Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
The Space Coronagraph Optical Bench (SCoOB): X. Dark zone maintenance
Saraswathi Kalyani Subramanian, Kyle Van Gorkom, Ramya Anche et al. (+12 more)
The Space Coronagraph Optical Bench (SCoOB) is a
vacuum high contrast imaging testbed designed to demonstrate starlight suppression at optical wavelengths and obtain contrasts better than 10$^{-8}$ in a one-sided dark hole from 3 to 10 $\lambda/D$ using a vector
vortex coronagraph (VVC) mask. Some of the recent efforts have been in testing dark zone maintenance (DZM)
algorithms which are used to stabilize the contrast in the presence of wavefront drifts and allow for the long integration times required by
exoplanet observations. In this work, we discuss the results from simulations with two DZM
algorithms - linear dark field control (LDFC) and extended Kalman Filter-based (EKF) DZM. We also report preliminary results from the testbed with LDFC.
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All authors Saraswathi Kalyani Subramanian, Kyle Van Gorkom, Ramya Anche, William Melby, Kian Milani, Emory Jenkins, Irina Stefan, Adam Schilperoort, Jaren N. Ashcraft, Heejoo Choi, Kevin Derby, Olivier Durney, Daewook Kim, Kelsey Miller, Ewan S. Douglas
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Visual Orbits of Spectroscopic Binaries with the CHARA Array. V. HD 210763 and HD 221950
Kathryn V. Lester, Josephine Singleton, Alexandra M. Twomey et al. (+16 more)
We present the visual orbits and dynamical masses of two longer period spectroscopic binary
stars, HD 210763 and HD 221950, using long baseline interferometry with the CHARA Array and high resolution spectroscopy with the APO 3.5 m and CTIO 1.5 m
telescopes. By combining the astrometric and radial velocity observations, we solve for the full, three-dimensional orbits and determine the
stellar masses to within 0.5% uncertainty and the distance to within 0.2% uncertainty. For HD 210763, we found component masses of M1 = 1.748 Msun and M2 = 1.492 Msun. For HD 221950, we found masses of M1 = 1.098 Msun and M2 = 1.031 Msun. We then estimate the effective temperature and radius of each component
star through disentangling and spectral energy distribution analyses. We compare the observed
stellar parameters to the predictions of the
stellar evolution models and estimate the system ages. The primary component of HD 210763 is at the end of the main sequence while the secondary component is on the main sequence, providing a tight age constraint for this system at 1.6 Gyr. Both components of HD 221950 are still on the main sequence with an age of 3.76 Gyr. These systems have longer orbital periods, beyond the
tidal circularization limit, and therefore are better proxies for single
stars and tests of
stellar evolution models than short period, eclipsing systems.
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All authors Kathryn V. Lester, Josephine Singleton, Alexandra M. Twomey, Viktoria Sargent, Sally V. Shepherd, Douglas R. Gies, Gail H. Schaefer, Cyprien Lanthermann, Jeremy Jones, Katherine Shepard, Narsireddy Anugu, Claire L. Davies, Todd J. Henry, Hodari-Sadiki Hubbard-James, Wei-Chun Jao, Stefan Kraus, John D. Monnier, Leonardo A. Paredes, Benjamin R. Setterholm
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Kick Velocities and Mass Function of Free-Floating Planets from Dynamical Ejection in Hierarchical Three-Body Systems
Hugh Kramer and Stefano Profumo
Free-floating
planets (FFPs), also known as rogue
planets, are sub-
stellar objects that travel through the
Galaxy unbound to any host
star. Their velocity distribution carries information about the dynamical channel that released them from their birth systems, while their mass distribution encodes the underlying abundance of
planets available for ejection. We present a suite of direct $N$-body simulations of hierarchical three-body systems consisting of a
Solar-mass host
star, a massive
giant perturber, and a lighter
planet treated in the restricted three-body regime. We vary the mass of the ejected
planet, the mass of the
giant perturber, the light
planet's semi-major axis, and the eccentricities of both
planets, measuring the asymptotic ejection velocity $v_\infty$ and the finite-radius ejection speed $v_{\rm kick}$ at the first accepted ejection output. The ejected body's mass has little effect on the outcome over four orders of magnitude, confirming the test-particle limit. By contrast, the
giant-
planet mass sets the ejection scale and time, following the secular scaling $t_{\rm ejec}\propto M_J^{-1}$. The eccentricities mainly affect the high-velocity tail rather than the median: a higher light-
planet eccentricity extends the kick ceiling to $\sim23$ km/s, while a highly eccentric
giant can yield rare kicks near $80$ km/s via pericentre-enhanced slingshot encounters. We interpret these trends with a semi-analytic framework based on Hill-scale scattering, the Tisserand parameter, and an eccentricity-dependent upper envelope for slingshot energy exchange, and discuss how the ejection velocities map onto the
Galactic FFP velocity dispersion and how the mass function sets the microlensing timescale distribution relevant for Roman and Euclid.
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Quantum Physics
The Utility of Sparse Error Detection in Quantum Simulations
Henry Froland, Dorota M. Grabowska, Sebastian Grieninger et al. (+8 more)
The recent success of error detecting codes points toward their potential application to fault-tolerant simulations of nature. In this work, we examine the utility of sparse error detection for simulating
lattice gauge theories using
quantum computers. In particular, we study the time
evolution of the
lattice Schwinger model embedded into the Iceberg code family, $[[N+2, N, 2]]$, as well as the Hypercube code family, $[[2^N, N, 2]]$. The
lattice of electrons and positrons in the axial gauge is embedded into a single code block or into multiple code blocks, and this work finds that large codeblocks are advantageous in the absence of connectivity constraints. Noisy classical simulations with realistic near-term error rates, infrequent syndrome measurements and physics-aware postselection are found to improve observable estimation. Under realistic noise rates for near-term
quantum computers, this work finds that sparse error detection in
quantum simulations has the potential to improve accuracy of observable estimation. Additional rounds of error detection are found to systematically drive errors in observables to the noise floor set by the code. These findings suggest that incorporating minimal implementations of fault tolerance in the near-term will enhance the performance of
quantum simulations in
nuclear physics and high-energy physics.
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All authors Henry Froland, Dorota M. Grabowska, Sebastian Grieninger, Jeremy Hartse, Anne L. Lashbrook, Zhiyao Li, Ziyuan Li, Sarah J. M. Powell, Martin J. Savage, Xiaojun Yao, Nikita A. Zemlevskiy
Computational Physics · Cross-listed from eess.IV
ScoreField: Neural Inverse Scattering with Score-Based Generative Priors
Wenhan Guo, Yuan Gao and Yu Sun
Designing an effective electromagnetic inverse-scattering solver requires faithful enforcement of nonlinear full-wave physics together with an expressive prior on the unknown permittivity contrast. We propose ScoreField, a neural inverse scattering framework that integrates coupled implicit neural representations (INRs) with a pretrained score-based generative prior. ScoreField employs two INRs to parameterize the permittivity contrast and the induced current fields, and jointly optimize them under the Lippmann-Schwinger equations. In addition to the implicit regularization by the INR architecture, the score model provides a learned prior gradient on the contrast, which is propagated to the contrast INR through the chain rule. This formulation enables ScoreField to effectively handle strong multiple scattering, where nonlinear wave interactions require accurate modeling of the coupled full-wave physics. We evaluate ScoreField on simulated weak- and strong-scattering
benchmarks, the canonical Austria phantom, and experimental Fresnel measurements. We note that ScoreField significantly improves reconstruction fidelity and suppresses artifacts relative to classical full-wave methods and deep learning baselines, achieving an average PSNR improvement of $1.8 \, \mathrm{dB}$ over the best competing method on real Fresnel data.
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Chemical Physics
Cooling down trees for finite-temperature quantum dynamics: Purification within ML-MCTDH
Niclas Krupp and Oriol Vendrell
Simulating multidimensional
quantum systems at finite temperature is inherently challenging as the system is no longer described by a single, pure-state wavefunction but by a density operator, squaring an already exponential scaling of the
Hilbert space. Building upon the compact wavefunction ansatz of the multi-layer multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree (ML-MCTDH) method, we present a new scheme for simulating finite-temperature
quantum dynamics based on purification. Here, a density operator is mapped to a single ML-MCTDH wavefunction in an enlarged
Hilbert space, comprising physical and auxiliary degrees of freedom. In the key step, one obtains a pure-state representation of the canonical density operator via imaginary time-propagation of the infinite-temperature state. The most important observation is that this state can be exactly decomposed as a Hartree product of maximally entangled combined modes, each combined mode consisting of a physical degree of freedom and its auxiliary counterpart. Through dynamically
pruning the node ranks of the ML-tree during the "cool down" stage yields a compact finite-temperature wavefunction, thus accelerating the real-time propagation and enabling finite-temperature simulations of multidimensional, correlated molecular systems. Our method circumvents both intensive statistical sampling and costly tensor-decomposition of the full density-operator, while being broadly applicable to model
Hamiltonians and general ab initio potential energy surfaces alike. Two applications of the method are presented,
benchmark results on the thermal ground-state of H2O as well as temperature-dependent infrared absorption spectra of the more challenging, floppy H3O2- anion.
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Chemical Physics
Resolving Peak Shifting Effects in Real-Time Time-Dependent Orbital Propagation Methods Through Nonorthogonal Expansions
Matheus M. F. de Moraes and Lee M. Thompson
Self-consistent field real-time electronic structure methods are a powerful approach for modeling ultrafast processes but suffer from systematic errors in predicted transition energies, commonly known as peak shifting, that obscure direct comparison with experiment. Although this effect has been explored in single reference methods, a general understanding that extends to multiconfigurational methods remains unresolved. Here, we develop a real-time nonorthogonal multiconfigurational self-consistent field (RT-TD NOMCSCF) formalism in which independently propagated orbital sets generate a compact, nonorthogonal wavefunction. The approach establishes a unified framework for nonlinear real-time electronic structure theories, which we use to reveal the common origin of peak shifting across single and multireference limits. Using this framework, we demonstrate that peak shifting does not arise exclusively from the effect of state averaging over the internal space basis, but also from the accessible external configurational space. By systematically expanding the internal space with independently propagated orbital sets, RT-TD NOMCSCF suppresses this aver- aging, recovers correct transition energies, and distinguishes intrinsic peak shifting from numerical peak drifting caused by propagation errors. Thus, these developments establish nonlinear real-time electronic structure methods that enables more accurate simulations of ultrafast processes.
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Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.SG
AKSZ Descent on Manifolds with Ordinary Corners
Cristian Anghel
Under an explicit formal mapping-space hypothesis, we develop a facewise formulation of the classical AKSZ construction on compact oriented
manifolds with ordinary corners. The codimension-$r$ data—a mapping space carrying a closed two-form of degree $r-1$, an action of degree $r$, and a cohomological vector field—and the modified Batalin–Vilkovisky/Batalin–Fradkin–Vilkovisky
Hamiltonian identity relating consecutive strata are those of the maximally extended BV–BFV theory of Cattaneo–Mnev–Reshetikhin. What is added here is the organization over the entire face poset: the
Hamiltonian defect on a face is the sum of the pullbacks of the primitives on its codimension-one faces, weighted by the orientation incidence numbers, so that the boundary term of the single-stratum identity is resolved into its connected pieces with signs. Organizing these defects by the face incidence complex yields a total-complex
theorem: factorially normalized facewise transgression is a cochain map, so closed target forms transgress to cocycles, and the twice-iterated defect vanishes because the signed face differential squares to zero. We verify all four codimension-two cancellations explicitly for four-dimensional BF theory on $M=\Gamma\times[0,1]^2$. We also establish a reduction criterion for singular corner data. If a raw codimension-two descendant is presymplectic and its reduced Dirac structure is the graph of a Poisson bivector, the shifted cotangent construction gives a canonical strict degree-two corner theory. The passage from a reduced Poisson bivector to a strict corner theory is already recorded in \cite{CFT2026}; what is isolated here is the hypothesis under which it applies, and its relation to the face-incidence structure. The construction provides a rigorous ordinary-corner
benchmark for extensions of AKSZ descent to Joyce generalized corners.
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Soft Condensed Matter
Phase-locking of hybrid oscillators
Joshua H.K. Saldi and Alexandre Morin
The synchronization and phase-locking behavior of oscillators with smooth dynamics is well captured by continuous phase-models à la Kuramoto. However, these models do not apply seamlessly for hybrid oscillators, where discrete events occur along their otherwise smooth dynamics. Consequently, the synchronization and phase-locking mechanisms of hybrid oscillators remain overlooked. Here, we combine experiments, theory, and simulations, to investigate and rationalize the coherent motion of pairs of hybrid oscillator. Using contact-charge electrophoretic (CCEP) oscillators as an experimental realization, we show that in-phase oscillations can occur, despite oscillators repelling each other. We rationalize this behavior by introducing a discrete-time framework that explicitly accounts for discrete events and elucidates the origin of phase-locking. Our model highlights the roles played by inertia and the decay of interaction strength along the oscillation cycle in promoting phase-locking of CCEP oscillators. More generally, it provides a phase-locking criterion that holds for a broader class of coupled hybrid oscillators, and reveals that various mechanisms can lead to their coherence.
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Materials Science
Symmetry-Guided Computational Screening of Two-Dimensional Altermagnets with ab initio Hubbard Corrections
Anumita Bose, Nataliia Manko, Marco Gibertini et al. (+1 more)
Altermagnets combine compensated
antiferromagnetic order with momentum-dependent
spin splitting, offering a promising platform for spintronic applications without macroscopic magnetization or stray
magnetic fields. Although a wide range of three-dimensional (3D) materials have been identified as altermagnets, two-dimensional (2D) altermagnets remain comparatively limited. In this work, we perform a high-throughput computational search for altermagnetism across 2710 materials in the Materials Cloud 2D
Crystals (MC2D) database. Our approach combines
symmetry-based screening with first-principles density functional theory calculations, including self-consistent Hubbard-$U$ corrections, to reliably capture
magnetic ground states. Through a systematic exploration of
magnetic configurations and their energetic stability, we identify 42 materials exhibiting altermagnetic ground states for at least one value of $U$, of which 24 remain robust upon determination of the Hubbard-$U$ parameters from first principles–including 4 materials previously reported in the literature and 20 newly predicted candidates. These comprise promising monolayers such as metallic Fe$_2$Si$_2$SbO$_9$, and insulating CoBrO, with
spin splittings about 294 meV and 330 meV, respectively. Our results significantly expand the pool of potential 2D altermagnet candidates with favorable exfoliation energetics and provide valuable guidance for experimental efforts. In addition, this work establishes a high-throughput computational framework for reproducible discovery and characterization of altermagnetic materials.
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All authors Anumita Bose, Nataliia Manko, Marco Gibertini, Antimo Marrazzo
Quantum Physics
Quantum-Limited Blind Source Separation of Classical Light
Janis Nötzel and Kiran Adhikari
Using the framework of
quantum multiparameter estimation, we study the problem of separating independent thermal optical sources mixed by an unknown passive linear transformation, which is known as blind source separation in signal processing. We propose a sensing-assisted method that iteratively estimates and suppresses optical correlations directly within the unit
cells of a programmable interferometer. We show that collective
quantum measurements exhibit a substantial advantage over conventional detection methods by constructing collective measurements that asymptotically achieve the Holevo Cramér–Rao bound in a unit
cell of the interferometer for the respective sub-problem. By systematically arranging multiple such
cells in a photonic mesh, our proposal implements an in situ Jacobi diagonalization of the input multimode correlation
matrix. We contrast our method with a conventional approach where heterodyne detection is used to reconstruct the full covariance
matrix and subsequently diagonalize it on a classical computer. A comparison with this heterodyne
tomography approach shows that our sensing-based method is particularly advantageous in the weak-light regime.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Olga Arroyo-Gascón and Manuel Pino
We numerically analyze chaos and
diffusion in experimentally-relevant models of twisted
bilayer graphene. Our results indicate that finite systems at both commensurate and incommensurate rotation angles exhibit chaos. We compute the Thouless energy of the system at intermediate twist angles to further understand the diffusive processes associated with the chaotic nature of the spectrum. We find that the mean free path of the non-interacting electrons scales with the system size, which is consistent with diffusive processes caused by border-induced scattering. In summary, our results show the role of borders as a experimentally relevant single-particle scattering mechanism, which is much stronger than in single-layer
graphene and induces chaos and
diffusion regardless of the rotation angle and the
lattice commensurability.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Bessel-Hagen currents for linearised Weyl-squared gravity
Michael Hobson, Will Barker and Anthony Lasenby
We consider the Bessel-Hagen construction for linearised Weyl-squared
gravity, whose action depends on the metric perturbation $h_{\mu\nu}$ through the linearised Weyl tensor $C^{(1)}_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}$. This provides a
curvature-based comparison with the Fierz-Pauli theory, in which the action contains first derivatives of $h_{\mu\nu}$ whereas the first local gauge-invariant field strength contains two, and the construction determines a gauge-invariant class of Noether currents without selecting a preferred gauge-invariant local energy-momentum tensor. Since the Weyl tensor is the irreducible
spin-2 part of the
curvature, it is of particular interest to ask whether an action built from it admits a local representative analogous to the Maxwell tensor. We show that the Bessel-Hagen construction extends to the conformal group, acting on the fields on a fixed Minkowski background, and yields a gauge-invariant conserved-current class for each generator. Nonetheless, no nonzero local,
polynomial, symmetric rank-two tensor of mass dimension four, quadratic in $h_{\mu\nu}$ and with constant dimensionless coefficients and no explicit coordinate dependence, is both strictly invariant under the linearised diffeomorphism and Weyl gauge
symmetries and conserved on the Bach shell. The gauge
symmetries restrict such a tensor to depend on $C^{(1)}$ and its derivatives, while the dimension and field degree permit only terms quadratic in $C^{(1)}$ without further derivatives. Four-dimensional Weyl identities then reduce all candidates to pure traces, whose conservation requires their coefficients to vanish. Thus, building the action from a gauge-invariant
curvature does not recover the electromagnetic result. A first-order gauge-covariant field strength may provide a route to such a representative, although its presence alone is not sufficient.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Formation of extremal regular black holes
Johanna Borissova
Static and slowly evolving regular black holes with a non-extremal inner horizon are generally expected to suffer from mass inflation. Here we consider the scenario of asymptotic gravitational collapse into extremal regular black holes. To that end, we first construct
geometric models of static spherically symmetric single-horizon extremal and double-horizon inner-extremal regular black holes for generic black hole mass as the only dimensionful scale. These spacetimes may be interpreted as non-fine-tuned
vacuum solutions of modified gravitational theories defined implicitly by the requirement that their spherical reduction yields an integrable two-dimensional Horndeski theory. As such, these so-called general quasi-topological gravities admit exact Vaidya solutions in which the mass becomes a time-dependent function. We use this effectively two-dimensional second-order dynamical framework to model the asymptotic formation of extremal regular black holes without a violation of energy conditions. The latter is illustrated explicitly by the equivalence between the strong energy condition for generalised Vaidya solutions of general relativity, and the kinematic timelike convergence condition reformulated dynamically as an onshell condition on the theory-dependent functions characterising the spherical reduction and correspondingly Vaidya solutions of a general quasi-topological
gravity. The defocusing of geodesics necessary for regular black holes is thus triggered by the modified gravitational dynamics rather than by the addition of exotic matter degrees of freedom.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Fast, low noise, megapixel detector and readout systems for future X-ray astronomy missions
Sven Herrmann, Peter Orel, Tanmoy Chattopadhyay et al. (+22 more)
Next-generation strategic X-ray astronomy missions will require the simultaneous achievement of high angular resolution, large effective collecting area, and wide-field imaging with large-format focal plane detectors. Realizing the associated science objectives–ranging from precision measurements of bright point sources to the detection and characterization of faint diffuse emission-places stringent and, in some cases, competing requirements on detector performance. In particular, high frame rates are necessary to mitigate
photon pile-up in observations of bright sources and to reduce contamination from particle-induced background in measurements of low surface brightness structures. At the same time, these instruments must preserve excellent soft X-ray response, which places tight constraints on read noise and on the fidelity of event characterization. State-of-the-art X-ray charge-coupled devices (CCDs) approach many of the key performance metrics required for these missions, but readout speed remains a primary limitation. Addressing this gap requires readout architectures that scale to high channel count, sustain high pixel throughput, and preserve the low-noise characteristics needed for soft X-ray sensitivity.
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All authors Sven Herrmann, Peter Orel, Tanmoy Chattopadhyay, Haley R. Stueber, Jill Juneau, Abigail Y. Pan, Kevan Donlon, Declan O'Neill, Gregory Prigozhin, Eric D. Miller, R. Glenn Morris, Tonya L. Peshel, Artem Poliszczuk, Beverly LaMarr, Catherine E. Grant, Christopher Leitz, Steven W. Allen, Sebastian Albrecht, Marshall W. Bautz, Michael Cooper, Ajay Dakshinamurthy, Matthew Heine, Anna Schweingruber, Keith Warner, Daniel Wilkins
Statistical Mechanics
Two dimensional inhomogeneous classical systems at criticality
Jean-Marie Stéphan
We study simple inhomogeneous deformations of known two-dimensional classical
lattice models described by conformal field theory (CFT) at large distances. The deformations are chosen to vary slowly at
lattice scales, while preserving critical behavior. Globally, we find that such systems are described by a CFT in curved space, and identify the underlying space metric. Our two examples are the Ising model and the six vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions. In the latter boundaries are also inhomogeneous, which complicates the analysis. We nevertheless solve the free case using hydrodynamics. In the presence of interactions we determine the arctic curve which separates a critical fluctuating region from an ordered (frozen) phase.
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Optics
Compound symmetries and double antisymmetry groups in linear time-invariant photonic systems
Yunrui Wang, Shiyu Li and Cheng Guo
Symmetry is fundamental to photonic systems. External (spatial)
symmetries and internal
symmetries—Lorentz reciprocity, energy conservation, and time-reversal
symmetry—constrain the electromagnetic response. Photonic systems can also possess compound
symmetries that combine external and internal transformations, exemplified by parity-time (PT)
symmetry. However, a unified framework for general compound
symmetries involving reciprocity, energy conservation, and time reversal remains lacking, leaving their classification and physical implications unexplored. In this paper, we present such a framework for linear photonic systems. We define compound transformations and
symmetries, and derive their constraints on electromagnetic fields and scattering
matrices. We show that internal, external, and compound
symmetries are naturally described by the theory of double antisymmetry groups. This theory classifies linear time-invariant photonic systems into twelve
symmetry categories, each imposing characteristic constraints on the electromagnetic response. We illustrate two representative categories with numerical examples of photonic
crystal slabs and apply the theory to examine Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation for a gyrotropic sphere. Our work provides a systematic foundation for analyzing and engineering
symmetry in photonic systems.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Lifshitz transitions and isospin polarization in twist-decoupled monolayer-bilayer graphene
Alex Boschi, Leonardo Sabattini, Sergey Slizovskiy et al. (+10 more)
Bernal-stacked
bilayer graphene (BLG) hosts correlated electronic phases tied to low-energy Lifshitz transitions at saddle points in its valence band. To access this regime, ultralow charge disorder and control over a vertical electric field are simultaneously required. Here, we employ a twist-decoupled monolayer (MLG) to bias a proximal BLG in the absence of an external displacement field (D). We thereby reveal three-fold degenerate
quantum Hall states at D = 0, with multiple transitions driven by doping,
magnetic and electric field. Spontaneous broken
symmetry in the vicinity of the valence band edge is signaled by the emergence of
quantum oscillations with anomalous frequencies and large quasiparticle mass. These results indicate that electronic interactions in BLG are preserved in presence of an atomically close MLG, while showcasing the potential of CVD-grown
graphene multilayers for the exploration of correlated phases of matter.
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All authors Alex Boschi, Leonardo Sabattini, Sergey Slizovskiy, Vaidotas Mišeikis, Zewdu M. Gebeyehu, Stiven Forti, Antonio Rossi, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Fabio Beltram, Vladimir I. Fal'ko, Camilla Coletti, Sergio Pezzini
Astrophysics of Galaxies
Tracing luminous infrared galaxy populations through cluster evolution in a cosmological mock redshift survey
Norma Araceli Nava-Moreno, Alfredo Montaña, Itziar Aretxaga et al. (+2 more)
We present GARDENS-Wide, a new 100 square degree mock
redshift survey of the dusty
star-forming
galaxy population based on the MultiDark-Planck 2 dark-matter
halo simulation. The mock reproduces observed multiwavelength number counts at 500 $\mu$m, 1.1, 1.4 and 2.0 mm. The large simulated area enables us to identify gravitationally bound systems, trace their assembly histories, and quantify the
redshift evolution of their
galaxy content and structural extent. We find strong
evolution in the fractional contribution of
galaxy populations within cluster progenitors.
Star-forming
galaxies account for ~35 per cent of members at low
redshift, increasing to 60-65 per cent at $z\sim2$ and declining to ~20 per cent by $z\sim5$. LIRGs contribute ~20-40 per cent, peaking near $z\sim2$, while ULIRGs remain subdominant and HyLIRGs are rare. We measure proto-cluster radii as the maximum 3D comoving distance from the central
halo to the most distant member
halo. Proto-clusters contract significantly over
cosmic time, from >20 comoving Mpc at high
redshift to a few Mpc at $z\sim0$. ULIRGs become increasingly centrally concentrated at $z>1.5$ in rich proto-clusters. We provide observational predictions for the TolTEC Large-Scale Structure survey.
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All authors Norma Araceli Nava-Moreno, Alfredo Montaña, Itziar Aretxaga, Aldo Rodríguez-Puebla, Vladimir Avila-Reese
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
A new NASA Pioneer: the Globe Orbiting Soft X-ray Polarimeter (GOSoX)
Herman L Marshall, Sarah N T Heine, Alan Garner et al. (+16 more)
The Globe Orbiting Soft X-ray Polarimeter (GOSoX) is a spectropolarimeter for the soft X-ray band. GOSoX is based on the Rocket Experiment Demonstration of a Soft X-ray Polarimeter (REDSoX), a NASA-funded sounding rocket payload. Like REDSoX, GOSoX consists of Wolter I X-ray optics from NASA/MSFC, critical-angle transmission (CAT) gratings made at MIT, and multilayer (ML) coated mirrors from LBNL that polarize the X-rays. Colleagues at U. Tübingen will adapt commercially available sCMOS sensors for the focal plane. The grating dispersion is matched to the lateral grading of ML mirrors set at 45\deg. GOSoX can measure polarization across the entire 0.2-0.4 keV band with a spectral resolution E/dE $\sim$100. Minimum detectable polarizations (MDPs) of 3-10% are expected for over a dozen targets in a one-year mission. The mission was selected by NASA for launch in 2030.
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All authors Herman L Marshall, Sarah N T Heine, Alan Garner, Sean Gunderson, Hans M Guenther, Ralf K Heilmann, Stephen Bongiorno, Eric M Gullikson, Andrea Santangelo, Chris Tenzer, Ruth Kelly, Silvia Zane, Roberto Taverna, Roberto Turolla, Michela Negro, Rozenn Boissay-Malaquin, Luigi Gallo, Honghui Liu, Swati Ravi
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Supersymmetric Twisted Carroll Theories
Osman Ergeç
We study the recently discussed $2+1$-dimensional Hull-type twisted $\mathcal{N}=2$ Carroll superalgebra. This structure admits both electric- and
magnetic-type realizations at the level of the supersymmetry transformations. At the Lagrangian level,
magnetic Carroll theories describe fields that propagate in space while remaining constrained in time, and vice versa for electric theories. We first realize this
symmetry algebra through the dimensional reduction of a $2+2$-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=(1,1)$ parent
algebra, originally discussed in the context of self-dual supergravity. We further find that a consistent reduction of this higher-dimensional
algebra admits infinite-dimensional lifts to left- and right-
chiral super-$\mathrm{BMS}_4$-type
algebras, which can be combined by restoring the $R$-
symmetry, leading to the type I-I
magnetic super-$\mathrm{BMS}_4$
algebra. We then consistently construct
magnetic off-shell scalar and Abelian Yang–Mills theories and comment on on-shell theories. Finally, in the appendix, we explain how an ordinary supersymmetric theory can be analytically continued to its twisted counterpart.
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Medical Physics
Real-time tissue-equivalent measurement of individual clinical radiotherapy pulses
Fernanda C. Rodrigues-Machado, Katherine Szabo, Jingyi Bian et al. (+5 more)
We apply the precision tools of cavity-enhanced absorption sensing to clinical oncology, demonstrating a dosimeter paradigm in which a centimeter-scale volume of water serves as a tissue-equivalent sensing medium. Our proof-of-concept, all-optical scheme achieves real-time readout of clinical radiation pulses with a nominal single-pulse resolution of 90 $\mu$Gy. This demonstration paves the way toward fiber-integrated, micron-scale devices for $\textit{in situ}$ universal absolute dosimetry during treatment.
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All authors Fernanda C. Rodrigues-Machado, Katherine Szabo, Jingyi Bian, Simon Bernard, Tanner Connell, Shirin A. Enger, Lilian Childress, Jack C. Sankey
Chemical Physics
Adaptive Inference and Convergence of Free Energy Landscapes Using Non-parametric Bayesian Enhanced Sampling
Daisy Kamp, Sinai Lee, Ronald Phung et al. (+4 more)
Enhanced sampling techniques are central to the study of statistically rare events in the computer modeling and simulation of molecular phenomena. In this work, we report the development and integration of a Gaussian process model, adaptive, uncertainty-driven sampling scheme for enhanced sampling. The framework trains a Gaussian process model on an iteratively improving estimate of the free energy landscape. Regions of high uncertainty within the reaction phase space are increasingly sampled, and the uncertainty is computed on-the-fly during free energy reconstruction, serving as a convergence metric. This approach provides a generalizable strategy that can be extended to complex molecular processes.
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All authors Daisy Kamp, Sinai Lee, Ronald Phung, Xavier Garcia, Joni Spencer, Alvin Yu, Elizabeth M.Y. Lee
Biological Physics
Cell intrinsic dynamics guide neuroblast ingression independent of tissue fluidity
David Green, Ermia Etemadi, Lauren Enright et al. (+3 more)
Morphogenesis involves the coordination of multiple cellular processes that occur simultaneously within developing tissues. During early Drosophila embryogenesis, neuroblast (NB) ingression occurs concurrently with germ band extension (GBE), yet whether these processes interact mechanistically remains unclear. Here, we combine mathematical modelling with quantitative live imaging to investigate whether tissue-level mechanics during GBE influence NB ingression dynamics. Mathematical modelling predicted that reducing tissue fluidity through impaired cellular rearrangements should slow NB ingression by increasing mechanical resistance. Experimental analysis of mutants in which
cell intercalation and GBE are disrupted revealed a dramatic reduction in tissue fluidity. However, NB ingression rates remained largely unaffected when tissue fluidity decreased. Incorporating
cell-intrinsic myosin anisotropy and endocytosis-contractility coupling into our mathematical model rescued the rate of neuroblast ingression in solid-like tissues. Thus, our findings suggest that
cell-intrinsic mechanisms, rather than tissue-level fluidity, maintain ingression kinetics. More broadly, these results illustrate how developmental systems can achieve robustness by insulating critical cellular events from tissue-level mechanical variability.
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All authors David Green, Ermia Etemadi, Lauren Enright, Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez, Ulrich Tepass, Gonca Erdemci-Tandogan
Nuclear Experiment
Strangeness production in light-ion collisions with ALICE at the LHC
Sara Pucillo for the ALICE Collaboration
Measurements in pp and p–A collisions have revealed that small collision systems exhibit most of the signs traditionally attributed to heavy-ion collisions, such as the smooth increase of the strange
hadron yields with the collision multiplicity (strangeness enhancement). A key question is how these effects evolve with system size and whether they can be described within a unified framework. The recently collected oxygen–oxygen (OO) collision data by ALICE at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.36 TeV provide an unprecedented opportunity to explore an intermediate-size system that naturally bridges the gap between pp and Pb–Pb collisions. In this contribution, we present the first results on the production of (multi-)strange particles as a function of charged-particle multiplicity in OO collisions. This allows us to investigate strangeness enhancement across different system sizes at comparable multiplicities, providing new insights into the mechanisms of strangeness production. The experimental results are compared with model predictions from various Monte Carlo generators.
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Chemical Physics
A concentration-independent paradigm rendering weak interactions inherently quantifiable
Masahiko Yoshimura, Fuyuki Matsuda, Yoshiki Ikeda et al. (+9 more)
A vast class of weak, millimolar-affinity molecular interactions governs cellular function, yet their quantitative characterization has remained largely beyond conventional methods. For over a century, biochemistry has worked within a concentration-based framework where molarity scales with molecular number per volume (N/V), and experiments have usually, often implicitly, changed concentration by moving N while holding V fixed. The weak-interaction measurement bottleneck arises from this paradigm: reading weak binding through bulk concentration requires concentrations beyond practical limits, a framework constraint rather than one of instrumental sensitivity. Here we show that shifting experimental control from N to accessible volume V overcomes this bottleneck and opens previously intractable affinity ranges through nanoscale spatial confinement. Controlling V means controlling what biochemists have called "local concentration" and "proximity effects," recasting these long-ambiguous notions as quantitative variables grounded in first principles. Implemented in DNA nanocavities, the approach showed that
geometric arrangement alone can override solution-phase binding hierarchies. The same spatial control quantified a
protein-peptide interaction of order 10 mM from femtomoles per well, totalling under a picomole per titration. Even so, a standard plate reader gave a signal-to-noise ratio near 10^3, leaving headroom for still weaker interactions. The affinity-and-geometry readout also enabled rational screening for
protein-
protein-interaction modulators, identifying compounds that enhance weak associations by reweighting local encounters rather than binding tightly on their own or forming a stable ternary complex. Together, this volume-based paradigm and its implementation provide a general strategy for probing and modulating previously inaccessible biochemical phenomena.
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All authors Masahiko Yoshimura, Fuyuki Matsuda, Yoshiki Ikeda, Chihiro Mori, Tomoko Yoneda, Minako Kikukawa, Rie Murakami, Chiharu Nogami, Yukihiko Sugita, Yoshiko Nakada-Nakura, Masahiko Tsujimoto, Daishi Fujita
Chemical Physics
Experimental access to molarity's blind spot in macroscopic assays
Fuyuki Matsuda, Masahiko Yoshimura, Shiro Ikeda et al. (+1 more)
Chemical kinetics has long inferred local molecular behaviour through the flask-and-molarity pairing, where well-mixed concentrations serve as the experimental readout. Yet many biological reactions occur in structured environments. Researchers have long recognized that concentration may not carry the same operational meaning in such environments, but even local concepts such as effective molarity usually translate local effects back into a single value with units of concentration. What has been missing is the complementary path: a bench-compatible way to make local structure an experimental variable, rather than only a correction to molarity. Here we show a chemistry-geometry crossover that the flask-and-molarity interface could not make visible. In the micromolar-or-weaker affinity regime, inhibition can switch sharply out of the familiar concentration-and-affinity mode: chemical binding strength no longer determines the response, and the shape of the target's local space does. A bench-compatible interface made this switch measurable by separating bulk dose from local geometry. This blind spot arose from the hidden premise that macroscopic pooling makes a structured local state readable as a single local concentration. The chemistry-geometry crossover breaks that premise: in a structured target environment, a macroscopic assay can remain sensitive to the probability distribution of local states, so collapsing that distribution to one concentration-valued number removes the
geometric control axis from the readout. By preserving that axis in the experiment, the interface bypasses molarity's hidden bottleneck and provides a routine experimental route to remeasure and reinterpret molecular interactions in structured space.
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All authors Fuyuki Matsuda, Masahiko Yoshimura, Shiro Ikeda, Daishi Fujita
Mathematical Physics
Selection criteria for the compressible Euler equations: numerical study
Megala Anandan, Bahulayan Chalil Aravind, Mária Lukáčová-Medvid'ová et al. (+4 more)
We numerically investigate selection criteria for dissipative weak solutions of the compressible Euler equations. Using the Kelvin-Helmholtz problem as a
benchmark, we compare four standard numerical schemes - the viscous finite volume (VFV) method, the discrete velocity Boltzmann finite volume (DVBFV) method, the Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) method, and the discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method (DGSEM), and demonstrate that each may converge to a different dissipative weak solution. We evaluate these solutions with respect to several selection criteria based on
entropy production, total energy, and energy defect, and examine the sensitivity of selection functionals to the numerical
diffusion inherent in each scheme.
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All authors Megala Anandan, Bahulayan Chalil Aravind, Mária Lukáčová-Medvid'ová, S. V. Raghurama Rao, Kedar Shridhar Wagh, Changsheng Yu, Jiahui Zhang
Mathematical Physics
Topological Recursion and Quantum Path Signatures
Inês Aniceto, Thomas Cass and Samuel Crew
We introduce a non-commutative Laplace transform between functionals on path space and formal series in a tensor
algebra, under which a natural convolution of path functionals becomes an algebraic product of series. Applying it to a random
unitary matrix-valued path development - the
quantum path signature - we show that the governing planar loop equations take a non-commutative spectral form. We then extend the loop equations to a $1/N$ genus expansion, organised by topological recursion, and obtain a hierarchy of integral equations on path space for the corrections.
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Instrumentation and Detectors
An Open Source RFSoC-based Readout Electronics System for Arrays of Kinetic Inductance Detectors and Superconducting Resonators
Cody Roberson, Nia McNichols, Jack Sayers et al. (+12 more)
We present a novel readout electronics system for large arrays of superconducting electromagnetic resonators, such as kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs), based on a
Radio Frequency System on Chip (RFSoC) architecture. Each channel in the readout system is designed for frequency division multiplexing of up to 1024 high quality factor resonances placed on a single microwave transmission line at unique frequencies within a 512 MHz bandwidth. We describe the design of the digital and analog signal processing chains for the implementation of a two-channel 2048-resonator system on the Xilinx ZCU111 RFSoC evaluation board in combination with a custom intermediate frequency (IF) system to convert the RFSoC band to higher frequencies up to 4 GHz. We also detail an associated software interface that provides a range of tools commonly utilized for characterizing KID resonators and for operating them as part of a photometric millimeter-wave imager. We additionally provide noise characterizations of the individual readout components, along with the complete readout system in isolation and in operation to readout KID resonators.
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All authors Cody Roberson, Nia McNichols, Jack Sayers, Sean Bryan, Daniel Cunnane, Peter K. Day, Fabien Defrance, Simon Hempel-Costello, Tracee Jamison-Hooks, Bradley R. Johnson, Maya Lee, Philip Mauskopf, Adrian Sinclair, Liam C. Walters, Eric Weeks