Optics
Silicon avalanche transition edge bolometer: approaching the thermodynamic limit for uncooled long-wave infrared detection
Wenjun Deng, Renwen Yu, Guanyu Han et al. (+4 more)
Bolometers transduce incident electromagnetic radiation into measurable electrical signals via radiation-induced heating in thermo-resistive materials. They are uniquely capable of detecting low-energy
photons without cryogenic cooling, and are widely deployed for uncooled long-wave infrared (LWIR) radiation detection and thermal imaging. Although their fundamental detection limit is set by the thermodynamic fluctuations, state-of-the-art uncooled bolometers still operate well above this limit due to the presence of Johnson noise, 1/f noise and noises from the readout
circuits. Here, we address this challenge by introducing a new uncooled LWIR bolometer concept—the silicon avalanche transition edge (SATE) bolometer. Operating near the steep current transition edge associated with avalanche breakdown, the device exhibits an ultra-high, positive temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 330 %/K, greatly suppressing the impacts of other noise sources. Even without any thermal insulation structures, the SATE bolometer delivers a high room-temperature responsivity up to 160 mA/W for 9.5 $\mu$m radiation, a noise equivalent power of 370 pW/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$, and a strong electro-thermal feedback enlarged bandwidth of 77 kHz—performance unattainable with conventional bolometer materials with a TCR of $-1\sim-3\%$/K. Our work establishes a promising thermo-electric transduction mechanism toward high-sensitivity, high-speed room-temperature thermal imaging and infrared spectroscopy using CMOS technology.
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All authors Wenjun Deng, Renwen Yu, Guanyu Han, Ziyao Feng, Yu Wang, Shanhui Fan, Qiushi Guo
Optics · Cross-listed from quant-ph
Exact damping-basis continued fractions for few-atom lasers: collective correlations beyond second-order cumulant closure
Stephan Hartmann
We combine the Briegel–Englert damping basis of a lossy cavity mode with the permutation-invariant Liouville basis of \(N\) identical, incoherently pumped two-level emitters. The resulting Liouvillian is exactly block tridiagonal in a single radial field index, with atomic blocks of dimension \(\binom{N+3}{3}\). The stationary state follows from a
matrix continued fraction whose asymptotic closure is a linear
matrix equation that we prove to be uniquely solvable throughout the dissipative regime \(A>0\), and the same construction in the coherence-one sector yields the emission spectrum. The method is validated against direct diagonalization, weak-pump perturbation theory, and closed-system spectra, reaches \(N=16\) in tens of seconds in the few-quanta regime, and has a quantified precision limit at large
photon number. We use it to derive an exact two-atom
photon-balance identity that isolates the cavity-induced pair coherence and relates it to a singlet–triplet population difference; to establish an exact pump-order hierarchy of connected correlations for a zero-temperature cavity and a parity property of the minimal collective-
spin sector; and to
benchmark the second-order cumulant closure used in few-emitter
laser theory, which we find to be semi-quantitative for the
photon number but to predict the wrong sign of the inter-emitter coherence above inversion. In a good-cavity regime the exact solution shows near-Poissonian statistics and strong line narrowing for two and three emitters.
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Optics · Cross-listed from cond-mat.mtrl-sci
Enhanced thermal stability of SiGeSn by suppressing surface-mediated degradation
Anis Attiaoui, Sebastian Koelling, Lu Luo et al. (+2 more)
$\text{SiGeSn}$
alloys are promising silicon-compatible
semiconductors for monolithic infrared photonics. However, their metastable nature limits the thermal budgets available for post-growth device processing, and the mechanisms governing their thermal degradation remain unresolved. Here, we investigate the thermal stability of $\text{Si}_{0.08}\text{Ge}_{0.83}\text{Sn}_{0.04}$
alloys using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) during isothermal annealing at 550 {\deg}C. We show that adding an ultrathin oxide cap kinetically suppresses Sn exchange with the free surface while leaving bulk
diffusion pathways largely unaffected. Uncapped films undergo phase separation after 50 min, accompanied by void formation, a 60% thickness reduction, and a 400 meV blueshift of the $E_{2}$ critical point (CP) transition, consistent with substitutional Sn depletion from the probed volume through surface segregation. In contrast, oxide-capped films exhibit a small compositional change (<1 at.% Sn) and optical shift (<20 meV) over the same period, with suppressed void formation, strain relaxation, and
alloy decomposition. This surface-kinetic control additionally yields a 25-fold reduction in contact resistivity relative to annealed uncapped
alloys. These results identify surface Sn transport as the dominant degradation pathway in SiGeSn and demonstrate that an ultrathin oxide cap extends the thermal stability of metastable group-IV
alloys, providing a practical route toward their integration into advanced silicon photonic and electronic platforms.
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All authors Anis Attiaoui, Sebastian Koelling, Lu Luo, Simone Assali, Oussama Moutanabbir
Optics
Hysteresis and trap emission in dc-biased integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators
Matthew Yeh, CJ Xin, Donald Witt et al. (+3 more)
The electro-optic effect is crucially important for low power and efficient tuning of integrated photonic
circuits. However, in electro-optic materials such as lithium niobate, dc biasing for an extended duration of time results in the emergence of numerous nonidealities, including hysteresis – a persistent degradation of the magnitude and linearity of the dc electro-optic response. We show that electro-optic hysteresis can be reversed under both zero-bias and reverse-bias conditions, given sufficient time or reverse voltage and consistent with a defect model of the underlying physics. Specifically, we find that drift phenomena at short time scales can be explained by charge trapping dynamics near the contact junction, and thereby devise an active reset protocol that restores the magnitude of the response and partially restores the drift time scales.
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All authors Matthew Yeh, CJ Xin, Donald Witt, David R. Barton, Evelyn L. Hu, Marko Lončar
Optics
Stitch-Free, Diamond-Scribed Silicon Nitride Photonic Integrated Circuits for the Visible Band
Kishor Kumar Mandal, Lekshmi Eswaramoorthy, Parul Sharma et al. (+5 more)
Silicon nitride photonic integrated
circuits for the visible band are conventionally built with a buried oxide overcladding and singulated with wafer-scale tooling, constraints that preclude evanescent access to the guided mode for externally integrated emitters. We report a PECVD grown $Si_3N_4$ platform designed around an air-clad waveguide whose evanescent field remains accessible along the full device length. Two process elements make this geometry practical at chip scale. Fixed-beam moving-stage electron-beam lithography writes 500 nm single-mode waveguides as one continuous exposure across the 5 mm chip, removing write-field stitching which, given the $\sigma^{2}/d^{4}$ scaling of sidewall scattering in this high-confinement geometry at 635 nm, would otherwise dominate the loss budget. Chip singulation is performed by pen-type diamond scribing along lithographically patterned markers registered to in-plane direction, cleaving the Si(100) substrate to yield end-facets within $2^\circ$ of normal at $80 \%$ yield. Structural characterization by scanning electron microscopy confirms stitch-free waveguide geometry and undamaged, near-vertical scribed facets; light is coupled end-fire into fabricated devices and guided to a microring with evanescent bus-to-ring coupling confirmed by scattering imaging, and a sidewall-roughness-dependent scattering-loss model indicates that loss remains low in the roughness regime consistent with the observed facet and sidewall quality. Building on the intrinsic emitter-resonator coupling demonstrated in, this platform extends monolithic $Si_3N_4$ photonics toward scalable visible-to-near-infrared
quantum and classical
circuits.
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All authors Kishor Kumar Mandal, Lekshmi Eswaramoorthy, Parul Sharma, Anuj Kumar Singh, Brijesh Kumar, Tanmay Gupta, Venu Gopal Achanta, Anshuman Kumar
Optics
Bridging high-Q and Kerr-nonlinear photonics using modal phase matching
Jordan R. Stone, Saleha Fatema, Christopher V. Poulton et al. (+3 more)
Integrated Kerr microresonators provide on-chip optical nonlinearity for wavelength conversion, optical frequency combs, and
quantum light sources. Traditionally, their dispersion engineering has tied nonlinear functionality to resonator geometry, forcing trade-offs with other device objectives. In particular, Kerr microresonators usually feature narrow resonator waveguides, but wide waveguides support higher Q through reduced sidewall scattering. We propose that modal phase matching - invoking multiple spatial mode families to satisfy dispersion requirements - facilitates Kerr nonlinear optics beyond traditional geometries. Working with a commercial foundry, we design and fabricate high-$ (>10^7) microresonators on a 160-nm-thick silicon nitride platform and demonstrate Kerr optical parametric oscillation. We achieve 20% conversion efficiency and gap-free wavelength tuning over >1 nm for parametric oscillation at the cesium D1 transition. Modal phase matching further supports pumping in both 1060-nm and 795-nm bands, without custom device layers, for wavelength generation between 600 nm to 1400 nm. Our work expands the Kerr design space, effectively decoupling Q and dispersion to create new opportunities with high-Q nonlinear devices.
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All authors Jordan R. Stone, Saleha Fatema, Christopher V. Poulton, Michael G. Wood, Gordon A. Keeler, Kartik Srinivasan
Optics · Cross-listed from cs.IT
Analytical Channel Modeling and Stability Aware Optimization of Optical Inter Satellite Links
Hossein Safi, Ziheng Wang, Stijn Mast et al. (+2 more)
Optical inter-satellite links (OISLs) are key enablers for high-capacity space networks and next-generation satellite constellations. However, their extreme directionality makes link reliability highly sensitive to platform-induced pointing jitter, which causes random misalignment between the transmitter and receiver beams. In this paper, we develop a tractable closed-form statistical channel model for point-to-point OISLs subject to independent pointing errors at both terminals. Accurate Gaussian main-lobe approximations are applied to the transmitter far-field pattern and receiver coupling efficiency. This transforms the diffraction-based channel response into closed-form expressions for the channel-gain distribution, outage probability, and ergodic capacity. The analytical results are validated through Monte Carlo simulations and used to study the impact of terminal stability, beam divergence, and link margin on OISL performance. The results show that outage probability is governed by the weaker terminal in terms of pointing stability, while improving only the stronger terminal provides minimal additional benefit. In contrast, the ergodic-capacity penalty depends on the combined stability of both terminals, revealing a fundamental distinction between reliability and throughput metrics. The proposed framework provides practical design guidelines for selecting beam parameters and specifying pointing and tracking requirements under varying levels of platform instability.
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All authors Hossein Safi, Ziheng Wang, Stijn Mast, Harald Haas, Iman Tavakkolnia
Optics
Bound-State Engineered Quantum Batteries Against Decoherence
J. L. Li, C. Cui, W. Y. Hu et al. (+3 more)
Quantum batteries promise revolutionary advantages for energy storage but are fundamentally crippled by environmental decoherence, which induces self-discharge and rapid "aging." Here, we crack this critical bottleneck by exploiting the decoherence-suppression mechanism: the formation of system-environment bound states. We consider a charger-battery system embedded in a three-dimensional anisotropic photonic
crystal bath and derive exact non-Markovian dynamics. Strikingly, we reveal a tunable phase diagram where modulating the atomic eigenfrequency and coupling strength switches the system between zero, one, and two bound states. In the presence of two bound states, the battery energy evolves into a persistent periodic oscillation, enabling lossless energy storage and on-demand extraction indefinitely, effectively realizing an aging-free
quantum battery. Conversely, the absence of bound states leads to complete energy decay. We also demonstrate that even during self-discharge, a single bound state can stabilize extractable energy. This work establishes bound-state formation as a powerful and feasible strategy for combating decoherence, offering a clear blueprint for designing durable solid-state
quantum batteries in non-Markovian photonic platforms.
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All authors J. L. Li, C. Cui, W. Y. Hu, Cheng Shang, Yan-Hui Zhou, H. Z. Shen
Optics · Cross-listed from quant-ph
Adaptive Relational Learning on Multi-instance Quantum Data with Photonic Processors
Marcin Jastrzebski, Shang Yu, Raj B. Patel et al. (+1 more)
Loading multiple
quantum states in parallel into a
quantum machine learning (QML) model can unlock learning tasks where key information resides in the relations between states rather than in individual states. We introduce an adaptive relational learning framework for such multi-instance
quantum data that accesses pairwise and higher-order relations. Our model combines global measurements via SWAP or CYCLE tests for evaluating an $n$-state Bargmann invariant with shallow trainable transformations applied locally to each input state. We demonstrate the approach for continuous-variable (CV) photonic systems, which naturally provide access to
quantum data and necessary computing operations. We solve tasks involving hidden relationship detection,
geometric phase classification, and sensing in the presence of an unknown shared nuisance interaction. We
benchmark the adaptive model against a non-adaptive “measure-first” approach based on continuous-variable classical shadows, and show that the cost of shadow estimation grows rapidly with $n$, while our model avoids this dependence. Already for $n=2$, we achieve perfect test accuracy $A=1.0$ with $500$ inference shots, improving average test accuracy over the shadow-based method by $\Delta A=0.15$ while using $100$ times fewer shots per data point. Our work opens routes to sensing and
quantum-data applications where adaptive photonic QML can access relational features that are costly to recover with non-adaptive, measure-first models.
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All authors Marcin Jastrzebski, Shang Yu, Raj B. Patel, Oleksandr Kyriienko
Optics
Field Angular Momentum Transformation as a Resolution Criterion for Microsphere-assisted microscopy
Bekirov Arlen
This paper presents a sequential analysis of the resolving power of a microparticle as a function of its refractive index and size parameter. We demonstrate that the resolution of a microparticle for incoherent point sources is fundamentally determined by the number of excited Mie modes. Based on this mechanism, we propose a novel quantitative assessment framework that defines the spatial resolution limit via the ratio of the squared field angular momentum of the source to that of the total particle field (comprising the superposition of the source and scattered fields). The analytical results demonstrate good agreement with both numerical modeling and classical limits.
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Optics
Quantifying structural nonlinearity in a disordered Fabry-Pérot cavity
Morgan Facchin and Sylvain Gigan
Structural nonlinearity is the emergence of nonlinear input-output transformations from purely linear processes. In optics, this arises from the multiple interactions of light with input data. Current implementations achieve either a finite number of interactions, or partial modulation of the optical field. In this study, we present an architecture that combines both arbitrarily many interactions and full modulation. Our design consists of a Fabry-Pérot cavity, where one mirror is replaced by a spatial light modulator on which data is displayed. We develop an analytical model from which we derive closed-form expressions for the main metrics of nonlinearity, and find good agreement with experiment. Our analysis extends beyond the present implementation and reveals relationships that are independent of a specific physical system, providing a basis for a unified description of structural nonlinearity, and a first-principles design guide for machine learning applications.
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Optics · Cross-listed from astro-ph.IM
Optimal exposure time for satellite imaging? A trade-off between residual tip-tilt and registration accuracy
Florian Cheyssial, Laurent M. Mugnier and Cyril Petit
Adaptive-Optics assisted astronomical imaging and satellite imaging from the ground share many commonalities but have also specificities. In particular satellites are non-stationary objects in terms of both shape and flux, encouraging relatively short exposure times. Besides, very short exposures freeze the
turbulence and preserve high spatial frequency information in speckles, but at the cost of a low image SNR, which complicates the post-processing. Conversely, long exposures lead to speckle-less images where some high frequency information is lost. In this communication, we propose a method for determining the exposure time that optimizes the image quality after post-processing. In particular, we focus on the reduction of the jitter effects – induced by atmospheric tip-tilt residues, vibrations and object non stationarity – which may dramatically reduce the image quality when imaging satellites. Our model takes into account the object type and flux, the residual aberrations power spectral density and the noise level.
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Optics
High-intensity wave vortices in the beamoptics domain: 3D spatial structure, singleplane models, and their propagation properties
I. Mokhun, O. Angelsky, A. Bekshaev et al. (+2 more)
Typically,
vortices in wave fields are associated with amplitude zeros. In contrast, recently described high-intensity (Type II) wave
vortices appear near amplitude poles and can exist only in disconnected space. We attempt to extend the concept of a Type II optical
vortex (OV) to paraxial beam-like optical fields. It is shown that "true" Type II OV fields can exist only in a multiply connected three-dimensional space, where spatial "holes" impenetrable to the electromagnetic field are formed by purposefully created filamentary inclusions of material. However, the cross-section of a "true" Type II OV can be reproduced in a specific plane of ordinary "free" space, where the hole is designated by a region with zero amplitude. Methods for the practical creation of the discussed field structures are proposed, including methods using programmable light modulators and computer-synthesized holograms. The results of computer simulations demonstrate reasonable agreement with experimental data.
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All authors I. Mokhun, O. Angelsky, A. Bekshaev, Y. Galushko, Y. Viktorovskaya
Optics
Singly resonant InGaP microresonators for efficient, low-threshold second-order nonlinear optics
Yiming Pang, Xuefeng Li, Lucas Wang et al. (+7 more)
Strong $\chi^{(2)}$ interactions at low optical powers are key to scalable nonlinear and
quantum photonics. Although doubly resonant microresonators exhibit exceptional efficiencies, they require simultaneous resonance and phase matching of widely separated optical frequencies, making them inherently sensitive to fabrication and operating conditions. Singly resonant cavities eliminate this constraint by resonating at only the fundamental frequency while the second-harmonic field propagates in a single pass, but they have traditionally sacrificed nonlinear efficiency. Here, we demonstrate a singly resonant InGaP-on-
insulator microresonator that overcomes this tradeoff. Combining the large $\chi^{(2)}$ nonlinearity of InGaP with high-quality-factor resonators, we achieve efficient and widely tunable second-harmonic generation, broadband
quantum-frequency-comb generation, and low-threshold optical parametric oscillation. Unlike conventional centimeter-long singly resonant devices, our millimeter-scale InGaP devices deliver nonlinear performance comparable to, and even exceeding, doubly resonant systems. By overcoming the conventional efficiency-robustness tradeoff of singly resonant devices, this work opens a new route to low-power, broadband, and widely tunable $\chi^{(2)}$ nonlinear and
quantum photonics.
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All authors Yiming Pang, Xuefeng Li, Lucas Wang, Lillian Thiel, Melissa A. Guidry, Joshua E. Castro, Max Meunier, Nergis Mavalvala, John E. Bowers, Galan Moody
Optics
In-Situ Quantum Optical Measurement for Colloidal Quantum Dots Confined in an Optical Trap
Zhi-Bo Ni, Jiong-Zhao Li, Jia-Wang Yu et al. (+7 more)
While optical manipulation of atomic arrays has reached a high degree of precision and scalability, the stable optical confinement of solution-based artificial atoms like colloidal
quantum dots (CQDs) remains hindered by weak trapping forces and thermal fluctuations. High-intensity trapping often compromises the
quantum properties of these emitters, creating a significant trade-off between mechanical stability and optical integrity. To overcome this, we propose encapsulating CQDs within a transparent
polymer matrix, thereby increasing the effective interaction volume and optical restoring force without altering the emitters themselves. This strategy allows for stable spatial confinement under standard experimental conditions, as evidenced by the direct resolution of positional fluctuations through photoluminescence imaging and trajectory tracking. With averaged position fluctuations below 20 nm, the intrinsic emission spectra and photoluminescence decay dynamics remain largely unaffected, and
photon-correlation measurements confirm the full preservation of single-
photon emission. These findings establish a robust method for the controlled confinement of colloidal
quantum emitters and in-situ
quantum-optical measurements for future advancements in
quantum-optical manipulation of artificial atoms.
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All authors Zhi-Bo Ni, Jiong-Zhao Li, Jia-Wang Yu, Xiao-Tian Cheng, Yun-Ran Wang, Dai-Bao Hou, Yan-Hua Liu, Wei Fang, Xing Lin, Chao-Yuan Jin
Optics
Terahertz two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy: unlocking coherent quantum intraband nonlinear dynamics
Se Jin Park, In Hyeok Choi and Jeong Woo Han
Quantum materials host a rich spectrum of low-energy collective excitations-
phonons,
magnons, plasmons, polaritons, and
Higgs modes- that fundamentally govern their emergent properties, but remain inaccessible to conventional linear THz spectroscopy when nonlinear pathways overlap or non-perturbative dynamics emerge. Terahertz two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (THz-2DCS), realized through phase-stable high-field THz pulse sequences, directly resolves this challenge by delivering phase-resolved multidimensional spectra that uniquely disentangle coherent intraband nonlinear
quantum dynamics from incoherent backgrounds. Here, we establish a unified theoretical framework by using density-
matrix formalism combined with the optical Bloch equations, from which nonlinear pathways are systematically derived and visualized on the Bloch sphere. This framework provides insight into low-energy nonlinear dynamics exhibiting homogeneous or inhomogeneous broadening depending on the scattering mechanism, enabling the interpretation of nonlinear signals in both the perturbative regime, described by a susceptibility expansion, and the non-perturbative regime. Building on this foundation, we comprehensively survey THz-2DCS investigations of nonlinear plasmon,
phonon,
magnon, and polariton. Finally, we outline future opportunities, including integration with optical-pump THz-probe platforms for nonequilibrium
quantum control.
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Optics
Integrated Photonic Devices in Thin-Film Barium Titanate: Opportunities and Challenges
Hong-Lin Lin, Minghao Shang, Yuhui Yin et al. (+3 more)
Thin-film barium titanate (BaTiO3, or BTO) has emerged as a promising electro-optic (EO) material for integrated photonics due to its exceptionally large Pockels coefficients, low optical loss, and compatibility with heterogeneous integration. Recent advances in epitaxial thin-film growth,
crystal orientation control, ferroelectric domain engineering, and scalable integration have enabled EO performance in thin-film BTO approaching bulk-like properties on photonic platforms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of integrated photonic devices based on thin-film BTO, including fundamental material properties, thin-film growth and integration strategies, passive waveguide configurations, EO response at both the film and device levels, and relevant optical applications. We review the role of film orientation, domain structure, and device geometry in determining accessible EO coefficients and modulation mechanisms, as well as the distinctions between intrinsic and effective EO responses demonstrated at the film and device levels. Representative studies are compared in terms of film-quality-related metrics and device performance figures of merit, alongside emerging applications realized in BTO-based platforms. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and outline future development directions toward high-performance BTO-based integrated photonic systems.
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All authors Hong-Lin Lin, Minghao Shang, Yuhui Yin, Wujie Fu, Luo Qi, Aaron J. Danner
Optics
Learning Transferable Self-Supervised Priors for Super-Resolution Reconstruction in Structured Illumination Microscopy
Tong-Tian Weng, Ze-Hao Wang, Qi Wang et al. (+3 more)
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) extends the optical passband, and reconstruction of detail beyond it depends on prior knowledge. Hand-designed regularizers depend on how well their structural assumptions match the specimen; learned priors can be sensitive to changes in imaging conditions and specimen structure. We introduce SIMAdapter, which pretrains a network that predicts the emitter and the point-spread function (PSF) by self-supervision on 23,237 raw SIM stacks from BioSR, BioTISR, and simulations spanning different PSFs and specimen structures, then adapts it to a single unlabeled target stack. Adaptation refines the network against a differentiable image-formation model, with the light pattern calibrated from that stack. Both stages take their supervision from the raw measurements and need no paired high-resolution reference. On two held-out synthetic domains, SIMAdapter reaches a mean emitter normalized root-mean-square error of 0.156, compared with 0.403 for Sparse-SIM. The same adaptation started from a network pretrained on BioSR alone is less accurate in both domains. In three experimental case studies, adaptation reduces flanking artifacts and yields more distinct profiles across filament pairs, mitochondrial boundaries, and calibration lines. A single pretrained network can thus be reused across SIM measurements, with each reconstruction refined against its own raw data.
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All authors Tong-Tian Weng, Ze-Hao Wang, Qi Wang, Xi-Hua Wang, Xiang-Dong Chen, Fang-Wen Sun
Optics
Simulating multimode nonlinearities at very high mode count via parallel factor decomposition
Nicholas Rivera
A variety of problems at the frontier of nonlinear optics involve strongly multimode interactions. Simulating these dynamics is often computationally challenging due to the complexity of evaluating a large number of nonlinear overlaps. This is especially acute in ultrafast Kerr effect physics, where simulations in a modal representation have a generic complexity scaling quartically with the number of modes. This has limited the largest number of modes retainable in simulations in practice to a few tens of modes (often fewer), even when run on modern GPUs. Here, I show how by taking advantage of parallel factor decompositions of the nonlinear overlap tensor, a far larger number of modes can be accommodated. Realistic values for generic index profiles without special
symmetries or separability can be in the thousands, and with special
symmetries, far larger. I show that simulations with $>$1,000 modes can be done on modern hardware, illustrating this with the example of a multimode
soliton propagating over a meter of GRIN fiber. I further show that the improved scaling immediately makes it practical to consider statistical effects, illustrating with the example of noise amplification in
soliton fission. These results, implemented in public code with examples, should enable access to simulating the most demanding regimes of multimode nonlinear optics. Compression of the nonlinear interaction tensor may provide a route for more efficient simulation of nonlinear wave dynamics across a variety of other systems including acoustics, water waves, phononics, magnonics, and Bose condensates.
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Optics
Deterministic Ground-State Search in a Spatial Photonic Ising Machine by Phase Retrieval
Suguru Shimomura, Jun Tanida and Yusuke Ogura
A spatial photonic Ising machine (SPIM) solves large-scale combinatorial optimization problems by computing the Ising
Hamiltonian through an optical
Fourier transform. However, the ground-state search relies on the annealing process, in which
spins are optimized stochastically and sequentially. We propose a ground-state search based on phase
retrieval (PR), in which all
spins are updated simultaneously and deterministically. By imposing an amplitude constraint in the
Fourier plane, the modulated phase distribution corresponding to a
spin configuration is guided toward the optimal solution. We numerically demonstrate that the proposed scheme reaches the ground state of rank-one Ising
Hamiltonians with $10^4$
spins in a single iteration for all trials. Moreover, a radial rearrangement of the amplitude and the suitable design of the target pattern relaxed the search stagnation and promoted the optimization of
spin configurations. The collective and deterministic
spin update by phase
retrieval provides a fast ground-state search for large-scale combinatorial optimization.
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