Plasma Physics · Cross-listed from cond-mat.mtrl-sci
From Entropy to Compression: Competing Thermodynamic Drivers of Structural Transitions in Transition Metals
S. Azadi, S.M. Vinko, A. Principi et al. (+2 more)
Solid-solid phase transitions in metals are traditionally driven by changes in density or external pressure. Here we show that, under strong electronic excitation, structural stability is governed by the interplay between electronic effects and compression. Using finite-temperature density functional theory, we construct pressure-temperature phase diagrams for 15 metals spanning hcp-, fcc-, and bcc-ground-state structures. The results reveal a systematic reduction of structural diversity with increasing electronic temperature, with stability increasingly dominated by the fcc structure, while hcp remains a persistent secondary phase and bcc stability is progressively suppressed. At elevated temperatures, fcc is broadly favored, whereas bcc is stabilized primarily by compression, leading to a material-dependent competition across the periodic table. These findings provide a unified framework for understanding structural transformations in electronically excited metals and highlight the importance of considering both electronic excitation and pressure in describing phase stability far from
equilibrium.
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All authors S. Azadi, S.M. Vinko, A. Principi, T.D. Kuehne, M.S. Bahramy
Space Physics · Cross-listed from astro-ph.EP
Conceptual Design and Analysis of a NanoTug Swarm for Active Debris Removal
F. Alnaqbi, S. Biktimirov and G. Gaias
This paper investigates a swarm-based concept in which a number of nanosatellites, referred to as NanoTugs, are deployed by a mother spacecraft to capture and cooperatively stabilize and de-orbit space debris. The study focuses on the stabilization and de-orbiting phases of the mission, where each NanoTug is equipped with thrusters to perform the de-orbiting maneuver. An analytical method is developed to provide a preliminary understanding of the relationship between swarm system parameters, debris properties, and mission performance, which is subsequently verified through numerical simulations. Two NanoTug distribution strategies, random and predefined, are considered, and their influence on mission performance is evaluated. De-orbiting is achieved by thrusting along the direction that maximizes the reduction of the semi-major axis, as obtained from Gauss variational equations, while the attitude of the combined debris-NanoTugs system is controlled using a Lyapunov-based control law. A task allocation strategy is implemented to assign on-off commands to individual thrusters. Simulation results demonstrate the applicability of the analytical swarm sizing approach; however, a margin in system sizing is required due to the simplifying assumptions used in the first-order estimation. The proposed control approach for debris de-orbiting is shown to be feasible through representative mission simulations. In terms of NanoTug distribution across the debris surface, the predefined strategy provides improved performance, requiring fewer NanoTugs and offering more predictable behavior, whereas the random distribution results in frequent switching between NanoTug thrusters. Overall, the results highlight the feasibility of the swarm-based NanoTug concept for cooperative debris stabilization and de-orbiting.
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Optics · Cross-listed from cond-mat.mes-hall
When heat goes astray – non-local heating in a semiconductor
Mahmoud Elhajhasan, Elena Trukhan, Katharina Dudde et al. (+8 more)
Heating of
semiconductor devices limits their performance and lifetime, which must be addressed by thermal management starting at the heat source. It is a common assumption that the heat source and the resulting heat spot locally coincide, if their size exceeds the mean free paths of the main heat carriers, the
phonons. We show that this paradigm of heat locality breaks down on length scales spanning several micrometers. As a consequence, non-local heating occurs in contradiction to
Fourier's law. Therefore, we heat laterally structured
semiconductor membranes that feature a rising number of interfaces with a well-focussed
laser and map-out
lattice temperatures by Raman thermometry. Remarkably, the non-local heating can exceed the
laser-induced local heating, which we attribute to ballistic
phonon transport far above cryogenic temperatures.
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All authors Mahmoud Elhajhasan, Elena Trukhan, Katharina Dudde, Guillaume Würsch, Jana Lierath, Ian Rousseau, Raphaël Butté, Nicolas Grandjean, Nakib Haider Protik, Giuseppe Romano, Gordon Callsen
Fluid Dynamics
Why Does Classical Turbulence Obey an Area Law?
Wael Itani
In incompressible flow the viscous force is solenoidal, whereas the Madelung transform of a spinless Schrödinger equation produces only gradient forces. The two are orthogonal, so viscosity cannot arise from
Hamiltonian quantum mechanics alone; an open
quantum treatment is required. Reducing the $N$-body density
matrix to its one-body component and closing the dynamics via Born-Markov yields Lindblad jump operators with $k^2$ scattering rates, which we unravel via
quantum state
diffusion (QSD) into a norm-preserving
stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Dissipation and
stochastic forcing are not separate ingredients: both come from the same Lindblad operators, and their amplitudes are locked by the QSD structure. The Madelung transform of this equation, under incompressibility, gives a
stochastic Navier-Stokes equation whose viscosity is set by the mean free path and whose noise correlator satisfies the fluctuation-dissipation relation by construction, in agreement with the Landau-Lifshitz framework. The recovery is conditional: the viscous identification holds at the ensemble level via the
vortex decomposition of the velocity field; the single-trajectory identification remains open. The zeros of the wavefunction carry quantised circulation; their codimension-2
topology yields the Migdal area law for circulation statistics under a Poisson assumption, here through a different mechanism than the loop-functional saddle point and verified numerically even in the
quantum regime where the de~Broglie length exceeds the Kolmogorov scale.
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Fluid Dynamics
Marangoni modulation of coupled Rayleigh-Taylor and Faraday instabilities in vertically oscillated liquid films
Jun Gao, Senlin Zhu, Luca Brandt et al. (+3 more)
We investigate the Marangoni modulation of coupled Rayleigh-Taylor and Faraday instabilities in a vertically oscillated Newtonian
liquid film carrying insoluble surfactants. Linear stability analysis using Floquet theory reveals that an increasing Marangoni number (Ma) selectively suppresses subharmonic modes, driving the system into a harmonic-dominated regime. The interfacial response is found to be highly frequency-dependent. At low forcing frequencies, increasing Ma causes adjacent harmonic tongues to merge into a novel surfactant mode that migrates towards long wavelengths, ultimately coalescing with the RTI branch and fragmenting the dynamically stable window. Conversely, at high frequencies, surfactants monotonically elevate the harmonic instability threshold, significantly widening the stable parameter space. To uncover the underlying mechanisms, a long-wave asymptotic analysis is performed, demonstrating that the critical forcing amplitude factorizes into a static capillary-
gravity margin and a dynamic elasto-inertial modulation, yielding a scaling law for the critical mode balance. Finally, nonlinear simulations based on a rigorous weighted-residual reduced model are utilized to dissect the spatial work performed by individual forces, which shows that surfactants modulate stability through phase-controlled Marangoni transport. In the RTI regime, increasing Ma reverses the transport direction and drives fluid into the peaks, inducing a transition from stabilization to destabilization. In the Faraday instability (FI) regime, the response exhibits a strong frequency dependence, governed by Marangoni transport that redistributes fluid away from interfacial peaks at high frequencies but toward them at low frequencies, thereby suppressing or enhancing the instability accordingly.
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All authors Jun Gao, Senlin Zhu, Luca Brandt, Jianjun Tao, Qingfei Fu, Lijun Yang
Fluid Dynamics
Rather than drafting, vortex capture dictates efficiency in three-hydrofoil schools
Pedro C. Ormonde, Yuanhang Zhu, Daniel Quinn et al. (+1 more)
Three-dimensional experiments are presented on a school of three pitching hydrofoils. Two side-by-side leader foils maintain the same relative positions while the location of a third follower foil is varied. Force and flow measurements detail the mechanisms that drive the school to achieve collective thrust and efficiency that are 58% and 24% higher than isolated foils, respectively. Traditional drafting involves positioning yourself in the wake of an upstream object. In wakes with a net momentum deficit, drafting reduces drag by lowering oncoming flow speed. By contrast, wakes from oscillatory swimmers feature strong momentum surplus regions, which increases drag by increasing the oncoming flow. Despite that, our results show that the best performance benefits occur for compact schools where the follower is directly in the
vortex wake of a leader, whereas regions of reduced mean flow do not improve performance. The thrust and efficiency benefits are shown to be driven by
vortex-body interactions that increase the thrust and efficiency of the follower and by body-to-body upstream interactions that reduce the power of the leaders. There is an optimal spatial phase to maximize the thrust and efficiency of the follower that depends upon the actual wake wavelength rather than the estimated wavelength used in previous literature. Moreover, wake breakdown, and its associated elimination of
vortex-body performance benefits, is not observed within at least three chord lengths downstream of the leaders. Lastly, measurements of the cross-stream stability of the downstream foil indicate that compact, high-performance formations may require active control strategies in order to maintain their organization and maximise the hydrodynamic benefits of schooling.
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All authors Pedro C. Ormonde, Yuanhang Zhu, Daniel Quinn, Keith W Moored
Accelerator Physics
A flexible start-to-end simulation framework for particle accelerators based on a comprehensive lattice description
A. D. Brynes, J. K. Jones, M. King et al. (+2 more)
Standardization of data formats in a scientific discipline brings a range of benefits to researchers, as it enables the sharing of workflows and solutions to common problems, provides the foundation for generically useful tools that can be applied across the field, and gives a basis for cross-checking and validation that can be understood by all. Owing to the wide range of possible modes of description of particle accelerator
lattices, a standard solution to this problem has not yet been developed for the field, although efforts are underway across the community. This article presents a schema for a comprehensive and generic format for describing particle accelerator
lattices, encompassing physical element information, simulation code-specific parameters, control system variables, electrical and
magnetic data, and other parameters, for each element. A translation layer is also provided in order to export this
lattice into formats suitable for a variety of standard accelerator simulation codes. Based on this format, a framework has been developed for generating, tracking and analyzing beams through the
lattice, providing a seamless transfer between simulation codes and the basis for a fully generic start-to-end simulation framework.
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All authors A. D. Brynes, J. K. Jones, M. King, M. A. Johnson, N. Ziyan
Accelerator Physics
Closing the Loop: Deploying Auto-Generating Digital Twins for Particle Accelerators
A. D. Brynes, M. King, K. R. L. Baker et al. (+9 more)
The simulation of a physical system in a virtual replica, known as a digital twin, is a useful way to interrogate the system non-invasively, providing the ability to perform predictive maintenance and surveillance, and to investigate potential novel configurations without perturbing the system. This article presents the implementation of an auto-generating digital twin architecture for particle accelerators: a virtual control system is generated to mirror the physical accelerator hardware, and used to update a simulation model which then feeds back the results into virtual diagnostics. All of the information about the accelerator
lattice is cascaded down from a ground source of truth, removing any ambiguity about the naming of parameters between the simulation model and the virtual hardware. This design is modular and extensible, allowing researchers from different institutions to use their own models (for example, a machine learning model) and accelerator
lattices while maintaining the overall structural coherence of the digital twin. This architecture has been tested for three accelerator facilities \textendash~CLARA, the ISIS injector, and the proposed UK XFEL \textendash~and aims to provide the foundation for a collaborative community effort in the development of shared technology towards a generic digital twin solution.
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All authors A. D. Brynes, M. King, K. R. L. Baker, R. Banerjee, R. Clarke, D. J. Dunning, J. K. Jones, M. Leputa, A. E. Pollard, M. Romanovschi, M. Shaw, N. Ziyan
Biological Physics · Cross-listed from cond-mat.mtrl-sci
Discovery of Graphene Sheets and C-Rich Micro-Oval structure in Stingless Bee Hive; Leading to an Emergent Material with Debut of Blue Emission
Manas Kumar Dalai, Ankita Mahakhuda and Abinash Prusty
Naturally produced stingless bee hive (NP-SBH) is an intricately produced material by the combination of waxes, resin and other biological materials that offers protection and structural stability to the bee colony. This study explores a detailed analysis of Indian stingless bee hive material using multi-characterization techniques approach to evaluate their morphological, ultrastructural, chemical composition and their crystallinity. FESEM reveal uniformly distributed micro-oval structures along with
graphene sheets throughout the observed region. Furthermore, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) provides the richness of carbon (C) in
graphene as well as in the micro-oval structure. HRTEM gives an insight about the internal ultrastructure and arrangement of atoms in the sample which revealed the presence of multiple
graphene sheets. The ring shape electron diffraction pattern and high resolution
lattice fringes provide the arrangement of carbon atoms, with interlayer spacing (d) value 3.4 Å, well agreed with that of
graphene. Furthermore, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy support the presence of
graphene. As a debut, we observe blue emission from PL spectroscopy with decay times 1.18 ns (42 %) and 5.41 ns (58 %).
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Optics
Brillouin-Enhanced Photonic Stepped-Frequency Radar
Ziqian Zhang, Ryan L. Russell, Choon Kong Lai et al. (+1 more)
Photonic stepped-frequency (SF) radar offers high range resolution and only requires low-speed driving electronics, but existing architectures face challenges in achieving low phase noise and uniform frequency steps simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate a photonic SF radar system that exploits dual Brillouin
lasers in a shared fiber cavity to simultaneously suppress phase noise and ensure uniform frequency stepping. Phase noise is reduced through Brillouin optomechanical suppression and common-mode noise rejection upon photomixing. Frequency-step uniformity is enforced via lasing at a series of uniformly spaced cavity resonances. The system generates an X-band SF waveform spanning 1.31 GHz, achieving >23 dB of phase-noise improvement at a 100 kHz offset relative to a low-cost driving voltage-controlled oscillator. The demonstrated system reduces the dependence of the output waveform quality on noise in the driving electronics, offering a path towards high-performance radar sensing.
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All authors Ziqian Zhang, Ryan L. Russell, Choon Kong Lai, Benjamin J. Eggleton
Instrumentation and Detectors
Three-dimensional recoil-electron reconstruction using combined optical imaging and waveform readout for electron-tracking Compton cameras
Tomonori Ikeda, Tatsuya Sawano, Naomi Tsuji et al. (+1 more)
Accurate reconstruction of
recoil-electron directions is critical for enhancing the point-spread function of electron-tracking Compton cameras (ETCCs) in gamma-ray imaging. Although full three-dimensional (3D) readout systems achieve high-precision reconstruction, they are impractical for large-area detectors because of the enormous data volume. This study proposes and demonstrates a practical alternative for inferring the 3D
recoil-electron direction in Compton scattering. This method combines a high-resolution two-dimensional optical image, a one-dimensional waveform signal, and a deep-learning-based method through simulations. The proposed method achieved an angular resolution of approximately $44^\circ$ for the
recoil-electron direction in the 40-50 keV range, corresponding to an improvement of a factor of about 1.3 compared with our previous strip-readout approach using pseudo-experimental data generated by Geant4 and MAGBOLTZ simulations for an argon-based gas time projection chamber. In addition, the starting-point resolution of the electron track was improved over the previous method across the 5-50 keV electron energy range. These results demonstrate that complementary information from the transverse image and longitudinal waveform can effectively recover the 3D track
topology without requiring full 3D readout. The proposed approach provides a realistic pathway for improving ETCC imaging performance.
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All authors Tomonori Ikeda, Tatsuya Sawano, Naomi Tsuji, Yoshitaka Mizumura
Applied Physics
Competition between acoustic radiation force and streaming-induced drag force in focused beams for 3D cell trapping
Shiyu Li and Zhixiong Gong
The ability to trap a single
cell or microparticle in three dimensions is important for biomedical and microfluidic applications. Single-beam acoustic tweezers based on focused waves provide a compact and biocompatible approach because of their high spatial resolution and strong intensity gradients. However, 3D trapping remains challenging, especially at high frequencies, because the weak axial restoring radiation force may not overcome the pushing drag force caused by acoustic bulk streaming in free space. The combined effect of acoustic radiation force and streaming-induced drag force on a microparticle has not been systematically studied. Although the radiation force scales with the square of the focal pressure amplitude p_foc, the scaling of streaming-induced drag force with p_foc under different flow conditions remains unclear. Here, we establish a unified theoretical and numerical framework to compare these two effects and derive an explicit scaling law, U0 ~ p_foc^n, for the streaming velocity from the viscous to the inertial regime. We show that n = 2 in the viscous limit (Re_lambda << 1), n = 4/3 in the inertial limit (Re_lambda >> 1), and n lies between 4/3 and 2 in the transition regime (Re_lambda ~ 1). We further introduce the Schiller-Naumann model to estimate the drag force more accurately than the Stokes model. On this basis, we find that the ratio of axial radiation force to drag can vary non-monotonically with p_foc, contrary to the conventional expectation of monotonic increase. This work provides a theoretical basis for optimizing single-beam acoustic tweezers for stable 3D trapping of single
cells.
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Computational Physics
Neural Operator Representation of Granular Micromechanics-based Failure Envelope
Jinkyo Han, Payam Poorsolhjouy and Bahador Bahmani
Micromechanics-based granular models are widely used to predict the failure behavior of porous and particulate materials, including concrete, soils, foams, and biological tissues. Although these models offer considerable flexibility through microstructural parametrization and statistical representation, their mapping to macroscopic responses, particularly failure envelopes, is implicit and requires costly nonlinear, non-smooth simulations, where each failure point is obtained by following a loading trajectory. This limitation is further amplified in inverse settings, where one seeks microstructure configurations that reproduce a target failure response. In this work, we propose a differentiable neural operator that learns the mapping from microstructure configurations to failure envelopes, enabling efficient forward prediction and inverse identification without repeated micromechanical simulations. To ensure mechanical admissibility, we incorporate a physics-informed training strategy that enforces convexity of the predicted envelopes, consistent with Drucker's postulate, thereby eliminating potential non-physical artifacts. We also compare finite difference and automatic differentiation for evaluating the proposed regularization, and find that finite difference provides a favorable practical trade-off in the present DeepONet-based setting. The operator is trained on failure envelopes represented as irregular point clouds, allowing learning from data sampled at heterogeneous resolutions. To further reduce computational cost, we introduce an active learning strategy that adaptively queries the micromechanical model in regions of high epistemic uncertainty. This leads to efficient exploration of the parameter space with fewer high-fidelity simulations. The versatility and performance of the method are demonstrated and benchmarked through several numerical examples.
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Optics
Integrated Supermode Photonics Enabled by Supersymmetric Transformation
Kaile Chen, Qi Lu, Yuan Zhong et al. (+6 more)
We report a systematic methodology to obtain supermodes with equidistant effective index distribution and to excite arbitrary target supermodes with high precision. By employing a multi-well optical potential realized by a judiciously designed waveguide array, the supported supermodes achieve maximal spacing and an equidistant distribution in effective index. More importantly, we develop a 2nd-order discrete supersymmetric (DSUSY) transformation method that enables the excitation and detection of two supermodes at the same time and can be extended to any number of supermodes via simple cascading. Together, these findings overcome the long-standing bottlenecks in integrated supermode photonics and provide an intrinsically scalable route towards harnessing supermodes as a new degree of freedom for encoding, transmitting, and processing information. We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility and universality of this method by realizing two- and four-supermode multiplexing systems. Benefitting from the large effective index spacing between supermodes and the isospectral nature of the DSUSY transformation, the fabricated devices show low insertion losses (< 2.48 dB at 1550 nm) and intermodal crosstalk (< -18 dB at 1550 nm) for all mode channels over a 100-nm wavelength range (1500-1600 nm). The high-speed data transmission experiment performed on the four-channel system achieves an aggregate data rate of 1.024 Tb/s while maintaining considerably low bit error rates, underscoring the potential of supermode photonics for high-capacity on-chip optical communications. This work lays the foundation for integrated supermode photonics, which uses supermodes as a new degree of freedom for light manipulation and opens new avenues for supermode-based applications including but not limited to on-chip optical communications, intelligent optical computing and
quantum information technologies.
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All authors Kaile Chen, Qi Lu, Yuan Zhong, Jingchi Li, Yuru Li, Zhaohui Li, Chao Lu, Yikai Su, Lu Sun
Physics and Society
From centrality to productivity: How firms reconfigure technological search in innovation networks?
Han-Yun Tu, Xiang Yang and Si-Yao Wei
Firms' positions in innovation networks determine their access to external knowledge, yet how these positions shape technological search behavior and influence productivity remains underexplored. We propose that central network positions systematically reconfigure firms' innovation strategies by promoting exploratory search across emerging technological domains while sustaining broader technological portfolios. This behavioral reorientation allows central firms to diversify their innovation efforts and leverage knowledge spillovers more effectively, translating network advantages into higher productivity. Using panel data on Chinese listed firms and patent-based measures of innovation networks, we construct a dynamic patent citation network to track changes in firms' network centrality and technological search patterns over time. Our findings show that firms with greater centrality are more likely to enter novel technological fields and expand their technological scope, leading to measurable gains in total factor productivity. We further demonstrate that the impact of network centrality on exploratory search is amplified by scientific embeddedness, whereas the productivity returns from exploration depend on technological distance. By connecting structural network positions with behavioral adaptations in technological search, this study uncovers a direct micro-level mechanism through which innovation networks drive firm performance. These results highlight the strategic value of network centrality in shaping not just access to knowledge, but also the direction and efficiency of innovation activities.
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Optics
Petabit-per-second Random Number Generation
Lin Jiang, Jihui Sun, Qiao Zhang et al. (+14 more)
Physical random number generators based on chaotic microcombs, with their complex nonlinear dynamics and multi-channel parallel capability, have attracted considerable research
attention. However, key technical challenges for chaotic microcombs are the high correlation between symmetric teeth and the low bandwidth of single-channel teeth, which seriously affect the speed and scalability of random number generation. We experimentally demonstrate a petabit-per-second (Pbit/s) parallel random number generation system based on intensity chaotic modulation and Rayleigh scattering. Through intensity modulation, the effective bandwidth of the single-channel
entropy source is increased from 440MHz to 27.6GHz. Crucially, Rayleigh scattering further contributes through the random superposition of backscattered light, which introduces unpredictable fluctuations in intensity, phase, and polarization. This randomness suppresses inter-channel correlation among parallel
entropy sources to ~0.02, ensuring their orthogonality. Moreover, by employing polarization-diverse coherent detection on a single-channel, four new low correlated sub-channels are extracted: X-/Y- intensity and phase. We achieve a single-channel bit rate of 14.336 Tbit/s and a total bit rate of 1.032 Pbit/s (over 72 parallel channels) with offline post-processing, representing the highest post-processing record reported in both the single-channel and the total system. Moreover, our scheme based on a single chaotic microcomb and fiber scattering link show fundamentally scalable. The total bit rate can be significantly pushed beyond the Pbit/s level by further expanding the usable comb channel and/or by deploying multiple fiber scattering links in parallel, paving a practical path toward higher throughput regimes.
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All authors Lin Jiang, Jihui Sun, Qiao Zhang, Jincheng Cui, Xiaohan Wang, Yanlan Xiao, Lin Sun, Hairong Lin, Haijun He, Jiacheng Feng, Anlin Yi, Jia Ye, Xihua Zou, Wei Pan, Gangxiang Shen, Heng Zhou, Lianshan Yan
Plasma Physics · Cross-listed from nucl-th
A novel approach to proton-boron-11 fusion
Hong-Yi Wang, Yu-Qi Li, Qian Wu et al. (+1 more)
Proton-boron-11 (p-$^{11}$B) fusion is a highly attractive aneutronic pathway for clean energy production, offering abundant fuel, negligible
neutron activation, and the potential for direct energy conversion of charged $\alpha$ particles. However, its practical implementation is severely hindered by the extremely high Coulomb barrier, necessitating ignition temperatures far beyond those of conventional deuterium-tritium reactions. In this work, we propose a novel approach to enhance the low-energy fusion cross-section by introducing a negative
muon ($\mu$). Instead of relying on the thermal
equilibrium formation of a muonic molecule, we investigate a kinetic scenario in which a muonic hydrogen atom (p$\mu$) is formed first and subsequently bombarded with a $^{11}$B
nucleus. We quantitatively characterize the dynamic screening of the
proton's Coulomb field by the tightly bound $\mu$ cloud, the resulting modified Coulomb potential substantially lowers the effective barrier at intermediate separations. We also evaluate the penetrability, reaction cross-section, and reactivity of the p$\mu$-$^{11}$B system, the results indicate that the inclusion of $\mu$ enhances the tunneling probability by several orders of magnitude at incident energies below 100~keV, thereby significantly reducing the threshold for the
nuclear reaction. This mechanism offers a promising alternative perspective for catalyzing p-$^{11}$B fusion, and also suggests a potential ignition pathway.
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All authors Hong-Yi Wang, Yu-Qi Li, Qian Wu, Zhu-Fang Cui