Papers

A chemical transition state is a phase-space bottleneck: trajectories approach along stable directions and leave along unstable directions. Lagrangian betweenness (LB), introduced in finite-time transport theory for fluid flows, combines backward and forward deformation in a way suggestive of this gather-and-disperse geometry. We ask what LB measures when the transition-state geometry is known. For a linear rank-one saddle, LB is spatially constant even though the stable and unstable manifolds are present. Relative nonlinear corrections remain small on shrinking initial neighborhoods, including observation times on the logarithmic local escape scale. At fixed spatial resolution, however, increasing observation time can concentrate the spatial variation of LB near a stable or unstable manifold. A separable quartic Hamiltonian makes these two limits explicit. A nonseparable Hamiltonian shows local flattening near a hyperbolic periodic orbit. We then use HCN/CNH isomerization, where dividing surfaces and gap times are established by phase-space transition-state theory. Before any exit, larger LB generally accompanies longer eventual gap times. The incoming reactive action provides a dynamical interpretation: initial conditions closer to the normally hyperbolic invariant manifold have longer local passages and greater accumulated stretching during passage. Among trajectories still inside at 0.5 ps that exit before 5 ps, early LB does not usefully rank exit times. LB therefore characterizes transition-state-organized transport in this example; a large value is neither an intrinsic manifold marker nor a general measure of molecular residence time.

Single-ion magnets (SIMs) show promise for high-density storage and quantum computing, but predicting spin-phonon coupling (SPC) and magnetic relaxation remains challenging due to the need for numerous non-equilibrium multiconfigurational calculations. Recent advances in quantum embedding methods offer a potential route to address this issue. In this work, density matrix embedding theory (DMET) combined with complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) is benchmarked for the static magnetic properties and spin-phonon coupling (SPC) parameters of Dy$^{3+}$-based SIMs. The method is further combined with spatial truncation to calculate SPC parameters for these SIMs. It is found that truncating the space near the first coordination sphere reduces the computational cost dramatically while keeping the errors in the effective energy barrier and relaxation time-scale negligible. This study provides a practical calculation framework for accurate and efficient spin dynamics prediction, laying the foundation for the rational design of high-performance single-molecule magnets.

Accurate relativistic multiconfiguration calculations of correlation-sensitive atomic properties are often limited by the rapid growth of configuration state function expansions when a single common orthonormal orbital basis is used. In this work, a partitioned correlation function interaction (PCFI) method is developed for relativistic atomic structure calculations. The correlation space is separated into physically motivated components, which are optimized independently with correlation-specific orbital sets. The interactions between configuration spaces constructed from mutually non-orthogonal orbital sets are evaluated using biorthonormal transformations, allowing different correlation effects to be combined in a compact final interaction calculation. Full details of the method are provided, emphasizing its connection to configuration state function generators (CSFGs), which significantly reduce the time required to construct the Hamiltonian matrix in conventional RCI calculations. Applications to the neutral Li, Be, and Al atoms are presented for energy levels, mass shifts and hyperfine structure constants. Compared with conventional relativistic configuration interaction (RCI) calculations that rely on a single orbital basis, PCFI produces more compact and predictable convergence patterns for both total and transition energies. It also offers greater stability for correlation-sensitive properties such as specific mass shifts and hyperfine constants. By using property-oriented partitions, PCFI captures core-polarization effects more effectively, thereby reducing the oscillatory behavior often observed in standard RCI approaches. Overall, the results demonstrate that PCFI provides a promising and computationally efficient framework for accurate relativistic multiconfiguration calculations of correlation-dependent atomic properties.

One of the main challenges limiting the maximum forward speed of high-speed rotorcraft is the development of reverse flow on retreating blades. Flow separation at the sharp aerodynamic leading edge during reverse flow leads to negative lift, high drag, high pitching moment, and a pitching moment impulse. The study experimentally investigates the effectiveness of a sinusoidal trailing edge as a passive method for the control of reverse flow, under static pitching conditions. Three NACA 0015 two-dimensional blades were evaluated under both reverse and forward flow conditions. A baseline blade with a straight trailing edge and two modified blades with sinusoidal trailing edges, each having a spatial amplitude of 10% of the chord and wavelengths of 5% and 10% of the chord, respectively. Experiments were conducted at chord-based Reynolds numbers of 70000 and 140000, consisting of planar Particle Image Velocimetry and aerodynamic load measurements. The study shows that a sinusoidal trailing edge significantly mitigates flow separation, leading to a large reduction in the associated problems over a wide range of angles of attack. The problem of pitching moment impulse is eliminated. The sinusoidal geometry with a lower wavelength of 5% of the chord shows comparatively better performance. Additionally, both sinusoidal geometries minimally affect the forward flow characteristics.

We observe the emergence of extreme events in an active fluid involving two distinct chemical species that regulate active stress. One species is slow diffusing and the other is fast diffusing, and the growth of the fast-diffusing species is modelled using a nonlinear logistic term. We demonstrate the presence of extreme events in the temporal evolution of the concentrations, as well as in the spatial profile of the system,in regimes of merging-emerging soliton-like dynamics and spatio-temporal chaos, through analysis of the time-series, bifurcation diagrams, probability distribution functions of the concentration of the two species, return maps and distributions of inter-event intervals. Interestingly, we also find evidence of pronounced bunching of extreme events and super-extreme events in the slow chemical species in the soliton-like regime. We go on to systematically explore the dependence of the extreme event occurrences on the Péclet number and the strength of the nonlinear growth term, and find that the probability of extreme events increases after a critical Péclet number, while increasing the nonlinearity suppresses extreme events. Lastly, in order to gain further insight, we investigate a modified mode-truncated reduced order model comprising of coupled differential equations mimicking this active fluid system. We find that this reduced order model also exhibits extreme events whose emergence is correlated with a sudden expansion in attractor size due to a crisis arising from attractor collision.So these results demonstrate the existence of extreme events in an active fluid system, and are of potential relevance to biological phenomena where active transport plays an important role.

Generalization of the inductance to the case of non-quasistatic electromagnetic field oscillations appears to be fruitful when considering wireless power transfer and RF metamaterials consisting of thin wire loop meta-atoms. When dealing with large systems of interacting loops carrying currents, efficiency and precision of calculation in the presence of retardation is crucial. In this work, we derive a series expansion of such generalized inductance and propose a way for its efficient numerical approximation. Illustrative examples are provided both for inductance convergence of a pair of two loops and extinction efficiency for scattering by metamaterial samples.

Swift electrons in scanning transmission electron microscopy transfer both linear and angular momentum to nanoparticles, underlying electron-beam-driven nanoscale manipulation ("electron tweezers"). Prior theory relied either on the small-particle (dipolar) approximation, valid only well below experimentally relevant sizes, or on frequency-integrated multipolar calculations that leave the spectral structure of the interaction unresolved. Here we present a fully retarded, causal, multipole-converged electrodynamical methodology for the angular momentum transfer from a swift electron to an isolated spherical nanoparticle, based on a closed-surface Maxwell stress tensor formulation whose angular integrals reduce analytically to a small, material- and trajectory-independent set of irreducible integrals over associated Legendre functions. This lowers the cost of the double multipolar sum, enabling convergence up to l_max=51 for nanoparticles as large as a=50 nm, nearly four times the order of the largest previous calculation at this size and previously unreached for an optically complex, interband-dominated material. Applied to aluminum and gold nanoparticles up to a=50 nm, the method resolves the transfer spectral density across the full frequency domain, showing it is set by interference between the electron field and the field scattered by the nanoparticle, which dominates the scattered-scattered contribution at essentially every frequency; the electric contribution dominates at moderate speeds, but the magnetic contribution, of the same sign, grows steadily in relative weight with electron speed, from a few percent of the total at v = 0.5c to between a quarter and a half of it at v = 0.95c for trajectories passing close to the nanoparticle surface.

We introduce a compatibility–realization framework for constructing singular solutions to the forced three-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The framework separates exact balance and matching constraints, expressed in a chosen geometric representation, from the sufficient conditions of a particular completion scheme. Completed realizations are organized by observable fibers, distinguishing prescribed core kinematics from the surrounding force and transport mechanisms. Conditional on the source-dependent completion input specified in this paper, we obtain families with zero initial velocity, smooth compactly supported forcing, bounded kinetic energy and finite-time unbounded velocity. These include a reversal of leading viscous work at fixed axis motion and first velocity gradient, a signed transition through a stationary singular center under one fixed canonical pressure trace, and a connected stretching family crossing the threshold of zero leading direct viscous vorticity supply. Near a critical profile, the realizable trace data contain a neighborhood in an infinite-dimensional space of analytic axial-velocity and pressure perturbations, while the central first velocity gradient and the critical vorticity balance remain fixed. We also identify the full kernel and an explicit right inverse of the joint angular-transport operator in the chosen realization class. The results establish non-rigidity within observable fibers and show that axis kinematics alone do not determine the local pressure–viscosity partition. Direct profile selection and dynamical stress generation are treated as coupled components of construction, rather than as definitions of the entire design space.

We derive computable upper bounds on the maximum wave speed in the Riemann problem for the compressible Euler equations with a composite equation of state, in which the pressure is the sum of a convex hydrodynamical part and a barotropic correction. The correction may destroy the convexity of the equation of state, so that the Riemann solution can contain composite shock-rarefaction waves. The bounds are obtained by comparison with the auxiliary Riemann problem for the hydrodynamical equation of state alone. The bounds hold irrespective of whether the outer waves are elementary or composite and require no case distinction on the wave type.

We present PepC-Global, a global version of the Princeton environment-dependent probabilistic tropical cyclone (PepC) framework that uniquely implements basin-wise tuning within a single unified tropical cyclone climatology model. PepC-Global represents tropical cyclone climatology as a coupled stochastic process linking genesis, track, and intensity conditioned on large-scale environmental predictors. Each of the genesis, track, and intensity modules outperforms widely used linear models in out-of-sample tests. The intensity module also incorporates an environment-dependent over-land decay model, offering greater sensitivity to climate change signals than conventional fixed decay rate approaches. Systematic evaluation against observations demonstrates that PepC-Global closely reproduces genesis basin-wise frequency, seasonal cycles, interannual variability, and spatial distributions. The model also accurately captures basin-wise track patterns, along-coastline landfall frequency, and intensity statistics including lifetime maximum intensity and landfall intensity distributions. PepC-Global provides a versatile tool for probabilistic tropical cyclone hazard and risk assessment and a practical framework for investigating changes in tropical cyclone activity across future climate scenarios.

Biological swimmers and flyers exploit unsteady vortices for propulsion, whereas engineered vehicles usually suppress them as disturbances. Learning such flow exploitation in machines is difficult because real-fluid interaction data are scarce and unstructured exploration is unstable in high-dimensional, history-dependent flows. Here we present REEF, a co-designed physical-learning framework that integrates SHOAL, an eight-channel high-throughput array for real fluid–structure interaction, with V-STAR, a staged algorithm that converts these interactions into policies through imitation, offline internalization, and online adaptation. Across lift-based, drag-based, and momentum-jet propulsors, REEF expands the attainable force envelope to more than twice that of parameterized search. Particle image velocimetry shows that these gains arise from coordinated vortex formation, growth, and force projection, rather than refinement of a fixed motion-to-force mapping. Force-trained policies transfer zero-shot to free-moving robots whose body motion changes the surrounding flow, suggesting that REEF learns transferable wake-coupling principles for embodied propulsion in unsteady fluids.

High quality factor ($Q$) and overtone operation enable narrow-linewidth acoustic devices with multiple discrete frequencies in a single cavity. Maintaining both high $Q$ and sufficient electromechanical coupling at higher mode orders remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate a bimorph periodically poled piezoelectric film (P3F) lithium niobate (LN) platform for high-order thickness-shear (TS) overtone excitation. The device comprises a bonded 80-$\mu$m-thick single-crystal X-cut LN bimorph with opposite polarizations, patterned top and floating bottom electrodes, and a suspended air cavity. The P3F configuration mitigates charge cancellation from the alternating stress distribution of higher-order TS modes, enabling measurable coupling across a broad sequence of overtones. The thick LN acoustic cavity and increasingly confined high-order mode profiles support low-loss operation. Measured TS overtones extend to 1.75 GHz. At room temperature, representative overtones at 0.77 and 0.89 GHz exhibit 3-dB $Q$ values of 11,338 and 11,917, corresponding to $fQ$ products of $8.74\times10^{12}$ and $1.06\times10^{13}$ Hz, respectively. Cooling from 297 to 12 K systematically enhances $Q$, yielding a peak 3-dB $Q$ of 20,507 at 779 MHz and a maximum $fQ$ product of $1.98\times10^{13}$ Hz at 1.379 GHz. These results establish bimorph P3F LN as a promising platform for high-$Q$, frequency-scalable micro-acoustic resonators in the sub-GHz and low-GHz regimes.

We elaborate a scheme for controllable shaping of self-trapped vortex states in a quasi-phase-matched three-dimensional photonic crystal with the combination of self-focusing quadratic and defocusing cubic material nonlinearities. The setting gives rise to sturdy droplet-like vortex modes, capable to adapt to externally imposed strong geometric constraints. The application of a square-shaped modulation in the transverse $\left(x,y\right) $ plane and periodic quasi-phase-matching to the quadratic nonlinear coefficient $d_{z}$ along the propagation direction $z$ leads to the formation of square vortex droplets (VDs) with fourfold rotational symmetry ($C_{4}$). These states preserve the vortical phase circulation and exhibit robust propagation in a broad parameter region. In the oversaturated regime dominated by the cubic self-defocusing, the square-shaped VDs obey the anti-Vakhitov–Kolokolov stability criterion. The results, which are produced, chiefly, for the VDs with topological charge $S=1$, and also, in a partial form, for $S=2$ and $4$, reveal an unexpected universality: the vortex robustness is not contingent upon the circular symmetry. Thus, the combination of the competing nonlinearities and geometric confinement provides not only an effective method for the formation of self-trapped vortex states, but also new insight into generality of the topological protection in nonlinear optical fields.

I contend that physics should provide a coherent account of reality, in addition to be an efficient algorithm for the prediction of empirical results. This article offers pictures of reality derived from theories of modern physics. In particular it is shown that Bose quantum fields may be interpreted as pure wave fields via the Weyl-Wigner representation. The most relevant result being the existence of a stochastic vacuum field, corresponding to the quantum vacuum fluctuations of the standard, canonical, formulation of field theory. That field provides explanations for the particle (photons) behaviour of the electromagnetic field. Also a realistic interpretation is offered for the interference experiments with actual particles, like atoms. The interpretation of classical general relativity is standard but emphasis is made on the principle of equivalence. Problems like the spacetime singularities (black holes) and the empirical violation of Bell inequalities are touched but slightly. Asides from these problems the main incompleteness of the article is the absence of a realistic interpretation of Fermi fields.

Shock fronts and vortex cores often coexist and overlap in compressible flows, where walls, wakes and shear layers also produce strong gradients. Refining a network to detect one structure can therefore degrade its prediction of the other without revealing the loss in the optimized score. We present a task-preserving formulation for simultaneous shock and vortex-core segmentation. The experiments use two solvers and include supersonic diamond-airfoil flows at several incidences and Reynolds numbers, together with circular- and elliptical-cylinder flows. A shared primitive encoder feeds separate shock and vortex decoders with independent sigmoid outputs, allowing the two classes to overlap. Adaptation is confined to the relevant branch: zero-initialized adapters supply rotational diagnostics only to the vortex decoder, while corrected shock supervision updates only the shock decoder. All dependencies of the protected output remain fixed, and bitwise equality is verified on every evaluation field. Compression and conservation-jump (Rankine–Hugoniot) signatures provide weak shock supervision; rotation and topology provide vortex candidates. Analytical oblique-shock rays, Billig's bow-shock correlation and an isentropic vortex supply references independent of these labels. Under the same corrected-target budget, the restricted model and a capacity-matched shared-decoder U-Net obtain comparable shock agreement. Their airfoil vortex-core Dice overlap scores, however, are 0.83 and 0.08, respectively. A soft retention penalty recovers most of the U-Net's lost core agreement. The frozen shock-adapted models locate the tested analytical oblique-shock rays within 0.003 chord. An additional branch identifies expanding-flow regions, which are distinguished from centred Prandtl–Meyer expansion fans through comparison with ideal shock–expansion theory.

We formulate new Barrow holographic dark energy (NBHDE) as a second-order expansion of the Barrow entropy correction near the standard holographic dark energy (HDE) limit, adopting the future event horizon as the infrared cutoff. Writing the Barrow factor in exponential form identifies $(\Delta/2)\ln S_{\rm BH}$, rather than $\Delta$ alone, as the expansion parameter. In a flat universe containing pressureless matter and NBHDE without a cosmological constant, we derive the background equations, establish consistency with the integral definition of the future event horizon, and recover HDE exactly at $\Delta=0$. We assess this approximation against the unexpanded Barrow holographic dark energy (BHDE) density, locally and through independently normalized background evolutions. Across $0.50\leq c\leq1.20$ and $0\leq\Delta\leq0.003$, the maximum fractional density difference remains below $1\%$ over $-0.99\leq z\leq5$, while the normalized Hubble rates differ by less than $0.074\%$ over $0\leq z\leq5$. Within this domain, the Barrow correction modestly changes the expansion rate and acceleration transition but more strongly affects the dark energy equation of state and phantom crossing. At $c=0.80$, $w_{d0}$ shifts from $-1.031$ in HDE to $-0.900$ at $\Delta=0.003$. We perform a conditional comparison with 36 spectroscopic cosmic chronometer (CC) measurements. At fixed $H_0=67.4\,{\rm km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$ and $\Omega_{m0}=0.30$, the minimum lies on the HDE boundary at $\Delta=0$ and $c=0.8457$. Minimizing over $c$ at $\Delta=0.003$ gives $c_{\min}=0.6879$, with $\Delta\chi_{\rm CC}^2\simeq1.0\times10^{-3}$. NBHDE therefore provides a self-consistent, quantitatively controlled framework near the HDE limit, showing that Barrow corrections can alter dark energy behavior even when their effect on $H(z)$ is largely compensated by changing $c$.

Axial chiral phonons, which carry angular momentum and exhibit unusually large magnetic moments, provide a new degree of freedom for controlling the time-reversal symmetry and magnetic properties of quantum materials. While infrared-active axial phonons are efficiently excited to large amplitudes by circularly polarized terahertz pulses, their application may be constrained by short lifetimes, small penetration depths, low spatial resolution, and limited availability of optical sources. Here, we report that an axial Raman-active phonon mode in CeF3 exhibits a significant magnetic moment and an exceedingly long lifetime that more closely matches the paramagnetic spin dynamics. The axial phonon population is resonantly driven by a near-infrared laser pulse with rotating linear polarization, known as an optical centrifuge, a coherent control scheme never applied to solids before. The phonon-driven magnetization observed by time-resolved Faraday rotation scales quadratically with incident power and rapidly decreases at high temperatures, consistent with phonon inverse Faraday effect from many-body spin-phonon coupling. Our findings open a new avenue for using shaped laser pulses from widely accessible light sources to manipulate coherent axial chiral phonons and ultrafast spintronics.

Magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) enables sensitive detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and characterization of their dynamic magnetization through higher-order harmonics. Here, we synthesized citrate-functionalized, 30 nm cubic Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 (ZFO) MNPs and investigated their association with SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells using MPS. The ZFO MNPs exhibited a crystalline spinel structure, a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 39.4 nm, strong room-temperature magnetization, low coercivity, and citrate-associated surface functional groups. Live/Dead imaging indicated good cytocompatibility after 24 h exposure at concentrations up to 0.5 mg/mL, while bright-field microscopy showed concentration-dependent cell-associated nanoparticle accumulation. Two MPS drive fields were compared using ZFO MNPs dispersed in DI water and agar as relatively unrestricted and strongly confined reference states. The 7.75 kHz, 20 mT condition retained more higher-order harmonics than 11.37 kHz and 10 mT and produced a larger and order-dependent spectral separation between the two states; it was therefore selected for the cellular measurements. After ZFO exposure and removal of unbound nanoparticles, MPS detected cell-associated MNPs in samples containing 0.1, 1, and 2x10^6 SKOV3 cells. The 3rd-, 5th-, and 7th-harmonic amplitudes increased proportionally with cell number, with power-law exponents of 1.03-1.09. We also report that most normalized harmonic ratios from the 1- and 2x10^6-cell samples fell between the water and agar references, indicating partial restriction of Brownian rotation in the cellular environment. These findings demonstrate that MPS can detect cell-associated MNPs while providing complementary spectral information about their ensemble-averaged physical confinement, supporting its application in magnetic cell labeling and cell-tracking studies.

Expected sensitivity calculations in frequentist analysis using neural simulation-based inference often require large simulated samples to approximate an unbinned Asimov dataset. We construct a finite weighted reference sample, for analyses based on learned density ratios, for which the generating parameters globally maximize the weighted likelihood. A toy example with five-dimensional observable space based loosely on high-energy physics models shows that an Asimov dataset consisting of as few as 256 weighted reference events closely reproduce the expected test statistic scans obtained with two million simulated reference events. The resulting test statistic distributions are also shown to agree with independent simulator-based pseudo-experiments. We note that this agreement with the simulator depends on the accuracy of the learned ratios and must be validated explicitly.

The dispersion spectrum of a fluid-loaded elastic waveguide is a non-Hermitian system with eigenmodes on a two-sheeted Riemann manifold. Although exceptional points (EPs) organize avoided crossings, the topological rules by which fluid loading restructures the observable spectrum (both physically admissible modes and their connectivity) remain unknown, and conventional solvers fail to recover complete branches. Here we establish these rules. We prove that, for real elastic moduli and real fluid parameters, EPs obey a conjugate-pair symmetry, and that a pair on the physical sheet enforces an avoided crossing of real wavenumbers between the two modes it controls, yielding a topological criterion for mode identification. We then identify two independent reconstruction mechanisms. First, the physical observation space expands continuously: a mode observable above its vacuum cut-off can extend downward to the sound line, admitting solutions in a frequency band empty in vacuum; vacuum-anchored seeds above cut-offs continued downward capture such branches systematically. Second, EP migration rewires mode connectivity: as fluid density increases, conjugate pairs leaving the physical sheet (signaled by a sign reversal of the imaginary part of either the in-plane or the vertical wavenumber) leave the two previously coupled physical branch segments unconnected by any EP within the observation space; they become independent curves that may intersect freely on the real frequency axis, with the narrowest veerings losing their topological protection first. Mirror-symmetry breaking births additional EPs generically in the trapped regime but only conditionally in the leaky regime. Numerical computations on symmetric and asymmetric composite laminates under single- and double-sided water loading validate the framework, recovering multiple leaky branches missed by standard solvers.

Hypothesis: The presence of a polymer in a droplet plays a significant role in contact line dynamics following droplet impact onto a solid substrate. We hypothesize that the polymer concentration modifies the post-impact wetting behavior. Experiments: In our experiments, we visualize the contact line dynamics of polymer-laden droplets impacting onto a flat sapphire substrate. Using high-speed side and bottom-view imaging, we analyze droplet spreading and retraction over a broad range of Weber numbers (10-700) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) concentrations (0-400 ppm). To systematically characterize the contact line dynamics, we used image processing to quantify the maximum spreading factor, receding velocity, and receding contact angle. Findings: The effect of the polymer on the spreading phase is negligible, as the maximum spreading factor follows classical inertial-capillary scaling, showing that polymer addition produces no measurable change in the maximum spreading under the present conditions. In contrast, the receding phase exhibits a strong dependence on the polymer concentration: increasing the PEO content leads to a significant reduction in the receding velocity and dynamic contact angle, while the spreading dynamics remain water-like. These results are consistent with an additional resistance associated with the receding contact-line region, while the microscopic origin of this resistance remains unresolved. To capture this behavior, we propose a scaling model that relates the normalized retraction velocity to the receding contact angle and impact conditions. The model effectively collapses the experimental data across all investigated concentrations and Weber numbers.

The present work proposes a novel Lagrangian dynamical theory for the velocity gradient tensor (VGT) $\bm{A}\equiv\bm{\nabla}\bm{u}$, formulated on the basis of its canonical real Schur form.... The proposed theory is expected to be useful for understanding the evolution dynamics of the VGT rotational invariants and intrinsic vorticity modes in a variety of vortical flows.

Background and purpose: Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) indices remain the main dose-effect metrics for toxicity prediction, but they depend on how contours were made. Inter-observer variability (IOV) is unavoidable and clinically accepted, so the question for automatic segmentation addresses equivalence: do automatic contours produce DVH errors comparable to human IOV, and can these indices predict patient-reported toxicity? Materials and methods: In 429 patients treated with iodine-125 LDR-BT monotherapy, indices from expert manual delineation were compared with a deterministic and a Bayesian nnUNet on a fixed dose distribution, by two-one-sided tests against margins set from CT contouring IOV. Logistic regression gave patient-level thresholds at 90\,% probability of equivalence. In 380 patients, eleven DHV indices were added to a clinical baseline predicting change in International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) at six horizons over 5 years, with nested cross-validation, bootstrap intervals and corrected $t$-tests. Results: All cohort-level comparisons of DVH indices were declared equivalent, with no interval consuming more than 44\,% of its equivalence margin. Individual agreement was weaker with equivalence rates from 55.9\,% to 89.7\,%, depending on the DVH index and automatic segmentation model. Thresholds ranged from 0.864 to 0.958 Dice. No DVH block improved IPSS prediction at any horizon. The largest improvement declared by bootstrap intervals was 0.12 IPSS points, well below the minimal clinically important difference, across all learners. Conclusion: Automatic contours matched expert dosimetry within human IOV on average, but individual equivalence requires a volume dependent quality metric threshold definition. Our DVH indices panel provides no significant predictive power for IPSS, irrespective of segmentation source and horizon.

We report the full sub-Kelvin characterization of the BAUSCIA high-frequency gravitational-wave antenna, based on cryogenic Bulk Acoustic Wave resonators coupled to SQUID amplifiers for signal readout. The end-to-end performance analysis of the experimental chain, from the sensor to the DAQ, demonstrates that resonator thermal noise dominates the noise budget at temperatures well below 100 mK for all investigated modes. The measurements also verify proper thermalization of the resonator modes and rule out significant SQUID backaction on the strain sensor, confirming that the system operates close to its fundamental limits with comparable resonator thermal noise and additive readout noise. From this characterization, we derive projected strain sensitivities in the range $1$–$10 \times 10^{-21}\,\mathrm{Hz}^{-1/2}$ for several resonant frequencies between 5 and 20~MHz, with corresponding fundamental thermal limits in the range $0.7$–$1.4 \times 10^{-21}\,\mathrm{Hz}^{-1/2}$. Equipped with three resonators and synchronized to an absolute global time reference for multi-site coincidences, the antenna is ready to enter a pilot science run.

We analyze how an arbitrary observation mask on a finite periodic ring of equally spaced sensors affects the posterior covariance, Fourier-mode coupling, and normalized posterior trace in Gaussian-process reconstruction. Under a rotationally stationary prior and homogeneous independent measurement noise, complete observation gives independent scalar posterior formulas for the Fourier modes. For an arbitrary mask, however, the matrix $Q_M=F D_MF^\ast$ is generally non-diagonal; its off-diagonal entries are finite Fourier components of the realized mask and couple modes in the posterior precision. Consequently, masks with the same unavailable-channel fraction can have different normalized posterior traces because their geometries differ. A dimensionless 64-channel synthetic benchmark illustrates this finite-matrix effect. A circumferential array of equally spaced wall-mounted microphones at a fixed axial station of a circular fan or compressor duct provides one concrete mechanical-engineering interpretation: failed, saturated, corrupted, or dropped-out channels form the observation mask. The analysis is a finite-dimensional reference calculation under the stated rotational-stationarity and common-noise assumptions, not a performance claim for a nonuniform or unequally instrumented operating duct.

We study measurement-based feedback control of a damped harmonic oscillator, motivated by optomechanical and interferometric position measurements, in which feedback is synthesized from a displacement measurement. For a band-limited derivative controller, the loop shapes the mechanical susceptibility and reinjects measurement noise, creating a tradeoff between stabilization and noise amplification. We present a compact classical formulation that isolates this tradeoff in the closed-loop displacement spectrum and identifies the parameters governing resonance suppression versus noise-driven actuation. We then extend the same topology to a quantum-limited position detector, enforcing the imprecision-backaction constraint and introducing finite measurement bandwidth that regularizes high-frequency noise reinjection and adds phase lag in the feedback path. In the high-$Q$ regime we obtain an analytic design rule for the optimal feedback gain at fixed controller and measurement bandwidths and compare it with full-spectrum calculations. The comparison shows that a high mechanical quality factor alone does not guarantee quantitative agreement: the accuracy of the near-resonant approximation depends strongly on the controller and measurement bandwidths. Because finite measurement bandwidth changes both the magnitude and phase of the feedback loop, the analysis separates the near-resonant damping contribution from imprecision-noise reinjection and shows that positive near-resonant feedback damping requires the product of the controller cutoff and measurement bandwidth to exceed the square of the mechanical resonance frequency. Finally, we present a dimensionless map of the gain-optimized high-$Q$ occupation and compare its predictions with full-spectrum optimization. All analytical gains evaluated in this map satisfy the full closed-loop stability criterion for these parameters.

Turbulent fluid simulation is computationally demanding because nonlinear interactions couple a wide range of scales. Quantum computing offers another computational model, but fluid evolution is nonlinear and dissipative whereas closed gate-based dynamics is linear and reversible. The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is an attractive discrete target because streaming is a local permutation, yet conventional collision reconstructs a nonlinear equilibrium and applies dissipative relaxation. We present a digital quantum lattice Boltzmann (QLBM) algorithm that keeps that nonlinear timestep in computational-basis registers. Each step writes the updated populations into a clean destination bank, uncomputes the workspace, and resets the obsolete source. The resulting channel is completely positive and trace preserving (CPTP), composes without intermediate measurement, and applies to any lattice Boltzmann stencil that can be evaluated reversibly into a clean bank. Forced D3Q19 homogeneous isotropic turbulence, in direct numerical simulation (DNS) and Smagorinsky large-eddy simulation (LES) at Reynolds number 15000 over one million lattice steps, shows statistical agreement in mass, energy budgets, spectra, and intermittency. The three-dimensional calculations use a digital-register emulator of the circuit. A separate D2Q9 implementation compiles the same contract to reversible gates and agrees bit-exactly with its integer twin. Two-bank storage and serial lattice depth limit near-term feasibility.

I consider vortex solitons in two-dimensional star networks created by several one-dimensional line waveguide arrays (or rays) brought in close proximity. First waveguide in each array belongs to the ring of certain radius and its modal field overlaps with modal fields of waveguides from other rays laying on this ring, as well as with modal fields of waveguides in this line array. This creates a system with discrete rotational symmetry that is capable of supporting various localized linear vortex states due to local coupling between waveguides on the central ring, where line arrays approach each other. Localized vortex states emerge from the continuum of the states extended along the rays of the structure upon variation of the radius of the central ring. I show how different vortex modes with progressively increasing topological charges emerge when the number of rays in structure and, therefore, its discrete rotational symmetry increases. Each such linear localized mode gives rise to a family of thresholdless vortex solitons in nonlinear optical medium, whose topological charges are limited by the discrete rotational symmetry of the system. Vortex solitons in star networks exhibit qualitatively different behavior with increasing power depending on whether the propagation constant of linear vortex that gives rise to a family of solitons is located above or below the band of extended states. Stability properties of vortex solitons nontrivially depend on their topological charge and discrete rotational symmetry of the system, showing very different picture from usual ring-like waveguide arrays.

Magnetic ground states are commonly predicted using spin Hamiltonians whose interaction terms are selected a priori, potentially overlooking the microscopic interactions that govern complex magnetic order. Here, we introduce a general framework for the unbiased first-principles construction of symmetry-complete tensorial spin Hamiltonians and its automated implementation in AMATIS. The framework constructs the Hamiltonian directly from density-functional theory while rigorously enforcing quantum spin algebra and crystallographic symmetry. Applied to representative two-dimensional van der Waals magnets, the framework reproduces established magnetic interactions and uncovers hidden physics beyond conventional spin models, including chiral interactions that stabilize metastable skyrmions, higher-rank tensorial interactions that reconstruct the magnetic phase diagram and establish stabilizing competing multi-Q phases, and an emergent p-wave altermagnetic electronic structure. Our results demonstrate that unbiased tensorial Hamiltonian construction provides a predictive alternative to the conventional practice of manually selecting spin-model interactions, enabling first-principles discovery of unconventional magnetic phases.

Real-time characterization of refractive index (RI) dispersion is pivotal for advanced optical sensing, yet conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) platforms are bottlenecked by the narrow bandwidth of noble metals (Au, Ag) and the mechanical instability of sequential scanning. Here, we report a novel Al-based parallel SPR platform that overcomes the bandwidth and temporal constraints of conventional noble-metal systems. Leveraging the unique low-loss broadband response of Al, enabled by the suppression of interband transitions, we engineered a system for simultaneous excitation at 450, 520, and 635 nm. By integrating spectral-angle multiplexing with RGB-channel demultiplexing on a CMOS camera, the platform achieved acquisition of dispersion profiles without mechanical motion. Validated against NaCl solutions, the system demonstrates metrological accuracy and exceptional agreement with Cauchy dispersion models. The proposed architecture eliminates temporal drift and vibration errors, establishing a new benchmark for real-time dispersion characterization. By decoupling sensing from mechanical constraints, this work pioneers a compact, robust framework for next-generation, field-deployable sensors capable of distinguishing complex analytes via their unique spectral signatures.