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Physics

Watch Physics

Wednesday 29 July

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

An interstellar energetic and non-aqueous pathway to peptide formation

Alfred Thomas Hopkinson, Ann Mary Wilson, Joe Pitfield et al. (+13 more)

The origin of the molecular building blocks of life is a central question in science. A few $\alpha$-amino acids such as glycine, the simplest proteinogenic amino acid, have been detected in meteorites and comets, indicating an extraterrestrial origin for some prebiotic molecules. However, the formation of peptides, short chains of $\alpha$-amino acids linked by peptide bonds, under astrophysical conditions has remained unresolved. Here we show that the building blocks of proteins can form in interstellar ice analogues exposed to ionising radiation, without the presence of liquid water. Using isotopically labelled glycine irradiated with protons at cryogenic temperatures, we detect the formation of glycylglycine, the simplest dipeptide, along with deuterated and non-deuterated water as by-products. Peptide bond formation is confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry, which also reveal the production of other complex organic species. These findings demonstrate a non-aqueous route to peptide formation under space-like conditions and suggest that such molecules could form in the cold interstellar medium and be incorporated into forming planetary systems. Our results challenge aqueous-centric models of early biochemical evolution and broaden potential settings for the origins of life.
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All authors Alfred Thomas Hopkinson, Ann Mary Wilson, Joe Pitfield, Alejandra Traspas Muiña, Richárd Rácz, Duncan V. Mifsud, Péter Herczku, Gergő Lakatos, Béla Sulik, Zoltán Juhász, Sándor Biri, Robert W. McCullough, Nigel J. Mason, Carsten Scavenius, Liv Hornekær, Sergio Ioppolo

Fluid Dynamics

Can we live Danckwerts' dream? Mixing Analysis in a Baffled Stirred Tank Reactor Based on 4D-Particle Tracking Experiments

Eike Steuwe, Thanh Tung Thai, Christian Weiland et al. (+5 more)

We present an experimental investigation of mixing dynamics within a laboratory-scale 3-liter stirred tank reactor (STR) equipped with two Rushton turbines and three baffles. Using time-resolved, four-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry, we successfully capture trajectories of up to 40,000 tracer particles in the full reactor volume despite obstructions by stirrer and baffles, providing unprecedented time-resolved flow and mixing information. From these Lagrangian data, we analyze velocities, accelerations, and spatial dispersion, revealing anisotropic mixing. By utilizing novel network-based analysis methods on the experimental particle trajectories, we identify coherent fluid compartments that exhibit strong internal mixing but weak exchange with neighboring compartments. We uncover five distinct compartments acting as transport barriers, which have a high impact on substrate distribution in chemical and biochemical processes. Our approach thus realizes and extends early thought experiments from Danckwerts and Levenspiel by providing detailed insight into the behavior of single fluid parcels and Lagrangian mixing withing chemical and biochemical reactors, offering a valuable approach for evaluation and optimization of chemical and biochemical processes. The trajectory data are made freely available to serve as an experimental reference for further research.
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All authors Eike Steuwe, Thanh Tung Thai, Christian Weiland, Anna Klünker, Jan Hendrick Nissen, Michael Schlüter, Kathrin Padberg-Gehle, Alexandra von Kameke

Strongly Correlated Electrons

Disentangling bulk and surface states in the electronic structure of PtBi$_2$(0001)

Stefanie Suzanne Brinkman, Xin Liang Tan, Anders Christian Mathisen et al. (+13 more)

Recent reports of surface-localized topological superconductivity in trigonal PtBi$_2$ highlight the importance of understanding its surface electronic structure. We investigate the bulk and surface band structure of PtBi$_2$ using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and first-principles calculations. Through photon-energy- and polarization-dependent measurements, we disentangle bulk dispersions from surface states on the two distinct surface terminations of PtBi$_2$(0001). For both terminations, we assign several different surface states and find good agreement between experiment and calculations. Based on our calculations, we analyze the orbital composition in the surface and bulk bands and compare the results to polarization-dependent ARPES measurements. Together, our results provide a coherent picture of the surface electronic structure of PtBi$_2$ across both surface terminations.
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All authors Stefanie Suzanne Brinkman, Xin Liang Tan, Anders Christian Mathisen, Fabian Göhler, Øyvind Finnseth, Chul-Hee Min, Grigory Shipunov, Falk Pabst, Manuel Alonso Lemos, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan, Craig Polley, Masashi Arita, Kenya Shimada, Anna Isaeva, Jorge I. Facio, Hendrik Bentmann

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Exploring the radial velocity variations of RY Lup with VLT/ESPRESSO: Binary versus spot hypotheses

Hala Alqubelat, Claudia Di Maio, Antonio Frasca et al. (+7 more)

Stellar multiplicity is a possible cause for creating protoplanetary disc substructures, as tidal forces from a close-in spectroscopic companion can carve out gaps and shape disc architecture. However, in young, active systems, the radial velocity (RV) signatures are often complicated by stellar activity. We investigate RY Lup, a classical T Tauri star hosting a disc with a ~60 au cavity, where studies with Gaia astrometry and VLT/SPHERE imaging hinted at an unseen companion. Using high-resolution VLT/ESPRESSO spectra and the least-squares deconvolution (LSD) technique, we analyse RV variations over 327 days. We detect significant line profile variations with a periodic signal of ~3.75 days, aligning with prior photometric estimates. The variations are compatible with a close-in binary system at ~0.04 au and a mass ratio of q ~ 0.6. Combined analysis of RV data and ALMA dynamical mass estimates, using 13CO and 18CO, reveals a highly misaligned system. The nearly face-on binary i ~ 13 deg is misaligned to both the inner and outer discs i ~ 50 deg and ~70 deg, respectively. The derived orbital separation is compatible with the inner disc size, with the inner rim at a = 0.12 au, measured from VLTI/GRAVITY, which suggests a highly warped disc structure. Nonetheless, the short orbital period conflicts with the derived eccentricity (e ~ 0.23). To explore alternative explanations, we assess the impact of stellar spots on RV signals. While the LSD deformations can be modelled by different cool spot configurations, a 15% dispersion in retrieved v sin i values – coupled with the lack of a significant periodic signal – suggests that spots alone cannot explain the observed variability. As neither hypothesis is ruled out, we recommend future combined RV and interferometric monitoring to clarify the nature of the spectroscopic variability.
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All authors Hala Alqubelat, Claudia Di Maio, Antonio Frasca, Carlo F. Manara, Monika G. Petr-Gotzens, Enrico Ragusa, Evelyne Alecian, Louise D. Nielsen, Lisa Drouglazet, Justyn Campbell-White

Nuclear Theory

Structure of multi-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei with a Skyrme-type $\Lambda\Lambda$ interaction constrained by data on double-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei and neutron stars

Yusuke Tanimura, Chang Ho Hyun and Myung-Ki Cheoun

We investigate multi-$\Lambda$ hypernuclear systems with Skyrme-type $\Lambda\Lambda$ interactions constrained by the data on double-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei and neutron stars. The roles of the repulsive $p$-wave and density-dependent terms in the $\Lambda\Lambda$ interaction are examined by considering the homogeneous hyperonic matter around the normal density and finite multi-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei within the spherical Hartree-Fock approach. In homogeneous matter, the $\Lambda$ chemical potential and corresponding $\Lambda$ drip point depend strongly on the repulsive $p$-wave term, while the effect of density-dependent term is relatively weak in the density range relevant to finite nuclei. In the multi-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei built on doubly closed stable cores from light to heavy systems, $\Lambda$ radius, separation energy and single-particle structure show a clear dependence on the repulsive $p$-wave interaction, and this dependence becomes stronger as the number of $\Lambda$ hyperons increases. A second and distinct effect appears near the $\Lambda$ drip line: when the last occupied $\Lambda$ orbit approaches the continuum, the repulsive $p$-wave term shifts the state upward and can produce a weakly bound state with an extended radial distribution. As a result, $\Lambda$ radius can increase rapidly near the threshold. This threshold effect should be distinguished from the moderate enhancement of the dependence on $p$-wave interaction with increasing number of $\Lambda$ hyperons. These results indicate that the multi-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei are particularly useful for isolating the role of $p$-wave $\Lambda\Lambda$ interacion around the normal density, whereas the density-dependent term is expected to be more important interaction in the high-density domain relevant to neutron stars.
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Biological Physics

Navigation driven by bidirectional information transmission between sensing and actuation

Avishek Das and Pieter Rein ten Wolde

A wide variety of biological functions are driven by feedback between sensing and actuation. A paradigmatic example is cellular navigation. During navigation, the sensory system maps the environmental input signal onto a sensory output, which then drives an actuation response, thereby changing the future sensory input. How the accuracy of this bidirectional information transmission controls navigation is not currently understood. Here, we study how information controls navigation by analytically solving two generic models that describe two major classes of biological navigators: spatial- and temporal-sensing cells. We find that, in the linear-response regime of shallow gradients, navigation performance is fully determined by bidirectional information transmission alone, as quantified by feedforward and feedback transfer entropies. Elementary system parameters affect navigation performance only through their effect on these information flows. We call these relations Behavioral Equations of State (BESTs): equalities that map information to function in a system-independent way. BESTs predict an experimentally testable data collapse for the performance of navigators with different sensing and actuation parameters. We test the validity of our theory by performing stochastic simulations of chemotaxis of the bacterium Escherichia coli, computing the relevant transfer entropies exactly with the TE-PWS algorithm. The observed performance obeys the BEST without any fitting or scaling parameters. Thus, our theory identifies bidirectional information transmission between sensing and actuation as an organizing principle for navigation.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Effect of Multi-Species Plasma on Fanaroff-Riley Radio Jets

Priyesh Kumar Tripathi, Indranil Chattopadhyay, Raj Kishor Joshi et al. (+3 more)

The Fanaroff-Riley (FR) dichotomy observed in extragalactic radio jets has been attributed to a range of possible mechanisms, including intrinsic jet properties such as the presence of different species in the plasma. Jet material may span from a pure electron-positron pair plasma to mixed plasmas containing electrons, positrons, and protons, or even to hadronic jets made up of electrons and protons only. To investigate this aspect, we present results from three-dimensional simulations of low-power, supersonic, magnetized jets at kiloparsec scales in a magnetohydrodynamic framework. By varying the plasma composition, we show its impact on jet stability and on the development of diffuse structures typical of core-brightened FR type I sources. Our results indicate that the growth of non-axisymmetric instabilities plays a key role in disrupting the jet head.
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All authors Priyesh Kumar Tripathi, Indranil Chattopadhyay, Raj Kishor Joshi, Ritaban Chatterjee, Sanjit Debnath, M. Saleem Khan

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks

High-dimensional theory of the glass transition revisited: hopping and local defects

Harukuni Ikeda and Francesco Zamponi

The replicated liquid theory provides a microscopic mean-field description of the glass transition by combining the density functional theory of liquids with the replica method originally developed for spin glasses. In the conventional replica liquid theory, a glassy state is described by assuming that particles in different replicas undergo vibrational motion around common centers of mass, thereby forming molecules that contain one particle from every replica. Here we revisit this assumption by allowing each molecule to contain only a subset of replicas. This generalized formulation describes particle-level replica mismatches, which may be associated with non-vibrational motions such as particle hopping. We apply the theory to high-dimensional hard and harmonic spheres, where the mean-field description is expected to become exact. For hard spheres, replica mismatches destabilize the glassy metastable state and shift the dynamical transition to a significantly higher packing fraction, while leaving the leading thermodynamic glass transition unchanged. The resulting transition density agrees, at leading order in high dimensions, with the recent rigorous lower bound for random sphere packings obtained by Campos, Jenssen, Michelen, and Sahasrabudhe by using a discretized version of greedy Random Sequential Absorption, suggesting an algorithmic interpretation of the transition: grandcanonical dynamics is more efficient in high dimensional spaces than canonical one. For harmonic spheres at finite temperature, the glassy state contains a finite replica-mismatch fraction even at the thermodynamic ideal-glass transition, thereby shifting the transition point from that predicted by the conventional replica ansatz.
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Nuclear Experiment

Measurement of the average transverse momentum of forward prompt charged particles in $pp$ and $p\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02\; \mathrm{TeV}$

LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb et al. (+1126 more)

This letter presents the first measurements of the average transverse momentum of prompt charged particles in $pp$ and $p\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions as a function of collision multiplicity and pseudorapidity. The data were recorded at nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02\; \mathrm{TeV}$ with the LHCb experiment. The pseudorapidity dependence of the multiplicity distribution is also measured. The average transverse momentum results show a decreasing trend with pseudorapidity, more pronounced in high-multiplicity events, consistent with the collective behaviour of the produced matter. The measurements are reproduced by state-of-the-art (3+1D) hydrodynamic calculations, while saturation models are not compatible with the data.
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All authors LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A.A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C.A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, S. Amato, J.L. Amey, Y. Amhis, L. An, L. Anderlini, M. Andersson, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J.A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J.J. Back, Z.B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I.R. Barbosa, R.J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Baron, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P.B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I.B. Bediaga, N.A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belov, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, J.L.M. Berkey, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M.S. Bieker, N.V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F.C.R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J.E. Blank, S. Blusk, J.A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R. Bolzonella, R.B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J.T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S.A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T.J.V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J.D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, D. Brundu, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, C. Buti, J.S. Butter, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J.I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A.C. Campos, A.F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, A. Casais Vidal, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A.J. Chadwick, I. Chahrour, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, G. Chizhik, V. Chobanova, M. Chrzaszcz, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, P. Cifra, P.E.L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H.V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, G.C. Costantino, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D.C. Craik, N. Crepet, M. Cruz Torres, M. Cubero Campos, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C.L. Da Silva, X. Dai, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, G. Darze, A. Davidson, J.E. Davies, O. De Aguiar Francisco, C. De Angelis, F. De Benedetti, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, S. De Capua, M. De Cian, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, E. De Lucia, J.M. De Miranda, L. De Paula, M. De Serio, P. De Simone, F. De Vellis, J.A. de Vries, F. Debernardis, D. Decamp, S. Dekkers, L. Del Buono, B. Delaney, J. Deng, V. Denysenko, O. Deschamps, F. Dettori, B. Dey, P. Di Nezza, S. Ding, Y. Ding, L. Dittmann, A.D. Docheva, A. Doheny, C. Dong, F. Dordei, A.C. dos Reis, A.D. Dowling, L. Dreyfus, W. Duan, P. Duda, L. Dufour, V. Duk, P. Durante, M.M. Duras, J.M. Durham, O.D. Durmus, K. Duwe, A. Dziurda, S. Easo, E. Eckstein, U. Egede, S. Eisenhardt, E. Ejopu, L. Eklund, M. Elashri, D. Elizondo Blanco, J. Ellbracht, S. Ely, A. Ene, J. Eschle, T. Evans, F. Fabiano, S. Faghih, L.N. Falcao, B. Fang, R. Fantechi, L. Fantini, M. Faria, K. Farmer, F. Fassin, D. Fazzini, L. Felkowski, C. Feng, M. Feng, A. Fernandez Casani, M. Fernandez Gomez, A.D. Fernez, F. Ferrari, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, M. Ferrillo, R.A. Fini, M. Fiorini, M. Firlej, K.L. Fischer, D.S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Fiutowski, F. Fleuret, A. Fomin, M. Fontana, L.A. Foreman, R. Forty, D. Foulds-Holt, V. Franco Lima, M. Franco Sevilla, M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei, D.A. Friday, J. Fu, Q. Führing, T. Fulghesu, G. Galati, M.D. Galati, A. Gallas Torreira, D. Galli, S. Gambetta, M. Gandelman, P. Gandini, B. Ganie, H. Gao, R. Gao, T.Q. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, L.M. Garcia Martin, P. Garcia Moreno, J. García Pardiñas, P. Gardner, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, A. Gavrikov, E. Gersabeck, M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon, S. Ghizzo, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, F.I. Giasemis, V. Gibson, H.K. Giemza, A.L. Gilman, M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù, L. Girardey, M.A. Giza, F.C. Glaser, V.V. Gligorov, C. Göbel, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, E. Golobardes, A. Golutvin, S. Gomez Fernandez, W. Gomulka, F. Goncalves Abrantes, I. Gonçales Vaz, M. Goncerz, G. Gong, J.A. Gooding, C. Gotti, E. Govorkova, J.P. Grabowski, L.A. Granado Cardoso, E. Graugés, E. Graverini, L. Grazette, G. Graziani, A.T. Grecu, N.A. Grieser, L. Grillo, C. Gu, M. Guarise, L. Guerry, A.-K. Guseinov, Y. Guz, T. Gys, K. Habermann, T. Hadavizadeh, C. Hadjivasiliou, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, S. Haken, G. Hallett, P.M. Hamilton, Q. Han, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Harnew, T.J. Harris, M. Hartmann, S. Hashmi, J. He, N. Heatley, A. Hedes, F. Hemmer, C. Henderson, R. Henderson, R.D.L. Henderson, A.M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy, J. Herd, P. Herrero Gascon, J. Heuel, A. Heyn, A. Hicheur, G. Hijano Mendizabal, J. Horswill, R. Hou, Y. Hou, D.C. Houston, N. Howarth, W. Hu, X. Hu, W. Hulsbergen, R.J. Hunter, D. Hutchcroft, M. Idzik, P. Ilten, A. Iohner, H. Jage, S.J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, T. Jakoubek, E. Jans, A. Jawahery, C. Jayaweera, A. Jelavic, V. Jevtic, Z. Jia, E. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y.J. Jiang, E. Jimenez Moya, N. Jindal, M. John, A. John Rubesh Rajan, D. Johnson, C.R. Jones, S. Joshi, B. Jost, J. Juan Castella, N. Jurik, I. Juszczak, K. Kalecinska, D. Kaminaris, S. Kandybei, M. Kane, Y. Kang, C. Kar, M. Karacson, A. Kauniskangas, J.W. Kautz, M.K. Kazanecki, F. Keizer, M. Kenzie, T. Ketel, B. Khanji, S. Kholodenko, G. Khreich, F. Kiraz, T. Kirn, V.S. Kirsebom, N. Kleijne, A. Kleimenova, D. Klekots, K. Klimaszewski, M.R. Kmiec, T. Knospe, R. Kolb, S. Koliiev, L. Kolk, A. Konoplyannikov, P. Kopciewicz, P. Koppenburg, A. Korchin, I. Kostiuk, O. Kot, S. Kotriakhova, E. Kowalczyk, O. Kravcov, M. Kreps, W. Krupa, W. Krzemien, O. Kshyvanskyi, S. Kubis, M. Kucharczyk, A. Kupsc, V. Kushnir, B. Kutsenko, J. Kvapil, I. Kyryllin, D. Lacarrere, P. Laguarta Gonzalez, A. Lai, A. Lampis, D. Lancierini, C. Landesa Gomez, J.J. Lane, G. Lanfranchi, C. Langenbruch, T. Latham, F. Lazzari, C. Lazzeroni, R. Le Gac, H. Lee, R. Lefèvre, M. Lehuraux, E. Lemos Cid, O. Leroy, T. Lesiak, E.D. Lesser, B. Leverington, A. Li, C. Li, C. Li, H. Li, J. Li, K. Li, L. Li, P. Li, P.-R. Li, Q. Li, T. Li, T. Li, W. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Z. Lian, Q. Liang, X. Liang, Z. Liang, S. Libralon, A. Lightbody, T. Lin, R. Lindner, H. Linton, R. Litvinov, D. Liu, F.L. Liu, G. Liu, K. Liu, S. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.L. Liu, G. Loachamin Ordonez, I. Lobo, A. Lobo Salvia, A. Loi, T. Long, F.C.L. Lopes, J.H. Lopes, A. Lopez Huertas, C. Lopez Iribarnegaray, Q. Lu, C. Lucarelli, D. Lucchesi, M. Lucio Martinez, Y. Luo, A. Lupato, M. Lupberger, E. Luppi, K. Lynch, S. Lyu, X.-R. Lyu, H. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert, F. Maciuc, B. Mack, I. Mackay, L.M. Mackey, L.R. Madhan Mohan, M.J. Madurai, D. Magdalinski, J.J. Malczewski, S. Malde, L. Malentacca, G. Manca, G. Mancinelli, C. Mancuso, R. Manera Escalero, A. Mangalasseri, F.M. Manganella, D. Manuzzi, S. Mao, D. Marangotto, J.F. Marchand, R. Marchevski, U. Marconi, E. Mariani, S. Mariani, C. Marin Benito, J. Marks, A.M. Marshall, L. Martel, G. Martelli, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli, M. Martinelli, C. Martinez, D. Martinez Gomez, D. Martinez Santos, F. Martinez Vidal, A. Martorell i Granollers, A. Massafferri, R. Matev, A. Mathad, C. Matteuzzi, K.R. Mattioli, A. Mauri, E. Maurice, J. Mauricio, P. Mayencourt, J. Mazorra de Cos, M. Mazurek, D. Mazzanti Tarancon, M. McCann, N.T. McHugh, A. McNab, R. McNulty, B. Meadows, S.E.R. Medaer, D. Melnychuk, D. Mendoza Granada, P. Menendez Valdes Perez, F.M. Meng, M. Merk, A. Merli, L. Meyer Garcia, D. Miao, H. Miao, M. Mikhasenko, D.A. Milanes, A. Minotti, E. Minucci, B. Mitreska, D.S. Mitzel, R. Mocanu, A. Modak, L. Moeser, R.D. Moise, E.F. Molina Cardenas, T. Mombächer, M. Monk, T. Monnard, S. Monteil, A. Morcillo Gomez, G. Morello, M.J. Morello, M.P. Morgenthaler, A. Moro, J. Moron, W. Morren, A.B. Morris, A.G. Morris, R. Mountain, Z. Mu, N. Muangkod, E. Muhammad, F. Muheim, M. Mulder, K. Müller, F. Muñoz-Rojas, V. Mytrochenko, P. Naik, T. Nakada, R. Nandakumar, G. Napoletano, I. Nasteva, M. Needham, N. Neri, S. Neubert, N. Neufeld, J. Nicolini, D. Nicotra, E.M. Niel, L. Nisi, Q. Niu, B.K. Njoki, P. Nogarolli, P. Nogga, C. Normand, J. Novoa Fernandez, G. Nowak, H.N. Nur, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, T. Oeser, O. Okhrimenko, R. Oldeman, F. Oliva, E. Olivart Pino, M. Olocco, R.H. O'Neil, J.S. Ordonez Soto, D. Osthues, J.M. Otalora Goicochea, P. Owen, A. Oyanguren, O. Ozcelik, F. Paciolla, A. Padee, K.O. Padeken, B. Pagare, T. Pajero, A. Palano, L. Palini, M. Palutan, C. Pan, X. Pan, S. Panebianco, S. Paniskaki, L. Paolucci, A. Papanestis, M. Pappagallo, L.L. Pappalardo, C. Pappenheimer, C. Parkes, D. Parmar, G. Passaleva, D. Passaro, A. Pastore, M. Patel, J. Patoc, C. Patrignani, A. Paul, C.J. Pawley, A. Pellegrino, J. Peng, X. Peng, M. Pepe Altarelli, S. Perazzini, H. Pereira Da Costa, M. Pereira Martinez, A. Pereiro Castro, C. Perez, P. Perret, A. Perrevoort, A. Perro, M.J. Peters, K. Petridis, A. Petrolini, S. Pezzulo, J.P. Pfaller, H. Pham, L. Pica, M. Piccini, L. Piccolo, B. Pietrzyk, R.N. Pilato, D. Pinci, F. Pisani, M. Pizzichemi, V.M. Placinta, M. Plo Casasus, T. Poeschl, F. Polci, M. Poli Lener, A. Poluektov, I. Polyakov, E. Polycarpo, S. Ponce, D. Popov, K. Popp, K. Prasanth, C. Prouve, D. Provenzano, V. Pugatch, A. Puicercus Gomez, G. Punzi, J.R. Pybus, Q. Qian, W. Qian, N. Qin, R. Quagliani, R.I. Rabadan Trejo, B. Rachwal, R. Racz, J.H. Rademacker, M. Rama, M. Ramírez García, V. Ramos De Oliveira, M. Ramos Pernas, M.S. Rangel, G. Raven, M. Rebollo De Miguel, F. Redi, J. Reich, F. Reiss, Z. Ren, P.K. Resmi, M. Ribalda Galvez, R. Ribatti, G. Ricart, D. Riccardi, S. Ricciardi, K. Richardson, M. Richardson-Slipper, F. Riehn, K. Rinnert, P. Robbe, G. Robertson, E. Rodrigues, A. Rodriguez Alvarez, E. Rodriguez Fernandez, J.A. Rodriguez Lopez, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez, J. Roensch, A. Rogovskiy, D.L. Rolf, P. Roloff, V. Romanovskiy, A. Romero Vidal, G. Romolini, F. Ronchetti, T. Rong, M. Rotondo, M.S. Rudolph, M. Ruiz Diaz, J. Ruiz Vidal, J.J. Saavedra-Arias, J.J. Saborido Silva, D. Sahoo, N. Sahoo, B. Saitta, M. Salomoni, I. Sanderswood, R. Santacesaria, C. Santamarina Rios, M. Santimaria, L. Santoro, E. Santovetti, A. Saputi, A. Sarnatskiy, G. Sarpis, M. Sarpis, C. Satriano, A. Satta, M. Saur, H. Sazak, F. Sborzacchi, A. Scarabotto, S. Schael, S. Scherl, M. Schiller, H. Schindler, M. Schmelling, B. Schmidt, N. Schmidt, S. Schmitt, H. Schmitz, O. Schneider, A. Schopper, N. Schulte, M.H. Schune, G. Schwering, B. Sciascia, A. Sciuccati, G. Scriven, I. Segal, S. Sellam, M. Senghi Soares, A. Sergi, N. Serra, L. Sestini, B. Sevilla Sanjuan, Y. Shang, D.M. Shangase, R.S. Sharma, L. Shchutska, T. Shears, J. Shen, Z. Shen, S. Sheng, B. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, W.S. Shi, E. Shmanin, R. Silva Coutinho, G. Simi, S. Simone, M. Singha, I. Siral, N. Skidmore, T. Skwarnicki, M.W. Slater, E. Smith, M. Smith, L. Soares Lavra, M.D. Sokoloff, F.J.P. Soler, A. Solomin, K. Solovieva, N.S. Sommerfeld, R. Song, Y. Song, Y. Song, Y.S. Song, F.L. Souza De Almeida, B. Souza De Paula, K.M. Sowa, E. Spadaro Norella, E. Spedicato, J.G. Speer, P. Spradlin, F. Stagni, M. Stahl, S. Stahl, S. Stanislaus, M. Stefaniak, O. Steinkamp, F. Suljik, J. Sun, L. Sun, M. Sun, D. Sundfeld, W. Sutcliffe, P. Svihra, V. Svintozelskyi, K. Swientek, F. Swystun, A. Szabelski, T. Szumlak, Y. Tan, Y. Tang, Y.T. Tang, M.D. Tat, J.A. Teijeiro Jimenez, F. Terzuoli, F. Teubert, E. Thomas, D.J.D. Thompson, A.R. Thomson-Strong, H. Tilquin, V. Tisserand, S. T'Jampens, M. Tobin, T.T. Todorov, L. Tomassetti, G. Tonani, X. Tong, T. Tork, L. Toscano, D.Y. Tou, C. Trippl, G. Tuci, N. Tuning, L.H. Uecker, A. Ukleja, A. Upadhyay, B. Urbach, A. Usachov, U. Uwer, V. Vagnoni, A. Vaitkevicius, V. Valcarce Cadenas, G. Valenti, N. Valls Canudas, J. van Eldik, H. Van Hecke, E. van Herwijnen, C.B. Van Hulse, R. Van Laak, M. van Veghel, G. Vasquez, R. Vazquez Gomez, P. Vazquez Regueiro, C. Vázquez Sierra, S. Vecchi, J. Velilla Serna, J.J. Velthuis, M. Veltri, A. Venkateswaran, M. Verdoglia, M. Vesterinen, W. Vetens, D. Vico Benet, P. Vidrier Villalba, M. Vieites Diaz, X. Vilasis-Cardona, E. Vilella Figueras, A. Villa, P. Vincent, B. Vivacqua, F.C. Volle, D. vom Bruch, K. Vos, C. Vrahas, J. Wagner, J. Walsh, N. Walter, E.J. Walton, G. Wan, A. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, G. Wang, H. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, N.W. Wang, R. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X.W. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.H. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, J.A. Ward, M. Waterlaat, N.K. Watson, D. Websdale, Y. Wei, Z. Weida, J. Wendel, B.D.C. Westhenry, C. White, M. Whitehead, E. Whiter, A.R. Wiederhold, D. Wiedner, M.A. Wiegertjes, C. Wild, G. Wilkinson, M.K. Wilkinson, M. Williams, M.J. Williams, M.R.J. Williams, R. Williams, S. Williams, Z. Williams, F.F. Wilson, M. Winn, W. Wislicki, M. Witek, L. Witola, T. Wolf, E. Wood, G. Wormser, S.A. Wotton, H. Wu, J. Wu, X. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Wu, K. Wyllie, S. Xian, Z. Xiang, Y. Xie, T.X. Xing, A. Xu, L. Xu, M. Xu, R. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, S. Yadav, K. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yang, H. Yeung, H. Yin, X. Yin, C.Y. Yu, J. Yu, X. Yuan, Y Yuan, J.A. Zamora Saa, M. Zavertyaev, M. Zdybal, F. Zenesini, C. Zeng, M. Zeng, S.H Zeng, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. Zhang, S.L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, J. Zhao, Y. Zhao, A. Zhelezov, S.Z. Zheng, X.Z. Zheng, Y. Zheng, T. Zhou, X. Zhou, V. Zhovkovska, L.Z. Zhu, X. Zhu, X. Zhu, Y. Zhu, V. Zhukov, J. Zhuo, D. Zuliani, G. Zunica

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.AP

Nonlinear Stability and Instability of Finite-Energy Solutions of the Compressible Euler-Riesz Equations with General Pressure Laws

Jose A. Carrillo, Samuel R. Charles, Gui-Qiang G. Chen et al. (+1 more)

The compressible Euler-Riesz equations arise in the modeling of a wide range of physical phenomena, including stellar dynamics, plasma physics, and mathematical biology. In this paper, we investigate the nonlinear stability and instability of steady states for the multidimensional compressible Euler-Riesz equations under general pressure laws. In the polytropic case, we establish the nonlinear instability of steady states in the mass-supercritical regime for attractive potentials; this is achieved by analyzing the concavity of the free energy along mass-preserving dilations. At the mass-critical exponent, we show that, for any steady state, there exist solutions that start arbitrarily close to it, but develop growing support. For general pressure laws, we employ a concentration-compactness approach to prove the existence of energy minimizers and establish the nonlinear stability of steady states. Moreover, we quantify the finite-time stability by deriving a relative entropy bound for finite-energy solutions, without requiring uniform pointwise upper and lower bounds on the density. We further exploit the convexity of the second moment to obtain quantitative growth estimates for solutions with positive energy, thereby proving the local nature of the stability result. Finally, we prove the global existence of finite-energy weak solutions to the compressible Euler-Riesz equations with spherical symmetry for general pressure laws via the compensated compactness method, thereby yielding unconditional stability around steady states within the class of weak solutions. The approach developed in this paper should be useful for solving other nonlinear partial differential equations involving similar difficulties.
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All authors Jose A. Carrillo, Samuel R. Charles, Gui-Qiang G. Chen, Difan Yuan

Nuclear Theory

Recent Progress in Ab-Initio Nuclear Theory for Precision Physics Searches in Muonic Atoms and Superallowed $\beta$ Decays

Simone Salvatore Li Muli and Michael Gennari

Precision tests of the Standard Model at low energy are increasingly limited by nuclear-structure theory rather than by experiment. We review two such cases: the two-photon-exchange correction to the Lamb shift in muonic atoms, and the \texorpdfstring{$\gamma W$}{gamma-W} box radiative correction to superallowed \texorpdfstring{$\beta$}{beta} decays. Although they probe different physics, both are governed by the same generalized hadronic tensor, so that the chiral effective field theory Hamiltonians and currents, Lanczos-based response methods, and Bayesian uncertainty quantification developed for one carry over directly to the other. We summarize recent ab initio progress in light nuclei and its impact on nuclear charge radii, on the helium isotope-shift puzzle, and on the extraction of \texorpdfstring{$V_{ud}$}{Vud} for the top-row CKM unitarity test, and state a future outlook.
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Optics

Twin reflections from a moving space-time boundary

Yukun Yang, Hao Hu, Youxiu Yu et al. (+7 more)

An interluminal interface, a space-time boundary propagating at a velocity between the group velocities of the surrounding media, enables extraordinary wave phenomena such as nonreciprocal amplification and analogues of Hawking radiation. A particularly intriguing prediction is that such an interface splits an incident wave into three outgoing waves: one transmitted and two reflected. Yet, despite decades of theoretical study, this triple-wave scattering has remained experimentally unobserved, owing to stringent requirements on interface velocity and modulation speed. Here, we introduce a programmable spatiotemporal microstrip transmission-line platform that realizes step-modulated interluminal interfaces with controlled velocity. Using this system, we report the direct observation of bi-reflection from an interluminal interface, confirming the emergence of two distinct reflected waves alongside a transmitted one. Measured frequencies and scattering coefficients show excellent agreement with longstanding theoretical predictions. Furthermore, we reveal that the two reflections possess fundamentally different causal symmetries: one is spatially inverted, while the other is time-reversed. These findings resolve a half-century-old puzzle in moving-boundary electrodynamics and establish a versatile experimental platform for studying wave interaction with dynamic interfaces. Our work opens pathways to velocity-independent scattering devices, broadband frequency conversion, and advanced spatiotemporal wave engineering.
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All authors Yukun Yang, Hao Hu, Youxiu Yu, Linyang Zou, Liangliang Liu, Jiang Xiong, Baile Zhang, Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal, Zhuo Li, Yu Luo

Quantum Physics

Enforcing IID structure on time-bin encoded QKD protocols via coarse-graining

Shlok Nahar, Shihong Pan and Norbert Lütkenhaus

Many security proofs for quantum key distribution (QKD) require Bob's measurement to have a tensor-product structure across protocol rounds, with some techniques requiring the stronger independent-and-identically-distributed (IID) condition. Time-bin encoded protocols often rely on interferometers whose detector outcomes depend on the interference between optical modes from neighbouring rounds, obstructing the direct application of such proofs. We show that classical post-processing of Bob's measurement data — specifically, discarding the outcomes of detectors sensitive to inter-round coherence — is sufficient to recover a product measurement positive operator-valued measure (POVM) (which is IID when the same single-round setup is used in every round). Applied to the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and the IID variant of the COW detection setup, this removes the need for the additional vacuum pulse introduced in prior analyses to establish tensor product structure of the measurement POVM, recovering better key rates without placing any restriction on Eve's attack.
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Quantum Physics

Hybrid quantum-classical end-to-end pipeline for solving MILPs: a vehicle routing case study

Camille de Valk, Koen Reerink, Siert Sebus et al. (+1 more)

We demonstrate an end-to-end hybrid quantum-classical optimisation framework based on Benders decomposition, capable of solving mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problems. The framework builds on a previously presented hybrid quantum-classical end-to-end pipeline based on Multiple Cuts via Multiple Solutions (MCMS) Benders decomposition where the cut selection step was performed on quantum annealing hardware. We extend this with gate-based QAOA implementations for both tensor network emulators and superconducting quantum hardware. The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is used as a representative case study and we run the pipeline end-to-end on 10 permutations of a standardised benchmarking instance (20 customers and 4 vehicles from QOptLib) with a classical solver performing the cut selection step. We find that for our instances, only a small fraction of the compute in classical MCMS Benders decomposition is spent on the cut selection step. For a full hybrid end-to-end assessment, we run the pipeline for a toy problem with MPS-JuliQAOA, a powerful tensor network emulator, to execute QAOA. Here, the majority of the time is spent on the cut selection step, deeming quantum advantage of this framework unlikely at problems of this size. This highlights the need for more large-scale benchmarking research when more powerful (QPU) QUBO solvers are available.
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All authors Camille de Valk, Koen Reerink, Siert Sebus, Sébastian de Bon

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Energetic Particle Acceleration and Transport: Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections and Shocks

Olga E. Malandraki, Christina M. S. Cohen, Joe Giacalone et al. (+16 more)

Solar Energetic Particles from suprathermal (few keV) up to relativistic (few GeV) energies constitute an important contributor to the characterization of the space environment. Emitted from the Sun they are associated with solar flares and shock waves driven by Coronal Mass Ejections. This review presents important recent results of the study of Interplanetary CMEs and shocks in relation to energetic particle acceleration and transport, taking advantage of multi-point, multi-instrument observations available by a fleet of spacecraft in the heliosphere. In particular, the Solar Orbiter and Parker Solar Probe pioneering missions providing unprecedented measurements of energetic particles in the near-Sun environment offer promising insights into several unresolved questions particularly regarding the mechanisms responsible for the acceleration and transport of energetic particles in the heliosphere and their relative contributions.
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All authors Olga E. Malandraki, Christina M. S. Cohen, Joe Giacalone, Leng Ying Khoo, Domenico Trotta, Laura Rodriguez-Garcia, Athanasios Kouloumvakos, Zheyi Ding, Yuncong Li, Alexander Kollhoff, John G. Mitchell, David J. Mccomas, Nathan A. Schwadron, Javier Rodriguez-Pacheco, Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, George C. Ho, Glenn Mason, Michalis Karavolos, Jingnan Guo

Quantum Physics

PhD thesis: Modes, States, and Symmetries in quantum Optics for quantum Information and Metrology

Éloi Descamps

This thesis explores the role of modes, states, and symmetries in quantum optics, within the context of quantum information and quantum metrology. It proposes a unified framework to analyze how the modal structure of photonic fields, the statistical nature of states, and their symmetry properties determine the physical resources that can be exploited for quantum information processing and quantum parameter estimation. A first line of investigation develops a description of time-frequency degrees of freedom as continuous quantum variables, highlighting their richness for encoding and manipulating information. A second axis studies entanglement and collective variables, clarifying the link between physical resources and metrological gains, particularly in reaching ultimate precision limits. Interferometric scenarios of the Hong-Ou-Mandel type are then analyzed, and a general formalism centered on the notion of symmetry is developed. This framework enables the analysis of a broad range of situations and leads to several generalizations. Finally, the thesis examines the symmetries imposed by optical superselection rules and their consequences for the structure of quantum states and their operational performance, with the aim of providing a deeper understanding of the foundations of quantum optics.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Constraining $\alpha$-cluster compactness in $^{16}\rm O$ and $^{20}\rm Ne$ at TeV energies using azimuthal anisotropy

Aswathy Menon Kavumpadikkal Radhakrishnan, Suraj Prasad, Neelkamal Mallick et al. (+2 more)

Anisotropic flow in ultra-relativistic light-ion collisions is sensitive to the initial geometry of the colliding nuclei. We investigate whether elliptic flow measurements can constrain the parameters of the proposed $\alpha$-clustered nuclear density distributions of $^{16}$O and $^{20}$Ne at LHC energies. Using the hybrid framework IP-Glasma+MUSIC+iSS+UrQMD, we simulate OO and Ne–Ne collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.36$ TeV for the Woods–Saxon and $\alpha$-clustered configurations with varying cluster compactness. The elliptic flow coefficient $v_2\{2,|\Delta\eta|>1\}$ is calculated in the kinematic acceptances of ALICE, CMS, and ATLAS detectors and is compared with the Run~3 OO and Ne–Ne experimental measurements. It is observed that the final-state elliptic flow is significantly sensitive to the nuclear geometry, especially in OO collisions, where different configurations lead to distinct centrality dependencies and peak positions of $v_{2}$. By performing a systematic variation of the cluster size and inter-cluster separation in $^{16}$O and $^{20}$Ne nuclei, this work attempts to identify the cluster parameter range that provides the best agreement with the experimental data. These results show that the flow observables in TeV-energy light-ion collisions can be used to optimize the nuclear structure parameters of light nuclei.
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All authors Aswathy Menon Kavumpadikkal Radhakrishnan, Suraj Prasad, Neelkamal Mallick, Raghunath Sahoo, Gergely Gábor Barnaföldi

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Characterisation at the HL-LHC of Long-lived Heavy Neutrinos in Gauge Extensions of the Standard Model

Aram Fatah, Stefano Moretti and Antons Nikolajevs

We show how signals of heavy neutrinos with displaced decays can be detected at the Large Hadron Collider in two theoretical setups, both exploiting extended gauge sectors as portals to such new physics, the Left-Right Symmetric Model and $U(1)_{B-L}$. Further, owing to the reduced contamination from backgrounds away from the interaction point, we illustrate how the properties of the heavy neutrinos (mass, width and quantum numbers) can neatly be accessed at the High-Luminosity upgrade of the CERN machine.
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Quantum Physics

Recovering Coherent Errors from Randomized-Compiling Labels

Kushagra Vyas

Randomized compiling converts a coherent gate error into a stochastic one by dressing each gate with a randomly chosen Pauli operator, and the standard view is that the coherent information is lost once outcomes are averaged over these random choices. This is incorrect: an exact Fisher-information identity shows that the averaged data and the correlation between the outcome and the random choice, the twirl label, together conserve the full information, and only the label is normally discarded. Retaining it turns an unmodified randomized-compiling run into an unbiased estimator for the coherent error, at no added circuit cost, valid under realistic decoherence and at any circuit depth. The same construction extends to coupling between qubits through two further mechanisms: a neighboring qubit prepared in a known, randomized state probes static coupling, and randomizing the pulse count used to prepare that state isolates a second, physically distinct leakage effect found unexpectedly on real hardware during this work. All three results are derived exactly, checked against closed-form oracles, and tested on a 127-qubit IBM processor. The single-qubit case is confirmed cleanly: an injected phase is recovered to 0.006~rad while the same data without labels shows no signal. The two-qubit extensions are validated at the level of the recovery circuit, with clean positive controls on hardware, though the coupling strengths themselves remain below the resolution of the shot budgets used here.
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Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.AG

On the Betti numbers, Poincaré polynomials, and Euler characteristics of $\overline{\mathcal M}_{0,n}$

Giordano Cotti

In this paper, we revisit the Poincaré polynomials, Betti numbers, and Euler characteristics of the Deligne-Mumford moduli spaces $\overline{\mathcal M}_{0,n}$ of stable $n$-pointed rational curves. We give elementary derivations of two recent closed formulas for their Poincaré polynomials, due respectively to Aluffi-Marcolli-Nascimento (arXiv:2406.13095) and to Eur-Ferroni-Matherne-Pagaria-Vecchi (arXiv:2504.16776). Our approach shows that both formulas are already implicit in the generating-series results of Getzler and Manin, and can be extracted from them by elementary manipulations of generating functions, the binomial series, and standard identities for Stirling numbers. Beyond these new derivations, the same method also yields new linear recurrence relations for refined invariants associated with these Poincaré polynomials, namely distinguished summands and a bivariate refinement. As a further consequence, we obtain two additional formulas for the Betti numbers, not previously recorded in this form. We also study the Euler characteristics $\chi(\overline{\mathcal M}_{0,n})$. Using the Taylor expansion of a suitable branch of the Lambert $W$-function, we show that their sequence is obtained by evaluating complete Bell polynomials at an explicit auxiliary integer sequence. This Bell-polynomial representation yields Hessenberg determinantal formulas and a new linear recursion, distinct from the well-known quadratic Keel-Manin recursion. It also provides an explicit extraction of the Euler characteristics from the Lambert $W$-function expression considered by Aluffi-Marcolli-Nascimento. Finally, we refine the Manin-Zagier asymptotic estimate for these Euler characteristics by computing the full asymptotic expansion.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Bouncing Cosmology and Cosmological Dynamics in $f(Q,T)$ Gravity

Bhagwat Gidhad, A. S. Agrawal and S. A. Kadam

We propose a reconstructed cosmological model in the framework of $f(Q,T)$ gravity, that provides a unified description of the early- and late-time evolution of the Universe. The model exhibits a non-singular asymmetric bounce, smoothly connecting an initial contracting phase to the subsequent expanding Universe and naturally evolving into a late-time dark energy-dominated epoch. Our study focuses on the progression of the Hubble parameter, energy density, pressure, and the parameter. This analysis aims to define the various stages of cosmic evolution and explore the characteristics of dark energy. The analysis of energy conditions reveals that the essential conditions for achieving a non-singular bounce are violated. Overall, the $f(Q, T)$ gravity model, once reconstructed, effectively captures the cosmic dynamics surrounding the bounce. It offers a cohesive theoretical framework that reliably explains the Universe's evolution during both its early and late stages.
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Fluid Dynamics

Enhancing hydrogen production in alkaline electrolyzers by using an ultra-fast kinetics surfactant

D. Fernández-Martínez, G. Martín-Zazo, A. Rubio-González et al. (+4 more)

We study the effect of surfactant adsorption kinetics on water electrolysis performance using Surfynol 465, an ultrafast-kinetics surfactant. High-speed optical diagnostics reveal that Surfynol 465 reduces bubble residence time by an order of magnitude. Compared to the slower surfactant Triton X-100 and the surfactant-free baseline, it also prevents the growth of large bubbles ($>200\ \mu$m). We validated these results on an anion-exchange membrane electrolyzer (AEMEL) test bench. Adding Surfynol 465 to the $1\text{ M KOH}$ electrolyte decreases cell overpotential by 140–150 mV. It nearly triples the current density (from 0.13 to 0.37 A/cm$^2$ at 2 V) and increases average power by 40% during a week-long test. Furthermore, downstream corrosion analyses reveal a strong alloy-dependent response. The surfactant reduces degradation in stainless steel and brass but accelerates corrosion in carbon steel.
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All authors D. Fernández-Martínez, G. Martín-Zazo, A. Rubio-González, J. L. Serrano-Marcos, J. M. Montanero, F. J. Perosanz, E. J. Vega

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks

Quenched fluctuation-induced force arising from polarization disorder

Bing-Sui Lu

We investigate the zero-temperature behavior of the fluctuation force induced by the quenched disorder of electric dipoles frozen randomly into a material. Examples of such materials include relaxor ferroelectrics. In terms of the setup and geometry, we focus on a layered system comprising two coplanar semi-infinite slabs separated by a distance $\ell$ as well as a system comprising a neutral atom in the vacuum located at a distance $\ell$ above the surface of a semi-infinite slab. For both systems, we consider the cases where the quenched random dipolar disorder occurs inside the bulk as well as on the surface of the slabs. In all of these cases, we find that the bulk (surface) dipolar disorder-induced force grows with the mean square quenched electric dipole moment per unit volume (area). The bulk (surface) dipolar disorder-induced pressure between two semi-infinite single-layered slabs decays with $\ell^{-3}$ ($\ell^{-4}$), whereas the bulk (surface) dipolar disorder-induced force on an atom in the vacuum near a slab containing the disorder decays with $\ell^{-4}$ ($\ell^{-5}$). We also find that the quenched dipolar disorder-induced force between two coplanar slabs can be repulsive in a three-layered dielectric system that obeys a zero-frequency analogue of the Dzyaloshinskii-Lifshitz-Pitaevskii condition, and serve to enhance the “nanolevitation effect" if the latter is present in the disorder-free system.
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Quantum Physics

High-fidelity multiqubit gates with Rydberg atoms via level-crossing-free Rapid adiabatic passage

Yichi Zhang, Ximo Wang, Zhenqi Bai et al. (+2 more)

We propose a rapid adiabatic passage (RAP) scheme based on level-crossing-free pulses for deterministic generation of multiqubit entangled states in Rydberg atom systems. Unlike conventional RAP protocols that rely on level crossings, our approach uses an antisymmetric Rabi frequency and an even-symmetric detuning, enabling robust population transfer without passing through any level crossing. By exploiting the Rydberg blockade effect, the protocol prepares entangled states directly from an initial product state. Specifically, two sequential RAP pulses separated by a pi_g pulse generate two-qubit Bell states, three-qubit W states, four-qubit GHZ states, and six-qubit honeycomb W states. Numerical simulations show that the fidelities exceed 0.9997 for the Bell and three-qubit W states, reach 0.997 for the four-qubit GHZ state, and surpass 0.9995 for the six-qubit honeycomb W state. The scheme demonstrates excellent robustness against pulse parameter fluctuations, with fidelities remaining above 0.99 under +/-5% parameter variations. This work provides a simple, efficient, and robust method for entangled-state preparation in neutral-atom quantum information processing.
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All authors Yichi Zhang, Ximo Wang, Zhenqi Bai, Xu Zhao, Tiecheng Wang

Optics

Demonstration of a High-Q Subwavelength Dielectric Nanocylinder

Dayang Li, Simon Klinck Borregaard, Jesper Mørk et al. (+2 more)

The development of subwavelength dielectric cavities is essential for reducing the size of photonic devices and enabling dense optoelectronic integration. However, previouslysubwavelengthoptical cavities exhibit demonstrated Q-factors <400, limiting their applications. Here, we demonstrate a high-Q subwavelength nanocylinder by leveraging bound states in the continuum (BIC). We track BIC modes of different longitudinal orders while maintaining an ultrasmall footprint. We find that the Q-factor initially increases but then saturates at higher orders. By linking quasi-normal-mode perturbation theory with coupled-mode analysis, we reveal the physical origin of this saturation and identify an optimized dimension that balances performance with fabrication feasibility. By suspending this design in free space using nanobridges and optimizing the nanofabrication process, we experimentally realize an InP subwavelength nanocylinder with a measured Q-factor exceeding 1000. Compared with a lower-Q substrate-supported counterpart, the suspended high-Q BIC nanocylinder exhibits stronger scattering and photoluminescence signals. Our work provides a route to high-Q optical devices with ultrasmall footprints.
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All authors Dayang Li, Simon Klinck Borregaard, Jesper Mørk, Meng Xiong, Yi Yu

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Global 21cm Measurement Calibration Methodology

Martin Bucher, Christian J. Kirkham, Eloy de Lera Acedo et al. (+2 more)

21cm global signal observations present a unique set of calibration challenges owing to the absolute character of the required measurement. Since differential measurements on the sky cannot be used for observing the global signal, typically a number of calibration sources with differing noise temperatures and source impedances are used to determine the four noise parameters and the power gain of the amplification chain. Because of the broadband nature of the measurement, the antenna impedance varies with frequency in a manner different from the calibration sources, so that the simplest three-way Dicke switching strategy is not adequate. We present a self-contained and explicit derivation of the calibration equations and reconcile expressions from the early global 21cm observation literature with the results obtained following the amplifier noise representation formalism commonly used in the electrical engineering literature. We also present a condition in terms of Möbius geometry on the complex $\Gamma $- (or $Z$-) plane defining the choice of calibration source impedances required.
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All authors Martin Bucher, Christian J. Kirkham, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Dirk I. L. de Villiers, Saurabh Pegwal

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Automated NRQCD and NRQED simulations of quarkonium and leptonium production with P-wave states and physical-mass effects

Luca Maxia, Hua-Sheng Shao and Lukas Simon

We present the $\texttt{MadSONS}$ module, which extends the $\texttt{MadGraph5_aMC@NLO}$ framework by providing a fully automated solution for the simulation of arbitrary tree-level production processes involving non-relativistic bound states. More specifically, we focus on the production of quarkonia and leptonia in non-relativistic QCD and QED, respectively. This work constitutes the next step in the programme initiated in arXiv:2510.26773, where the colour and spin projectors required for S-wave states were first incorporated into $\texttt{MadGraph5_aMC@NLO}$. In the present development, we implement the remaining projectors associated with orbital and total angular momentum, thereby enabling the event generation of processes involving P-wave states. The derivatives required for the orbital-angular-momentum projection are evaluated using dual numbers. In addition, we implement a momentum-reshuffling procedure that accounts for physical bound-state mass effects in the phase space. The resulting framework applies to a wide range of collider environments while remaining compatible with standard multi-purpose Monte Carlo event generators for parton showering and hadronisation. As a first phenomenological application, we revisit $J/\psi + \psi(2{\rm S})$ production at the LHC and obtain an improved description of the LHCb data.
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Applied Physics · Cross-listed from eess.SP

A Dual-Mode FM/AM Modulator Based on a Time-Varying Inverting Integrator

Azalía G. Gil, Alfonso T. Muriel-Barrado, Mario Pérez-Escribano et al. (+2 more)

This paper presents the analysis, design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a dual-mode frequency/amplitude modulator based on a time-modulated varactor diode. By exploiting the varactor as a time-varying capacitor in combination with an operational amplifier configured as an inverting integrator and a passband filter, the proposed circuit generates frequency-modulated (FM) signals in an efficient manner. Amplitude-modulated (AM) signals can also be obtained with a simple modification. The implementation, realized in microstrip technology, leverages the unique properties of time-modulated electronic components, particularly their inherent frequency-mixing capability. Analytical expressions are derived to predict the characteristics of the generated waveforms, and their accuracy is verified through numerical simulations performed in Keysight ADS. A microstrip PCB prototype is then fabricated and experimentally characterized. The measured results show excellent agreement with both the theoretical predictions and the numerical simulations. The proposed approach demonstrates the potential of time-varying capacitors as an attractive alternative to conventional FM techniques for telecommunications and radar applications.
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All authors Azalía G. Gil, Alfonso T. Muriel-Barrado, Mario Pérez-Escribano, Carlos Molero, Antonio Alex-Amor

Instrumentation and Detectors

The CROSS experiment: detector construction, background projection, and sensitivity to $^{100}$Mo $0\nu2\beta$ decay

D. Auguste, A.S. Barabash, G. Benato et al. (+42 more)

The CROSS experiment to search for neutrinoless double-beta ($0\nu2\beta$) decay in $^{100}$Mo with the help of an array of scintillating cryogenic calorimeters, containing 4.9 kg of $^{100}$Mo, has been ongoing in a low-background setup at the Canfranc underground laboratory (Spain) since mid-November 2025. In this paper, we present the construction of the CROSS detector and the description of Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulations of expected background in the region of interest. The simulations predict the background index in a 100-keV-wide interval centered at the $Q$-value of $^{100}$Mo (3034 keV) on the level of 3.2(5) $\times$ 10$^{-3}$ cnts/keV/kg/yr. Taking into account an 18% deadtime induced by the muon veto cut and a typical 90% duty cycle of the facility, such background level would allow to reach the world-leading sensitivity to $^{100}$Mo $0\nu2\beta$ decay (lim $T_{1/2} \sim 4 \times 10^{24}$ yr) in 1 year of data taking. Considering conservatively a factor 3 (10) worse background index due to unpredictable radioactive contamination of construction materials and/or detector performance, a 2-yr-long operation of the CROSS array would be still compatible with the best (competitive) sensitivity to $0\nu2\beta$ decay in $^{100}$Mo.
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All authors D. Auguste, A.S. Barabash, G. Benato, V. Berest, L. Bergé, M. Buchynska, J.M. Calvo-Mozota, J. Cao, P. Carniti, M. Chapellier, D. Cintas, I. Cojocari, I. Dafinei, F.A. Danevich, M. De Deo, A. Drobizhev, L. Dumoulin, F. Ferri, A. Giuliani, C. Gotti, Ph. Gras, A. Ianni, V.V. Kobychev, Yu. G. Kolomensky, S.I. Konovalov, P. Loaiza, P. de Marcillac, S. Marnieros, C.A. Marrache-Kikuchi, M. Martinez, C. Nones, E. Olivieri, A. Ortiz de Solórzano, M. Pageot, Y. Peinaud, G. Pessina, D.V. Poda, Ph. Rosier, B. Schmidt, R. Serino, V.I. Tretyak, V.I. Umatov, M. Velazquez, M. Zarytskyy, A. Zolotarova

Chemical Physics

Preparing Small Gaussian Basis for Highly Accurate Ab Initio Description of Lithium Rydberg States

Jan Šmydke, Benjamín Andreides and Simona Dubcová

A new small and highly accurate Gaussian basis set has been developed for the ab initio description of $^2$Li Rydberg excited states up to $n = 7$ and S, P, D, F, and G angular momentum symmetry, and the appropriate optimization protocol is presented. The obtained Rydberg excitation energies are compared with results from other highly accurate approaches. At the EOM-CCSD level of theory the new basis exhibits higher than $10^{-2}$ eV accuracy of the excitation energies and the ionization potential and provides superior results than an analogous universal Gaussian basis set, while utilizing even smaller number of basis functions. Plots of the 1-dimensional Rydberg-orbital cuts reveal a regular nodal structure along the logarithmic scale of the atomic radius reaching tens of angstrom far from the nucleus. The presented Rydberg basis set generation methodology is an important step towards routine ab initio Rydberg-state related investigations of more complex systems, such as large atoms and polyatomic molecules.
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