Papers

Long-range interacting quantum systems exhibit interesting phenomena beyond the nearest-neighbours regime. Such interactions can reach further separated particles and change the behaviour of many-body correlations. Here, we analyse their structure in the antiferromagnetic long-range interaction transverse field Ising model with power-law interactions decaying as $1/r^{\alpha}$. We examine the spatial behaviour of basis-independent total multipartite correlations, called sector lengths $S_k$, of its ground state in the vicinity of critical points for different interaction exponents $\alpha$ and fixed system size. These correlation functions were shown to indicate entanglement and the existence of local realistic models, allowing us to make claims about the Bell nonlocality and entanglement in the system. We further investigate them in the context of non-stabiliserness, often referred to as quantum magic, which holds information on their classical simulability and usefulness for quantum computation. We evaluate Rényi stabiliser entropy near and outside the criticality and show that cumulative magic, up to the critical point, increases with $\alpha$ for all of the examined system sizes. Our results provide new insights into the interplay between the long-range interactions, observable non-classical phenomena and their classical simulability.

The quantum anomalous Hall effect carries dissipationless chiral edge currents without an external magnetic field, yet raising its operating temperature and controlling the number of edge channels remain difficult. Using first-principles calculations, we identify the two-dimensional metal-organic kagome ferromagnet Eu$_2$(C$_6$H$_4$)$_3$ as an intrinsic Chern insulator whose topological gap can be enlarged by mechanical strain. The monolayer has a spin-orbit-coupling-induced gap of 72.7 meV that widens to 124.7 meV under -8% biaxial strain, realizing a quantum anomalous Hall phase with Chern number $\mathcal{C}=-1$ and a single chiral edge state. The local moments come from the half-filled Eu $4f^{7}$ shell, while the gap-opening spin-orbit coupling is carried by Eu $5d$ states hybridized into the carbon kagome bands. The AB-stacked bilayer couples ferromagnetically and accumulates the per-layer Chern numbers, giving $\mathcal{C}=-2$ with two co-propagating chiral channels. An out-of-plane electric field then drives the bilayer through a sequence of topological transitions among $\mathcal{C}=-2$, $-3$, and $-1$, switching the number of edge channels. Together, strain, stacking, and gating give three distinct handles on the gap and the Chern number within a single stoichiometric material.

We investigate the black-hole quasinormal mode redshifts induced by a galactic dark-matter halo with nonvanishing radial pressure. The halo is described by an anisotropic fluid with a generalized density profile and a constant radial equation-of-state parameter $w$. We construct the corresponding static, spherically symmetric spacetime and study the resulting corrections to the unstable light ring and quasinormal-mode spectrum. For dilute halos and $w\neq -1$, the light-ring angular frequency and Lyapunov exponent acquire the same leading-order gravitational redshift, implying a universal shift of the real and imaginary parts of the quasinormal frequencies. The magnitude of this effect depends on both the halo structure and the radial pressure. This universal redshift relation holds not only in the case of $w=0$ that has been discovered in the literature but also in a much wider scenario, supporting its importance in black hole spectroscopy. On the other hand, the case $w=-1$ is qualitatively different: the factor that corresponds to the leading common redshift vanishes, the corrections are further suppressed by the hierarchy between the black-hole and halo scales, and the universal relation is broken, with the dominant contribution controlled by the inner halo profile. Our numerical computations of scalar-field quasinormal mode spectra confirm the analytic eikonal results.

The 12C+12C fusion reaction is a key physical process in stellar evolution and supernova explosions. It not only determines the late evolutionary fate of massive stars but also directly influences the critical conditions for triggering Type Ia supernovae in accreting white dwarfs. In this work, the THM was employed to investigate the 12C(12C,a0)20Ne reaction channel of the 12C+12C fusion process, using 14N as the Trojan horse nucleus. Telescope detectors were placed at 0 and 15 deg. to design two experimental configurations covering the forward-angle regions where spectator particles are most likely to emerge. By applying the DWBA, two sets of astrophysical S*(E) factors for the two-body reaction 12C(12C,a0)20Ne were extracted from the three-body reaction 12C(14N,da0)20Ne and normalized to existing experimental data. The results show that, limited by the overall experimental resolution, the present study cannot resolve fine resonance structures. Within the astrophysical energy region of 0.5-2 MeV, the extracted S*(E) factor exhibits an increasing trend toward lower energies. The S*(E) factor obtained with the 0-deg configuration shows a flatter trend than that obtained with the 15-deg configuration. Supported by the quasi-free reaction simulation results, the divergence between the two data sets may reflect a combination of experimental acceptance effects, finite detector resolution, and possible differences in the relative contributions of reaction mechanisms. This study provides a systematic examination of the experimental design, quasi-free event selection strategy, and interpretation of the underlying physical mechanisms, serving as a useful reference for understanding the role of the 12C+12C fusion reaction in astrophysical processes.

We investigated the upper critical field of a large single grain of the Nb-substituted van der Waals layered quasicrystal (Ta$_{0.7}$Nb$_{0.3}$)$_{1.6}$Te. The sample exhibits a sharp superconducting transition at $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ = 1.35 K, the highest value reported to date among quasicrystal superconductors. The angular dependence of the critical field exhibits a pronounced criterion dependence: the field determined using the 10% $R_{\mathrm{N}}$ ($R_{\mathrm{N}}$: normal-state resistance) criterion is well described by the anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau model, whereas those determined using the 65% and 90% $R_{\mathrm{N}}$ criteria exhibit Tinkham-like angular dependence characteristic of two-dimensional superconductivity. The high-field part of the resistive transition is well described by a surface-superconductivity model and exhibits a pronounced excitation-current dependence for magnetic fields close to the $ab$ plane, supporting the presence of surface superconductivity on the quasiperiodic $ab$-plane surfaces. The bulk $H_{\mathrm{c2}}$ is strongly anisotropic, with the in-plane $H_{\mathrm{c2}}$ exceeding the weak-coupling Pauli limit by a factor of approximately 2.5. For both field orientations, $H_{\mathrm{c2}}(T)$ deviates upward from the conventional dirty-limit Werthamer-Helfand-Hohenberg prediction at low temperatures. A phenomenologically modified Ginzburg-Landau-Abrikosov-Gorkov model incorporating a spatial distribution of the electronic diffusivity substantially improves the description of $H_{\mathrm{c2}}(T)$, suggesting that spatial variations in electronic transport properties may contribute to its anomalous temperature dependence.

2PBC J0800.5$-$4306 (Swift J0800.7$-$4309; optical counterpart Gaia DR3 5533020382479508736) is a hard-X-ray-selected cataclysmic variable whose magnetic subtype had remained uncertain. We analyse TESS photometry from Sectors 88 and 89 and archival XMM-Newton timing data. The TESS data show signals at the orbital frequency $\Omega$, its first harmonic $2\Omega$, the white-dwarf spin frequency $\omega$, and the spin–orbit beat frequency $\omega-\Omega$. We measure $P_{\rm orb}=5.38540^{+0.00027}_{-0.00028}$ h and $P_{\rm spin}=0.7015570^{+0.0000059}_{-0.0000062}$ h. The XMM-Newton EPIC-pn, MOS1, and MOS2 periodograms show broad peaks near the 2525.6-s (0.701557-h) optical spin period. Together with the previously published cataclysmic variable classification and Swift/BAT hard-X-ray detection, these timing results identify 2PBC J0800.5$-$4306 as an intermediate polar. We report the first published measurements of its orbital and white-dwarf spin periods, while SPOC difference-image diagnostics and pixel-level timing tests support that the measured TESS modulations are associated with the Gaia counterpart despite the crowded field.

Magnetic moments carried by rotating ionic motion in crystals are becoming recognized as an important contribution to magnetism, angular momentum transport, and optical activity. However, efficient approaches to their dynamical control are lacking. Here, we report THz-driven generation and optical detection of quantum ionic magnetism in quantum paraelectric SrTiO3. We observe an oscillatory ionic magnetization without a corresponding oscillatory polarization, contradicting from the classical relation M~PXdP/dt while its suppression above the quantum paraelectric regime points to a quantum ionic origin. Analysis shows that this effect results from the beating between quantum ionic eigenstates whose degeneracy is lifted due to the directional symmetry breaking by the THz pulse. The presented approach provides a pathway for the ultrafast control of ionic magnetization in quantum materials for spintronic and thermotronic applications.

Absorption spectroscopy identifies molecules by detecting frequency-dependent optical loss, and its fundamental limit is a quantum channel-discrimination problem. In this work, we develop a general framework for characterizing the ultimate quantum limit of molecular absorption spectroscopy without collective measurements: we formulate it as an asymmetric quantum hypothesis testing task between different absorption channels. Using a semidefinite-programming formulation, we construct optimal probe states and compare them with coherent-state photon counting, Fock states, and two-mode squeezed vacuum probes. We introduce a random-loss channel model for imperfectly known background transmission, reflecting the fact that a blank experiment need not return all incident photons due to scattering, solvent absorption, or collection losses. Our results show that optimized non-classical probes can substantially outperform conventional laser spectroscopy, and that the advantage is robust to realistic baseline random loss. % In multi-frequency spectroscopy, the optimization also determines how photons should be allocated across absorption lines, revealing an additional resource-allocation advantage beyond single-mode state engineering. We illustrate our framework using infrared detection of 4-nitrophenol against chemically relevant comparison molecules, showing how quantum channel-discrimination methods provide constructive performance limits for molecular spectroscopy under realistic photon constraints.

A novel efficient method for controlling photonic hook (PH) with an anisotropic dielectric microparticle dimer in the snowman-particle configuration is introduced and numerically justified. In contrast to existing schemes that rely on structured illumination, partial shielding, or complex morphologies, the proposed anisometric geometry utilizes a simple and easily manufacturable form composed of two partially overlapping cylinders. The finite element method was employed to study how the degree of asymmetry, spatial rotation, and optical properties of the upper particle (the head of the snowman-particle) affect the bending angle and maximum intensity of PH. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that adjusting these parameters allows for the deliberate switching between single and double PH modes, as well as controlling the direction and curvature of the hook, including the fragmentation of the focal area. This approach offers high efficiency in utilizing incident radiation, simplicity in fabrication, and broad tunability of PH characteristics. The findings pave the way for the development of compact near-field optical devices, such as optical traps, high-resolution microscopes, sensors, and tools for surface microstructuring.

It is still debating on whether the disc is magnetically arrested in M87. We assume that a weak external magnetic field is dragged inwards by the accretion disc, which is substantially enhanced to drive strong jets near the black hole horizon via Blandford-Znajek mechanism. The jet power of M87 has been well constrained with the observational data, while the accretion rate in the inner region of the accretion flow in M87 is estimated by fitting the multi-waveband continuum spectrum and the data of the Faraday rotation measurement, with which the surface density of the disc is derived. Our calculations show that, in order to produce the observed jet power $P_{\rm jet}=3.2\times 10^{43}~\rm erg~s^{-1}$, an external field with several hundred $\mu \rm G$ at the outer edge of the disc is required to be amplified in the disc to hundreds G at the BH horizon, and the accretion flow in M87 must be magnetically arrested. A standard and normal evolution (SANE) disc is allowed in M87, only if the jet power is significantly lower than $\sim 1.75 \times 10^{43} \rm erg~ s^{-1}$,

We show that the noncommutative second Chern number of a $(3+1)$D disordered axion pump remains quantized beyond global spectral gap closure at $W_g \approx 14.5$. Large-scale computation of the second Chern number and finite-size scaling demonstrate convergence of $\mathrm{Ch}_2$ toward $-1$ well into the mobility-gap regime ($W \lesssim 16.5$), while the Středa-Hall response $\partial_\phi \mathrm{Ch}_{0,3}$ departs rapidly after global spectral gap closure, serving as an internal control that distinguishes bulk mobility-gap protection from finite-size artifacts. Level statistics identify a 3D unitary Anderson transition at each pump slice and locate the mobility-edge bottleneck at $\tau=0$, with critical disorder $W_c \approx 18$.

Diffractive neural networks (DNNs), composed of cascaded diffractive layers, offer a promising platform for high-speed optical computing. However, accurate and efficient modeling of high-density, polarization-sensitive DNNs remains challenging. Conventional model based on thin element approximation (TEA) fails to capture electromagnetic coupling within layers, while full-wave simulations such as finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods are computationally expensive. Here, we propose DNNsolver, a deep learning-based electromagnetic surrogate model that learns the scattering response of diffractive layers. By predicting the scattering matrix rather than source-dependent output fields, DNNsolver decouples the incident wavefront from the model and could be applied to arbitrary input fields. A local scattering kernel and sliding-window strategy further allow efficient modeling of DNNs with arbitrary spatial sizes. For single diffractive layer under random speckle illumination, DNNsolver achieves an average mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0095 and about 10^6-fold speedup compared with FDTD simulations. DNNsolver is further applied to the optimization of a trilayer polarization-multiplexed image classifier, which exhibits better agreement with FDTD simulations than its TEA-based counterpart. Our work provides an accurate and efficient framework for the design and optimization of high-density, polarization-sensitive DNNs.

We provide an equitable partition that gives an exact, minimal representation for the graph Cartesian product formed from quantum-like bits that preserves the relevant spectral and topological properties. We show that this result follows from the fact that the operations of taking the Cartesian product of graphs and constructing equitable partition of the graphs commute. Numerical simulations illustrate the preserved emergent eigenstates in the reduced structures. Additionally, we provide a construction of the minimal structure without passing through the Cartesian product. Finally, we frame quantum-like structures in the language of topology and fibrations.

Conventional score-based diffusion models learn scores without representing normalized densities, whereas tractable normalized models support both sampling and direct likelihood evaluation. A recent tensor-network approach provides such a representation but is largely restricted to low-dimensional lattices. Here we introduce a discrete diffusion model that parameterizes normalized probability distributions using variational autoregressive networks. Explicit Markov jump operators govern the forward noising and reverse denoising dynamics, extending discrete diffusion models with normalized distributions to spin systems on higher-dimensional lattices. We apply this framework to the two- and three-dimensional Ising models across ordered, critical, and disordered regimes, accurately computing thermodynamic quantities including free energy, energy, and magnetization. We further integrate the framework with Monte Carlo sampling, using adaptive diffusion steps to maintain high acceptance rates even at low temperatures while enhancing sample diversity. These results establish a neural-network framework for the discrete diffusion model with normalized probability distributions.

In physical experiments, interventions can alter hidden experimental states in ways that cannot be predicted in advance. Autonomous scientific agents must therefore interpret the consequences of their interventions while operating with incomplete knowledge of the experimental state. Here we investigate this problem using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tip conditioning, traditionally a human-expert-intensive task governed by inaccessible tip apex conditions and uncertain action outcomes. We introduce quailbot, an agent harness that places the LLM inside the instrument feedback loop by linking physical interventions with experimental readbacks. After a brief apprenticeship with a human expert, frontier LLM agents autonomously completed end-to-end tip conditioning on an STM and passed an independent verification. The contingencies that arose during the experiments further exposed the limits of LLM agentic autonomy when relevant experimental states or dynamics were hidden or unmodeled. Our results show that future autonomous physical experimentation requires agents to infer hidden and unmodeled experimental states, track the outcomes of their actions, and operate within the observability and action limits of real instruments.

We conduct direct numerical simulations to investigate the effects of dilute polymers on flow structure, statistical properties and energy transfer in 2D turbulence. As the Weissenberg number (Wi) increases, the flow undergoes a sharp but continuous crossover between a weak-elastic regime and an elastic-activated regime. In the weak-elastic regime, the flow remains close to its Newtonian counterpart and polymer stresses have weak dynamical effects. In the elastic-activated regime, elastic stresses attenuate vortical motions and promote shear-dominated filaments. Scale-by-scale energy analysis shows that polymer addition weakens both the inverse kinetic-energy cascade and the forward enstrophy cascade in the two regimes, whereas the kinetic–elastic exchange and the inter-scale redistribution of elastic energy differ between them. Kinetic-to-elastic conversion dominates over the analysed range of scales in the weak-elastic regime, whereas a partial transfer from elastic to kinetic energy emerges at small scales in the elastic-activated regime. The inter-scale transfer of elastic energy is dominated by inverse transfer over the large-scale range in the weak-elastic regime but by forward transfer over the small-scale range in the elastic-activated regime. These results link the crossover to the onset of strong elastic feedback from the polymers and the associated reorganisation of the scale-by-scale transfer pathways. Downstream-decay statistics also show the same qualitative two-regime behaviour.

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are millisecond-duration radio pulses with extragalactic origins. A majority of FRBs have only had a single pulse detected from them; however, an increasing number have been identified as repeaters. Here we present a full redshift – dispersion measure ($z$-DM) analysis including a simple power-law model of repetition rates. We assume all FRBs are drawn from the same intrinsic population and fit these FRB population parameters using data from ASKAP, Murriyang (Parkes), DSA, FAST, MeerKAT and CHIME catalogue 1. We do not utilise data from CHIME catalogue 2 yet, as we cannot robustly identify all repeaters in the sample. We constrain the minimum repetition rate above $10^{39}$ erg to $R_{\mathrm{min}}=-4.23^{+1.10}_{-1.74}$ d$^{-1}$, the maximum repetition rate to $R_{\mathrm{max}} \gtrsim 1$ d$^{-1}$ and the repetition rate index to $R_{\gamma}=-2.20^{+0.12}_{-0.22}$. These parameters do not show significant correlation with any other FRB parameters. Our values are an improvement on existing results and are self-consistent with the DM distribution of CHIME and observed ratios of repeaters to non-repeaters across the sky. We also provide updated estimates of the FRB energy function and host galaxy parameters.

We report a new source of systematic bias in the Bayesian Templated Background Search (TBS) for the astrophysical stochastic gravitational-wave background. This bias arises from the statistical uncertainty in nested sampling evidence estimates at the segment level and persists even when the likelihood model accurately characterizes the data. Using an analytically tractable model and a frequency-domain mock data analysis with an astrophysically motivated binary black hole population, we show that this uncertainty coherently inflates the inferred duty cycle by up to an order of magnitude when millions of segments are accumulated. We propose a simple and efficient correction and demonstrate its effectiveness across all tested configurations. We also find that a search prior restricted to high optimal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) misattributes intermediate-strength signals, while extending the prior to support weaker signals amplifies the evidence uncertainty. Both the correction and careful search prior design are essential for robust inference as TBS analyses scale to upcoming observing runs.

This paper investigates a self-consistent effective-one-body (EOB) theory developed to describe the dynamics of spinning binary systems. We systematically derive, using field-theoretic principles, all expressions and quantities entering Hamilton's equations, which govern the dynamical evolution of the system. Based on the effective rotating metric up to fifth post-Minkowskian (PM) order recently obtained by us, we construct the Hamiltonian and the stress-energy tensor. We then derive a decoupled, separable Teukolsky-like equation with a source term for the Newman–Penrose Weyl scalar $\psi_4^B$ and present its formal solution. Finally, using this solution, we obtain the energy flux, radiation-reaction force, and gravitational waveforms for the “plus” and “cross” polarizations generated by spinning binaries. The EOB theory applies to systems with arbitrary mass ratio, which filling the gap between comparable mass ratios and extreme mass ratios.

Cryogenic capacity is a key bottleneck in the scaling of superconducting quantum processors, critically impacted by control wiring. Currently, wiring architectures are often designed following a small set of "best-practice" heuristics, little changed since they emerged for early, small-scale systems, and not rigorously evaluated for wider contexts. Here, we adopt a whole-system numerical modelling approach and present a systematic optimisation for the coaxial wiring design of a superconducting quantum processor. We identify optimised configurations that substantively outperform conventional designs in device temperature, noise burden, qubit capacity and other practical metrics. Importantly, our analysis delivers varied outcomes for different system contexts and operating regimes, illustrating the benefits of a systematic approach when there is no universal solution. Our results evaluate and sometimes challenge conventional wisdom in relation to design factors such as the utility of 0dB attenuators. We also use a wide exploration of cable configurations—directly enabled by our holistic and flexible numerical modelling approach—to develop more rigorously supported general principles for future cryogenic system design, based on a new conceptual framework to describe attenuator cascades that draws on analogies to low-noise amplifier chains. Our approach, design outcomes, and generalised analyses should also be readily applicable to other cryogenic quantum computing platforms. Finally, we support ready adoption of this approach through a web-based graphical tool which streamlines the analysis of the proposed framework under different contexts. Our results illustrate how our approach can help maximise the available computational resources of quantum processors at all system scales.

A central challenge in molecular modeling is reconciling simulations with experimental observables, as force-field inaccuracies can distort equilibrium populations and long-timescale kinetics. While time-dependent restraints can improve simulated kinetics, time-dependent structural observables remain limited. Thus, most experimental data are time-averaged, informing equilibrium ensembles but not directly dynamics. Although ensemble refinement can improve thermodynamic accuracy, incorporating time-averaged observables into kinetic models remains difficult. Here, we introduce BICePs-reweighted Reversible DeepMSMs, combining Bayesian Inference of Conformational Populations (BICePs), variational learning of Markov processes, and maximum entropy (MaxEnt)/maximum caliber (MaxCal) principles to infer consistent thermodynamics and minimally perturbed kinetics. At its core is a reversible DeepMSM prior, obtained by applying an orthogonal transformation post-hoc to a pre-trained dynamics model (e.g., VAMPnet). This preserves the eigenspectrum exactly while yielding a valid transition matrix that is nonnegative, row-stochastic, and reversible. The reweighted model refines stationary populations, transition dynamics, and state-conditioned configurational landing densities. We validate the approach on a quadruple-well toy system and alanine dipeptide using backbone dihedral angles and J-coupling constants. In both systems, perturbing the observables induces predictable changes in the equilibrium ensemble and corresponding inferred kinetics. The resulting relaxation timescales and dynamical modes closely agree with analytical and MaxCal reference models. Furthermore, a diffusion-based generative model trained on MaxEnt landing densities produces physically realistic alanine dipeptide trajectories that reproduce thermodynamics and kinetics while satisfying the imposed experimental restraints.

The Plateau–Rayleigh instability of liquid jets governs a wide range of natural and industrial processes. While the classical linear stability theory accurately predicts disturbance growth rates and dominant wavelengths, it cannot quantify the amplitude and frequency spectrum of nanoscale initial surface disturbances. This critical missing information prevents accurate forecasting of breakup lengths and droplet generation. Conventional optical imaging is constrained by the diffraction limit and lacks the capability to resolve such nanoscale surface fluctuations. Here we introduce a Mie-scattering-based measurement technique to characterize nanoscale surface disturbances on liquid jets. The method employs a thin laser sheet to illuminate the jet, with scattered light captured at designated azimuthal observation angles. Based on Lorenz–Mie theory, we develop an inversion algorithm incorporating cosine similarity and cross-correlation to reconstruct jet surface disturbances from measured scattering fringes, achieving a sub-nanometer resolution for detecting diameter variations, with an overall measurement precision limited by a background noise floor of 0.18 nm RMS. Comparative analyses of forward and rainbow scattering signals further confirm that the surface disturbances become axially symmetric as the amplitude reaches a few nanometers, and thus satisfies the assumptions of the scattering model. Synchronous validations against high–speed imaging and scanning electron microscopy corroborate the quantitative accuracy of our scattering method. Applied in the near-nozzle region, the technique identifies two intrinsic signatures of initial perturbations: stochastic pulse-like fluctuations and low-frequency oscillations.

Background:Flatbed scanners introduce a lateral response artifact (LRA) perpendicular to lamp motion. Because LRA varies with position, pixel value (PV), color channel, and film model, it may violate the channel-common perturbation assumption of multichannel dosimetry. Purpose:To characterize PV-domain LRA in EBT4 and EBT-XD films, compare Lewis and Full corrections, and evaluate their effects on single-, double-, and triple-channel dosimetry. Methods:Seven films were scanned at seven lateral positions using a cyclic-shift design. For each position and RGB channel, center-equivalent response was modeled as PVc = A + B * PV. Lewis correction used two films with linear interpolation of A and B; Full correction used all center-local pairs with PCHIP interpolation of PVc - PV. Performance was assessed by portrait-landscape profile consistency and dose accuracy. Results: LRA was affine in PV, asymmetric about scanner center, and dependent on film model and channel. Both corrections reduced profile differences. Mean absolute profile differences across MU levels ranged from 1.4%-5.3% for EBT4 and 2.4%-6.8% for EBT-XD. The methods performed similarly for EBT4, while Full correction reduced discrepancies for several EBT-XD double- and triple-channel methods. Residual blue-channel errors limited blue, red-blue, and triple-channel performance. At 500 MU and above, red showed the best dose agreement; at 100 MU, both corrections increased deviations for several single-channel estimates. Full correction produced smaller deviations than Lewis in several EBT-XD conditions. Conclusions:LRA should be corrected in the raw-PV domain before dose reconstruction. Full correction better preserved profile consistency and dose accuracy, particularly for EBT-XD. Because improved profile consistency did not always improve central-dose agreement, both should be evaluated separately in commissioning.

Kerr photonic integrated circuit optical parametric oscillators (PIC OPOs) provide a promising platform for coherent visible-light generation, offering broad wavelength accessibility and low frequency noise for applications in quantum information processing, precision metrology, spectroscopy, and sensing. However, achieving large fiber-coupled output powers and high conversion efficiency remains challenging, impacting the practical deployment of these sources. Here we demonstrate optical injection locking of a commercially available visible Fabry-Pérot (FP) laser diode to a PIC OPO, realizing a hybrid laser that combines the complementary strengths of nonlinear frequency conversion with those of semiconductor laser technologies. Using 25 $\mu$W of injected PIC OPO signal, we generate coherent visible-light at 635 nm with a fiber-coupled output power of $\approx$ 40 mW and side-mode suppression ratio $\gtrsim$ 36.3 dB. The injection-locked FP laser faithfully inherits the low frequency noise characteristics of the PIC OPO signal, achieving a frequency noise floor of 714 Hz$^2$/Hz. We further demonstrate $\gtrsim1$ GHz wide locking bandwidths that enable stable injection locking without active PIC OPO stabilization, together with coarse wavelength tunability over 6 nm while preserving both high output power and spectral purity. Our results establish optical injection locking with nonlinear light sources as a compelling option for coherent, high-power, and wavelength-agile integrated coherent visible sources.

Electric-field control of magnetic order and valley polarization holds great promise for spintronic and valleytronic applications. However, achieving such electrical modulation remains a fundamental challenge in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) magnets. Herein, via first-principles calculations, we verify that electrically tunable interlayer magnetic order and valley polarization can be realized in Janus VSSe bilayers with different interfaces. Although the magnitudes of dipole moments within each constituent Janus monolayer are identical, the vertical built-in electrostatic potential difference $\Delta\phi$ across the bilayer depends strongly on the orientations of these dipoles, which originates from the distinct interfacial configurations. As a consequence, the VSSe bilayers with different interfaces possess distinct interlayer magnetic couplings and show dramatically varied responses to external electric fields. For Se-S interface, reversible electric-field switching between antiferromagnetic (AFM) and ferromagnetic (FM) states can be achieved due to the competition between itinerant-electron-mediated FM exchange coupling and interlayer $\Delta\phi$-dependent AFM/FM super-superexchange interactions mediated by interfacial Se and S atoms. For Se-Se interface, both the valley polarization and spin splitting can be effectively reversed by the out-of-plane electric field, realizing an all-electric-field controlled anomalous valley Hall effect. Our results demonstrate that the interface of the magnetic Janus bilayer could act as an additional degree of freedom to tune the electronic, magnetic, and valley properties in 2D vdW materials. The Janus VSSe bilayers are identified as a promising platform for the design of low-power spintronic and valleytronic devices.

We establish the quantum channel Stein lemma at every fixed type-I error tolerance in $(0,1)$ and prove an exponential strong converse under arbitrary adaptive strategies. For any finite-dimensional channel pair, the optimal type-II exponent equals the regularized channel relative entropy and is attained by parallel strategies. When this divergence is finite, every strictly larger type-II rate forces the probability of accepting the null hypothesis to decay exponentially, uniformly over strategies and quantum memories. The proof rests on a uniform Stinespring approximation: tensor powers of the null dilation are approximated by tensor powers of the alternative dilation after applying an auxiliary linear map to the environment. The operator-norm error is exponentially small under a squared-norm bound at any rate above the regularized relative entropy. We construct the approximation from a weak testing bound by iterative rate reduction and a fixed-block tensor expansion with an exact residual. It implies right continuity at order one of the regularized sandwiched Rényi channel divergence, which yields the adaptive converse through the channel chain rule. We also obtain a sharp hockey-stick threshold and a subchannel smoothing asymptotic equipartition property for fixed and subexponentially vanishing diamond-norm errors.

Kinetic models of protein aggregation describe populations by size, not by spatial organization or morphology. We extend Lumry-Eyring nucleated polymerization to a model in which the monomer is a density field and each aggregate is a region bounded by a level set. Growth is a flux condition on the available sites of a surface. Condensation is a reaction between the bonding sites of two surfaces in contact, at a rate set by the bond rate and the contact geometry. The availability of those sites is a field on the interface, and its equilibrium value follows from Wertheim's perturbation theory. The collision efficiency and the Fuchs stability ratio are therefore computed, not fitted. In a well-mixed limit the model's spatial averages satisfy the rate equations term by term; the monomer fraction agrees to eight parts in ten thousand, a difference that arises from equating aggregate size with volume. The condensation kernel's exponent is $0.5806\pm0.0013$ against the $0.600\pm0.010$ fitted to a monoclonal antibody. The computed stability ratio reproduces thirteen of fourteen published conditions at twelve $k_BT$, but only with the bond rate at the top of its range. In a many-body box, aggregates merge at $2.2$ to $3.8$ times the two-body rate.

Learning an interacting many-body Hamiltonian at the Heisenberg limit generally requires control that preserves local information for evolution times of order $1/\varepsilon$ to attain $\varepsilon$ precision. To achieve this, existing protocols often rely on trusted many-qubit operations or increasingly rapid control pulses, creating a precision barrier when gates involve unknown multi-qubit interaction or have finite duration. We show that neither resource is necessary for geometrically local Hamiltonians. Our protocol applies only static single-qubit fields, whose strength is independent of system size and grows polylogarithmically with $1/\varepsilon$. These fields generate emergent prethermal symmetries that suppress thermalization for the entire learning experiment while retaining informative symmetry-preserving dynamics. On a $d$-dimensional lattice of $n$ qubits, this enables learning every coefficient to accuracy $\varepsilon$, with failure probability at most $\delta$, using total evolution time $\mathcal{O}(\log^d(1/\varepsilon)\log^2(n/\delta)/\varepsilon).$ Thus, our learning protocol attains the information-theoretically optimal \(1/\varepsilon\) dependence up to polylogarithmic factors using product-state preparation, single-qubit measurements, and non-adaptive experiments. More broadly, our results establish emergent prethermal symmetries as a resource for quantum learning, opening a route to Heisenberg-limited characterization of many-body systems where fast or trusted many-qubit control is unavailable.

We study the fluctuation spectrum and renormalized one-loop quantum mass of the Christ–Lee kink over the full positive range of its deformation parameter. The fluctuation equation is reduced exactly to general-Heun form, yielding parity-resolved continuum solutions and implicit quantization conditions for the discrete spectrum. At the first nontrivial continuum crossing, the odd Heun solution truncates to a polynomial, giving the exact threshold \(\epsilon_1=\sqrt{\sqrt{3}-1}\). For small deformation, the kink separates into two widely spaced \(\phi^6\)-like interfaces and the fluctuation operator develops a long central cavity. This geometry explains the logarithmic growth of the bound-state count, the asymptotically geometric hierarchy of continuum-threshold crossings, and the emergence of a soft relative-translation mode. In the opposite limit, the spectrum approaches the \(\phi^4\) Pöschl–Teller problem, while its even threshold resonance becomes a shallow bound state at finite deformation. The one-loop correction is evaluated in a fixed vacuum-normal-ordering prescription using a common-regulator spectral trace and independently through an imaginary-frequency functional determinant. The two calculations agree throughout representative finite deformations and reproduce the exact \(\phi^4\) limit. In the small-deformation regime, the extended central region produces a logarithmically enhanced negative quantum correction. These results provide a unified analytic and numerical description of how the spectral reorganization of the Christ–Lee kink controls its semiclassical quantum mass.

Full tomography of a generic many-qubit quantum state requires exponentially many copies, while suitable structural constraints can make reconstruction sample-efficient. Existing approaches exploit, for example, limited entanglement structure, low magic, or constrained state-preparation circuits. Here we consider a class of mixed states that can simultaneously exhibit extensive entanglement and extensive magic. Specifically, we introduce Clifford-encoded block-product (CEBP) states, obtained by applying an unknown global Clifford unitary to a tensor product of arbitrary mixed states supported on unknown blocks of bounded size. We show that, for a fixed block size, CEBP states can be reconstructed using polynomially many copies by exploiting Clifford-preserved Pauli correlations to recover the latent structure and reduce the remaining problem to local tomography. Our result demonstrates that sample-efficient tomography can arise from bounded complexity in a latent frame even when the physical state is highly entangled, highly magical, and mixed, and suggests complexity modulo structured transformations as a broader organizing principle for quantum-state learnability.