Robotics
GAVEL: Graph World Models for Verified and Efficient Long-Horizon LLM Task Planning
Ruiyang Wang, Hao-Lun Hsu, Swarajh Mehta et al. (+3 more)
Large
language models (LLMs) provide a flexible interface for long-horizon
robot planning, but generated plans often fail to respect embodiment constraints, recover from planning errors, or reason effectively under partial observability. We present GAVEL, a framework for verifying and repairing long-horizon LLM planning built around an explicit graph world model. The graph represents relevant object-relations, action pre-conditions and effects, and probabilistic beliefs over unobserved object locations. This model can predict the consequences of LLM-generated actions before execution, detect violations, and repair those whose corrections follow directly from the world model. This method also reserves LLM replanning solely for errors requiring semantic
reasoning. For multi-task instructions, GAVEL reasons over distributions of possible object locations to reorder remaining subtasks and minimize expected search cost. We evaluate GAVEL on BEHAVIOR-1K across 100 single long-horizon tasks and 500 multi-task instructions. With Qwen3-8B, GAVEL improves single-task success from 41.2% to 91.8% and multi-task success from 19.9% to 92.6%. Distributional belief
reasoning also reduces travel distance by approximately 5.4% compared with a static variant. These improvements show that an explicit graph world model harness can substantially improve the reliability and efficiency of long-horizon
embodied planning across compact and frontier hosted LLM capabilities.
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All authors Ruiyang Wang, Hao-Lun Hsu, Swarajh Mehta, Jiwoo Kim, Zhihao Dou, Miroslav Pajic
Fluid Dynamics
The Level Set Ensemble Kalman Filter: Sequential Data Assimilation for Flows With Shocks
Michael K. Sleeman, Lorenzo Beronilla, Hangchuan Hu et al. (+4 more)
The ensemble Kalman filter is commonly used to perform sequential data assimilation in science and engineering because of its robust performance and scalability when the state space dimension is high. However, the standard EnKF generates spurious oscillations when applied to compressible flows with shocks; the cause is the uncertainty, across the ensemble, in the shock location. This paper develops the level set EnKF, which overcomes this challenge by employing a nonlinear mapping from the original state space into a latent space in which the analysis step is undertaken. The latent representation comprises a level set function that encodes the discontinuity location and smooth state extensions, defined over the full physical domain, that represent the solution on either side of the discontinuity. We first formulate the level set EnKF as a specific instance of a more general approach of performing data assimilation in a latent space. We then demonstrate the feasibility of the level set EnKF for several one-dimensional compressible flows and a two-dimensional blast wave.
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All authors Michael K. Sleeman, Lorenzo Beronilla, Hangchuan Hu, Xu-Hui Zhou, Matthias Morzfeld, Andrew M. Stuart, Tamer A. Zaki
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Mapping Molecular Ion Distributions in a Diverse Sample of Protoplanetary Disks
Deryl E. Long, L. Ilsedore Cleeves, Charles J. Law et al. (+10 more)
Observations of ionization-tracing molecules in protoplanetary disks suggest that their ionization environments are diverse due to varying degrees of
cosmic ray modulation,
stellar activity, and environmental differences that alter the impact of ionizing radiation. To better understand ionization chemistry in disks, we present the largest survey of resolved observations of molecular ions to date. Using new and archival ALMA observations we detect HCO+, H13CO+, N2H+, and DCO+ toward seven protoplanetary disks (AS 209, DM Tau, GM Aur, HD 163296, LkCa 15, MWC 480, and V4046 Sgr). We compare distributions of ions to continuum features and find no robust relationships between the two. The observations do, however, reveal distinctions between Herbigs and T-Tauris and hint at a dichotomy between two types of T-Tauri ionization environments. The Herbig sources exhibit unique centrally-peaked N2H+ J = 4-3 emission, which we speculate could be tracing either a highly ionized surface layer or a zone of CO destruction, possibly due to their strong UV fields. Three T-Tauri sources in our sample exhibit bright, radially coincident rings in all optically thin molecular ion lines. We speculate that these radially coincident ion rings are evidence of a global change in ionization, possibly at the edge of a T-Tauriosphere. While it is not yet clear what factors most strongly influence the distribution of ion emission, this survey more than doubles the number of resolved ion observations in disks and points to potential distinctions in ion emission morphology related to the central
star and environment.
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All authors Deryl E. Long, L. Ilsedore Cleeves, Charles J. Law, Fred C. Adams, Dana E. Anderson, Sean M. Andrews, Edwin A. Bergin, Jane Huang, A. Meredith Hughes, Chunhua Qi, Kamber R. Schwarz, Jacob B. Simon, David Wilner
Systems and Control
Equivalent-Agent Guidance for Cooperative UAV Payload Transportation
Saurabh Kumar, Shashi Ranjan Kumar and Abhinav Sinha
This paper develops a guidance framework for cooperative transportation of a rigid payload by two uncrewed aerial vehicles (
UAVs) to stationary and maneuvering landing platforms. A virtual equivalent-
agent representation is first introduced to describe the translational motion of the rigidly coupled
UAV-payload system, allowing the transportation problem to be formulated in terms of relative range and line-of-sight dynamics with respect to the landing platform. A
geometric analysis establishes the terminal feasibility conditions for payload delivery. In particular, an arbitrary prescribed approach angle can be achieved for a stationary platform, whereas successful delivery to a maneuvering platform with zero relative velocity requires terminal velocity and heading angle synchronization and consequently a zero landing angle. Leveraging this framework, a robust fixed-time sliding mode guidance strategy is developed to regulate both relative range and line-of-sight dynamics. A separate link-orientation controller and control allocation scheme is presented to map virtual equivalent
agent commands to the individual
UAV's control inputs. The proposed strategy guarantees convergence to the desired landing configuration within a uniformly bounded time, independent of initial engagement geometries, while explicitly accommodating uncertainties arising from target maneuvers. Numerical simulations demonstrate accurate delivery under different terminal approach angles and platform maneuvers, while processor-in-the-loop implementation on a Raspberry Pi demonstrates that the guidance
algorithm satisfies the real-time computational requirements. Nonetheless, a comparative analysis shows that the proposed framework achieves better tracking accuracy and faster sliding surface convergence while requiring significantly less control energy from each
UAV.
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Functional Analysis
Projections and minimal invariant subspaces in the Hardy space over the bidisk
Marcos dos Santos Ferreira and João Marcos Ribeiro do Carmo
We study the
rigidity of the orthogonal projections $P_{n}:H^2(\mathbb{D}^2)\rightarrow H_{n}$, where $H^{2}(\mathbb{D}^{2})=\bigoplus_{n=0}^{\infty}H_{n}$ and each $H_{n}=H^{2}(z)w^{n}$ is a reducing subspace for $T_{z}$, and we derive properties of the minimal invariant subspaces of $T_{z}^{*}$. Our main result establishes that the nonzero projections of a minimal invariant subspace onto the one-variable Hardy space share a common $t_z^*$-invariant structure. Furthermore, we relate the results obtained to an approach to the invariant subspace problem.
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Quantum Physics
Quantum inflation and source-transfer hierarchies are complete for tree networks
Xiangling Xu, Igor Klep and Marc-Olivier Renou
Understanding the capabilities and limits of
quantum systems is central to
quantum information processing. This includes determining which correlations can arise in networks of
quantum systems distributed by independent sources. Yet for general
quantum networks, no systematic, dimension-free method is known to bound these correlations arbitrarily well. We resolve this problem for all
quantum tree networks through a new source-transfer model, which we prove equivalent to a mixed
quantum model. The mixed model places no restriction on dimension and reduces to the standard tensor-product model in finite dimensions; the source-transfer model instead describes these correlations through states on $C^*$-
algebras and completely positive maps composed recursively along the tree. We prove the equivalence by reconstructing local measurements as Radon-Nikodym derivatives in the spatial tensor products prescribed by the network. Building on this characterization, we establish two convergent outer hierarchies of semidefinite programs (SDPs): a new source-transfer hierarchy and the inflation-NPA hierarchy. For the source-transfer hierarchy, we extend noncommutative real algebraic geometry to multi-state
polynomials with completely positive maps, prove a reconstruction
theorem establishing its convergence, and give a sufficient stopping criterion for extracting finite-dimensional realizations. For the inflation-NPA hierarchy, we reconstruct source-transfer realizations from weak-operator limits of averages over source copies produced by
quantum inflation. Consequently, the game-value promise problem for
quantum tree networks in the mixed model is $\mathsf{coRE}$-complete.
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Dynamical Systems
Hausdorff spectrum of Lyapunov exponents for higher-dimensional self-affine systems
Balázs Bárány and Reza Mohammadpour
We study the Hausdorff dimension of projections of level sets of Lyapunov exponents for affine iterated function systems. Assuming that the tuple of linear parts is typical, we obtain a variational formula in terms of pressure, topological
entropy, and the Lyapunov dimensions of invariant measures corresponding to Lyapunov exponents. In $\mathbb{R}^3$, we show that this value equals the Hausdorff dimension of the canonical projection of the level set under the strong open set condition. We further extend the result to arbitrary dimensions, showing that the same formula holds for Lebesgue-almost every choice of translation vectors under a suitable contraction assumption.
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Quantum Physics
Temporal information processing on a 4,500-qubit quantum annealer
Antonio Sannia, Roberto Menta, Pratik Sathe et al. (+7 more)
Quantum machine learning could uncover statistical structure beyond the reach of classical models, but this requires
quantum models large and expressive enough to be useful and cheap enough to read out. Most approaches optimize many
quantum parameters and are thus limited by expensive training loops. Here we report a
quantum machine-learning model implemented on a programmable superconducting
quantum annealer that processes temporal data at large scale using up to 4,500
qubits-the largest
quantum machine-learning experiment performed to date. Following the
quantum reservoir computing paradigm, the untrained native many-body dynamics generated by reverse annealing is directly used to process temporal data. We prove that the interactions produced during annealing are indispensable-a non-interacting reservoir retains no
memory of its input. We evaluate our model experimentally on standard
memory benchmarks and demonstrate that it can successfully forecast chaotic time series. These results establish
quantum annealers as a scalable platform for large-scale
quantum machine learning.
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All authors Antonio Sannia, Roberto Menta, Pratik Sathe, Dario De Santis, Vittorio Giovannetti, Luis Pedro García-Pintos, Davide Venturelli, Gian Luca Giorgi, Roberta Zambrini, Francesco Caravelli
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Monitoring the power spectrum of magnetic field fluctuations across the simulated intracluster medium
T. Bartalesi, F. Vazza, S. Ettori et al. (+2 more)
Thanks to the current and forthcoming
radio interferometers, Faraday rotation measure maps extend out to the outskirts of
galaxy clusters. Interpreted through models of the
magnetic power spectrum, these maps can provide stringent constraints on the properties of the
magnetic field of the intracluster medium (ICM). Our goal is to ascertain how the
magnetic power spectrum varies with the environment and dynamics of the ICM in a post-merger
galaxy cluster formed in a state-of-the-art non-radiative cosmological magneto-hydrodynamic simulation. We divide the simulated cluster into cubic subboxes with side length 950 kpc and compute the kinetic and
magnetic power spectra in each. Starting from a "dynamo-only" functional form proposed in previous works to describe
magnetic fluctuations amplified by the small-scale dynamo, we introduce an additional Kolmogorov-like component to account for the contribution of unamplified
magnetic field patches. We fit this extended model to the
magnetic power spectrum of each subbox individually using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method and examine scatter plots of the inferred parameters versus the local ICM properties evaluated in the corresponding subboxes. The extended model reproduces the
magnetic power spectrum data well in most subboxes, whereas the "dynamo-only" model fits these data well only in subboxes not too far from the center. The inferred parameters exhibit substantial subbox-to-subbox variations that correlate significantly with the local ICM density and clumpiness. These correlations suggest that the
magnetic power spectrum is closely linked to the local ICM environment, and may help observers in the interpretation of Faraday Rotation data.
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All authors T. Bartalesi, F. Vazza, S. Ettori, C. Nipoti, P. Dominguez-Fernandez
Statistical Methodology
Laplacian U-Processes for Multiple Change-Point Detection in Dependent Text Networks: An Application to Historical Chinese Articles
Fanghua Chen, Yizhou Cai, Lu zhou et al. (+1 more)
We propose a two-view weighted-concordance operator (WCO) framework for offline change-point detection in weakly dependent text networks. Weighted word-co-occurrence graphs yield first-order direct-co-occurrence and second-order shared-context views, projected into paired Euclidean observations using maps learned from an independent pilot corpus. A WCO scan detects changes in cross-view dependence. A dependent multiplier bootstrap tests for a change, while a segment-wise block bootstrap gives a descriptive stability interval for its location. We establish null weak convergence, bootstrap validity, asymptotic size control, consistent localization under a single identifiable change, and perturbation bounds for
token-level errors. CUSUM and Gaussian-kernel MMD scans provide complementary
benchmarks. In the 1915-1921 New Youth corpus, the method detects a change in November 1919, with a descriptive 95 percent stability interval from April 1919 to June 1920, consistent with the linguistic transition surrounding China's May Fourth and New Culture movements.
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All authors Fanghua Chen, Yizhou Cai, Lu zhou, Ting Fung Ma
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Resonant Di-Higgs Searches in $b\bar{b}\tau^+\tau^-$ at HL-LHC: Supersymmetry versus Compositeness Benchmarks
Atri Dey, Carl Johan Konigsson, Stefano Moretti et al. (+3 more)
We explore the scope of the High-Luminosity Large
Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) in testing Standard Model (SM) di-
Higgs production and decay into $2b2\tau$ final states in the context of two viable theories of the Electro-Weak (EW) scale: Supersymmetry and Compositeness. Specifically, we target minimal model realisations of these two scenarios that enable the resonant process $gg\to H\to hh\to b\bar{b} \tau^+\tau^-$, where $h$ is the SM-like
Higgs state and $H$ a heavier CP-even companion, with the $\tau$'s decaying hadronically. This is realised within the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric SM and the Composite 2-
Higgs Doublet Model, respectively. Using two illustrative
benchmark points, after performing a thorough detector-level Monte Carlo (MC) analysis exploiting new observables, we show that, in the former case, there is more moderate sensitivity, owing to large backgrounds, whereas, in the latter case, substantial scope for discovery exists, in a background free environment.
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All authors Atri Dey, Carl Johan Konigsson, Stefano Moretti, Luigi Delle Rose, Luca Panizzi, Stefania De Curtis
Audio and Speech Processing
Decaf: A privacy preserving speech codec using speaker disentanglement and canonical voice conversion
Md Shakhrul Iman Siam, Dushyant Sharma, Stanislav Yu. Kruchinin et al. (+1 more)
We present DECAF, a
privacy preserving neural
speech codec that obfuscates a speaker's voice while preserving linguistic content while maintaining automatic
speech recognition (ASR) performance at very low bitrates, inspired by decaffeination. At the transmitter end,
speech is encoded into speaker independent content
embeddings, which are compressed using residual vector quantization and transmitted without any speaker related information. At the receiver, a canonical speaker
embedding, shared a priori between endpoints, is used for waveform reconstruction, enabling deterministic and consistent obfuscation of a speaker's voice. The proposed framework leverages an information bottleneck applied to self supervised representations, along with a separate speaker
embedding branch, to achieve effective speaker content disentanglement. We further incorporate a CTC-based auxiliary objective, encouraging content representations that are well aligned with downstream ASR tasks. We show that DECAF operating at a bit rate of 0.5 kbps achieves an Equal Error Rate (EER) of up to 43.5% for a speaker verification system, while maintaining competitive ASR performance, yielding a relative reduction in word error rate of 33.2% compared to a state of the art method.
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All authors Md Shakhrul Iman Siam, Dushyant Sharma, Stanislav Yu. Kruchinin, Peter Skala
Superconductivity
Unified Transport and Susceptibility Analysis of a Thin BSCCO Film: From Local Pairing to Global Phase Coherence
Santu Prasad Jana, Bismaya Ranjan Nayak, Sohini Guin et al. (+3 more)
The superconducting transition in thin high-$T_c$ films can be significantly broadened by disorder, spatial inhomogeneity, and phase fluctuations. Here, we study the transition in a 30-nm-thick sputter-grown Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+\delta}$ (BSCCO) film through electrical-transport and ac-susceptibility measurements. The resistive transition is examined using a Gaussian distribution of local $T_c$ values and the Ambegaokar–Halperin model, describing spatial variations in superconductivity and thermally activated phase dynamics, respectively. To relate the transport and
magnetic responses, we extend the Choy–Stoneham susceptibility model by introducing the superconducting fraction extracted from transport and a temperature-dependent connectivity factor representing the gradual development of Josephson coupling among superconducting regions. The results identify separate temperature regimes corresponding to the onset of local superconductivity, expansion of the superconducting fraction, development of
magnetic screening, and establishment of global phase coherence. The transition therefore proceeds progressively, from locally superconducting regions to a connected, phase-coherent state. This analysis provides a common framework for relating spatial inhomogeneity, dissipative phase dynamics, and
magnetic screening in inhomogeneous superconducting films.
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All authors Santu Prasad Jana, Bismaya Ranjan Nayak, Sohini Guin, Akshay Naik, Dhavala Suri, Arindam Ghosh
Robotics
OHRID-Retail: An Open Multimodal Dataset of Human Activity in Retail Environments
Xiangrui Wang, Yuetong Wu, Jalen Beeman et al. (+6 more)
Open
datasets describing human behavior in environments shared with mobile
robots remain limited, particularly for retail activities that combine locomotion, reaching, object handling, and
robot guided movement. This paper introduces OHRID Retail, an open, human centered
multimodal dataset collected from 16 healthy adults performing a simulated shelf picking task under three within participant conditions: no
robot, low speed
robot guidance, and high speed
robot guidance. Each participant completed two trials per condition. Whole body kinematics were recorded using 17 Xsens Awinda inertial sensors and muscle activity was measured at 10 locations using Delsys Trigno surface electromyography sensors. Descriptive analyses demonstrate variation in whole body movement intensity and muscle activation across
robot interaction conditions and body locations. OHRID Retail provides openly available raw recordings, processed measures, documentation, and reproducible analysis resources. The
dataset can support research in human activity recognition,
multimodal sensor fusion, occupational biomechanics, ergonomics, human aware
robot navigation, and human
robot interaction in retail and related shared environments.
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All authors Xiangrui Wang, Yuetong Wu, Jalen Beeman, Robert Cook, Yu Gu, Nathanial Pearson, Trevor Smith, Read Hayes, Boyi Hu
Dynamical Systems
Sobolev mixing constants and compactness in rational moduli space
Alastair Fletcher and Ilya Krishtal
We study uniformity of Sobolev mixing estimates for rational maps and uniformly quasiregular mappings. For rational maps of fixed degree, the optimal centered Sobolev trace constant $A_f$ is a continuous proper function on Möbius
moduli space. Uniform bounds on $A_f$ therefore characterize relative compactness in
moduli, and a minimizing class exists in every degree. In the setting of uniformly quasiregular endomorphisms of degree $d\ge2$ on closed $n$-
manifolds with an invariant conformal structure, the $k$th centered transfer operator from critical Sobolev energy into $L^1$ of the
equilibrium measure has norm $A_f d^{-k/n}$. On the mean-zero Sobolev space, the spectrum and Fredholm essential spectrum are the closed disk of radius $d^{-1/n}$, with infinite-dimensional eigenspaces throughout its interior. The proofs use the energy scaling of pullback, a bounded
equilibrium trace, and an obstruction from atoms of intermediate mass. Combined with conformal barycenter normalization and DeMarco–Faber's degeneration
theorem, this obstruction gives the
moduli compactness criterion. Explicit families illustrate the distinction between degeneration and concentration caused by changes of coordinates.
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Nuclear Theory
Three-State Mixing as a Phenomenological Framework for Multiple Shape Coexistence
Marco Siciliano
Shape coexistence represents one of the most striking manifestations of competing collective and single-particle degrees of freedom in atomic
nuclei. While the coexistence and mixing of two configurations can be described within the well-established Two-State Mixing framework, the observation of three or more competing structures requires a more general treatment. In this work, we introduce a Three-State Mixing (3SM) model in which three intrinsic configurations are related to the physical states through an $SO(3)$ rotation. The framework establishes a direct connection between experimental observables, configuration-mixing amplitudes, and intrinsic properties, while the experimentally known excitation energies allow the corresponding effective
Hamiltonian and interaction strengths to be reconstructed. The model is applied to the low-lying structure of $^{116}$Sn using electromagnetic
matrix elements recently determined through a comprehensive Coulomb-excitation measurement. The analysis identifies three intrinsic configurations characterized by spherical, weakly oblate, and strongly deformed triaxial shapes, together with substantial configuration mixing among the physical $0^+$ states. The present formulation provides a general phenomenological framework for investigating systems in which multiple configurations coexist and strongly interact.
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Combinatorics
Sumsets of Ahlfors–David regular sets
Fred Tyrrell
We prove that there is an absolute constant $c>0$ such that for every finite $(\alpha,M)$-Ahlfors–David regular set $A\subseteq[N]$ with $0\leq\alpha<1$ and $M\geq2$, we have the sumset estimate \[|A+A|\geq |A|^{1+c(1-\alpha)/\log M}.\] We also prove a corresponding statement for Ahlfors–David regular sets in $[0,1]$. The proof combines a multiscale
entropy decomposition with inverse results from additive combinatorics, showing that Ahlfors–David regularity forces a definite
entropy gain at each scale. The dependence $1/\log M$ in the exponent is of optimal order.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
MSA-3D: A Diversity of Dust Attenuation Profiles Across the Epoch of Thin Disk Emergence
Ivana Barišić, Tucker Jones, Naveen Reddy et al. (+13 more)
We present spatially resolved measurements of
dust attenuation and
star formation in 18 main-sequence
star-forming
galaxies at z$\sim$1 from the MSA-3D survey, obtained by mapping the Balmer emission lines at $\sim$1 kpc resolution with JWST/NIRSpec's MSA in a slit-stepping strategy. We investigate the diversity of radial attenuation profiles, and how the spatial variation affects attenuation and
star formation rates (SFR) derived from single-aperture measurements. We find a notable diversity among radial attenuation profiles: some
galaxies exhibit centrally peaked attenuation, but the majority exhibit flat or even positive radial profiles, with large variation at a fixed
stellar mass. This diversity may reflect different evolutionary pathways shaped by various mechanisms such as disk settling, merging, and internal processes. We examine possible biases arising from single-aperture and integrated measurements and find that, while they can under- or over-estimate attenuation and SFRs for individual
galaxies, the sample-averaged trends remain roughly unchanged, with the derived SFRs consistent with the
star-forming main sequence, and a small scatter. From our sample, we find a median
stellar-to-nebular reddening ratio f = E(B-V)$_{\rm star}$/E(B-V)$_{\rm gas}$ of 0.88 with an interquartile range of 0.51-0.96, suggesting relatively uniform
dust distributions even in intermediate-mass
galaxies (
stellar masses $\sim 10^9$-$10^{10.5}~M_{\odot}$). Our results highlight the importance of spatially resolved attenuation measurements for accurately tracing
star formation and understanding the evolving
dust geometry in
galaxies during a critical epoch of morphological transformation.
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All authors Ivana Barišić, Tucker Jones, Naveen Reddy, Matthew Malkan, Ryan Sanders, Alaina Henry, Ayan Acharyya, Kevin Bundy, Juan M. Espejo Salcedo, Karl Glazebrook, Themiya Nanayakkara, Danail Obreschkow, Namrata Roy, Takafumi Tsukui, Benedetta Vulcani, Xin Wang
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Fortuity on the conifold
Jaehyeok Choi, Sunjin Choi and Seok Kim
To study the BPS black hole states in typical $\mathcal{N}=1$ AdS$_5$/CFT$_4$ models, we formulate a classical
cohomology problem in the Klebanov-Witten theory, which is defined at a strongly coupled RG fixed point. We set up its weakly coupled
cohomology problem in the UV theory, suggesting a refined notion of monotonous and fortuitous
cohomologies so that simple baryonic operators belong to the former. We construct infinitely many fortuitous
cohomologies in the $SU(2)\times SU(2)$ theory and interpret some of them as $N=2$ versions of hairy black hole states dressed by baryonic condensates. We also comment that the recently constructed fortuitous
cohomologies in ABJM exhibit generalized monotonicity.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
A Global Overview of Starobinsky Inflation beyond slow-roll with CMB-BAO data
Tarun, Tanmoy Modak and Björn Malte Schäfer
We perform a global analysis of the Starobinsky inflation using most recent CMB data from ACT and SPT together with DESI BAO measurements. By directly solving the equations of motion, we find relatively stronger constraints on the model parameters than those obtained under the slow-roll approximation from the baseline $\Lambda$CDM parameters $A_s$ and $n_s$. We translate these constraints into limits on the reheating temperature. We also discuss the dependence of the prior choices of the model parameters. Further, the correlation of the model parameters with the BAO parameter $r_d h$ is also studied. We further investigate the impact of the global analysis on the dimension-six $R^3$ modified Starobinsky model, deriving constraints on its additional parameters. Finally, we also provide parameter limits on the effective inflationary Hubble slow-roll (HSR) and potential slow-roll (PSR) parametrization.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
Reconstructing the Projected Dark Matter Field across 0.1-100 Mpc Scales from the SDSS Survey
Kunyao Zhao, Yingjie Peng, Dingyi Zhao et al. (+16 more)
Dark matter sets the gravitational environment in which
galaxies form and evolve, but cannot be observed directly. We present a conditional
diffusion model that reconstructs the projected dark matter density field from the
galaxy stellar-mass density field for direct application to
galaxy surveys. The model is trained on CAMELS and validated on the independent IllustrisTNG300-1 simulation.
Halo masses inferred from the reconstructed projected-aperture measurements agree well with the corresponding true values, with a scatter below 0.2 dex. On 100 kpc scales, reconstructed surface densities show a typical scatter of ~0.3 dex in the regime most relevant for observations. We apply the model to SDSS
galaxies with $M_\star\ge10^9\,M_\odot$ in a contiguous low-
redshift region. Averaging over 100
stochastic realizations, we reconstruct and publicly release a projected dark matter field covering $90\times90\,(h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc})^2$ with a pixel size of $0.097\,h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc}$. This pixel area corresponds to the characteristic projected area of
halos with masses of ~$10^{10.6}\,h^{-1}\,M_\odot$. The map reveals the multiscale projected
cosmic web, including cluster-scale overdensities, filaments and voids. Projected-aperture masses are statistically consistent with SDSS group-catalog masses, while the derived
halo mass function broadly matches mock-catalog expectations. The reconstructed projected potential places Coma in one of the deepest wells and near a convergence region of the inferred projected acceleration field, suggesting that the reconstruction retains both local overdensities and coherent large-scale projected gravitational structure. This work shows that
diffusion-based dark matter reconstruction can be applied to real
galaxy surveys, enabling
halo-mass- and spatially resolved dark-matter-environment-based studies of
galaxy evolution in SDSS and future wide-area surveys.
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All authors Kunyao Zhao, Yingjie Peng, Dingyi Zhao, Xiaohu Yang, Luis C. Ho, Kai Wang, Jing Dou, Zeyu Gao, Qiusheng Gu, Yukun Liu, Roberto Maiolino, Houjun Mo, Alvio Renzini, Canpo Su, Bitao Wang, Yu-Chen Wang, Bingxiao Xu, Feng Yuan, Xingye Zhu
Human-Computer Interaction
MuTable: Composable and Reusable Table Transformations for In-Situ Data Exploration
Fuling Sun, Devamardeep Hayatpur, Jane L. E et al. (+2 more)
Tables are central to data work to support precise lookup and full detail, but they can be limiting for overview and pattern-finding tasks. Visualizations are then created to gain richer perceptual support. In practice, moving between tables and charts often requires maintaining parallel representations, introducing context switching, and extra coordination work. Building on prior hybrid table-visualization systems, we present MuTable, a prototype that reifies transformations as persistent, composable, and reusable modifiers to support in-situ data exploration. Users can reshape the table while retaining and adapting intermediate forms as their questions evolve. An expert interview with eight data workers suggests that MuTable can support coordination between representations, rapid exploration, and greater user agency in constructing visualizations, as a low-commitment exploration space.
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All authors Fuling Sun, Devamardeep Hayatpur, Jane L. E, Nicole Sultanum, Haijun Xia
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Electroweak balls: non-topological solitons in the Weinberg-Salam theory
Carlos Herdeiro, Jutta Kunz, Burkhard Kleihaus et al. (+1 more)
We construct a new class of smooth, finite-energy
solitons in the bosonic $SU(2)\times U(1)$ Weinberg-Salam theory, which we dub $electroweak$ $balls$. Their localization mechanism is analogous in spirit to that of $Q$-balls: the charged vector fields possess a harmonic time dependence while the energy-momentum tensor remains time independent. We explicitly construct both spherically symmetric electric-type solutions and axisymmetric
magnetic-type solutions, and show that they form families characterized by a finite frequency interval, a mass gap, and a two-branch structure. These configurations provide electroweak counterparts of Proca-
Higgs balls, with the vector-
boson masses generated by the
Higgs mechanism rather than introduced explicitly. The construction is not tied to the measured parameters of the Standard Model. More generally, it applies to bosonic electroweak-type sectors with different gauge couplings,
Higgs self-coupling and
symmetry-breaking scale, and hence potentially very different characteristic particle and
soliton mass scales. For the families studied here, we do not find solutions at the measured Standard Model couplings and mass ratios.
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All authors Carlos Herdeiro, Jutta Kunz, Burkhard Kleihaus, Eugen Radu
Statistical Mechanics
Universal Suppression of Dissipation across Conformal Interface in Open Quantum Critical Systems
Ruhanshi Barad, Tian Wu, Qicheng Tang et al. (+1 more)
Conformal interfaces provide an important setting for studying universal transmission phenomena in one-dimensional
quantum critical systems. While energy and information transmission across such interfaces are characterized by universal quantities in closed systems, the corresponding role of conformal interfaces in dissipative dynamics is less understood. In this work, we study relaxation in locally dissipative
quantum critical chains with a conformal interface and show that a universal characterization emerges at the level of individual relaxation modes. We first show that the relaxation coefficient defined in the recent work [1] from the Liouvillian gap can become non-universal for certain boundary conditions because the mode determining the smallest decay rate can change as the interface transmission is varied. To resolve this ambiguity, we introduce a mode-resolved relaxation coefficient $c_{\rm relax}$ by continuously tracking the same Liouvillian rapidity mode as a function of the interface transmission. Using analytical and numerical calculations for a critical harmonic chain and a critical free-
fermion chain, we find that, in the weak-dissipation regime, $c_{\rm relax}$ follows the same universal dependence on the interface transmission in all cases considered, independent of microscopic details such as the boundary conditions, dissipation strength, and location of the local dissipation. For boundary dissipation, this universal behavior persists even at finite dissipation strength. Our results establish a universal mode-resolved characterization of relaxation across conformal interfaces in open
quantum critical systems.
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All authors Ruhanshi Barad, Tian Wu, Qicheng Tang, Xueda Wen
Computation and Language
Why Pretraining Fails to Share Cross-Lingual Knowledge
Adam Gaber, Uriel Dolev, Elisabeth Fittschen et al. (+3 more)
Large
Language Models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress in the processing and modeling of many
languages. Yet, unlike human multilinguals, they exhibit surprisingly limited cross-lingual knowledge transfer. While this limitation is well documented, its origins during
multilingual training remain unclear. We pretrain 360M- and 7B-parameter LLMs and show that poor cross-lingual knowledge generalization emerges during pretraining and persists under standard interventions. To isolate its cause, we employ a controlled bilingual pretraining setting using two copies of the same
language, sharing identical text and
token segmentation, but mapped to disjoint
token spaces. We find that disjoint
tokens alone are enough to induce knowledge compartmentalization, even between identical copies of the same
language, establishing disjoint
token spaces as a fundamental barrier to cross-lingual knowledge generalization. Guided by this understanding, we suggest mapping
languages into a shared
token space by simple word-wise translation and find it substantially improves cross-lingual knowledge generalization, recovering up to 12.6% of native-
language learning efficiency — 14$\times$ the baseline.
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All authors Adam Gaber, Uriel Dolev, Elisabeth Fittschen, Bobby Cheng, Yuval Marton, Leshem Choshen
Image and Video Processing
Physics-Informed Hemodynamic Modeling for Data-Free Prediction and Sparse-Data Assimilation
Xi Chen, Jianchuan Yang, Hongde Li et al. (+5 more)
Clinical decision-making for coronary intervention relies mainly on angiography and fractional flow reserve (FFR). However, angiography is two-dimensional and lacks depth information for 3D lesion characterization, while FFR provides only a single functional index, offering limited hemodynamic insight. Among existing methods, numerical analysis is computationally expensive, whereas learning-based approaches require extensive supervision and often lack physical consistency. To address these limitations, we propose physics-informed hemodynamic modeling, an integrated deep learning framework for 3D coronary blood flow analysis from dual-view angiography. First, an
attention-enhanced CNN reconstructs coronary geometry from angiography. The resulting point clouds are then mapped to a reference domain and
Fourier-encoded for joint representation. A decoupled network separately predicts velocity and pressure fields, with embedded physical priors enabling efficient transfer across physiological conditions. Across 32 clinical patients evaluated under four flow conditions, the trans-stenotic pressure-drop mean absolute percentage error was 2.02%, while the velocity and pressure relative-L2 errors were 0.054 and 0.023, respectively. Validation against hospital-measured FFR further achieved 93.8% diagnostic accuracy (30/32; exact 95% CI, 79.2%-99.2%). The framework also supports illustrative revascularization comparisons and sparse-data assimilation, with the full angiography-to-hemodynamics pipeline completed within 20 minutes per patient.
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All authors Xi Chen, Jianchuan Yang, Hongde Li, Guangxin He, Qiuyu Ye, Qiang Luo, Mao Chen, Wenqi Hu
Other Condensed Matter
Momentum-dependent precessional and nutational spin pumping in a honeycomb antiferromagnet
Suman Mukherjee, Subhadip Ghosh and Ritwik Mondal
The ultrafast
magnetic inertial dynamics on subpicosecond timescales generate an additional high-frequency terahertz nutational resonance. Here, we investigate momentum-resolved
spin pumping in a two-dimensional honeycomb antiferromagnet by incorporating
spin inertia into the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. Using a microscopic two-sublattice model with $J_1$-$J_2$-$J_3$ exchange interactions, we calculate the precessional and nutational
magnon spectra and their corresponding intra- and inter-sublattice
spin pumping contributions throughout the Brillouin zone. For parameters representative of MnPS$_3$, we find a pronounced complementary momentum dependence of the two
spin pumping channels: the precessional current is strongly suppressed around the $\Gamma$ point ($0.01\%$) and increases towards the Brillouin zone boundary ($100\%$ at $K$ and $87\%$ at $M$), whereas the nutational current is largest near $\Gamma$ ($100\%$) and decreases towards the boundary ($68\%$ at $K$ and $69\%$ at $M$). This contrasting momentum dependence provides a means of distinguishing
spin nutation from conventional precessional motion. We further demonstrate that the nutational
spin pumping current is strongly controlled by the inertial relaxation time $\eta$, in contrast to the comparatively weak $\eta$ dependence of the precessional current. In the small-$\eta$ regime, our analytical results show that the intra-sublattice nutational
spin pumping current exhibits a leading-order dependence of $1/\eta^3$. The
spin pumping response can also be tuned through the exchange interaction strengths and
magnetic moment. Our further results on the
magnetic field dependence of
spin pumping reveal that the ratio of nutational
spin pumping current increases with
magnetic field strength, whereas the corresponding precessional counterpart decreases.
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Machine Learning
Learning-Induced Dynamical Transition in Recurrent Neural Networks
Varun Vaidya
Learning in recurrent neural networks can fundamentally reshape their underlying dynamics, transforming initially chaotic activity into stable task-dependent behavior. We develop a non-
equilibrium dynamical mean-field theory(DMFT) to describe this transition during learning. We show that a slow feedback-driven learning process generates an evolving effective feedback strength that drives the network through a transition from chaotic to stable dynamics defined by a bifurcation of the DMFT solution. By deriving the two-time correlation function throughout learning, we identify a critical feedback strength and a corresponding learning rate dependent critical time separating these regimes. The transition arises from the progressive deformation of an effective dynamical landscape by the growing learned feedback structure. Starting from the untrained state, the theory predicts the time
evolution of the network output during training and shows quantitative agreement with numerical simulations.
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Functional Analysis
Sum of self-commutators of commuting operators
Sameer Chavan, Md. Ramiz Reza and Shanola S. Sequeira
It is well known that every hyponormal operator on a complex
Hilbert space whose spectrum has planar Lebesgue measure zero is normal. In particular, every compact hyponormal operator on a complex
Hilbert space is normal. In this paper, we investigate analogous structural and spectral phenomena for so-called sum-hyponormal $d$-tuples on a complex
Hilbert space $\mathcal H$, namely, commuting $d$-tuples ${\bf T}=(T_1, \ldots, T_d)$ satisfying $\sum_{j=1}^d [T^*_j, T_j] \geqslant 0$. We show that every sum-hyponormal $d$-tuple of compact operators decomposes as the direct sum of a normal $d$-tuple and a quasinilpotent sum-hyponormal $d$-tuple. As a consequence, every sum-hyponormal $d$-tuple on a finite-dimensional
Hilbert space is normal. In contrast to the single-operator case, a sum-hyponormal $d$-tuple need not be normaloid. Nevertheless, we establish a multivariable analogue of Putnam's inequality for sum-hyponormal $d$-tuples with commuting imaginary parts. As a consequence, we prove that ${\bf T}$ is normal whenever the planar Lebesgue measure of $s(\sigma({\bf T}))$ is zero, where $\sigma({\bf T})$ denotes the Taylor spectrum of ${\bf T}$ and ${s}$ is the complex-linear
polynomial with alternating coefficients $1$ and $i$.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
JWST Reveals Refractory-Rich Water Ice in Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS: Evidence for a Continuum of Grain Properties across Protoplanetary Disks
Silvia Protopapa, Michael S. P. Kelley, Martin A. Cordiner et al. (+12 more)
We present JWST/NIRSpec PRISM observations of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS obtained on 2025 August 6 (Epoch 1), 2025 December 22 (Epoch 2), and 2026 April 1 (Epoch 3), spanning eight months around perihelion at heliocentric distances of 3.3, 2.4, and 5.7 au, respectively. The spectra reveal a broad 3 $\mu$m absorption band together with H$_2$O, CO$_2$, and CO gas emission. Unlike previously reported water-ice-rich
Solar System comae, the strong 3 $\mu$m absorption is accompanied by weak or absent 1.5 and 2.0 $\mu$m water-ice bands. Spectral modeling indicates that the observations are best reproduced by submicron- to micron-sized water-ice-bearing aggregates containing refractory material. Compared with Epoch 1, the Epoch 3 spectrum favors the presence of a second population of larger, micron-sized, ice-rich aggregates and exhibits a subtle Fresnel-like structure near 3.1 $\mu$m, consistent with crystalline water ice. The observations can be explained by either crystalline water ice at both epochs, with the spectral
evolution arising primarily from changes in grain size and refractory mixing, or an
evolution from an amorphous-like to crystalline state. The spectral properties of 3I bridge those of water-ice-bearing
Solar System comae and several spectral classes of mid-sized trans-Neptunian objects, suggesting that the icy building blocks of planetesimals formed in different protoplanetary disks may span a continuum in the physical state of water ice, ranging from pure ice grains to water-ice-bearing aggregates with varying refractory content at submicron-to-micron scales, with 3I extending toward the refractory-rich end of this continuum.
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All authors Silvia Protopapa, Michael S. P. Kelley, Martin A. Cordiner, Stefanie N. Milam, Dennis Bodewits, Steven B. Charnley, Maria N. Drozdovskaya, Sara Faggi, Davide Farnocchia, Aurélie Guilbert-Lepoutre, Marco Micheli, Nathan X. Roth, Megan E. Schwamb, Darryl Z. Seligman, Geronimo L. Villanueva