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Tuesday 4 August

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

A Bayesian approach to the long-baseline neutrino oscillation sensitivity of DUNE

DUNE Collaboration: S. Abbaslu, F. Abd Alrahman, A. Abed Abud et al. (+1283 more)

The sensitivity of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) to neutrino oscillation is evaluated using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach. This analysis uses the same underlying sensitivity inputs as previous DUNE studies [Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 978 (2020)], and therefore does not present updated DUNE sensitivities, but instead explores the additional inferences accessible using a Bayesian approach. We present four-dimensional posterior probability distributions of the oscillation parameters, highlighting the breadth of correlation in the parameter space of interest, especially between $\sin^2 \theta_{23}$ and $\sin^2 \theta_{13}$. We exploit the flexibility of the Bayesian framework to incorporate parameter constraints post hoc and assess the impact of applying a reactor short-baseline $\theta_{13}$ constraint. A significant increase in the sensitivity to the $\theta_{23}$ octant is found when including the constraint. Posterior distributions of derived quantities can be easily constructed from MCMC results. This work presents the first study of DUNE's sensitivity to the Jarlskog invariant, $J$, a quantity that provides a parametrisation-independent measure of charge-parity violation in the leptonic sector.
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All authors DUNE Collaboration: S. Abbaslu, F. Abd Alrahman, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, K. Adhikari, C. Adriano, K. Agudelo-Jaramillo, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, L. Aliaga Soplin, A. Alqaisi, O. Alterkait, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, R. M. Amarinei, P. Amedo, E. P. M. Amorim, D. A. Andrade, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti, M. P. Andrews, M. Andriamirado, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, S. Ansarifard, D. Antic, A. Antonakis, T. Araya-Santander, L. Arellano, E. Arrieta Diaz, M. A. Arroyave, M. Artero Pons, B. Aryal, J. Asaadi, M. Ascencio, A. Ashkenazi, L. Asquith, M. S. Athar, E. Atkin, A. Aurisano, V. Aushev, D. Autiero, M. B. Azam, F. Azfar, J. J. Back, Y. Bae, I. Bagaturia, L. Bagby, H. Bagdu, D. Baigarashev, S. Balasubramanian, A. Balboni, P. Baldi, W. Baldini, J. Baldonedo, B. Baller, B. Bambah, F. Barao, T. Barbera, D. Barbu, G. Barenboim, P. Barham Alzás, G. J. Barker, W. Barkhouse, E. Barlas Yucel, G. Barr, W. Barrett, D. Barrow, J. L. Barrow, A. Basharina-Freshville, A. Bashyal, V. Basque, M. Bassani, D. Basu, L. Bathe-Peters, J.B.R. Battat, F. Battisti, J. Bautista, F. Bay, J. L. L. Bazo Alba, J. F. Beacom, E. Bechetoille, A. Beever, B. Behera, E. Belchior, B. Bell, G. Bell, L. Bellantoni, G. Bellettini, V. Bellini, O. Beltramello, C. Benitez Montiel, D. Benjamin, A. Ben Porat, K. Benslama, F. Bento Neves, J. Berger, S. Berkman, J. Bernal, P. Bernardini, A. Bersani, E. Bertholet, E. Bertolini, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, A. Betancur Rodríguez, Y. Bezawada, A. T. Bezerra, A. Bhat, V. Bhatnagar, M. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhattacharjee, M. Bhattacharya, S. Bhuller, B. Bhuyan, S. Biagi, J. Bian, K. Biery, B. Bilki, A. Binau, M. Bishai, A. Blake, A. Blanchet, F. D. Blaszczyk, G. C. Blazey, E. Blucher, A. Bodek, B. Bogart, J. Boissevain, T. Bolton, L. Bomben, M. Bonesini, C. Bonilla-Diaz, A. Booth, F. Boran, C. Borden, R. Borges Merlo, D. Borodulina, N. Bostan, G. Botogoske, B. 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Chowdhury, D. Christian, E. Church, M. F. Cicala, M. Cicerchia, V. Cicero, P. Clarke, J. Cleeve, G. Cline, A. G. Cocco, J. Collazo, J. Collot, H. Combs, J. M. Conrad, L. Conti, T. Contreras, M. Convery, S. Copello, P. Cova, C. Cox, L. Cremonesi, J. I. Crespo-Anadón, M. Crisler, E. Cristaldo, J. Crnkovic, G. Crone, R. Cross, A. Cudd, C. Cuesta, Y. Cui, F. Curciarello, D. Cussans, O. Dalager, W. Dallaway, R. D'Amico, H. da Motta, Z. A. Dar, R. Darby, L. Da Silva Peres, Q. David, G. S. Davies, S. Davini, C. Davis, J. Dawson, M. P. Decowski, A. de Gouvêa, P. C. De Holanda, P. De Jong, P. Del Amo Sanchez, G. De Lauretis, A. Delbart, M. Delgado, A. Dell'Acqua, G. Delle Monache, N. Delmonte, G. De Matteis, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, A. P. A. De Mendonca, D. M. DeMuth, S. Dennis, C. Densham, P. Denton, G. W. Deptuch, V. De Romeri, J. P. Detje, K. Dhanmeher, R. Dharmapalan, M. Dias, A. Diaz, J. S. Díaz, F. Díaz, F. Di Capua, A. Di Domenico, S. Di Domizio, S. Di Falco, D. Di Ferdinando, L. Di Giulio, P. Ding, L. Di Noto, E. Diociaiuti, G. Di Sciascio, C. Distefano, R. Di Stefano, R. Diurba, M. Diwan, Z. Djurcic, S. Dolan, M. Dolce, M. J. Dolinski, D. Domenici, S. Donati, S. Doran, D. Douglas, F. Drielsma, D. J. Drobner, D. Duchesneau, K. Duffy, K. Dugas, P. Dunne, S. Durando, B. Dutta, D. A. Dwyer, A. S. Dyshkant, S. Dytman, M. Eads, S. Edayath, J. Eisch, S. Elias, J. Ellis, W. Emark, P. Englezos, A. Ereditato, D. T. Ergonul, T. Erjavec, C. O. Escobar, J. J. Evans, E. Ewart, A. C. Ezeribe, K. Fahey, A. Falcone, C. Fang, M. Fani', F. Fanomezana, D. Faragher, C. Farnese, Y. Farzan, J. Felix, Y. Feng, C. Ferrari, M. Ferreira da Silva, E. Fialova, L. Fields, P. Filip, A. Filkins, F. Filthaut, G. Fiorillo, M. Fiorini, N. F. Fiuza De Barros, A. Flather, S. Fogarty, W. Foreman, B. Fossing, J. Franc, K. Francis, D. Franco, J. Franklin, J. Freeman, A. Friedland, S. Fuess, I. K. Furic, K. Furman, A. P. Furmanski, R. Gaba, A. Gabrielli, A. M Gago, F. Galizzi, H. Gallagher, M. 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Quantum Physics

Graph-Aware Exact Branch-and-Bound with Device Profiles for Static Qubit Allocation

Kamer Kaya

Static qubit allocation maps a circuit's logical qubits to a sparse physical device while minimising an interaction-weighted physical-distance cost function, yielding a rectangular quadratic assignment problem. Existing work combines strong lower bounds with distributed branch-and-bound. We integrate graph-aware exact reductions with an engineering bundle for a lightweight assignment-bound path: unavoidable assigned-cost filtering, incrementally maintained root-orbit and prefix-stabilizer symmetry pruning, conditioned parent-LAP screening, and circuit-independent physical device profiles. On 21 relatively easy Melbourne instances and six Boeblingen instances completed by the GLB baseline, the final single-thread configuration provides geometric-mean speedups of 2.98x and 13.27x, respectively. With 60 threads on one shared-memory server, all instances in the final Boeblingen–Cairo experiment are certified optimal within half an hour, excluding one-time device-artifact construction. These results show that graph-aware node processing and engineering the search process substantially reduce the resources required for exact allocation.
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Quantum Physics

Unifying quantum measurement constructions via a relative-entropy minimum change principle

Nana Liu and Mark M. Wilde

The minimum change principle provides an information-theoretic characterization of the Bayes reversal channel in classical probability theory and has recently been proposed as a framework for extending Bayes' rule to quantum information theory. Using quantum relative entropy, we investigate a minimum change principle for the setting of quantum statistical inference. Specifically, we consider a forward process based on a classical-to-quantum preparation channel and a reverse process based on a quantum-to-classical measurement channel. We establish a closed-form characterization of measurements that are optimal for this principle, and this optimal measurement can be found via a dual formulation involving a single unconstrained Hermitian variable. This perspective allows us to recover some notable measurements within the same framework, including pretty good measurements and Fermi-Dirac thermal measurements, and we use it to discover a novel family that we call softmin thermal measurements. We further show that softmin thermal measurements arise as optimal solutions to entropy-regularized semidefinite optimization problems, demonstrating that they play a role for measurements analogous to that of thermal states in statistical mechanics. Finally, we prove an additivity property for the relative-entropy minimum change principle and investigate the performance of Fermi-Dirac thermal measurements for quantum hypothesis testing.
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Popular Physics

From Understanding to Resonance: A Case Study of Quantum Music and Embodied Science Communication

Kenji Noda, Akira Koga, Stefan Heusler et al. (+1 more)

One challenge in science communication is how to engage audiences with highly abstract scientific fields often perceived as distant, technical, or inaccessible. This Practice Insight examines two initiatives implemented during the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology: Quantum Fest in Japan and Quantum100 in Germany, which together attracted more than 4000 participants. Both employed immersive artistic experiences, including music, visual art, and embodied participation to create alternative entry points into quantum physics. Drawing on post-event surveys, participant comments, and stakeholder interviews, this paper identifies three dimensions of resonance: sensory immersion and reduced psychological barriers, collective embodied meaning-making, and emerging transformative engagement. The findings suggest that resonance-driven approaches can complement explanation-centred science communication by enabling audiences to form meaningful relationships with science before, alongside, or beyond conceptual understanding.
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All authors Kenji Noda, Akira Koga, Stefan Heusler, Koji Hashimoto

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Cosmology in the Einstein Telescope era: comparing traditional and simulation-based methods for population inference

Giovanni Antinozzi, Guillermo Franco Abellán, Davide Sciotti et al. (+1 more)

The next generation of gravitational wave detectors, such as the Einstein Telescope (ET), will observe orders of magnitude more binary black hole mergers than current facilities. Most of these events will lack an electromagnetic counterpart, also known as dark siren events, yet will still enable percent-level cosmological constraints. However, the likelihood traditionally used in Hierarchical Bayesian Inference (HBI) for population-level analyses becomes computationally prohibitive as the size of dark siren catalogues and population parameters grow. In this work we compare HBI against simulation-based inference (SBI) as a scalable alternative for cosmological population inference in the ET era. Studying a proof-of-concept example of a mock ET inference, we build a catalogue of $O(10^4)$ binary black hole events, then perform inference on the Hubble constant $H_0$ and matter density $\Omega_m$ in a flat $\Lambda$CDM cosmology, using both a hierarchical analytical likelihood and Marginal Neural Ratio Estimation (MNRE). We find excellent agreement between the two approaches, with SBI reproducing the HBI posteriors to high accuracy, while requiring orders of magnitude less computation once the simulation and training cost is amortized. We further demonstrate that SBI extends straightforwardly to a joint cosmology-plus-astrophysics analysis, simultaneously constraining $(H_0,\Omega_m)$ together with the parameters of the star formation rate density, at negligible additional cost compared to the significant increase in complexity such an extension would require within the HBI framework. Our results indicate that SBI is a promising and scalable tool for population inference with third-generation GW detectors.
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All authors Giovanni Antinozzi, Guillermo Franco Abellán, Davide Sciotti, Matteo Martinelli

Soft Condensed Matter

Localizing polymers promotes the centre-mode elastic instability

Shailendra Kumar Yadav and Jason R. Picardo

The centre-mode elastic instability, prevalent in rectilinear flows of dilute polymer solutions, allows dynamic states to emerge even in the absence of inertia. Here, we show that this instability can be significantly enhanced when the base flow has a nonuniform spatial-distribution of polymers. In such a flow, the polymeric stress not only depends on the conformation tensor (determined here by the Oldroyd-B equation) but also varies proportionally with the polymer concentration field, which satisfies a scalar transport equation. Focusing on the inertialess Stokes limit, we first consider the simple setting of periodic Kolmogorov flow. A linear stability analysis shows that a nonuniform polymer concentration either promotes or suppresses the centre-mode instability, depending on whether the polymers are localised near or away from the maximum of the base-velocity profile. We then focus on a base flow with a distinct polymer-laden stream overlying the base-velocity maximum, and sandwiched between polymer-free streams. We find that the critical Weissenberg number (product of the elastic relaxation time and the typical strain-rate) at the onset of instability undergoes a sudden decrease as the total polymer loading is increased. An energy analysis attributes this destabilisation to elastic feedback forces that arise from concentration gradients near the interfaces between the polymer-laden and polymer-free streams. The insights from Kolmogorov flow are shown to carry over to channel flow, where localising polymers about the centreline strongly promotes the centre-mode instability.
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Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems

Exact Low-Dimensional Reduction Theory for Populations of Stuart–Landau Oscillators

Kai Tokunaga

This paper develops an exact low-dimensional reduction theory for populations of Stuart-Landau oscillators. The theory covers two cases: in one case, coupling enters only through the coefficients of the Stuart-Landau equations, and in the other, coupling also enters through terms outside those coefficients. Under suitable assumptions, the two cases can be reduced exactly to three and seven-dimensional systems, respectively. The class of additional coupling terms for which the reduction applies is sufficiently general to allow a broad range of collective dynamics, such as clustering. In particular, the present reduction is shown to capture dynamics in which amplitude plays an essential role and which cannot be described by populations of phase oscillators or their low-dimensional reductions. The proposed framework is also shown to be a powerful tool for capturing complex nonequilibrium dynamics such as chaos.
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Atomic Physics

Collective tunnel ionization in atomic systems

D.I. Tyurin, V.V. Strelkov and S.V. Popruzhenko

We present a theory of the collective tunnel effect in atomic systems subject to strong low-frequency laser fields. Using an analytic semi-classical method and numerical solution to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation we demonstrate the collective channel of the nonsequential double ionization in a model two-dimensional two-electron system with ionization potentials reproducing those of neutral xenon and of the negative bromine ion. Collective tunneling in the presence of the electron-electron repulsion comprises the joint sub-barrier motion of the two electrons along quantum trajectories transversely shifted in opposite directions with respect to the direction of the external electric field. Analytic results for the rates of collective tunneling allow indicating the intervals of laser intensity, where this effect can be expected to compete with sequential tunneling in helium, xenon, and negative bromine. Momentum distributions of the electron pairs carry clear signatures of the collective channel in the form of shoulders in the direction lateral to the field polarization.
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Quantum Physics

Non-Relativistic Quantum Electrodynamics of Atoms in a Rotating Ring Cavity

Jarrod T. Reilly and Murray J. Holland

In this paper, we derive a quantum optics model in a non-inertial rotating ring cavity from first principles. We begin with the Dirac equation in curved spacetime, add minimal coupling to the electromagnetic field, and then find the Dirac Hamiltonian for the generalized Born metric. We then formally take the non-relativistic limit by way of Foldy-Wouthuysen transformations and project onto a fermionic Fock space for the atoms' electrons, protons, and neutrons. Focusing on a protium atom, we next move from a minimal coupling gauge to a multipole expansion gauge by taking a Power-Zienau-Woolley transformation under the dipole and long-wavelength approximations. Here, we find additional terms from the rotation of the system including a rotation-induced hyperfine shift of the atomic transition which could possibly be observed experimentally even for small rotation rates. Making the electric dipole, two-level, and rotating-wave approximations, we arrive at a Jaynes-Cummings-like Hamiltonian which also accounts for rotational effects, such as the rotation-induced hyperfine shift and the Sagnac shift for the cavity's counterpropagating modes.
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Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.NA

Reduced-order modeling for electromagnetic inverse problems: a layered medium benchmark

Konstantinos Alexopoulos and Josselin Garnier

We study reduced-order modeling for inverse problems in layered media, focusing on the recovery of impedance profiles from time-domain measurements. Using the Goupillaud structure, we formulate the forward problem as a discrete dynamical system and introduce a ROM-based objective defined at the level of reduced operators. Through numerical experiments on a 5-layer medium under various structured perturbations, we compare the ROM-based objective with a classical data misfit. The results show that the ROM-based inversion provides a more favorable reconstruction in the clean setting and in certain structured perturbation regimes, while remaining consistently competitive with the classical approach across all cases considered.
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Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.AP

Refraction laws in spatio-temporal media

Cristian E. Gutiérrez and Eric Stachura

We study the time-dependent Maxwell system, formulated in the sense of distributions, for electromagnetic waves propagating through media with temporal and spatial material interfaces. Under explicit trace and regularity assumptions on the permittivity and permeability, we derive the jump conditions produced by temporal discontinuities and by subsequent spatial interfaces. These conditions are used to obtain generalized Snell laws for the wave vectors generated by temporal splitting, reflection, and transmission. We also derive the associated amplitude equations and organize them as a finite-dimensional linear system for a space-time slab geometry. Finally, we provide an explicit oblique-incidence example. Our approach does not impose a smooth-field ansatz and allows material parameters that need not be constant away from the interfaces.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Revised exclusion limits on doubly charged Higgs bosons from a reanalysis of the ATLAS multi-lepton search at $\sqrt{s} = 13$,TeV

Kirtiman Ghosh, Arun Kumar Nayak and Debabrata Sahoo

The ATLAS search for pair-produced doubly charged Higgs bosons in multi-lepton final states using the full Run 2 dataset [Eur. Phys. J. C 83 (2023) 605] reports the strongest limits to date on the mass of doubly charged scalars, driven by an essentially background-free four-lepton channel. We show that the four-lepton signal efficiency implied by the auxiliary cutflow of that analysis exceeds a strict, mass-independent upper bound derived from the equal-branching-ratio assumption of the search, the leptonic $\tau$ branching fractions, and the ATLAS lepton reconstruction efficiencies. We show that this excess cannot be explained by hadronic $\tau$ or jet misidentification without invoking fake rates far above realistic values. We regenerate the signal independently and recompute the exclusion limit, using the corrected signal yields, the ATLAS background predictions and uncertainties, and the same $CL_s$ procedure implemented in pyhf. The resulting expected limit lies systematically above the ATLAS expected limit, by roughly a factor of two or more. This shifts the expected lower mass bound from $1065$ GeV to $\sim950$ GeV in the left-right symmetric type-II seesaw model, and from $880$ GeV to $\sim770$ GeV in the Zee–Babu model.
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Quantum Physics

Realified tensor networks: quantum circuit simulation on real-valued matrix accelerators

Yusheng Zhao, Xiwei Pan, Enji Xiong et al. (+2 more)

Tensor-network contraction simulates quantum circuits, but modern matrix accelerators (NPUs, TPUs) expose only real GEMM pipelines, so the complex networks of quantum simulation must be reconstructed in software. We resolve the mismatch by a realification rewrite that maps any complex tensor network to a real one. At each merge of two complex tensors, a rank-3 structure tensor realizes Gauss's three-multiplication (3M) formula; contractions with one or no complex operand need only two or one real products. We prove a tight cost law: overhead $1 + 2m + r$ in real multiplications, where $m$ and $r$ are the volume fractions of two- and one-complex-operand contractions, never exceeding $3\times$ relative to real contraction, with every intermediate at most doubled in size. On 67 circuits (random, Clifford+$T$, QAOA, VQE), the law holds across the real-to-complex range and complex-gate placement, not count, governs cost. Contraction orders transfer from the complex network with a relative arithmetic-cost gap below $5\times 10^{-4}$ on 66 of 67 circuits; the exception closes under a few steps of low-temperature simulated annealing. On an Ascend 910 NPU the rewrite beat both the four-real-GEMM baseline and a per-GEMM Gauss lowering on all twelve random circuits and on 52 of 55 structured cells (three cells slower by at most 12%); the four-GEMM baseline was slower by a median $1.7\times$ (random) and $1.4\times$ (structured). Realification makes complex tensor-network contraction native to real-only matrix engines.
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All authors Yusheng Zhao, Xiwei Pan, Enji Xiong, Chengkai Zhu, Jinguo Liu

Quantum Physics

A lower bound on the classical simulation cost of star-network correlations

Martin J. Renner

It is well established that quantum strategies outperform classical ones in several communication tasks. We study the quantum communication complexity of correlations arising from joint measurements on quantum systems distributed across a star network, where several parties each send a quantum system to a central node. We introduce an exclusion task that can be solved perfectly when each party sends a quantum $d$-level system, but would require a large classical message otherwise. In fact, the task cannot be solved with certainty if each of the $n$ parties sends a classical message with less than $n^{(d-1)}$ symbols. This implies an advantage of using quantum over classical messages in that scenario that scales with both, the dimension of the quantum system and the number of systems measured simultaneously. As an application, this shows that no finite-size classical description of a qubit suffices to reproduce the statistics of a joint measurement on sufficiently many qubits.
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Optics

Can crystal symmetry reshape ENZ photonics?: Opinion

Mario G. Silveirinha

Over the last decade, epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) photonics has been driven by the search for lower losses and stronger nonlinear responses. Here, I ask a different question: can crystal symmetry also be used to shape the ENZ response? I focus on low-symmetry conductors, where the geometry of the electronic states can produce electric currents that are not present in ordinary Drude materials. These currents may enable polarization-dependent gain, nonreciprocal effects, and ultrafast nonlinearities controlled by symmetry and an external bias. I suggest that such materials may be useful for active and time-varying nanophotonics.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

A Tale of Two Couplings: Bayesian Selection in the Interacting Dark Sector

Miguel Barroso Varela and Álvaro de la Cruz-Dombriz

$\Lambda$CDM provides a remarkably successful description of the Universe, yet it suffers from persistent discrepancies, with one of the most prominent being the $\sigma_8$ tension between early-Universe Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) measurements and late-time structure growth probes. To address this mismatch, we investigate generalized interacting dark sector models governed by a quintessence field coupled to dark matter via conformal and disformal transformations. By generically engineering a quintessence potential that ensures the combined evolution of dark matter and dark energy exactly mimics $\Lambda$CDM, our models satisfy all background constraints while signaling modified gravity effects within the linear perturbation sector. We perform a statistical analysis using late-time structure growth data anchored to Planck 2018 constraints. Furthermore, we address the initial conditions problem inherent to purely disformal models, demonstrating the necessity of a non-zero initial kinetic energy to initiate dynamical evolution. Our results indicate that purely conformal couplings efficiently transfer energy from dark matter to the quintessence field, suppressing late-time structure formation and successfully accommodating CMB data within late-time modified structure growth. This purely conformal limit yields a strong statistical preference over the $\Lambda$CDM baseline according to both the Akaike and Bayesian Information Criteria. Conversely, while non-zero disformal couplings introduce a kinetic friction that dampens the dark sector energy exchange, their expanded parameter space incurs heavy statistical penalties without providing a decisive improvement over the purely conformal scenario.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Helium-poor winds do not require helium-poor planets

Leonardos Gkouvelis and Francisco J. Pozuelos

Observations of the metastable He,i,10830,Å\ triplet have revealed escaping exoplanet atmospheres whose inferred helium abundances range from nearly nebular compositions to strongly helium-depleted winds. Such depletion is commonly interpreted as evidence for atmospheric evolution, preferential escape, or departures from primordial composition. We present a closed-form analytic transport-retention theory for the atmospheric transition region between the homopause and the base of the planetary wind. The theory quantifies the competition between upward transport and molecular separation, demonstrating that transport physics alone can substantially deplete the helium abundance supplied to the escaping flow. Our solution yields a retention factor, $\chi_{\rm He}$, that measures the fraction of helium supplied to the base of the hydrodynamic wind relative to the deep atmospheric abundance. Combining the analytic framework with numerical forward models of the He,i,10830,Å\ absorption and a sample of twelve helium-observed sub-Neptunes and mini-Neptunes, we find that observed systems span the full range of predicted retention states, from nearly complete retention to strong helium depletion. These forward models use the helium abundance supplied by the analytic framework as the lower-boundary condition to predict the corresponding He,i,10830,Å\ absorption. We further show that increasing helium retention systematically strengthens the expected absorption signal by increasing the helium reservoir available to the upper atmosphere. These results suggest that helium depletion does not necessarily imply intrinsically helium-poor atmospheres or evolutionary transitions toward secondary compositions, but may instead be a natural consequence of transport physics in escaping atmospheres.
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General Physics

Symmetry/asymmetry within a cylindrical lattice model of nuclear structure predicts cosmic abundance/scarcity

Ray Walsh

Protons and neutrons are the smallest forms of measurable matter, and each nucleon has 3 up (+2/3) and down (-1/3) quarks. Quarks treated as point-like particles within polygonal geometries model the structures of stable nuclides through $^{36}$Ar. The model derives from the proton's radius (r=0.8414 fm), the hadron's prolate spheroid shape (from the $\Delta(1232)$ resonance), and the separation distance between bound nucleons ($\approx$0.8 fm, from the Argonne $v_{18}$ $NN$ potential). The prolate nucleon's spatial extent arises from its 3 quarks, which implies a qualitatively linear quark sequence. Spin-spin forces repel the like-flavored quarks to opposite ends of the nucleon, leaving the unlike quark in the middle. Quark-to-quark distance within the nucleon corresponds to the nucleon's radius. Nucleons link by quark-to-quark interactions to form proton-neutron short-range correlated pairs (pn SRC pairs), separated by a distance equal to the proton's radius. Alternating nucleons produce regularly alternating up/down quark sequences. We contemplate structures for each stable nuclide through $^{36}$Ar and include the one whose rotational radius (from the regular polygon radius formula) best correlates with its accepted charge radius (r(31)=0.98, p<0.001). Nucleon alternation makes pn SRC pairs and produces the equal numbers of protons and neutrons (Z=N) in the isotopes $^{4}_{2}$He, $^{12}_{6}$C, $^{14}_{7}$N, $^{16}_{8}$O, $^{20}_{10}$Ne, $^{24}_{12}$Mg, $^{28}_{14}$Si, and $^{32}_{16}$S, comprising 99.5% of stable baryonic matter. Bilateral structural symmetry emerges as a sensitive and specific predictor of cosmic abundance. Opposing deuteron-deuteron alternating quark charge sequences produce alternating and unequal electromagnetic fields capable of modelling the close-range attraction and far-range repulsion of the fusion potential curve and Coulomb potential energy barrier.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Mono-X Signal Characterization from Two-component Dark Matter Using a Convolutional Neural Network

Max Fusté Costa, Yong Sheng Koay and Stefano Moretti

We assess the scope of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in characterizing potential signals of two-component Dark Matter (DM) arising at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) from mono-jet and mono-Z probes. We show that such a CNN has the ability of not only inferring the presence of two DM particles but also of extracting their mass and spin, the latter being either 0 or 1/2, following detector level analysis. However, such result represents a conceptual proof-of-concept, as we have not entertained a signal-to-background analysis.
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Plasma Physics

Development of Thomson parabola spectrometer for diagnostics of ions driven by ultrahigh intensity laser: Simulations and numerical analysis

Kavil Mehta, Jatin Parashar, Shivangi Bidoliya et al. (+4 more)

A Thomson parabola ion spectrometer (TPIS) has been designed and developed for diagnostics of laseraccelerated ion beams in the MeV energy range. The TPIS has been validated by ion acceleration experiment at petawatt laser facility. Necessary simulations to evaluate the electric and magnetic field distributions have been performed with the help of a numerical simulation software to aid the selection of the spectrometer geometry while minimising fringe-field effects. Analytical dispersion expressions have been formulated from the simulations that take into account the spatial variation in the electromagnetic field profiles. The ion deflections obtained from these expressions demonstrate an improved agreement with experimentally measured proton trajectories compared to the case when constant fields are considered. The TPIS hence fabricated in-house has been subject to magnetic field measurements, which are in excellent agreement with the simulated field profile. The TPIS has the provision to change the field-free drift region, showcasing flexibility to be employed over a broad energy range and with different experimental setups. The spectrometer has been subsequently used for detecting laser-accelerated ion beams from thin aluminum foil targets. These experiments have demonstrated the capability of the spectrometer to resolve multiple ion species with sufficient separation between them. The developed TPIS provides a compact, flexible and accurate diagnostic for high-energy laser-plasma experiments.
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All authors Kavil Mehta, Jatin Parashar, Shivangi Bidoliya, Prashant Kumar, Muhammad Tayyab, Anand Moorti, Juzer Ali Chakera

Quantum Physics

A quantum game of telephone

Arefur Rahman, Matthew L. Stevens, Cory M. Nunn et al. (+3 more)

Characterizing multinode quantum networks without ubiquitous local entanglement sources presents significant experimental challenges. We introduce “quantum telephone,” an iterative ancilla-assisted process tomography protocol that leverages intermediate detection events, effectively treating previously probed links as ancillae for subsequent links. Implemented on a deployed multinode fiber network, we observe noisy intermediate channels create fundamental parameter degeneracies that compound inference errors under sequential estimation. Counterintuitively, the inclusion of downstream near-unitary channels provides boundary constraints that, when used in tandem with global inference, can resolve ambiguity in channels earlier in the sequence. By compensating for localized information loss, this approach obviates the strict full-rank requirements of standard ancilla-assisted process tomography, even when intermediate states become completely depolarized. Overall, quantum telephone offers a hardware-efficient and information-maximizing path toward characterizing complex quantum networks with limited resources.
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All authors Arefur Rahman, Matthew L. Stevens, Cory M. Nunn, Daniel E. Jones, Brian T. Kirby, Joseph M. Lukens

Quantum Physics

Separating quantum circuits from classical LLMs

Srinivasan Arunachalam, Arkopal Dutt, Hari Krovi et al. (+1 more)

Modern large language models - transformers and diffusion language models - are built around two canonical algorithmic tasks: prediction and generation. We prove unconditional separations between low-depth quantum computation and the corresponding bounded-resource classical language-model architectures in both regimes. Concretely, we exhibit the following: 1. Distributional separation. We give a distribution that is sampleable by $\textsf{QNC}^0$ circuits (i.e., a family of constant-depth quantum circuits consisting of bounded fan-in gates) that no constant-round diffusion language model ($\textsf{DLM}$) with shallow scheduling and denoising can sample within constant distance, even when allowed sublinear chain-of-thought and output-token revision/remasking events, the very features modern $\textsf{DLM}$s rely on. 2. Functional separation. We exhibit a function computable in $\land \circ \textsf{QNC}^0[\log\log n]$ (i.e., a family of O$(\log\log n)$-depth $\textsf{QNC}^0$ circuits, where $n$ is the input length, followed by a single classical $\mathsf{AND}$ gate) such that any constant-depth decoder-only transformer computing the function must be large: it would have to have width $n^{\Omega(1)}$. Together, our work initiates the study of quantum advantage in the era of large language models.
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All authors Srinivasan Arunachalam, Arkopal Dutt, Hari Krovi, Rik Sengupta

Statistical Mechanics

Kappa distributions as asymptotic marginals of exponential family ensembles

Sergio Davis

Recently (Physica A 660 130370, 2025), emergence of superstatistical behavior in driven classical systems has been shown for systems with constant microcanonical heat capacity. As an application of this result, in this work we show that a system of $N$ particles with inverse gamma distribution of total kinetic energies must have kappa-distributed single-particle velocities in the limit $N \rightarrow \infty$. Our results provide insight into the nature of kappa distributions outside the theory of nonextensive statistical mechanics, while also bringing forward a practical method for the generation of kappa velocities via Monte Carlo Metropolis simulation in the inverse gamma ensemble.
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics

Prithvi-Precip: Integrating Satellite Observations into an Atmospheric AI Foundation Model for Precipitation Forecasting

Simon Pfreundschuh, Christian D. Kummerow, Johannes Schmude et al. (+5 more)

Accurate precipitation forecasting remains one of the most challenging problems in weather prediction. While recent AI weather prediction (AIWP) systems have achieved substantial improvements in medium-range forecasting skill, precipitation often remains a secondary target and is commonly learned from reanalysis datasets that contain considerable uncertainty. In this work, we investigate two complementary strategies for improving AI-based precipitation forecasts. Building on the Prithvi-WxC foundation model, we develop Prithvi-Precip, a global precipitation forecasting system, and examine (1) the impact of training targets derived from satellite-based precipitation estimates rather than reanalysis fields and (2) the direct assimilation of satellite observations into the forecasting model. We systematically evaluate key design choices for finetuning the Prithvi-WxC AI foundation model for precipitation forecasting. We find that autoregressive rollout training produces substantially more accurate forecasts than direct conditioning on forecast lead time. Using independent radar-based precipitation estimates for evaluation, we show that training on satellite-derived precipitation targets yields improved forecast accuracy relative to training on MERRA-2 precipitation fields. Furthermore, direct ingestion of satellite observations provides additional improvements at short lead times, with the largest gains occurring in tropical and subtropical regions. Together, these advances enable Prithvi-Precip to substantially improve upon directly comparable precipitation forecasts from the Goddard Earth Observing System. Our results highlight the potential of improved precipitation targets and the direct integration of satellite observations as promising pathways for advancing medium-range AI precipitation forecasting.
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All authors Simon Pfreundschuh, Christian D. Kummerow, Johannes Schmude, Sujit Roy, Rahul Ramachandran, Tsengdar Lee, Valentine Anantharaj, Katherine H. Breen

Optics

Modulation in degree of cross-polarization at Young's interferometer illuminated by non-uniformly polarized electromagnetic fields

Rajneesh Joshi and Gyaprasad

The degree of cross-polarization (DoCP) and the electromagnetic degree of coherence (EM DoC) of an electromagnetic beam are investigated at the observation points for incoherent and non-uniformly polarized, i.e., different degree of polarization with respect to space at the two pinholes in Young's interference experiment. We note that DoCP at the observation plane can be expressed as the average value of the degree of polarization at the pinholes of Young's interference experiment. The present study also verifies that the DoCP is a two-point generalization of the DoP. Additionally, EM DoC at observation points can be controlled by DoP at pinholes. The findings may be useful for classical ghost imaging, lensless imaging, and the study of Stokes correlations.
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Instrumentation and Detectors

A table-top few-femtosecond broadband extreme-ultraviolet absorption spectrometer with cryogenic cooling

Sheng-Chih Lin, Alfred Zong, Emma Berger et al. (+5 more)

We present a table-top cryogenic ultrafast broadband XUV absorption spectroscopy (c-UBXAS) beamline designed for temperature-dependent and time-resolved investigations of quantum materials. The instrument combines a broadband high-harmonic generation source spanning 22-73 eV with automated image registration and cryogenic sample control down to 20 K, enabling element-specific measurements under both equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions. The beamline provides sub-50-meV energy resolution and a sub-10-fs instrument response function, while maintaining long-term stability suitable for extended, ultrasensitive measurements. Benchmark experiments on NiI$_2$, a van der Waals multiferroic, reveal temperature-dependent spectral evolution across its magnetic phase transitions, demonstrating the ability to identify element-specific contributions to the ground state and its transient response in the femtosecond regime. This instrument introduces the opportunity to unravel the very first response of a solid-state material during light-matter interaction, paving the way for understanding the complex phase space of nonequilibrium dynamics and emergent states in strongly correlated systems where the few-femtosecond electronic response has eluded most other types of time-resolved techniques.
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All authors Sheng-Chih Lin, Alfred Zong, Emma Berger, Bailey R. Nebgen, Marcus Hui, Shuaiwei Pan, Jackson McClellan, Michael W. Zuerch

Materials Science

Emergence of Chiral Helimagnetic Order in Chromium-intercalated Tantalum Disulfide CrTa$_3$S$_6$ Powders with Controlled Intercalation

Ayaka Toshima, Keigo Mizutani, Yusuke Kousaka et al. (+3 more)

We report a highly sensitive change in magnetic properties of a chiral Cr-intercalated transition-metal dichalcogenide Cr$_{x}$Ta$_{3}$S$_{6}$. Magnetization curves and small-angle neutron scattering data revealed that the powder samples exhibit chiral helimagnetism with a Cr intercalation quantity $x$ below 0.996, while they show ferromagnetism above 1.000. The emergence and temperature-dependent evolution of the helimagnetic period are argued in terms of sample dimensions of powders and microfabricated crystals.
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All authors Ayaka Toshima, Keigo Mizutani, Yusuke Kousaka, Kazuki Ohishi, Hiroaki Shishido, Yoshihiko Togawa

Optics

Joint spectral characterization of SPDC photon pairs near 2 $\mu$m in (Al)GaAs-on-insulator waveguides

Alexandre Z. Leger, Emil Z. Ulsig, Samuel E. Fontaine et al. (+8 more)

Integrated photon-pair sources are a core component of chip-based quantum computing, communication, and metrology. Although such sources have been demonstrated at conventional telecom wavelengths, the 2 $\mu$m band remains comparatively less explored, despite offering advantages for free-space quantum communication, low-loss transmission in emerging fiber networks, and integration with silicon photonic platforms. In this paper, we demonstrate spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in straight GaAs- and AlGaAs-on-insulator waveguides. This platform offers strong second-order nonlinearity and geometry-tunable dispersion, which are advantageous for efficient on-chip pair generation. Measurements of the joint spectral intensity and heralded second-order correlation function show broadband emission around 2 $\mu$m with strong spectral anti-correlations. To our knowledge, this is the first direct joint-spectral characterization of an integrated SPDC source in this wavelength regime.
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All authors Alexandre Z. Leger, Emil Z. Ulsig, Samuel E. Fontaine, Dileep V. Reddy, Eric J. Stanton, Lynden K. Shalm, Richard P. Mirin, Martin J. Stevens, J. E. Sipe, Nicolas Volet, Deny R. Hamel

Quantum Physics

Real-time decoding of quantum error correction codes using high-performance computing

Lingling Lao, Qiang Wang, Yuanqi Liu et al. (+10 more)

Quantum error correction (QEC) is indispensable for building scalable fault-tolerant quantum computers. Effective QEC demands stringent real-time decoding: the decoder must process syndrome measurements and determine corrections within a time scale–typically on the order of microseconds, to avoid data backlog. Scaling to large number of logical qubits further necessitates significant computational resources. In this work, we propose an architecture, called THQLink, for real-time decoding of quantum error correction codes using high-performance computing (HPC) resources. The network connecting the HPC and the control system of quantum processing unit (QPU) is built on TH-Express and can be adapted to different quantum technologies and their associated control stacks. We report a round-trip latency of 2.944 $\mu$s on average, with an incremental overhead of 130 ns per additional hop. Using a parallel window strategy, we demonstrate real-time decoding (1 $\mu$s per QEC round) of the surface code up to distance 19 using a matching-based decoder on CPUs. Our work presents a scalable framework for real-time decoding in fault-tolerant quantum computing. It can be readily applied to quantum-centric supercomputers that feature tight integration between QPU and HPC resources, thereby enabling efficient support for hybrid quantum-classical algorithms and computation-intensive workloads offloaded from the QPU.
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All authors Lingling Lao, Qiang Wang, Yuanqi Liu, Yantong Liu, Haowen Wang, Yitao Chen, Yankang Zhao, Zhenwei Wu, Wei Zhang, Yong Dong, Yingwen Liu, Mingche Lai, Junjie Wu

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Profile Analysis of the Multiwavelength 2.1-year Oscillations of PG 1553+113

P. Peñil, N. Torres-Albà, A. Rico et al. (+5 more)

We investigate the morphology of the oscillation profiles of the blazar PG~1553+113 in relation to its well-known $\sim$2.1 yr periodicity. We identify individual cycles in the $\gamma$-ray, X-ray, UV, and optical light curves and characterize their temporal profiles using analytical models for single- and multi-peaked events. We find that the oscillations are generally described by a broad activity envelope with shorter-timescale substructure, showing that the $\sim$2.1 yr signal is not a strictly sinusoidal or self-similar modulation. The internal morphology varies across cycles and energy bands. This is particularly evident in X-rays, where all analyzed cycles show a strong formal preference for multi-component profiles, unlike the $\gamma$-ray band, where several cycles admit statistically comparable empirical descriptions. The contemporaneous MWL oscillations show broadly aligned activity episodes, but the timing and relative amplitudes of secondary components are not systematically repeated. This suggests that a common long-term modulation affects the broadband emission, while additional local or energy-dependent processes shape individual cycles. Such a picture is compatible with a geometric, jet-related contribution to the broad recurrent envelope, with intrinsic variability superimposed on it. We also identify new cycles with a dominant peak accompanied by weaker twin-peak-like features, similar to structures previously discussed in a supermassive black hole binary scenario for PG~1553+113. Although our results do not provide definitive evidence for this interpretation, the recurrence of comparable morphologies in newly analyzed cycles keeps this scenario viable.
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All authors P. Peñil, N. Torres-Albà, A. Rico, L. Marcotulli, A. Domínguez, M. Ajello, S. Buson, S. Adhikari