BT/BB) codes. Our factory combines the cup-product CCZ gates native to BT codes with two novel ingredients, both enabled by engineering the logical coupling between BT and BB codes through projection-preserving lifts. Index-2 lifted BB ancillas enable selective $Z$-basis initialization, allowing the native cup-product gates to directly prepare two disjoint logical CCZ states. The prepared CCZ states are faithfully transferred to index-3 lifted BB
memories with high code distance. We use decoder-based postselection to obtain high-fidelity output states with low overhead. We perform exact simulations of our factory under a
circuit-level noise model motivated by neutral-atom hardware, obtaining joint infidelities of $1.84\times10^{-5}$ at $21.94\%$ acceptance and $4.10\times10^{-7}$ at $8.89\%$ acceptance for single-
qubit, CZ, and CCZ error rates of $0.01\%$, $0.1\%$, and $0.5\%$, respectively. At the output-infidelity target of our smallest factory, its estimated spacetime cost per CCZ state is lower than that of $T$-state cultivation followed by CCZ conversion, providing an efficient route to logical CCZ states for fault-tolerant
quantum computation.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Post-Newtonian theory in de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spacetimes
R. Loganayagam and Avi Wadhwa
We develop the post-Newtonian framework for the near-zone dynamics of a binary in de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spacetime. We consider a binary interacting via a free scalar field in a fixed (A)dS background in $D+1$ spacetime dimensions, with $D\ge3$ and odd. Using multipole expansion and re-summation techniques, we solve for the field degrees of freedom to obtain an effective particle description in the form of a Fokker action. We derive the equations of motion for the binary up to second post-Newtonian (2PN) order and obtain the corresponding 2PN
Hamiltonian and conserved charges in phase space. We show that the conformal
algebra, corresponding to the isometry
algebra of the (A)dS background, is realised in phase space as a
curvature-dependent deformation of the Poincare
algebra at each PN order. Our results provide a systematic extension of post-Newtonian effective dynamics to finite-
curvature backgrounds. This could serve as a useful framework for studying bound-state dynamics in (A)dS as well as in the corresponding holographic CFT.
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Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.PR
Supercritical sharpness for Ising double random currents
Trishen S. Gunaratnam, Christoforos Panagiotis, Romain Panis et al. (+1 more)
We show that the percolation model induced by the double random current representation of the Ising model on $\mathbb Z^d$, with $d\geq 3$, satisfies local uniqueness of the macroscopic cluster with high probability for every $\beta>\beta_c$, uniformly in boundary conditions (i.e. sources). Such a result is sometimes called supercritical sharpness in percolation theory and yields a detailed description of the model via standard renormalisation techniques. As applications, we show the exponential decay of truncated correlations for the Ising model and exponential mixing for the FK-Ising measure, results previously obtained by Duminil-Copin, Goswami and Raoufi. However, our proof is considerably simpler, as it replaces the use of a highly technical multi-valued map principle with a simple sprinkling argument.
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All authors Trishen S. Gunaratnam, Christoforos Panagiotis, Romain Panis, Franco Severo
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
GRB 181201A: Spectropolarimetric Constraints on Prompt Emission and Magnetic Field Structure
Dhruv S. Bal, Nikita S. Khatiya, Philippe Laurent et al. (+3 more)
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have served as testbeds for high-energy astrophysical phenomena since their discovery over 50 years ago. GRB detections reveal diverse properties across events, complicating efforts to constrain their emission mechanisms,
magnetic fields, jet structures, and compositions. Spectropolarimetry is a powerful tool utilized to disentangle these properties. INTEGRAL/IBIS has previously detected three polarized GRBs 041219A ($65\pm 26$%), 061122 ($>$33%) and 140206A ($>$28%). We present the time-integrated and time-resolved analyses of the fourth-polarized GRB 181201A. This GRB exhibits high polarization ($81.5^{+17.2}_{-15.7}$%) over three time bins with the highest signal-to-noise ratio, and the polarization angle (PA) shows a modest temporal
evolution. The
photon index does not cross the synchrotron line-of-death and shows a hard-to-soft
evolution. A high degree of polarization (PD) tends to disfavor a photospheric emission model, as previous studies indicate that this model yields PD $<$ 20%. A modest
evolution in the PA points towards a non-axisymmetric jet with a multi-patch emission. Our results indicate that under standard synchrotron conditions, the
magnetic field is coherent but lacks global structure. Moreover, the field has multiple patches, but only one or a few dominate due to high degrees of polarization, which overlap with the intrinsic maximum of synchrotron emission within 3$\sigma$ errors. The high PD is also indicative of the Compton Drag scenario, but only under certain conditions, such as viewing the relativistic jet near its edge. However, given our error bars and the scope for improvement in our pipeline, we cannot strongly favor either scenario; both may remain viable.
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All authors Dhruv S. Bal, Nikita S. Khatiya, Philippe Laurent, Diego Götz, Dieter H. Hartmann, Ramandeep Gill
Statistical Mechanics
Droplets obstruct Onsager-type solutions of the Ising model in a magnetic field
Ran Luo and Jiahua Tian
Onsager solved the two-dimensional Ising model in zero field, but no solution is known in a
magnetic field. We prove that in any dimension $d\ge2$, at every fixed dimensionless field outside a countable set, the free energy obeys no algebraic differential equation in the coupling, even locally. The obstruction arises from droplet geometry: the maximal droplet volume grows as the $d/(d-1)$ power of its boundary size, while an integer band in the pressure coefficients protects the extremal contributions against cancellation. Our result excludes Onsager-type solutions and closed forms in elliptic, hypergeometric, or Painlevé functions of the coupling at these fields.
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Materials Science
Exchange Interactions and Magnon Spectra in bcc Fe(001) Thin Films: A Computational Study
Joanna Marciniak, Wojciech Marciniak, Jorge Luis Briseño-Gómez et al. (+1 more)
We combined density functional theory with atomistic
spin dynamics to understand how surfaces influence
magnon dispersion. For this purpose, we investigate thin layers of body-centered cubic iron and compare them with the bulk material. We present how the broken
symmetry affects exchange interactions and
magnon behavior. Our results reveal enhanced
magnetic moments and exchange interactions for surface atoms compared to bulk Fe. The increase in exchange interaction integrals is mostly visible for first- and second-nearest neighbors. We also find a significant spread in exchange values within each coordination shell.
Magnon dispersion analysis shows, for the layered system, pronounced band blurring, a significant reduction of maximum frequencies relative to the previously reported bulk values, and the emergence of a low-frequency band outside the \g{}-point. Our study shows that relying on bulk exchange parameters introduces errors in the
magnon spectra of ultrathin systems, underscoring the need for a detailed, system-specific approach.
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All authors Joanna Marciniak, Wojciech Marciniak, Jorge Luis Briseño-Gómez, Jan Rusz
Astrophysics of Galaxies
Binary-lens amplification of starlight: from magnification flares to quasi-periodic tracking of orbital evolution
Hanxi Wang, Bence Kocsis and Miguel Zumalacárregui
Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHB) are expected at the center of
galaxies as a result of
galaxy mergers. The dynamics and
evolution of SMBHBs shed light on the
evolution and formation of
galaxies, the gravitational wave background and the nature of
gravity. Many methods have been proposed to identify sub-parsec SMBHBs via the detection of gravitational waves or the modulation of the emission from the surrounding gaseous environment. In a previous study, we proposed a new method of identifying SMBHBs in non-active galactic
nuclei via gravitational
lensing. The caustics, i.e. the source positions with a divergent magnification, exhibit a complex extended geometry which rotates with the binary period. Each caustic-crossing produces an extreme magnification by up to a factor of $10^{6}$. In this work, we generalize the previous study and describe the rich phenomenology of binary-lens amplification of starlight (BLAST). We explore the electromagnetic transients produced when accounting for the relative proper motion of the source, either a single or a binary
star, the eccentricity and precession of the SMBHB, and the relative inclination. Systems where a
star rapidly drifts across the caustic produce a single- or double-peaked
flare. In the opposite limit, a
star with no relative proper motion produces quasi-periodic lensed starlight (QPLS), i.e., repeated peaks that track the system's orbital
evolution. We determine the expected magnification and peak duration in different circumstances, and calculate the magnification curves and their
Fourier transforms. This study may help construct search pipelines to identify SMBHBs in electromagnetic time-domain surveys.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Refurbishment and Cryocooler Upgrade of the CPAPIR Wide-Field Near-Infrared Camera: Design, Integration, and Lessons Learned
Philippe Vallee, Jonathan St-Antoine, Lison Malo et al. (+5 more)
The CAmera PAnoramique Proche Infrarouge (CPAPIR) is a wide-field near-infrared imager that has been operating at the Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic (OMM) since 2004. After more than two decades of service, the instrument required a major refurbishment due to detector degradation, including the loss of one quadrant, as well as operational constraints associated with its
liquid-nitrogen cooling system. To extend the instrument's lifetime and reduce maintenance requirements, the detector was replaced and the cooling system upgraded through the integration of a Sunpower CryoTel DS30 cryocooler. This paper presents the thermal and mechanical redesign of the instrument, including finite element analysis (FEA), three-dimensional CAD modeling, hardware selection, and laboratory validation. Particular
attention is given to the challenges encountered during integration and testing, notably vibration mitigation and cryogenic system implementation. The resulting performance improvements and lessons learned from the upgrade are discussed. The upgraded instrument is scheduled for on-sky commissioning at the Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic in summer 2026.
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All authors Philippe Vallee, Jonathan St-Antoine, Lison Malo, Frederique Baron, Sylvie F Beaulieu, Rene Doyon, Etienne Artigau, Fidele Robichaud
Strongly Correlated Electrons
Metallic electron crystals in rhombohedral graphene as a bridge to twisted WSe$_2$
Wentai Deng, Chenyuan Li, Naoto Nakatsuji et al. (+4 more)
Superconducting phases have recently been discovered both in twisted bilayers of transition metal dichalcogenide WSe$_2$ (tWSe$_2$) and in rhombohedral multilayer
graphene (RMG). While both have generated extensive interest, they appear to be driven by qualitatively different physics. Here, we propose a unified picture in which the superconductivity in RMG arises from a strongly correlated metallic state with a spatial length scale that is compatible with the moiré length scale of tWSe$_2$. Central to this mechanism is a Wigner
crystal phase in RMG that is metallic, driven by a "W"-shaped dispersion in the flat part of the underlying
graphene band structure. We demonstrate this effect through calculations of Wigner
crystal states in pentalayer RMG, focusing on dilute electrons in the quarter-metal regime relevant to experiment. In a region of the phase diagram we find the Wigner
crystal breaks three-fold rotation
symmetry, which guides our construction of a $t$-$V$ model on a triangular
lattice as an effective description of the low-energy electronic physics. This construction suggests a surprisingly similar low-energy description of RMG and tWSe$_2$. Broader implications for superconductivity in dilute carrier systems are also discussed.
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All authors Wentai Deng, Chenyuan Li, Naoto Nakatsuji, Fang Xie, Lei Chen, Qimiao Si, Jennifer Cano
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Top-Quark Mass Scheme Uncertainties in Higgs Boson Pair Production via Gluon Fusion
Clara Del Pio, Sebastian Jaśkiewicz, Rebecca von Kuk et al. (+1 more)
We investigate theoretical uncertainties arising from the choice of the top-
quark mass scheme in
Higgs boson pair production via gluon fusion. First, we implement the resummation of the top-
quark mass logarithms obtained for the $gg\to HH$ amplitude at high energy and study its phenomenological impact on cross sections. Second, we formulate a threshold-aware treatment of the top-
quark mass based on short-distance mass definitions, combining an MSR description near the top-pair threshold with an $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$ treatment in the high-energy regime. Within the dynamical prescription, the combined mass-scheme variation of the SM inclusive NLO cross section at $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV is $^{+5.2\%}_{-0.2\%}$. This estimate provides an alternative to the conventional OS-$\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$ envelope.
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All authors Clara Del Pio, Sebastian Jaśkiewicz, Rebecca von Kuk, Robert Szafron
Nuclear Theory
Prospects for modelling odd and odd-odd nuclei using energy density functionals
A.V. Afanasjev, B. Bally, M. Bender et al. (+10 more)
About half of particle-bound
nuclei have an odd number of nucleons. About one quarter more are odd-odd, meaning they have an odd number of
neutrons and an odd number of
protons. In this context, it is about time to shift the 70-odd-year focus of theories using nuclear energy density functionals (EDFs) away from the remaining one-quarter of even-even
nuclei. This White Paper aims to present open, unresolved problems and promising research directions in nuclear EDFs that were discussed during the 2024 ESNT workshop in Saclay, France, on “The microscopic modelling of odd-mass and odd-odd
nuclei”.
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All authors A.V. Afanasjev, B. Bally, M. Bender, J. Bonnard, J. Dobaczewski, M. Kortelainen, K. Nomura, S. Péru, N. Pillet, L.M. Robledo, R. Rodríguez-Guzmán, W. Ryssens, W. Younes
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Cubic Quasinormal Modes in the Black-Hole Ringdown
Neev Khera and Huan Yang
We formulate and numerically solve the nonlinear Teukolsky equations through third order, obtaining a first-principles calculation of cubic quasinormal-mode amplitudes for Kerr black holes. Our approach combines lower-order metric reconstruction in split light-cone gauges with a hyperboloidal, compactified formulation solved on complex radial contours.
Spin-dependent complex coupling coefficients fix the cubic amplitudes from products of their linear parent amplitudes. We apply these predictions to a nonprecessing numerical-relativity waveform, including cubic products of the $(2,2)$ fundamental mode, its first overtone, and their conjugates. The predicted cubic terms improve agreement over selected early-ringdown fitting windows and shift inferred linear-overtone amplitudes without adding fitting parameters. $3M$ after the peak of $|h_{22}|$, the summed cubic contribution reaches approximately $38\%$ of the total $h_{22}$ signal; $M$ is the initial total mass. These results identify an appreciable cubic response in early ringdown.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Dynamics of a switchback-like magnetic deflection induced by a propagating coronal jet
Jade Touresse, Etienne Pariat, Clara Froment et al. (+1 more)
Parker Solar Probe (PSP) revealed the ubiquity of switchbacks (SBs), sharp, localised
magnetic deflections in the nascent solar wind, renewing interest in their origin. One proposed mechanism involves solar jets: collimated, impulsive features driven by
magnetic reconnection that launch Alfvénic torsional wavefronts into the heliosphere. We test whether realistic spacecraft sampling of a propagating solar jet produces in-situ signatures consistent with PSP observations. We also examine the 3D
magnetic topology of the resulting structures and how deflection amplitudes evolve with the ambient
plasma environment. We perform a 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a solar jet in the ambient solar wind,
embedding a virtual spacecraft trajectory based on PSP's actual 22nd-perihelion orbit to generate synthetic measurements. The simulation reproduces SB-like signatures with durations and profiles consistent with PSP observations, confirming earlier results from simplified trajectories. We visualise the fully 3D
magnetic topology of a jet-driven SB region, identifying two field-line families: one with a single deflection and another with two sequential deflections along the same field line. Both are outward-propagating Alfvénic structures. Deflection amplitudes depend strongly on background
plasma $\beta$, increasing substantially in low-$\beta$ regions and evolving more moderately where $\beta \sim 1$. These results show that solar jets can produce Alfvénic, SB-like structures along realistic spacecraft trajectories. Their
topology is inherently 3D and structurally diverse, and their
evolution depends on ambient
plasma $\beta$. Complete
magnetic reversals would require longer residence times in low-$\beta$ environments. Our findings support a solar origin for a fraction of SBs and constrain interpretations of their underlying
magnetic structure.
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All authors Jade Touresse, Etienne Pariat, Clara Froment, Peter F. Wyper
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Revealing the Spatial Distribution of Dust and Plasma Solitary Waves in Jupiter's Innermost Magnetosphere Using Juno Waves Observations
Wenyu Zhang, Hao Cao, William S. Kurth et al. (+6 more)
Jupiter's faint ring system contains micron- and submicron-sized dust whose dynamics are influenced by the
planet's rapidly rotating
magnetic field. Optical observations have established the morphology of the main ring and
halo, but tenuous dust close to Jupiter remains difficult to characterize. We analyze nearly a decade of in-situ Juno Waves electric-field measurements using a two-stage convolutional neural network to identify and classify dust impacts, solitary waves, and other
plasma waves. These in-situ dust-impact detections reveal a radially evolving structure extending well inside the traditionally observed
halo. In the innermost region, dust is concentrated in a compact, equatorially symmetric layer, indicating that the optical inner boundary does not mark the end of the dust population. Farther outward, the layer expands vertically into a broad
halo before contracting toward the main ring, directly revealing the toroidal morphology of the Jovian
halo. Dust number density is enhanced within the
halo and near the main-ring–
halo transition. The vertical distribution also develops hemispheric asymmetries that vary with radial distance, consistent with an influence of Jupiter's
magnetic geometry on charged-dust dynamics. In contrast, solitary waves occur predominantly at high latitudes, and their mapped
magnetic footprints show a strong spatial correspondence with Jovian auroral structures, particularly the main auroral oval. Together, these in-situ measurements extend the remote-sensing picture of Jupiter's rings and reveal previously unresolved dust and
plasma structures in its innermost magnetosphere.
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All authors Wenyu Zhang, Hao Cao, William S. Kurth, Mitchell M. Shen, Darrelle Wilkinson, Donglai Ma, Martin Brennan, George Hospodarsky, Scott J. Bolton
Quantum Physics
Quantum-Aware Key Rank for Side-Channel Attacks evaluation
Yevgen Kotukh
Side-channel attacks on block ciphers rarely recover the key outright: they leave a residual key space ordered by subkey posteriors, and evaluation laboratories report the key rank of the true key against thresholds near 2^48 and 2^60. No evaluation framework models an adversary who collects traces classically and finishes the search on a
quantum computer, although
quantum search with advice provides exactly that. We give such an adversary a cost model and a metric. For a device whose key has rank r, any
quantum algorithm with classical access to the posteriors needs Omega(sqrt(r)) cipher evaluations, and block search achieves O(sqrt(r)); the per-instance advantage is exactly quadratic, and the super-quadratic exponents reported for search with advice are averages over the prior that apply to no single device. Under the NIST MAXDEPTH budget D and a Grover iteration of g gates and depth d, the quadratic advantage holds only for ranks up to (4D/(pi d))^2 and collapses to a constant factor beyond; with the best published AES-128 oracle and D = 2^40 the window closes near rank 2^58.6. We define the
quantum-aware key rank, the classical rank of equal cost, computable from the rank
estimators laboratories already run, and derive the classical rank a device must retain to keep a given threshold against each depth budget. Block search and amplitude amplification from the product-form posterior state are within a factor of two to four of each other on Hamming-weight posteriors, so the cost of coherent indexing decides between them. Experiments on simulated leakage and a toy cipher confirm the predicted window: at SNR 0.125 a depth-limited
quantum adversary is worth about 22 traces to a classical one, however large its gate budget.
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Quantum Physics
Intermediate memory costs of quantum channel synthesis with a protected subsystem
Kai Liu and Deguang Han
A
quantum memory can preserve a subsystem perfectly while discarding information needed by a later operation. We study the total intermediate dimension required for channel synthesis when the first stage protects a $b$-dimensional subsystem and has a prescribed noncommutative graph imposing full confusability on an $a$-dimensional control register. For a finite family of classically controlled branches, exact synthesis is possible if and only if the target graph contains the prescribed graph of the first stage. For every feasible family, we construct a single processor that implements all branches exactly. The processor uses pairwise nonorthogonal pure program states in a register of dimension at most $a$. A target graph may be realizable with a carrier of dimension $b$, while synthesizing a channel with that graph can require dimension $ab$. We also characterize the closure of the attainable channels, distinguishing exact synthesis from arbitrarily accurate approximation. Finally, for a family built from the trine communication task, a four-dimensional carrier permits exact synthesis with
quantum programs under output depolarization. At the same total carrier dimension and without free shared randomness, classical programs have optimal normalized diamond error $(1-\eta)/4$, where $0\leq\eta\leq1$ is the depolarization strength. For $\eta<1$, the gap persists under sufficiently small perturbations of the target branches.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Thermal AdS two-point functions and loop induced effective one-point vertices
Astha Kakkar
We present a study of thermal two-point functions from Witten diagrams in thermal AdS$_{d+1}$, defined with the conformal boundary $S_\beta^1 \times \mathbb{R}^{d-1}$, with an aim to establish a connection between thermal CFT data and perturbative bulk dynamics. We analyze one-loop tadpole and bench diagrams arising from the cubic $\phi\phi\chi$ interaction in the bulk, segregating the different relative thermal winding sectors for the bench, and also extend the analysis to include quartic scalar contact diagrams with and without derivative interactions. We also analyze the spinning exchange thermal two-point function. Utilizing the split representation of bulk propagators and the method of images we reorganize the thermal Witten diagrams into the standard AdS integrals and obtain spectral and image-sum representations that make KMS periodicity of the correlators manifest. Additionally, we show possible position dependent effective one-point vertices of scalar and spinning fields in the bulk arising from the reduction of the coincident- point thermal bulk to bulk propagator loop, allowing tadpole-type diagrams to be reconstructed from effective local bulk interactions. The bench diagram however retains an intrinsically bi-local structure. We further investigate the thermal one-point coefficients and perturbative OPE data encoded in these thermal correlators, including contributions associated with anomalous dimensions. Finally, we examine their relation to thermal dispersion relations and the role of contributions that are not determined by discontinuity data alone. Our results provide a set of explicit bulk constructions for exploring the analytic structure of thermal CFT correlators and their connection to the thermal conformal bootstrap.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Effects of quadratic frequency chirping and carrier-envelope phase on Schwinger pair production in polarized electric fields
Abhinav Jangir
We investigate electron-positron pair production in spatially homogeneous, time-dependent polarized electric fields using the Dirac-Heisenberg-Wigner formalism, focusing on the effects of symmetric and asymmetric quadratic frequency chirping and the carrier-envelope phase (CEP). Our analysis reveals how these field parameters govern both the momentum-space structure and the overall yield of the produced pairs. Frequency chirping substantially reshapes the momentum distributions by modifying their interference patterns and peak occupations. The momentum distributions are particularly sensitive to weak chirping, whereas strong chirping produces pronounced oscillatory and ring-like structures across all polarization states. The total pair yield increases with chirp strength, with symmetric chirping consistently producing a higher yield than asymmetric chirping for the parameter range considered. Moreover, the sensitivity of the total number density to polarization decreases progressively with increasing chirp strength, becoming negligible in the strongly chirped regime. The CEP further modifies the momentum distributions by altering their shapes and relative peak occupations, with the extent of these changes depending on the polarization state. Our findings establish a theoretical framework for exploring external-field configurations that optimize the yield of Schwinger pair production.
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Quantum Physics
Quantum Work Statistics from Entanglement-Assisted Invariance
Akira Sone, Akram Touil, Emery Doucet et al. (+1 more)
We demonstrate that the one-time measurement scheme is more consistent than the standard two-time measurement scheme with respect to the fundamental
symmetry of
entanglement, namely
entanglement-assisted invariance (envariance). In particular, the work statistics obtained from the one-time measurement scheme arise naturally as a direct consequence of envariance for any driving
unitary, without involving an explicit measurement postulate, whereas the analogous identification for the two-time measurement scheme is possible only for a Haar-measure-zero set of
unitaries. This envariance-based formulation eliminates the ambiguity in work statistics related to the energetic cost of measurement.
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All authors Akira Sone, Akram Touil, Emery Doucet, Sebastian Deffner
Chaotic Dynamics · Cross-listed from cs.LG
The Physics Is the Network: Fast, Training-Free Neural Emulation
Luka Todorovic, Kaushal Gianchandani and Sai Ravela
Neural emulation need not require learning a substitute for known physics. We investigate PolyNets that couple a continuous-time neural representation of
polynomial dynamics with a simple recurrent network for discrete-time integration. When the governing coefficients are known, the resulting tensor graph requires no training and preserves the prescribed numerical scheme while enabling efficient hardware execution and parallel simulation. Using the one-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries equation, we compare PolyNet with CPU and GPU finite-difference Runge-Kutta solvers and three trained neural models: a state-map emulator, a physics-informed predictor, and a learned-tendency integrator. Analytical
soliton solutions provide a reference for amplitude and phase errors across grid resolutions, 10^6 dispersively scaled time steps, ensembles of up to 10^4 trajectories, and varying initial amplitudes. PolyNet achieves accuracy comparable to the numerical solvers, including at amplitudes outside the learned models' training conditions. It combines this fidelity with high GPU throughput, approximately constant over the tested resolution range, and favorable ensemble scaling.
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Materials Science
Growth-induced trade-off between polarity, electrical isolation, and structural quality in AlN grown on Si(111) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Hossein Yazdani, Nhu Tran, Xin Du et al. (+3 more)
We investigate the effects of substrate temperature and Al flux, at a fixed N flux, on the polarity, electrical properties, and structural quality of AlN films grown on high-resistivity Si(111) by
plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. N-rich conditions result in relatively highly resistive Al-polar AlN/Si, whereas Al-rich conditions promote N-polarity and improved structural quality but simultaneously lead to increased p-type conductivity of AlN/Si stacks, consistent with unintentional Al doping of the Si substrate during AlN growth. Increasing the substrate temperature further improves the structural quality while enhancing the unwanted conductivity, revealing a growth-induced trade-off among polarity, electrical isolation, and structural quality. By reducing the substrate temperature to 575{\deg}C while maintaining slightly Al-rich conditions, an N-polar AlN/Si stack with a sheet resistance of 276 k{\Omega}/sq is achieved. These results provide guidelines for optimizing AlN/Si templates for various nitride device
heterostructures.
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All authors Hossein Yazdani, Nhu Tran, Xin Du, Vit Hornik, Roman Gröger, YongJin Cho
Strongly Correlated Electrons
Anyons at impurities: Fractional charge measurement and "wrong sign" binding
Haydn S. Adlong, Arthur Christianen, Atac Imamoglu et al. (+1 more)
Recent photoluminescence experiments in twisted MoTe$_2$ have reported signatures of anyons binding to trapped trions. The measured binding energies near the fractional Chern
insulators at fillings of $\nu=-2/3$ and $-3/5$ have a ratio close to the fractional-charge ratio $5/3$, even though such scaling is not generally guaranteed for the expected short-range trion-anyon interaction. We model the trapped trion as a fixed impurity, and investigate anyon-impurity binding using a lowest-Landau-level model with exact diagonalization and Jain wavefunctions. Surprisingly, we find that the anyon-impurity binding energy ratio between $\nu=-2/3$ and $-3/5$ is close to $5/3$ for either short- or long-ranged impurity-electron interactions. However, the ratio departs strongly from the charge ratio at intermediate ranges or different Jain states. Remarkably, we also uncover "wrong-sign" binding, whereby both quasiholes and quasiparticles can bind to either sign of a short-range impurity potential by selecting orbital channels with favorable local density oscillations. Our findings show that localized
excitons or trions can be used to probe the internal density profile of anyons.
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All authors Haydn S. Adlong, Arthur Christianen, Atac Imamoglu, Glenn Wagner
Geophysics · Cross-listed from stat.AP
Probabilistic AI models outperform numerical weather prediction models on record breaking heat extremes
Jakob Benjamin Wessel, Fiona Spuler, Christopher A. T. Ferro et al. (+2 more)
AI weather prediction (AIWP) models have emerged as a key complement to physics-based numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, and now often outperform them on aggregate skill. Yet, several studies report that physics-based models still forecast extreme events better, in particular record-breaking extremes, based on the evaluation of deterministic forecasts. Here we evaluate heat extreme forecasts from probabilistic AIWP models over global land and show that they clearly outperform the ECMWF IFS ensemble, both raw and post-processed, including for record-breaking events, in all regions and at all lead times considered. AIWP models better forecast the occurrence and intensity of extremes, are better calibrated in the tail and miss fewer records. Station observations confirm these results. We argue that many reported AIWP limitations stem from unsuitable verification choices, specifically comparing deterministic forecasts that target different quantities. Instead, a fair evaluation of extremes necessitates probabilistic verification.
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All authors Jakob Benjamin Wessel, Fiona Spuler, Christopher A. T. Ferro, Marlene Kretschmer, Sebastian Sippel