High Energy Physics (Theory)
Entanglement Wedge Reconstruction Beyond the Large N Limit via the Twirled Petz Map
Arash Alipour Shahmiri, Maryam Sharifian and Niloofar Vardian
Entanglement wedge reconstruction provides the sharpest formulation of bulk locality in AdS/CFT, identifying the
entanglement wedge as the largest bulk region reconstructible from a boundary subregion. While this statement is well understood at leading order in the large N expansion through both modular flow and Petz map reconstruction, its extension beyond the semiclassical regime has remained unclear. In this work, we show that
quantum error correction provides the natural framework for addressing this problem. At leading order, we reproduce the known leading-order reconstruction formulas, and by employing the twirled Petz map, we obtain a systematic and explicit method for incorporating subleading 1/N corrections. Beyond the leading approximation, we have obtained a bi-local correction controlled by a subleading Petz kernel. Our results establish a controlled approach to bulk reconstruction beyond large N and sharpening the role of
quantum error correction in holography. This framework provides a controlled path toward understanding bulk reconstruction in fully
quantum gravitational settings.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
A pilot submillimeter search for IceCube neutrino counterparts: JCMT follow-up and dusty-galaxy catalog associations
Yuji Urata and Kuiyun Huang
The submillimeter band offers a complementary route to identifying electromagnetic counterparts of high-energy
neutrinos, tracing relativistic transients and persistent
dust-obscured
galaxies. We present a pilot search combining JCMT/SCUBA-2 follow-up of IceCube events with catalog searches for bright high-
redshift dusty systems. Among nine rapidly observed IceCube fields, sources of particular interest were found in three: JCMT0402-0424 ("Shadow Blaster") in IC 210922A, a transient-like source following IC 220115A, and two known blazars in IC 240105A. ALMA resolved the Shadow Blaster into a strongly lensed dusty
star-forming
galaxy at z=2.988 with a compact gas-rich starburst core. Motivated by this result, we cross-matched IceCube localizations with the Herschel Bright Sources (HerBS) and Planck High-
Redshift Source Candidate (PHZ) catalogs. Among 51 historical IceCube events with A_bbox,90 <= pi deg^2, four fields contain at least one HerBS source, compared with 0.723 expected from right-ascension scrambling (fixed-cut p=4.18e-3). Scanning the localization-area threshold gives p_global,A=0.0135. Applying the same IceCube selection to PHZ gives four associated fields versus 3.544 expected (p=0.478). Because the focused HerBS selection followed a broader exploratory analysis with trials-corrected p_global=0.130, the focused result is suggestive rather than definitive. The four well-localized HerBS fields contain six high-
redshift DSFGs with apparent L_IR~10^13 L_sun. ALMA imaging and published spectroscopy reveal compact or multiple-component morphologies, extreme molecular-gas kinematics, and possible obscured
nuclear activity. These results support a hierarchical strategy: identify luminous submillimeter candidates through wide-field imaging and catalogs, then characterize them at high angular resolution to test for compact gas-rich calorimetric conditions and obscured AGN activity.
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Fluid Dynamics
Physics-informed neural networks for viscoelastic fluid flows around a cylinder in a two-dimensional channel
Midhuna Suresh and Akanksha Gupta
Grid-based fluid dynamics solvers routinely struggle with exhaustive meshing demands and ill-posed inverse problems. A practical mesh-free alternative is given by Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) but, applying them to highly elastic Oldroyd-B fluids results in many training failures. The High Weissenberg Number Problem (HWNP), driven by the exponential stress growth near stagnation points is a major issue, which causes standard PINN optimizers to diverge. To prevent the network from crashing, we apply a Cholesky decomposition to the conformation tensor. This mathematical constraint stabilizes the gradients by guaranteeing a positive-definite stress field. Beyond mathematical stability, the inherent spectral bias of deep learning models can hinder the network from accurately capturing the highly elastic wake structures. Therefore, we used sparse data assimilation to force the model toward the actual physical solution. By anchoring the physics loss with targeted CFD data points and accelerating training via transfer learning, we successfully pushed the network past non-physical local minima. We validated this Cholesky-PINN approach on flow past cylindrical geometries for Reynolds numbers (Re) between 5-25, for the single-cylinder setup. In addition, the relaxation time ({\lambda}) is increased from 0.1 to 0.5 to test the stability of the network. Finally, we scale the framework to a complex 3-cylinder array which proved our constructive solid geometry approach completely bypasses the tedious re-meshing steps of traditional CFD. The combined framework accurately captured sharp viscoelastic wakes, providing a stable computational tool for complex rheological modeling.
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Quantum Physics
Snakes on a Hyper-Plane: Dynamical and Ontological Locality in Everettian Quantum Mechanics
Travis Norsen
An apparently emerging consensus holds that Everettian
Quantum Mechanics (EQM), in the Spacetime State Realism (SSR) version of Wallace and Timpson, involves ontological non-locality (i.e., non-separability) but is fully compatible with the dynamical notion of locality usually taken to be required by relativity. The claim of dynamical locality is based on the fact that the local beables postulated by the theory (namely, Reduced Density
Matrices, RDMs, associated with localized regions) are not affected by interventions outside their past light cones. However, the theory's non-separability means that it posits non-local beables (namely RDMs for non-localized regions) in addition to the local ones. We argue here that the involvement of non-local beables introduces complications for extant formulations of dynamical locality and at least suggests, contrary to the emerging consensus, that SSR EQM should perhaps not be considered compatible with relativistic causality after all.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
An Approximate Bayesian Deep Learning Approach for Uncertainty-aware Differential Emission Measure Estimates in the Solar Corona from the SDO
N. Balodhi and R. J. Morton
Accurately estimating the temperature distribution of
solar coronal
plasma, known as the Differential Emission Measure (DEM), is vital for understanding the thermodynamics of the corona and associated heating. However, recovering the DEM from multispectral observations like those from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board NASA's
Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is a mathematically ill-posed, underdetermined problem, and traditional regularization-based inversion methods are computationally intensive and provide limited uncertainty quantification. We present a deep learning framework for DEM reconstruction that incorporates Monte Carlo Dropout to perform approximate
Bayesian inference, yielding per-pixel empirical distributions over the DEM that characterize epistemic or systematic model uncertainty in the learned inversion. The network is trained with a dual-head architecture supervising both AIA image reconstruction and DEM fidelity, with non-negativity enforced by construction. The network is trained directly on real SDO/AIA observations along with the associated DEM solutions from regularized inversion. We validate performance against both synthetic thermal distributions and real coronal data, demonstrating accurate recovery of thermal structure across a range of
plasma conditions, while maintaining significant computational efficiency over traditional inversion techniques. This method ensures physically legitimate, non-negative solutions and provides per-pixel uncertainties, making it a reliable, high-speed, and uncertainty-aware tool for large-scale
solar data analysis.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Scalar field with nonminimal couplings to metric-affine geometry
Ilaria Andrei, Damianos Iosifidis, Laur Järv et al. (+1 more)
We study a scalar field nonminimally coupled to metric-affine
gravity within actions linear in the affine
curvature and containing all independent parity-even and parity-odd terms quadratic in torsion and nonmetricity, including mixed contractions. We also include Nieh-Yan-like derivative couplings between the scalar-field derivative and the four torsion and nonmetricity vectors. We derive the connection, metric, and scalar-field equations and, since the connection equation is algebraic, eliminate the independent connection on the generic nondegenerate branch to obtain an equivalent metric scalar-tensor theory in which the non-Riemannian interactions are encoded in an effective kinetic function. We classify several sectors and find that the pure quadratic nonmetricity and pure quadratic torsion sectors separately leave the Einstein-frame kinetic function unchanged relative to the simplest metric-affine scalar-tensor model, whereas their simultaneous presence, the derivative couplings, and generic mixed torsion-nonmetricity interactions can modify it. In the derivative-coupling sector, projective consistency imposes a relation among the couplings. We then consider
polynomial coupling functions and study the resulting canonical field redefinition and Einstein-frame potentials. In particular, we illustrate how derivative and mixed torsion–nonmetricity couplings reshape quadratic and quartic potentials in canonical-field space, and show that a quadratic Jordan-frame potential can be mapped, for a suitable choice of derivative and nonminimal couplings, into a natural-inflation potential after canonical normalization. Finally, we separately impose the cosmological principle, determine the reduced combinations of quadratic couplings and the scalar field hypermomentum, and obtain the corresponding modified cosmological equations in the simplest sectors.
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All authors Ilaria Andrei, Damianos Iosifidis, Laur Järv, Margus Saal
Accelerator Physics
Design and optimization of the NSLS-II lattice with complex bend replacement
Minghao Song, Yoshiteru Hidaka, Bernard Kosciuk et al. (+4 more)
The demand for brighter
photon beams has driven the development of diffraction-limited storage rings with ultralow electron beam emittance. A complex bend (CB)
lattice was recently proposed as an approach for the future NSLS-II upgrade. As a step toward this upgrade, NSLS-II plans to replace two existing electromagnetic dipoles with permanent-magnet CBs, providing the first experimental demonstration of the CB concept in a storage ring. This paper presents the linear optics design, nonlinear optimization, and machine error evaluation of the modified NSLS-II
lattice. The optimized
lattice provides sufficient dynamic and momentum apertures for off-axis injection and routine operation and can be corrected with the existing NSLS-II correction scheme. Scraper measurements near the planned CB installation location validate the beam aperture requirements used in the CB design.
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All authors Minghao Song, Yoshiteru Hidaka, Bernard Kosciuk, Patrick N'Gotta, Sushil Sharma, Timur Shaftan, Guimei Wang
Astrophysics of Galaxies
LEGGOS: Direct abundances of N, O, Ne, S, and Ar in five lensed galaxies at Cosmic Noon
Brian Welch, Gourav Khullar, Taylor A. Hutchison et al. (+14 more)
We present direct $T_e$ chemical abundances in five strongly lensed
galaxies at
Cosmic Noon ($2.481 \leq z \leq 3.625$) using JWST/NIRSpec data from the LEGGOS survey. We measure gas-phase abundances of N, O, S, and Ar in all five
galaxies, and Ne in two
galaxies. Three
galaxies have electron temperature constraints from multiple different ionization zones, and we find that these are broadly consistent with temperature scaling relations observed in both local and high-$z$
galaxies. We find a range of oxygen abundances $8.04 \leq 12+\log(\text{O/H}) \leq 8.79$ (22 – 126% $Z_{\odot}$). The ratios of N/O and Ne/O are consistent with trends observed in local
galaxies. We do not observe any evidence for significant N enhancement in our sample, though the youngest
galaxy in our sample (SGAS-J1050) has a mildly elevated $\log(\text{N/O}) = 1.20 \pm 0.08$, which we suggest may be driven by a population of young massive
stars. The ratios of S/O and Ar/O are generally sub-
solar, similar to trends observed in other high-$z$
galaxies. We find that the S/O and Ar/O abundances are sub-
solar, consistent with enrichment from core-collapse
supernovae (CCSNe). Modeling of the
star formation histories of the LEGGOS
galaxies supports CCSNe enrichment, as each
galaxy shows a recent period of
star formation lasting $\lesssim 100$ Myr, indicating that type Ia
supernovae would not yet have had enough time to contribute significantly to the gas-phase abundances of these
galaxies.
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All authors Brian Welch, Gourav Khullar, Taylor A. Hutchison, Keren Sharon, Pedram Abedi, Matthew B. Bayliss, Michael Florian, Dylan Berry, Jacqueline Antwi-Danso, Nikko J. Cleri, Håkon Dahle, Aleena Ebey Panzer, Michael D. Gladders, Rion Oh, Cole Panzer, Jane R. Rigby, T. Emil Rivera-Thorsen
Astrophysics of Galaxies
LEGGOS: A Shocking Lack of Evidence for Shocks at sub-kiloparsec Scales at 2 < z < 4
Nikko J. Cleri, Taylor A. Hutchison, Brian Welch et al. (+11 more)
Here we present the first systematic search for shocks in six gravitationally lensed
galaxies at 2.37 < z < 3.625 with JWST/NIRSpec integral field spectroscopy from the
LEnsing and
Galaxy Growth: Observing Substructures (LEGGOS) survey. We employ diagnostics that utilize the fluxes and kinematics of shock-sensitive rest-frame optical emission lines He̱ta}, [O iii] {\lambda}5008, [O i] {\lambda}6302, H{\alpha}, [N ii] {\lambda}6585, and [S ii] {\lambda}{\lambda}6718, 6733. We find that, on pixel, clump, and
galaxy-integrated scales, the LEGGOS spectra show minimal if any evidence for shocks. The image plane pixels are < 8% within the shock regions of the rest-frame optical line ratio diagnostics for any individual
galaxy, and the shock-identified pixels do not show a coherent spatial structure. We also leverage MAPPINGS V shock models to infer shock velocities from the observed emission lines, and find that the distributions of inferred shock velocities are inconsistent with those expected for shock-dominated gas. Altogether, none of these methods provide significant evidence for shocks in the six LEGGOS sources. We conclude by discussing the implications of the lack of evidence for shocks in the broader context of
galaxy evolution at
cosmic noon and earlier epochs.
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All authors Nikko J. Cleri, Taylor A. Hutchison, Brian Welch, Gourav Khullar, Matthew B. Bayliss, Håkon Dahle, Michael Florian, Michael D. Gladders, Connor Luettgenau, Rion Oh, Jane R. Rigby, T. Emil Rivera-Thorsen, Julissa Sarmiento, Keren Sharon
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Coherent Selection of Critical Kasner Response
Yi-kun Li
A coherent wave component with extremely small initial self-energy can substantially change the first response of a contracting spacetime. We demonstrate this effect in Einstein–Maxwell–scalar theory with two commuting spacelike Killing fields. Along a critical family motivated by scalarized black-hole interiors, the estimated
magnetic delay leaves time for longitudinal propagation to redistribute the incident field. Increasing a low-frequency component at fixed initial electromagnetic energy enhances the scalar response on one background and suppresses it on another. A calculation that propagates the field and its momentum, then their quadratic scalar and
geometric sources, predicts this reversal before nonlinear
evolution. At the first suppression comparison, the coherent profile error is $0.38\%$, against $46.9\%$ when cross terms are omitted. The selected response develops into a
magnetic pulse with electric and scalar exchange. The critical geometry thus preserves incident coherence as information that predicts its first departure from a Kasner epoch.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Initial momentum anisotropies in the kT-factorization of the CGC I: Gradient Expansion
Oscar Garcia-Montero
We revisit single-inclusive
gluon production in the dilute–dilute limit of the Color Glass Condensate and show that $k_\perp$-factorization is only the zeroth order of a systematic gradient expansion in the transverse positions of the two colliding sources, organized in powers of $1/(Q_sR)$, with $Q_s$ the saturation scale and $R$ the size over which the sources vary. Collecting terms order by order builds a ladder of scalar and tensor structures from the local distributions and their transverse derivatives, yielding an extended $k_\perp$-factorized formula that retains the spatial dependence of the sources and, through kinetic moments of the spectrum, the energy-momentum tensor. Repeating the expansion from a real-time computation of the classical Glasma fields in the future light cone reproduces the momentum-space result in the eikonal limit, but additionally retains coherent interference between amplitude and conjugate. This adds terms to the ladder (flow responses, chromo-electric–
magnetic interference, and a longitudinal energy flux) further suppressed by powers of the large outgoing momentum $|\pp|\gg Q_s$. The hierarchy thus reveals momentum-space anisotropies present in the initial state before any hydrodynamic
evolution, which leading $k_\perp$-factorization misses by construction. Since each order is a local operator on the same unintegrated distributions, these corrections can be added directly to existing saturation-based initial-state models, giving a dynamically generated initial momentum anisotropy and a more faithful early-time energy-momentum tensor without abandoning the tractable factorized form. Set by gradients of the transverse density profiles, they grow towards more dilute, fluctuation-dominated systems, e.g. light-ion collisions. Phenomenological consequences will be developed in a companion paper.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Double Copy from the Flipped Null String
Arjun Bagchi, Sachin Grover, Sharang Rajesh Iyer et al. (+2 more)
We study the double-copy structure of tree amplitudes of the bosonic null string in the flipped
vacuum. We show that its level-one vector correlator supplies the Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY) kinematic half-integrand of the higher-derivative $(DF)^2$ gauge theory, while distinguished compact momentum-winding sectors generate the complementary Parke-Taylor factor. For factorized level-two states, the same Carrollian world-sheet produces two kinematic half-integrands and hence the symmetric double copy to the six-derivative Weyl-cubed graviton sector.
Lattice sectors with common external momenta reproduce the Bern-Carrasco-Johansson (BCJ) ordering relation and the corresponding field-theory Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT) representation. These results provide a direct Carrollian world-sheet origin of the double copy and point toward a current-
algebra realization of the emergent color sector compatible with the $O(d,d)$ structure of the compact
lattice.
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All authors Arjun Bagchi, Sachin Grover, Sharang Rajesh Iyer, Amartya Saha, Stephan Stieberger
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Scattering of Null strings - Flipped Vacuum & CHY
Arjun Bagchi, Sachin Grover, Sharang Rajesh Iyer et al. (+2 more)
We investigate the scattering of null tensionless strings. Classical null strings, given by the ILST action, give rise to three distinct
quantum theories built on different
vacua and representations of the underlying 2d Conformal Carroll
algebra (CCA) which form the residual gauge
symmetries on the null worldsheet. In this paper, we are interested in the
quantum theory built out of the so-called "flipped"
vacuum which realises the highest weight representation of the 2d CCA. By considering a novel class of vertex operators, intimately connected to the compactified null string, we build scattering amplitudes of the theory. We show that one naturally obtains the Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY) formulae when one considers scattering of massless states in the null “flipped” string.
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All authors Arjun Bagchi, Sachin Grover, Sharang Rajesh Iyer, Amartya Saha, Stephan Stieberger
Nuclear Theory
An EOS-Driven Extension of NSCool for Compact Star Cooling with Hadronic and Quark Degrees of Freedom
Federico Nola and Fernando Arias-Aragón
We present an EOS-driven extension of the NSCool thermal
evolution code that enables complete tabulated equations of state to be treated within a single composition-based input structure. The generalized NEW interface includes additional baryonic fractions, a bosonic composition variable, the hadronic volume fraction, and
quark fractions, allowing nucleonic, hyperonic, resonant-baryonic and hybrid
hadron-
quark configurations to be handled within the same workflow. The
neutrino sector is extended accordingly, including updated nucleonic modified Urca and bremsstrahlung rates, additional baryonic direct Urca channels, hyperonic processes, baryonic pair breaking and formation and
quark direct Urca, modified Urca, bremsstrahlung and PBF contributions. In mixed phases, emissivities and the corresponding core heat capacity contributions are evaluated from phase-local quantities and combined using the hadronic volume fraction. The implementation is validated against the original NSCool calculation for a controlled nucleonic
benchmark and demonstrated with representative hadronic and
quark-containing EOSs. These calculations are intended as software validation tests of the generalized workflow rather than as observational fits or statistical EOS inference.
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Soft Condensed Matter
Valency-bounding correction potential for coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations
Vladimir Dmitriev, Ankit Gupta and Anton Goloborodko
Many systems in soft and living matter bind through a limited number of bonds per particle:
proteins associate via discrete surface patches, nucleic acids form one-to-one contacts, and the phase behaviour of multivalent biomolecules is governed by the number of binding sites they carry. In simulations, valency limits are typically enforced with patchy particles, whose anisotropic potentials require integration of rotational degrees of freedom and combine hard cores with narrow patches, which forces small timesteps and commits the model to a fixed binding-site geometry that is often unknown, flexible or mobile. We introduce the valency-bounding correction (VBC), a many-body modification of generic short-range pairwise potentials that smoothly suppresses attraction once the neighbour count of either interacting particle exceeds a prescribed valency. The correction carries no angular degrees of freedom, applies on top of soft repulsive cores and evaluates in two passes over the neighbour list at the cost of a standard pairwise potential. The VBC drives the coordination number to the prescribed valency with low error, while its cluster statistics depart from Wertheim and Flory-Stockmayer predictions through unrestricted ring formation. A tuned variant exchanges bonded partners through ordinary molecular dynamics, reducing bond lifetimes at high saturation by an order of magnitude. On GPUs the cost of the correction is nearly independent of valency, reaching an almost tenfold advantage over a patchy-particle reference. We illustrate large-scale applications by reproducing the reentrant aggregation of repeat-expanded RNA, and show that the VBC also remedies the Fisher-Ruelle thermodynamic instability of soft-core potentials with attraction. The VBC is available as an open-source GPU plugin for HOOMD-blue.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Truncated Polyakov bootstrap for BCFTs: Neumann-Dirichlet flow and Ising special transition
Kaushik Kangsabanik, Apratim Kaviraj and Astha Tiwari
We extend the recently proposed truncated Polyakov bootstrap to boundary conformal field theories (BCFTs). The formalism uses the analytic functional framework to find approximate solutions of BCFT crossing. We show that a generic nonperturbative solution can be identified by relating it to a family of deformations around generalized free fields (GFF) with a fixed boundary condition. We show this by tracking the flow of BCFT data from GFF with Neumann boundary condition to that with Dirichlet. The same method is then used for the 3d Ising special transition, using the perturbative Wilson-Fisher description as the deformation to identify it. The BCFT data obtained are in remarkable agreement with existing
lattice results where available, and are otherwise new.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Observation-driven simulations of strong lensing galaxy clusters
L. Leuzzi, M. Meneghetti, A. Adam et al. (+9 more)
Galaxy clusters are the most powerful strong lenses: they greatly magnify the flux of distant and faint sources. Strong
lensing also allows for the reconstruction of their mass distribution with-1% level accuracy and enables investigating cosmological parameters. The number of known systems of this type is bound to increase in the next years thanks to wide imaging surveys. Using simulations in this context is crucial to validate the analysis methods before they are applied to real data, and to train machine learning
algorithms that can handle large volumes of images. In this work, we present a simulated set of one hundred images of
galaxy clusters that we have produced with a novel code for simulating cluster-scale strong lenses. One of the main novelties of our approach, distinguishing it from other existing codes, is the use of empirical relations, derived from state-of-the-art observations, for modelling the characteristics, such as morphology, color, and spatial distribution of the cluster member population. This allows us to reliably reproduce the complexity of real observations. The simulations are partly carried out with the latest version of SkyLens, a code that creates mock observations of strong
lensing events in different systems and observational setups. The main improvements we introduce are the use of the message passage interface (MPI) paradigm, a standard for parallel programming that leverages the use of several processors to perform some given task, and the implementation of score-based
diffusion models to augment the images of the background sources. Together, they lead to more efficient and realistic image simulations. We also present the validation of the code and simulations by comparing the properties of the mock clusters to those of real ones. [Abridged]
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All authors L. Leuzzi, M. Meneghetti, A. Adam, L. Moscardini, C. Giocoli, P. Bergamini, Y. Hezaveh, M. Maturi, A. Mercurio, A. Moretti, Andrés A. Plazas Malagón, P. Rosati
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Global 3D simulations of convection and dynamos in Red Giants
Carolina Ortiz-Rodríguez, Petri Käpylä, Juan Pablo Hidalgo et al. (+2 more)
Understanding the internal dynamics of red
giants is essential for studying angular momentum transport and
magnetic field generation during
stellar evolution. We present three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a $1M_{\odot}$ red
giant at the bottom of the red
giant branch using a
star-in-a-box setup with the Pencil Code, together with ongoing efforts to refine the numerical model. By varying the rotation rate, we explore different Rossby numbers and identify systematic changes in the convective dynamics and large-scale flows. As the rotation increases, convective motions become more anisotropic, showing clear signatures of rotational constraint and a shift in the dominant convective scales. These changes are accompanied by variations in the differential rotation profile, reflecting the redistribution of angular momentum within the convective envelope. The impact of rotation is also evident in the growth rate and saturation level of the
magnetic field, indicating a strong dependence of dynamo efficiency on the underlying flow structure. Together, these results highlight the interplay between convection, rotation, and large-scale flows in shaping
magnetic activity in red
giant stars.
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All authors Carolina Ortiz-Rodríguez, Petri Käpylä, Juan Pablo Hidalgo, Dominik Schleicher, Robi Banerjee
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abundance Stratification in Type Ia Supernovae – VIII. The 03fg-like SN\,2012dn: a double-degenerate merger interpretation
Charles J. Aouad, Paolo A. Mazzali, Stephan Hachinger et al. (+1 more)
A detailed study using abundance
tomography of SN 2012dn, a peculiar Type Ia
supernova, is presented. Despite exhibiting a normal peak luminosity, it retains early-phase super-Chandrasekhar (03fg-like) characteristics: weak Fe III, narrow intermediate-mass element (IME), persistent carbon, and the absence of high-velocity Ca II features. Its nebular spectrum is unusually faint due to grey dimming beginning $\sim$60 days after maximum and shows [O I] emission, rare in SNe Ia. While a Chandrasekhar-mass density profile reproduces the photospheric phase, it fails at late times. The [O I] emission requires additional low-velocity mass, implying a total ejecta mass of $1.66$ $M_\odot$, including $0.33$ $M_\odot$ of oxygen (with $0.1$ $M_\odot$ in the core). The $^{56}$Ni mass is estimated to be $0.45$–$0.49$ $M_\odot$, a range set by uncertainties in the grey-extinction correction applied at the nebular phase, and is insufficient on its own to account for the peak luminosity. Stable iron is confined to intermediate layers and absent from both the core and outer ejecta, the latter indicating sub-
solar progenitor
metallicity. Silicon and sulfur span the full ejecta, while carbon extends down to $v \sim 6000$ ${\rm km,s^{-1}}$. These properties favour a double-degenerate CO–CO white
dwarf merger scenario. The remaining luminosity deficit may be explained by additional energy input from a weak interaction with a low-mass, carbon-rich circumstellar shell.
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All authors Charles J. Aouad, Paolo A. Mazzali, Stephan Hachinger, Chris Ashall
Astrophysics of Galaxies
A New Sample of $\sim$ 100 Intermediate-mass Black Holes Reaching $z \approx 1$
Wen-Juan Liu, Luis C. Ho, Su Yao et al. (+2 more)
We present a systematic search for intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) active
galactic nuclei (AGNs) at $0.5 < z \lesssim 1$ using DESI DR1 spectroscopy.We identify 98 broad-line IMBH AGNs with black hole masses $M_\mathrm{BH}<10^6$ $M_{\odot}$ through quantitative spectral decomposition and broad-H$\beta$ selection. This sample spans $M_\mathrm{BH}=10^{5.5}-10^{6.0}$ $M_{\odot}$ and Eddington ratios from 1.2 to 9.0 extending systematic IMBH AGN searches to intermediate
redshift. Compared with a consistently selected $z<0.6$ IMBH sample, the $0.5<z<1$ sources reach higher broad-H$\beta$ luminosities and substantially higher Eddington ratios, indicating more extreme
accretion states at earlier
cosmic times. They also show broader [O III] profiles and stronger blueshifted wing components, with these kinematic differences persisting after matching in black hole mass and Eddington ratio. These results reveal two distinct signatures of
evolution among IMBH AGNs at $z<1$: ability of IMBHs to reach increasingly extreme
accretion states toward higher
redshift, and systematic changes in their ionized-gas kinematics. The former demonstrates that rapid, including super-Eddington, growth of IMBHs can persist to relatively late
cosmic times, while the latter may indicate
evolution in the ionized-gas environment and associated
outflow activity of actively growing IMBHs. Together, these findings provide new constraints on the evolutionary pathways of IMBHs at $z<1$, and show that seed-mass black holes can continue to undergo rapid growth well after the
cosmic dawn.
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All authors Wen-Juan Liu, Luis C. Ho, Su Yao, Xiao-Bo Dong, Yaqi Zhao
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Kazuya Mameda and Noriyuki Sogabe
We find a
quantum-
geometric Meissner response in magnetized two-
flavor color-superconducting (2SC)
quark matter. Landau quantization quenches the transverse quasiparticle dispersion, suppressing the conventional
Fermi-surface contribution and giving rise to a Meissner response governed by the
quantum geometry of the Landau levels. In the strong-field regime, the response becomes dominated by the
quantum metric of the lowest Landau level (LLL), and the leading scaling of the transverse Meissner mass is consequently set by the pairing gap, in contrast to the chemical potential scaling of conventional color
superconductors. This unconventional scaling has a topological origin, as the LLL
quantum metric is constrained by its Chern number. The reduced transverse Meissner mass provides potential implications for kHz quasi-periodic oscillations in magnetars.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: Early dark energy and Hubble constant from the cluster mass function
J. Strunk, E. Artis, E. Bulbul et al. (+23 more)
The
evolution of the mass function of massive
galaxy clusters is a well-established probe of cosmology. Using the eROSITA X-ray instrument on board the Spectrum Roentgen Gamma (SRG) mission, the western
Galactic hemisphere of eROSITA's first All-Sky Survey (eRASS1) delivers a uniformly selected and securely confirmed sample of 5259
galaxy clusters spanning $0.1 < z < 0.8$. When combined with overlapping weak
lensing data from DES Year 3, KiDS, and HSC for mass calibration, this
dataset enables precise tests of the standard $\Lambda$CDM framework and beyond. In this work, we use the $0.1 < z < 0.45$ subsample of the eRASS1 cluster catalog to place constraints on an
axion-like Early Dark Energy (EDE) scenario. Such models have been proposed as a possible mechanism to alleviate the tension between early- and late-Universe measurements of the Hubble constant. In this framework, a scalar field temporarily enhances the
cosmic expansion rate around the epoch of recombination before rapidly diluting at later times, leaving distinct imprints on structure growth. We leverage these signatures to present the first constraints on EDE derived from
galaxy cluster number counts. Using eRASS1 number counts alone, we obtain an upper limit on the maximum EDE fraction of $f_{\rm EDE} < 0.3$, consistent with primary CMB analyses. Combining our cluster analysis with primary CMB measurements,
baryon acoustic oscillations, and CMB
lensing, while notably excluding distance-ladder calibration data, yields results consistent with a nonzero EDE contribution and $H_0$ values compatible with late-Universe measurements. The most significant detection, at $\sim 3.2\sigma$, arises from the joint analysis of the eRASS1 sample with the full set of external
datasets, yielding $f_{\rm EDE} = 0.10^{+0.04}_{-0.03}$ and $H_0 = 71.4 \pm 1.4$ km/s/Mpc. [ABRIDGED]
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All authors J. Strunk, E. Artis, E. Bulbul, S. Grandis, N. Clerc, V. Ghirardini, M. Kluge, A. Liu, F. Balzer, J. Comparat, I. Chiu, Z. Ding, N. Malavasi, A. Merloni, T. Mistele, H. Miyatake, S. Miyazaki, K. Nandra, F. Kleinebreil, N. Okabe, M. E. Ramos-Ceja, J. S. Sanders, T. Schrabback, R. Seppi, S. Zelmer, X. Zhang
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Neural Posterior Estimation for Tomographic Weak Lensing Mass Mapping
Tim White, Shreyas Chandrashekaran, Camille Avestruz et al. (+2 more)
Weak gravitational
lensing shear and convergence trace the distribution of baryonic and dark matter across space, making them a powerful probe of
cosmic structure. Inferring shear and convergence from images is a challenging inverse problem. The prevailing approach to this task estimates shear from weighted averages of
galaxy ellipticities, calibrates these estimates to account for systematic biases, and transforms them to reconstruct convergence, a multistage procedure that requires substantial computational resources and meticulous handling of statistical uncertainties. As an alternative, we propose a probabilistic approach to field-level weak
lensing inference in which we train a deep neural network to directly map a multiband image to a variational distribution over the underlying tomographic shear and convergence fields. This neural posterior estimation (NPE) procedure implicitly marginalizes over nuisance variables in the cosmological forward model and does not require evaluating the likelihood function. It is also amortized, so it enables rapid posterior inference for astronomical surveys once the neural network is trained. When evaluated on synthetic images from the LSST-DESC DC2 Simulated Sky Survey, NPE produces well-calibrated variational distributions for shear and convergence that are consistent with the ground truth. We describe how maps sampled from these variational distributions could be used in a subsequent simulation-based inference procedure to approximate the posterior distribution over cosmological parameters.
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All authors Tim White, Shreyas Chandrashekaran, Camille Avestruz, Jeffrey Regier, the LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration
Quantum Physics
Restricted typicality in non-equilibrium quantum many-body systems
Konrad Pawlik, Piotr Sierant and Jakub Zakrzewski
Characterizing the time
evolution of generic
quantum many-body systems is a fundamental challenge, as representing the exact state requires exponentially scaling computational resources. While hydrodynamics and statistical mechanics successfully simplify this task by predicting the expectation values of local observables, these macroscopic frameworks provide no information about nonlinear characteristics of the
quantum state. In this work, we demonstrate that for systems exhibiting a timescale separation, with dynamics governed by the transport of conserved charges, this lost information can be systematically recovered. By constraining the maximum-
entropy Scrooge ensemble solely by the system's slow modes, we accurately reconstruct complex, nonlinear
quantum properties of the global time-evolved state, including the half-chain
entanglement entropy and the participation
entropy in the computational basis. Our results generalize the paradigm of canonical typicality, revealing that a hydrodynamically bottlenecked system behaves as a typical pure state within a dynamically restricted submanifold of the
Hilbert space - a phenomenon we term global restricted typicality.
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Quantum Physics
Realization of decoherence-induced averaged symmetry-protected topological phases on quantum processors
Ruizhe Shen, Xue-Jia Yu and Ching Hua Lee
Symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases are conventionally formulated for pure states protected by exact
symmetries. In open
quantum systems, however, decoherence generates mixed-state ensembles in which average
symmetry can instead emerge only after averaging over microscopic trajectories. In this work, we realize decoherence-induced averaged SPT (ASPT) order on programmable
quantum processors. Starting from a one-dimensional cluster SPT, we engineer sublattice-selective Pauli-$Z$ dephasing through ancilla-assisted
quantum circuits. We observe the resulting
symmetry conversion through the decay of the
symmetry charge. Moreover, a two-replica Renyi-2 string correlator measured through destructive SWAP readout remains nontrivial, revealing the ASPT structure encoded at the density-
matrix level. We further show that the engineered dephasing redistributes spectral weight among reduced-stabilizer sectors while preserving the characteristic twofold pairing of the half-chain
entanglement spectrum. These results establish a gate-based route to engineering and probing ASPT order and demonstrate structured decoherence as a programmable resource for realizing mixed-state topological
quantum matter.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons
Exact fermionic dual of the Bose-Hubbard model
Lei Su, Ivar Martin and Aashish A. Clerk
Recent developments have established exact bosonization and fermionization with a $\mathbb{Z}_2$
symmetry as dualities through gauging. In this work, we apply fermionic gauging, which realizes generalized Jordan-Wigner transformations, to the Bose-Hubbard (BH) model with a global $U(1)$
symmetry and derive an exact dual description in terms of fermionic composites, built from
bosons and
fermions. In 1D, this duality generalizes the exact mapping between the extended hard-core BH model and the spinless
Fermi-Hubbard model to include soft-core
bosons. At low energies, the mapping reduces to the well-known equivalence between the sine-Gordon model and the Thirring model. The oscillation wave vector of the fermionic composite correlation function in the gapless phase is fixed by their density, providing a novel manifestation of Luttinger's
theorem. We verify the exact duality using density
matrix renormalization group (DMRG) calculations and demonstrate that the gapless phase and the phase transition are governed by the compact
boson conformal field theory. Our construction naturally extends to generic bosonic systems and higher dimensions, opening new avenues for studying Bose-
Fermi mixtures in optical
lattices and other strongly correlated
quantum systems.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Diffeomorphism-invariant Approach to Asymptotically Safe Quantum Gravity
Friederike Ihssen, Benjamin Knorr, Silas Mezger et al. (+2 more)
We provide a novel diffeomorphism-invariant approach to asymptotically safe metric
quantum gravity. It is based on physics-informed renormalisation group flows with a renormalisation group kernel that guarantees diffeomorphism invariance at each renormalisation group step. Importantly, it also allows us to control and maintain the relevance counting of operators in metric
quantum gravity. The resulting effective action is
quantum diffeomorphism-invariant and background-independent. As a first non-trivial application, we compute the Reuter fixed point in a manifestly diffeomorphism-invariant way. This computation is augmented with a detailed discussion of regularisation dependence and a systematic estimate of the errors arising from approximations.
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All authors Friederike Ihssen, Benjamin Knorr, Silas Mezger, Jan M. Pawlowski, Paul P. Sprenger
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Unitary quantum conformal Bondi-Metzner-Sachs field theories
Daniel Grumiller and Iva Lovrekovic
We impose unitarity constraints on two-dimensional field theories whose
symmetries form the
quantum conformal Bondi-Metzner-Sachs
algebra, which combines conformal
symmetries with asymptotic
symmetries of asymptotically flat spacetimes. Positivity constraints put bounds on the central charge, 0<c<2.053. Positivity of the associated vertex
algebra allows only four central charges, c = 1, 3/2, 13/7, 2. Thus, only four candidates for
unitary field theories remain. We calculate their spectra of primaries and show that they are compatible with BPS-like and
holographic inequalities.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
SolutionsX: supergravity theories/solutions as code, with an agentic workflow for machine-verifiable physics
Vasil Dimitrov
A supergravity solution in the literature is an artifact that cannot be verified without re-deriving it: conventions might not be clearly stated, papers have typos,
algebra is tedious. SolutionsX is a Mathematica package that turns an xAct environment, whatever physics it may describe, into a stored, machine-verifiable record: code that replays in a fresh kernel, carries its own verification, and can later be fetched for re-use or extension. The shipped examples are supergravity theories and their solutions, but the scope is anything xAct reaches: abstract tensors, differential forms, spinors in any dimension. We follow one published solution through the entire workflow,
benchmark the package's component engine against xAct's, and report on three blind runs of an agentic workflow in which an AI coding
agent, given the package and a small toolkit, correctly codified a recent paper in under three hours. A database of such records is useful to researchers today and gives
agents worked examples to learn from. The package acts as an internal verifier during the thought process of an
agent: a claim is checked in the kernel before it is made.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
A Dusty Quenching-candidate AGN host at z=5.7: massive quiescent galaxies may quench already during the dust-obscured phase
Francesco D'Eugenio, Matilde Brazzini, Roberto Maiolino et al. (+12 more)
We present a spectro-photometric analysis of RUBIES-EGS-9809, a broad-line AGN host at z=5.7 with a Balmer break and a dominant point source. The source is
dust reddened ($A_V>$3 mag), shows hot- and cold-
dust emission, and is X-ray Compton thick, with X-ray-to-bolometric ratio consistent with luminous AGN. The large $A_V$ agrees with strong NaI absorption (EW=17$\pm 2 \AA$), possibly from a neutral-gas
outflow (3 $\sigma$), while broad [O III] traces an ionized
outflow, suggesting AGN feedback may be affecting the host. We estimate a
stellar mass log(M*/M$_\odot$)=10.7$\pm$0.3, Lbol$\sim4\times10^{46}$ erg s$^{-1}$ , and black-hole mass log(M$_{BH}/M_\odot)\sim8.1$ (subject to large systematics). The resolved Balmer break (0.1 arcsec, 0.6 kpc) is consistent with a
stellar origin, implying the
galaxy is already old in
stars while still heavily obscured. This shows that massive
galaxies can host evolved
stellar populations during their compact,
dust-obscured phase, consistent with formation in an earlier dusty starburst. SED modelling suggests a declining SFR, but low-resolution spectroscopy alone cannot constrain the recent SFR, so we treat the source as a strong quenching candidate rather than a secure post-starburst system. Because quenching follows the decline in SFR,
star-formation-driven
outflows are disfavoured, leaving AGN feedback as a plausible driver. We speculate that such rapid feedback ($\sim$100 Myr timescale) may precipitate quenching while the post-quenching phase stays
dust-enshrouded, concealing the UV-bright quenched phase that would otherwise be easily detected, if
dust free. By the time
dust clears, the UV-luminous
stars may have already dwindled, leaving a classic
dust-free quiescent
galaxy. This 'dusty path' to quiescence may explain the lack of intermediate-age quenched progenitors (ages 50-100 Myr) linking dusty starbursts to massive quiescent systems at z=3-7.
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All authors Francesco D'Eugenio, Matilde Brazzini, Roberto Maiolino, Elena Bertola, Stefano Carniani, Xihan Ji, Ignas Juodžbalis, Yixiao Liu, Minjung Park, Eleonora Parlanti, Robert G. Pascalau, Gabriele Pezzulli, Jan Scholtz, Sandro Tacchella, Stefano Zibetti