Papers

Heterogeneous DRAM-based processing-in-memory (PIM)-GPU systems promise significant efficiency gains for decode-phase large language model (LLM) inference, particularly in long-output generation, yet current design practices overlook critical factors that determine real-world performance. Through systematic evaluation of diverse architectures and workloads (OPT-7B/70B, Mamba2-2.7B/70B), we reveal three fundamental design principles: (i) static power consumption (DRAM leakage, refresh, and GPU idle power) can dominate the efficiency calculus, causing dynamic-only models to overestimate tokens/s/W by up to 3.85X for realistic deployments (Mamba2-2.7B, batch size 1, 128 input tokens, and 2,048 output tokens); (ii) decoding performance is monotonically non-decreasing with channel count across all evaluated models and workloads, generally plateauing at high channel counts for low-batch workloads; under a fixed-capacity sweep, all models instead share a common near-optimal hierarchy configuration, with substantially larger misconfiguration penalties for attention-based models; (iii) workload mapping strategies provide bounded improvements (up to 14.0%/17.4% kernel-level latency/energy reduction, up to 5.6% end-to-end gain) and are not primary bottlenecks. Significant efficiency gains require system-wide co-optimization. These principles provide design-space guidance for architects designing the next generation of memory-accelerated LLM systems.

The scale of Neutral Atom (NA) quantum computers requires automated compilation tools. Designing the required heuristic methods demands a deep understanding of complex hardware trade-offs, for which visualizations can provide crucial insights. This work introduces NAViz, the first publicly available app to visualize quantum computations on NA devices in real-time. A case study demonstrates how NAViz was instrumental in identifying and resolving inefficiencies in an existing compilation strategy, leading to a new, more performant one. The tool is available as part of the Munich Quantum Toolkit (MQT) at https://github.com/munich-quantum-toolkit/naviz.

The timing and rate of cognitive decline vary substantially between individuals, limiting the ability of fixed population-level thresholds to determine whether a new observation represents meaningful change for an individual. We developed Personalized Risk Inference via Sequential Monitoring (PRISM), an interpretable framework for individualized longitudinal forecasting of cognitive decline. PRISM estimates a personalized cognitive baseline from routinely collected demographic, health, and functional variables using an Explainable Boosting Machine, then updates this expectation through Bayesian inference with temporal decay as cognitive scores accrue. Decline is evaluated relative to an age-adjusted personal anchor, with uncertainty quantified through posterior probabilities. We evaluated PRISM in 30,664 adults from the Health and Retirement Study and externally validated it in 1,866 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants. Forecasting performance was compared with demographic-norm and cumulative-average baselines, and discrimination with a linear mixed-effects model. PRISM identified emerging decline before study-defined cognitive worsening in 31% of sustained decliners in the Health and Retirement Study and 41% in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, with median lead times of 6 and 2 years, respectively. By the time of worsening, 68% and 56% had been identified. PRISM also achieved lower forecasting error than demographic-norm and cumulative-average baselines and distinguished worsening from stable trajectories better than a linear mixed-effects model, particularly early in follow-up. PRISM enables earlier, interpretable, uncertainty-aware detection of cognitive decline relative to each individual's expected trajectory using routinely collected data. It may support closer monitoring and timely assessment when personal longitudinal history is limited.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming high-skilled domains, requiring higher education institutions (HEI) to balance the teaching of foundational principles with the integration of emerging tools to ensure workforce readiness. While HEI are increasingly adopting AI, many continue to grapple with how it should be incorporated into curricula and governed through policy, especially when such policies are set at different levels of an institution. This research analyzes AI policies across HEI from 34 states in the United States to investigate what these policies entail and how policies set across institutions as well as within different levels at an institution differ. Using natural language processing (NLP) to analyze institutional AI policies, we find a clear divergence: university-level policies emphasize data security and risk mitigation whereas school-level policies, when present, focus on pedagogical applications and tool usage. When focusing on business school specific policies, relatively few business schools maintain AI policies distinct from university frameworks, creating misalignment with discipline-specific learning objectives. This gap poses challenges particularly for faculty and students as well as for accreditation purposes. Our insights suggest that guidelines should be aligned with broader institutional policies while addressing discipline-specific learning objectives and evolving workforce demands.

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to evolve and mature, recent AI practices have moved beyond large language models (LLMs) and text or image generation tasks, increasingly integrating tools, agents, and harnesses to solve real business and industrial problems. However, the power of AI is not verified under these real-world complex systems for various reasons, considering reliability, feasibility, resilience, and responsibility requirements in real commercial and industrial operations. This study synthesizes adjacent research and introduces Enactive AI as a conceptual framework for enterprise and industry reasoning, site-level decision support, and execution feedback. Four complementary roles organize the framework: an Organizational World defines operations management logic and an organizational behavior world model behind an enterprise from a strategic-institutional horizon; a Site World defines a physically bounded industrial optimization and execution world model from an operational-realization horizon; Schema Intelligence provides the coupling mechanism between two world models to weave various AI applications via two models; and Enactive Decision Cycle triggers the self-evolving dynamic process to update and audit the entire framework. By foregrounding decision intelligence in complex systems, Enactive AI expands the frontier of AI from model capability to system-aware action, opening new possibilities for scalable, governable, and socially valuable AI deployment. Enactive AI points toward a future in which AI progress is measured not only by what models can generate or automate, but by how reliably intelligent systems can support consequential action, responsible governance, and durable social value in the complex systems that shape modern life, which we believe will define the next frontier of AI research for enterprise-level and industrial complex systems.

Checkpoint staffing requires accurate forecasts of when screening demand will occur, yet flight schedules record departure times rather than passenger arrival times at security checkpoints. This study develops a framework that converts known flight schedules into temporally aligned signals for forecasting hourly checkpoint throughput. Using 2023-2024 Transportation Security Administration throughput data and Cirium Diio flight schedules for Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, domestic and international seat capacity was distributed across pre-departure hours using truncated Poisson kernels. A Temporal Fusion Transformer then combined these schedule-derived arrival-intensity signals with historical throughput, scheduled activity, and temporal variables. Models were trained chronologically, with July-December 2024 reserved for testing, and evaluated against recurrent neural network and long short-term memory models across five random seeds. For direct six-hour forecasts, the proposed model achieved a weighted mean absolute percentage error of 9.33%, compared with 12.16% for the recurrent neural network and 11.37% for long short-term memory, while also producing the lowest errors during peak periods. With six-hour recursive updates, errors remained between 10.60% and 11.04% across 24-96 hour horizons, although longer horizons contained fewer valid forecast origins. By transforming scheduled departures into interpretable pre-departure screening-load signals without requiring passenger-flight matching, the framework supports advance staffing, lane-opening, and multiday checkpoint planning. Because observed throughput reflects realized processing rather than unconstrained arrivals, the forecasts should be interpreted together with local staffing, capacity, queue, and wait-time information.

Machine learning is significantly transforming algorithmic trading, yet the requirement for rapid execution speeds persists. While both aspects aim to boost profitability, embedding advanced machine-learning techniques with reduced trading latency presents a notable challenge. Adopting in-network machine learning, which involves offloading inference to programmable network devices, offers a delicate equilibrium in this trade-off. In this paper, we present LOBIN, a solution that utilizes machine learning within the network for market prediction based on high-frequency market data feeds. LOBIN is adept at constructing limit order books and performing inference directly within programmable switches. When compared to server-based benchmarks, LOBIN not only predicts future stock price movements with higher throughput but also maintains robust machine learning performance. It achieves over a 10% reduction in latency compared to the NASDAQ order-matching server benchmark and delivers microsecond-level latency. Furthermore, the machine learning performance of LOBIN can be further enhanced through the adoption of a hybrid deployment approach that integrates both the switch and the servers. Our evaluation demonstrates that among all data feeds of evaluated stocks, the application of hybrid deployment results in approximately 45% of the traffic and 38% of the total potential transaction value being processed within switches without server intervention, reducing latency while ensuring that the average change in error rate of predictions remains at around 3% relative to benchmarks based solely on server use.

Care robots are increasingly being introduced into healthcare settings, raising important questions about their acceptance and ethical implementation. To better understand these challenges, this study investigates caregivers' perceptions of four categories of care robots: delivering supplies, helping patients into bed, monitoring vital signs, and assisting with mobility. We conducted a mixed-methods study employing a mixed-factorial design in which 298 caregivers from the United States, Mexico, and Chile evaluated all four robot categories. Quantitative measures integrated constructs from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, the Cognitive-Affective-Normative model, and overall acceptance ratings. Qualitative data were collected through open-ended questions and analyzed using a literature-informed ethical framework. The results indicate that participants across countries generally evaluated care robots positively, particularly for logistical and physically demanding tasks rather than those requiring intensive interpersonal interaction. The qualitative findings provide further insight into stakeholders' views of the ethical implications of care robot use. Participants emphasized potential benefits such as reduced workload, lower risk, and greater patient autonomy, while also expressing concerns about dependability, the need for human oversight, and potential job displacement. Although many ethical concerns were shared across countries, participants differed in how they interpreted and prioritized them. These findings advance a context-sensitive and socially informed understanding of responsible design and implementation of care robots.

Modern organizations rely on data, machine learning, and software delivery pipelines to move data, train models, deploy applications, refresh dashboards, and support business-critical decisions. However, these pipelines often fail because of data quality issues, schema changes, upstream source changes, infrastructure problems, orchestration failures, and model workflow issues. Existing ZeroOps, observability, and AI operations platforms can help teams detect incidents, investigate root causes, and in some cases recommend or execute fixes. However, many of these solutions are expensive, vendor-specific, or difficult for smaller teams to adapt across different tools and environments. This paper first compares existing off-the-shelf solutions for AI-assisted pipeline monitoring, root-cause analysis, and automated remediation, including their strengths, limitations, and practical trade-offs. Based on this comparison, we find that the main gap is architectural rather than technological: the required ingredients for self-healing pipelines already exist, but they are fragmented across vendor-specific platforms, observability tools, incident systems, and open-source components. We therefore propose an affordable, vendor-agnostic reference architecture for agentic self-healing pipelines using open-source and low-cost tools. The proposed architecture combines monitoring, pipeline metadata, incident history, deterministic policy checks, AI-assisted diagnosis, approval workflows, and controlled remediation actions to help teams detect, diagnose, repair, verify, and learn from pipeline issues with less manual effort. The goal is to provide a practical reference architecture that can be adapted across data engineering, machine learning operations, and software delivery environments.

The rapid development of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) is shifting the design flow from traditional graphical user interface (GUI)-based methods to script-based methods for higher flexibility, portability, and maintainability. However, script-based design introduces new challenges, requiring designers to possess additional proficiency in tool application programming interfaces (APIs) and programming. It also demands greater effort and time because it is inherently less intuitive and more complex than GUI-based methods. As PICs grow in scale and complexity, the productivity gap between design needs and manual scripting capabilities continues to widen. To address this gap, we introduce PICopilot, the first large language model (LLM)-based agentic framework that assists in PIC design via automated design script generation from natural language instructions. PICopilot leverages a multi-agent architecture with a feedback mechanism and a specifically designed retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) pipeline, achieving a high success rate and reliability. Experimental results on a benchmark of diverse PIC scripting tasks demonstrate that PICopilot successfully completes all 48 tasks and outperforms other LLM-based approaches without incurring substantial extra latency or cost, even solving 21 more tasks than the advanced GPT-5 model with a general RAG pipeline.

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has entered classrooms faster than teachers have been prepared to use it well, producing a GenAI literacy lag in which technological diffusion outpaces educators' conceptual, pedagogical, and ethical readiness. Established AI literacy frameworks predate the widespread adoption of large language models and, while acknowledging ethics, position it as a discrete competency rather than a constitutive commitment, with equity and agency as supplementary design principles. Recent GenAI-specific efforts address isolated features but remain fragmented. We introduce the Responsible AI Literacy in Education (RAIL-Ed) framework, developed through a systematic review and qualitative framework analysis of 67 studies (2023-2025), grounded in critical, pragmatist, sociocultural, and human-centered traditions (Freire, Dewey, Vygotsky, Shneiderman). RAIL-Ed specifies six interdependent pillars: Technical Fluency, Critical Evaluation, Human-AI Collaboration, Contextual Awareness, Ethical Reasoning, and Empowered Agency, marked by three commitments. It is integrative: the absence of any pillar produces a characteristic pedagogical failure. It is developmental: a three-level rubric (Emerging, Competent, Advanced) specifies how each pillar matures across the K-12 teacher-preparation continuum. It is dialectical: the same generative affordance can deepen or displace learning depending on the literacy a teacher brings to it, making the cultivation of that literacy, not the adoption of the tool, the object of design. By treating ethics, equity, and agency as constitutive, RAIL-Ed offers a theoretically grounded basis for curriculum design, teacher education, and policy, aligned with the UNESCO AI Competency Framework for Teachers and the OECD/European Commission AILit Framework. The framework is conceptual, advancing falsifiable propositions for empirical validation.

We present a set of tools for mapping general stochastic programs to thermodynamic hardware designed for energy-efficient stochastic sampling. Given a target stochastic program expressed as a Directed Factor Graph (DFG) of stochastic channels, or equivalently as a Parametrized Stochastic Circuit (PSC), we first introduce a method to approximately compile each factor in the DFG to an Energy-Based Model (EBM) that is native to the hardware. We then analyze how the error of the compiled DFG accumulates from the per-factor errors, and introduce two training refinements, context matching and trajectory-level REINFORCE post-training, which can reduce the residual error left by training each factor in isolation. The thermalizers framework takes a stochastic program expressed in the torx library and replaces its factors with thermodynamic kernels implemented and sampled using the thrml library. We demonstrate it on several example applications, including a market simulator that learns the joint day-to-day dynamics of a panel of financial time series from recorded market history alone, a probabilistic model from mathematical ecology, Gibbs sampling of an EBM the hardware cannot natively express, and a sequential Bayesian design loop over a Gaussian stochastic circuit.

We introduce Parametrized Stochastic Circuits (PSCs), a gate-based intermediate representation for programmable stochastic dynamics in which typed local stochastic kernels with tunable parameters compose over explicit binary, categorical, and continuous wires, and torx, an open-source JAX framework for constructing, executing, and differentiating them. PSCs' data types and stochastic kernels are chosen to align closely with the native operations exposed by emerging probabilistic hardware. In this way, stochastic algorithms can be designed directly in terms of the operations the hardware executes natively, so that the energy advantage arising at this level is not lost on mappings that introduce substantial decomposition, communication, or control overhead. We demonstrate the framework on a variety of example applications such as random walks on graphs, discrete diffusion, stochastic graph networks, jump diffusion and Ising sampling. We also report a hardware experiment in which probabilistic bits on the X0 subthreshold CMOS test chip, hosted by the XTR-0 desktop platform, provide physical randomness for Metropolis-Hastings and importance-sampling estimators, yielding estimates consistent with a software pseudorandom baseline.