Quantum Physics
Branch-resolved Pauli-block spectroscopy of residual conditional phase in two-qubit gates
Xudan Chai, Yanwu Gu, Huiqi Xue et al. (+2 more)
Recent progress in
quantum physics and
quantum technologies is driving
quantum computing from the noisy intermediate-scale (NISQ) era toward fault-tolerant operation. High-precision control of two-
qubit gates is among the most critical requirements in this transition and hinges on accurate two-
qubit calibration. For controlled-phase and CZ-style operations, the residual conditional phase (the nonlocal ZZ-type deviation after local compensation) is weakly resolved at leading order in average infidelity and randomized benchmarking, and repeated Ramsey amplification does not reliably isolate it from ordinary target detuning, SPAM errors, and contrast loss in long sequences. We introduce branch-resolved Pauli-block spectroscopy to estimate the per-cycle residual ZZ-rotation angle theta_c with its sign, from which the controlled-phase residual follows by a fixed convention. The protocol repeats a fixed probe for N cycles, measures the closed Pauli block IX, IY, ZX, and ZY, and forms branch coherences C+ and C- conditioned on the control
qubit; theta_c splits the two branch phase slopes in opposite directions, while local target phase beta_c shifts them together. An echoed-cycle variant suppresses removable local terms while preserving the nonlocal contribution. Numerical simulations with injected theta_c, detuning, damping, and SPAM confirm unbiased signed readout where scalar-sector alternatives fail and distinguish opposite-sign errors at equal infidelity. On one superconducting cloud
qubit-coupler pair, a pulse-level calibration closed loop shows near-linear injection, preserved branch contrast, and tracking of the native residual conditional phase through one iteration. The approach yields a low-overhead, signed per-cycle estimate of residual conditional phase that standard fidelity
benchmarks underresolve at leading order.
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All authors Xudan Chai, Yanwu Gu, Huiqi Xue, Kerui Li, Dong E. Liu
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Probing the Strong Equivalence Principle through the External Field Effect. How Do Two Masses Fall?
Ankit Kumar, Kelvin Tang Tee Tniam, Peng Chengxiaohe et al. (+5 more)
Despite compelling evidence, the absence of a confirmed dark matter particle has sustained interest in modified
gravity as an alternative explanation for the observed phenomenology. One prominent example is Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), which predicts that the internal dynamics of a system depends on the external gravitational field in which it is embedded. This so-called External Field Effect violates the strong equivalence principle (SEP) and is absent in canonical mechanics, making it a promising avenue for experimental tests of modified
gravity. Motivated by this, we investigate the dynamics of two spherical masses arranged such that their
symmetry axis is either parallel or orthogonal to the local gravitational field. We derive solutions describing the internal dynamics of such systems in both strong uniform and radial external fields. In particular, for a radial external field, if the non-relativistic gravitational field is free to have non-vanishing curl, we find that the mutual attraction of the masses in the perpendicular configuration is not strictly aligned with their
symmetry axis. It acquires a small transverse component, even when the external gravitational field is everywhere balanced by non-gravitational forces. Using these solutions, we determine the spatial and temporal sensitivities required to distinguish the two configurations and systematically assess experimentally relevant effects, including air drag, object size, and surface interactions. As an example, detecting the prediction of the simple MOND interpolating function requires a spatial sensitivity of order 0.1 fm for sub-millimeter masses evolving over approximately 30 minutes. Such times may be achievable with levitated particles or in space-based environments. Experiments operating at lower resolutions are also interesting as independent tests of SEP and place constraints on modified-
gravity theories.
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All authors Ankit Kumar, Kelvin Tang Tee Tniam, Peng Chengxiaohe, Ng Li Yang, P. Arumugam, Tom Złośnik, Yen-Kheng Lim, Tomasz Paterek
Soft Condensed Matter
Topological delocalisation of confined 3D active nematics
Louise C. Head, Pasquale Digregorio, Davide Marenduzzo et al. (+3 more)
Defect lines in 3D active nematic systems are intriguing topological singularities whose out-of-
equilibrium dynamics remain elusive in confined settings. Here, we numerically study 3D active nematics confined within closed cylinders to elucidate the roles of geometry and activity. We reveal a competition between passive elasticity, which causes localisation of defects near edges, and activity, which endows defects with motility and gives rise to disorderly, delocalised dynamics. Varying boundary
curvature, activity strength, and cylinder radius reveals a state space of static and dynamic localisation states, including handle-like configurations and chaotic motion bounded within the cylinder endcap. As activity is tuned to induce delocalisation, we identify phase transition signatures, including pronounced fluctuations and an emergent power law scaling of defect number and average defect length. We find that these scaling properties are strongly altered by confinement: unlike in bulk systems where activity governs length distributions, confinement tunes an activity-independent characteristic length, with an exponent reminiscent of self-avoiding confined
polymers. These results establish confinement of inhomogeneous
curvature as a versatile mechanism for controlling active topological dynamics.
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All authors Louise C. Head, Pasquale Digregorio, Davide Marenduzzo, Ignacio Pagonabarraga, Daniel A. Beller, Giuseppe Negro
Quantum Physics
Code-space recovery for sample-based quantum diagonalization beyond native symmetry constraints
Byeongyong Park, Sanha Kang, Doyeol Ahn et al. (+1 more)
Quantum algorithms that sample basis states and diagonalize a
Hamiltonian in their span depend on repairing noisy measurement outcomes, using a constraint native to the target problem$\unicode{x2014}$typically particle-number
symmetry. Many
eigenvalue problems possess no such constraint. Here we show that the constraint can instead be engineered into the sampling representation. Using dual-rail encoding, $|0\rangle\to|01\rangle$ and $|1\rangle\to|10\rangle$, we implement sampling operations in encoded form, making code-space violations local recovery signals for self-consistent, reference-based repair. On transverse- and mixed-field Ising models of up to 36
spin sites, which lack a $U(1)$
symmetry usable for recovery, code-space recovery reached lower Ritz energies than diagonalization over the full observed support of matched unencoded samples while using 38-84% fewer basis states, despite a twofold
qubit overhead. The margin was largest for the two-dimensional and 36-site systems and was already present in the first recovery iteration. Recoverable structure can be engineered rather than inherited.
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All authors Byeongyong Park, Sanha Kang, Doyeol Ahn, Keunhong Jeong
Fluid Dynamics
Relative dispersion and eddy diffusivity in laboratory experiments of $\beta$-plane turbulence
Daphné Lemasquerier, Matthew Burke, Benjamin Favier et al. (+2 more)
We present the first experimental measures of relative dispersion and turbulent
diffusion in rapidly-rotating
turbulence in the zonostrophic regime, i.e., in the presence of instantaneous and dominant zonal jets. Synthetic Lagrangian trajectories are computed from time-resolved experimental velocity fields, from which we measure relative (two-particle) dispersion. Time-based and separation-based statistics are calculated, including the cumulative inverse separation time (CIST), for which analytical predictions exist in the inertial ranges (direct enstrophy cascade and inverse energy cascade) and in the diffusive regime. These statistics show evidence of a transition from a Richardson regime at scales larger than the energy-injection scale, to a diffusive regime, at scales larger than the transitional scale, the scale at which
turbulence becomes anisotropic due to the interaction between turbulent eddies and Rossby waves. The analytical predictions for the CIST allow us to measure the turbulent energy dissipation rate in the Richardson regime, and the turbulent diffusivity in the diffusive regime. Our measurements of diffusivity are broadly consistent with predictions from mixing-length and zonostrophic theories but suggest a shallower dependence on the energy dissipation rate.
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All authors Daphné Lemasquerier, Matthew Burke, Benjamin Favier, Joe H. LaCasce, Michael Le Bars
Fluid Dynamics
Direct Numerical Simulation of Fully Developed Turbulent Channel Flow Based on the Corrected Navier-Stokes Equations
Yifan Wang, Duo Wang, Shuaichen Zhu et al. (+1 more)
Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of fully developed turbulent channel flows at Re_tau = 550 were performed to investigate the corrected Navier-Stokes (CNS) equations. Grounded in the fluid kinematics of Rortex, the CNS abandons the Stokes' isotropic hypothesis and applies the shearing-only constitutive relation by explicitly eliminating the controversial stretching terms in the stress tensor. Comparisons with the DNS data from the traditional Navier-Stokes (TNS) suggest that the CNS inherently rectifies the near-wall momentum transport. The removal of stretching-induced dissipation shifts the inner- and buffer-layer boundaries towards the wall and effectively suppresses the overshoot in the mean velocity profile in TNS. The
turbulence statistics demonstrate a multiscale kinetic energy redistribution that intensifies the near-wall production-dissipation cycle. Furthermore, the topological delineation of instantaneous coherent structures, namely the discovery and definition of rotational/non-rotational interface (RNRI) via the velocity gradient tensor (VGT) discriminant (Delta = 0), confirms that the CNS is capable of capturing the highly complex and interwoven vortical structures. Ultimately, the spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) unveils and elucidates that the shearing-only mechanisms intrinsically modulate the spatiotemporal energy cascade, promoting denser and more inclined
vortices while enhancing
turbulence intermittency by fragmenting the coherent packets. Overall, by isolating and detecting the shearing-only mechanism with physics purity, the DNS based on the CNS provides a more refined perception of the intrinsic dynamics of wall-bounded
turbulence, offering a more physical soundness model to capture the interactions among the multiscale coherent structures and the improved capability in predicting the wall-bounded
turbulence.
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All authors Yifan Wang, Duo Wang, Shuaichen Zhu, Hongyi Xu
Quantum Physics
From local weight selection to Zeno slowdown in an open Su-Schrieffer-Heeger chain with a single local loss
Y. T. Wang and X. Z. Zhang
We study a quadratic open SSH chain with a single-site loss and show that the many-body fermionic Lindblad problem admits an exact reduction to a finite non-Hermitian one-body
matrix with a rank-one imaginary
impurity. Its rapidities generate the complete Liouvillian spectrum and reveal three mechanisms governing the slowest relaxation. At weak loss, decay is selected by the clean local spectral weight at the lossy site, yielding the generic law $\Delta_{\mathcal L}\sim\gamma N^{-3}$ and, in the topological regime, exponentially smaller edge-controlled gaps. At intermediate loss, a centered bulk-loss geometry reaches an exact exceptional point on the real-$\gamma$ axis.
Symmetry-related rapidity pairs coalesce simultaneously, including the pair at the lower rapidity edge. Exact real-space dynamics at this lower-edge exceptional point exhibits a polynomially enhanced exponential tail, whereas a matched high-energy control with the same parity-even one-body decay edge but no lower-edge defectiveness remains nearly exponential. At strong loss, one ultrafast defect mode separates from an active slow sector governed by a cut-chain Zeno problem, giving $\Delta_{\mathcal L}\sim\gamma^{-1}$ up to a geometry-dependent prefactor. The full finite fermionic Liouvillian spectrum, including its operator-parity sectors and subset-sum structure, is statistics-specific. By contrast, the elementary one-body decay spectrum and the three associated mechanisms are governed by a finite-dimensional linear drift
matrix, so their spectral and dynamical signatures can also be accessed in bosonic and classical-wave platforms engineered to realize the same effective
matrix. These results establish how
topology, defect geometry, and local dissipation jointly organize long-time relaxation in an open dimerized
lattice.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Magnetising de Sitter and Anti-de Sitter spacetimes
Yun-Ten Chin and Yen-Kheng Lim
We attempt to magnetise the de Sitter (dS) and Anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetimes in spherical
symmetry. First, the weak field case is considered where Maxwell's equation is solved to find
magnetic fields in fixed dS/AdS backgrounds. For strong
magnetic fields we consider Einstein-Maxwell
gravity with a gravitating fluid source. With gravitational backreaction of the
magnetic field taken into account, the strong fields deform the dS/AdS spacetime, resulting in a dS/AdS-type analogue of the Melvin
magnetic universe. This solution is obtained via a Harrison-like transformation, along with appropriate transformations of the fluid energy and pressures. Some of its physical and geometrical properties of the solution are studied.
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Materials Science
Self-Consistent Phonon Spectral Functions and Thermal Transport Beyond the Quasiparticle Approximation
Yi Xia
Anharmonic
lattice dynamics shapes
phonon spectra and thermal transport, yet first-principles linewidth calculations typically assume
phonon quasiparticles with sharply defined frequencies. Here, we introduce a self-consistent spectral function framework that determines interacting
phonon spectral functions by dressing the internal lines of the three-
phonon bubble self-energy with the spectra generated by the same interaction. The method self-consistently determines the real and imaginary parts of the self-energy on equal footing, eliminates the need for externally chosen smearing parameters to enforce energy conservation, and extends
lattice dynamics and thermal transport calculations beyond the quasiparticle approximation. Applied to zincblende HgTe, self-consistency substantially broadens acoustic and optical
phonon spectra, activates scattering channels inaccessible in the one-shot quasiparticle calculation, and reduces the
lattice thermal conductivity by approximately a factor of five to the experimental scale while reproducing its temperature dependence, without explicitly invoking higher-order interactions. Mode-resolved spectral functions are further validated against the power spectra from direct molecular dynamics simulations. These results establish self-consistent spectral functions as a practical bridge between quasiparticle perturbation theory and fully dynamical simulations, and provide a framework readily generalizable to higher-order anharmonic processes.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Quasinormal modes of Bonanno-Reuter black holes via the Spectral Method
Davide Batic, Denys Dutykh and Fabio Scardigli
In this work, we explore the quasinormal modes (QNMs) of the Bonanno-Reuter black hole, one of the first regular black hole metric suggested by the Asymptotically Safe
Gravity (ASG) program. The running parameter $\alpha$ is set to a positive value, the related running Newton coupling vanishes at high energies, fully achieving an ultraviolet fixed point and eliminating non-physical UV divergences. This yields a singularity-free geometry. Hence, we focus on the resulting renormalisation-group-improved Schwarzschild metric, which naturally produces an (Anti)deSitter non-singular core. On the basis of this background, we compute the QNM spectrum for scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational perturbations by employing the Spectral Method (SM). This method, recognised for its enhanced precision compared to high-order WKB methods, allows the identification of fundamental modes, extensive collections of overtones, and purely imaginary overdamped modes that were entirely missed in previous analyses. These characteristics, resolved here for the first time in the Bonanno-Reuter black hole, underscore the crucial importance of high-precision spectral methods in investigating delicate signatures of black hole models inspired by
quantum gravity.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Dynamics of the inflaton scalar field for a certain class of E-model potentials
Vladimir A. Koutvitsky and Eugene M. Maslov
We investigate the dynamics of the inflaton scalar field in a certain class of inflationary E-models that combine the properties of the Starobinsky model and the $\alpha$-attractor model. The inflaton potential we are dealing with has an exponentially flat plateau at high field values and a sharply defined minimum at zero. Using the slow-roll approximation, we obtain the analytic expressions describing
evolution of the background inflaton field at the inflationary stage. To describe the nonlinear field oscillations at the preheating stage, we use the technique of separation of fast (oscillation phase) and slow (field energy density) variables. The obtained expressions are in good agreement with the results of direct numerical integration of the field equations. These expressions are then used to study the
evolution of perturbations at the preheating stage. Based on the Mukhanov-Sasaki equation, we derive the Hill equation with slowly varying parameters, which describes the scalar perturbation modes taking into account the anharmonicity of the background oscillations. Using Floquet theory, we analyze the structure of the resonance zones of this equation and then integrate it numerically. We show that the cosmological expansion limits the resonant growth of scalar modes, making their amplitudes nearly constant at late times. We also derive the corresponding Hill equation for tensor modes. We show that resonant amplification of tensor fluctuations of the metric does not occur.
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Soft Condensed Matter
Arrhenius-Type Description and Noise-Composition Dependence of Single-Vacancy Hopping in Active Brownian Crystals
Hiroto Tomida and Yoshihiro Yamazaki
We study vacancy-mediated hopping in a two-dimensional active Brownian-particle
crystal with a single vacancy. Under active driving, the hopping rates are not organized by the free-particle effective noise amplitude alone. In contrast, in the passive limit, the hopping rate follows an Arrhenius-like activated trend with respect to the translational
diffusion coefficient. Effective-noise comparisons show systematic dependence on the active fraction, indicating that the composition of thermal and persistent active fluctuations affects the hopping kinetics. These results demonstrate a breakdown of an effective-temperature description for microscopic defect-mediated transport in an active
crystal.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Evidence for spin swapping from modulation of transverse resistance in magnetic heterostructures with Rashba interface
Heeman Kim, Shutaro Karube, Juan Borge et al. (+3 more)
We investigate the transverse response under the out-of-plane
magnetic field for
magnetic heterostructures with Cu/Bi2O3 or Ag/Bi2O3 Rashba interfaces. We detect opposite contributions on the transverse resistance by the Cu/Bi2O3 and the Ag/Bi2O3 interfaces, which interestingly coincide well with the opposite signs of the
spin/charge interconversion from the two interfaces. We suppose the opposite influences on the transverse resistance feature
spin swapping occurrence of the converted
spin current. The transverse
spin flow emerges due to the
spin swapping in both Cu and Ag layer, but the direction of the
spin flow is opposed dependent on the
spin direction of the converted
spin current.
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All authors Heeman Kim, Shutaro Karube, Juan Borge, Junyeon Kim, Kouta Kondou, YoshiChika Otani
Plasma Physics
Non-thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Combined with Benzoyl Peroxide to Enhance the Inhibition of Bacteria
Tzu-Hsuan Chen, Chao-Yu Chen, Yuan-Min Lin et al. (+1 more)
This study aims to verify whether combining non-thermal
equilibrium atmospheric pressure
plasma with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) can enhance the inhibition of bacteria. This work involves not only adjusting the parameters of the
plasma device, such as increasing the power supply voltage, modifying the working gas flow rate, as well as incorporating a specific proportion of oxygen to the working gas, but also aims to combine
plasma with BPO to inactivate bacteria. An optical emission spectroscopy was utilized to determine the optimal working gas flow rate and oxygen mixing ratio for the experimental setup. Additionally, surface temperature and ultraviolet (UV) emission measurements were also performed to characterize the physical properties of the
plasma treatment. Although the precise chemical mechanisms between
plasma and BPO have yet to be fully elucidated, bacterial inactivation experiments on Escherichia coli demonstrated that the addition of BPO indeed enhanced the sterilization efficacy of
plasma treatment.
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All authors Tzu-Hsuan Chen, Chao-Yu Chen, Yuan-Min Lin, Yun-Chien Cheng
Materials Science
Chiral charge density waves in transition metal dichalcogenide
Ettore Carpene
The emergence of chirality in the charge density wave (CDW) phase of 1$T$-TiSe$_2$ has recently attracted significant
attention, yet its microscopic origin remains debated. The prevailing interpretation attributes chirality to a relative phase shift between the charge density components. Here, using density functional theory and
symmetry analysis, it is demonstrated that such phase-shifted states entail prohibitive energy costs, rendering them unlikely candidates for the ground state. Instead, a nearly degenerate metastable CDW phase stacking order with monoclinic
symmetry is identified, that naturally breaks mirror and inversion
symmetries. The CDW in 1$T$-TiSe$_2$ possesses a dual physical nature: the electronic charge redistribution is intrinsically bond-modulated, while the periodic
lattice distortion is atom-centered transverse. This spatial separation allows a specific optical coupling mechanism where circularly polarized light breaks the energetic degeneracy between
chiral domains. These results reconcile conflicting experimental observations, identifying the "spontaneous" chirality observed in local probes as a statistical distribution of CDW phase stacking domains, while establishing the mechanism for macroscopic, light-induced gyrotropic order.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons
Anyons and Inherently Complex F-symbols
Matthew Buican, Peter Huston and Jiannis K. Pachos
Anyons in $2+1$ dimensions are not only characterized by exotic braiding statistics but also by intricate fusion properties. Two anyons may fuse into multiple topological charge sectors, and associativity of fusing three anyons to produce a fixed charge sector is governed by $F$-symbols. While braiding invariants, such as the modular data, are typically complex valued, a complete description of general anyon models requires understanding the arithmetic properties of its fusion associativity data as well. The $F$-symbols for many of the most common $2+1$d topological orders, including all Abelian anyon models as well as Fibonacci and Ising anyons, can be made real valued. We show this phenomenon is not universal by exhibiting braided fusion categories whose $F$-symbols cannot be made real. We call such $F$-symbols "inherently complex." The examples we study lack a charge-conjugation
symmetry and our results are therefore consistent with the converse of a statement proved in a companion work linking real $F$-symbols in braided fusion categories with the existence of a suitable charge-conjugation
symmetry. We analyse the smallest-rank braided fusion categories we know of with inherently complex $F$-symbols: ${\rm Rep}(\mathbb{Z}_7\rtimes\mathbb{Z}_3)$ and ${\rm Rep}(\mathbb{Z}_5\rtimes\mathbb{Z}_4)$. Consequently, the corresponding $\mathcal Z({\rm Rep}(\mathbb{Z}_7\rtimes\mathbb{Z}_3))$ and $\mathcal Z({\rm Rep}(\mathbb{Z}_5\rtimes\mathbb{Z}_4))$ anyon models also have inherently complex $F$-symbols. Our presentation connects these examples with recent results on classifying anyons beyond modular data.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Stellar Multiplicity of M Dwarfs with Short-period Giant Planets, and the Characterization of TOI-5628Ab
Tianjun Gan, Alexandrine L'Heureux, Charles Cadieux et al. (+33 more)
Binary
stars are ubiquitous, yet it remains unclear how wide-orbit
stellar companions influence the formation of hot Jupiters, particularly around M
dwarfs. Here, we first report the discovery of TOI-5628Ab, a
giant planet transiting a mid-type M
dwarf ($M_\ast=0.36\pm0.02\ M_\odot$) every 4.34 days, accompanied by an associated white
dwarf TOI-5628B ($M_{\rm WD}=0.59\pm0.16\ M_\odot$) at a projected distance of about 2,500 AU. Using TESS, ground-based photometry and SPIRou RVs, we constrain the
planet radius to $0.74\pm0.04\ R_J$ and mass to $0.09\pm0.04\ M_J$, with a $3\sigma$ upper limit of $0.22\ M_J$. Building on this system, we further conduct a homogeneous systematic search for co-moving
stellar companions with projected semi-major axis between 100 and 10,000 AU around all M
dwarfs with confirmed
giant planets with periods smaller than 10 days and radii larger than 0.7 $R_J$, as well as a group of field M
stars with
stellar properties similar to the
planet sample, based on the
stellar kinematics from
Gaia DR3. We measure a
stellar multiplicity of $34.2\pm9.5\%$ for M
dwarfs hosting short-period
giant planets, which is substantially higher than the fraction of $5.3\pm3.7\%$ for the field M
stars by approximately a factor of 6. Our results suggest that wide-orbit
stellar companions tend to promote the formation of short-period
giant planets around M
stars with masses $0.21 \leq M_\ast\leq 0.64\ M_\odot$, and high-eccentricity migration may play an important role in producing such systems.
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All authors Tianjun Gan, Alexandrine L'Heureux, Charles Cadieux, Shude Mao, Enric Pallé, Sharon X. Wang, Keivan G. Stassun, Steve B. Howell, Benjamin V. Rackham, Steffani M. Grondin, Khalid Barkaoui, Luc Arnold, Étienne Artigau, Artem Burdanov, Adam J. Burgasser, Douglas A. Caldwell, David R. Ciardi, Karen A. Collins, Neil J. Cook, René Doyon, Georgina Dransfield, Akihiko Fukui, Michaël Gillon, Emmanuel Jehin, Felipe Murgas, Norio Narita, Federico R. Noguer, Howard M. Relles, Avi Shporer, Molly N. Simon, Abderahmane Soubkiou, Christopher A. Theissen, Mathilde Timmermans, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Robert T. Zellem, S. Zúñiga-Fernández
Fluid Dynamics
Modeling Equations in Wave-Particle Turbulence Simulation
Xiaojian Yang, Gaocheng Liu and Kun Xu
Recently, the wave-particle
turbulence simulation (WPTS) has been proposed as a novel framework for non-
equilibrium turbulence modeling and simulation. In this work, for the first time the complete model equations of WPTS are explicitly derived from the perspective of wave-particle decomposition, and the physical mechanism of each term is clearly interpreted. To extend its applicability to wall-bounded flows, the WPTS coupled with wall model is developed, and the introduction of wall model substantially alleviates the near-wall grid-resolution constraint. In the bulk region, the wave component resolves the large-scale structures, whereas the particle component accounts for subgrid-scale modeling through the non-
equilibrium transport mechanism. As a result, the coupled method enables accurate predictions of the flat-plate transition on coarse-grid. In particular, the computed skin-friction coefficient and mean velocity profiles in the fully turbulent region agree well with the reference data from direct numerical simulation, and the accuracy is markedly superior to that of the gas-kinetic scheme (GKS) under the identical grid. These findings underscore the considerable promise of the multi-scale WPTS method for transitional flow simulations.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Parameter estimation from the transit light curve including gravitational lensing effects
Shinta Kasuya, Akihiko Fukui, Ayana Suzuki et al. (+1 more)
We study transit light curves of
exoplanets, incorporating gravitational
lensing effects, and explore the possibility of estimating planetary masses using only the transit light curve. We analyze existing data for
planets with relatively large orbital distances ($>1$ AU) from Kepler and TESS to evaluate how well their masses can be constrained. For six
exoplanets, we derive 2$\sigma$ upper limits of 200-2000 Jupiter masses. We also construct mock data to assess the feasibility of determining masses for
exoplanets with larger orbital radii than currently known. Our results show that a precision of $3\times 10^{-6}$ is required to recover the true masses of
planets with 10 (5) Jupiter masses at orbital radii of $a=20$ (100) AU. Furthermore, we demonstrate that neglecting gravitational effects can lead to underestimation of
exoplanet radii, particularly for
planets with large orbital separations. Using mock data with a precision of $2\times 10^{-4}$, assuming a 30 minutes cadence with Kepler for a $K_p=14$ mag
star, we find that the estimated radii can be underestimated by 1-20% for 5 and 10 Jupiter-mass
planets with $a=$ 10-100 AU. These results highlight the importance of including microlensing effects when modeling transit light curves of wide-orbit
planets.
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All authors Shinta Kasuya, Akihiko Fukui, Ayana Suzuki, Naomi Tsuji
Physics and Society
Immunization on Temporal Higher-Order Networks
Zhihao Han, Longzhao Liu, Xin Wang et al. (+3 more)
Network immunization is a powerful tool for controlling contagion processes ranging from infectious diseases to misinformation
diffusion. While prior works have focused on pairwise or static networks, immunization dynamics in temporal higher-order networks remain poorly understood. Here, we introduce immunization strategies and develop a theoretical framework tailored for such temporal systems. Firstly, we reveal bistability and discontinuous transitions in prevalence as the immunization fraction varies. This implies that immunization effectiveness depends on the initial prevalence, marking a fundamental departure from pairwise networks. Building on this prevalence-dependent behavior, we propose the High Infection Contribution (HIC) strategy, demonstrating its superior performance over all evaluated heuristic strategies. Furthermore, we introduce
egocentric strategies by leveraging solely local observations. Notably, the optimal
egocentric strategy shifts with the contagion prevalence. Our work advances the understanding of network immunization, paving the way for effective contagion control in temporal higher-order networks.
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All authors Zhihao Han, Longzhao Liu, Xin Wang, Yajing Hao, Hongwei Zheng, Shaoting Tang
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Gaussian-process evidence for a stochastic-variability transition in the recovering corona of 1ES 1927+654
Lijuan Dong and Dahai Yan
We investigate the
stochastic X-ray variability of the changing-look active
galactic nucleus 1ES 1927+654 during its 2018–2024
evolution, focusing on the recovery of the X-ray corona after its 2018 collapse. Using XMM-Newton EPIC-pn light curves in the 0.3–2.0 keV and 2.0–10.0 keV bands, we model the variability with Gaussian process (GP) covariance components including Matérn-3/2, damped-random-walk (DRW), stochastically driven damped simple-harmonic-oscillator (SHO), and white-noise terms.
Bayesian model comparison reveals an X-ray
stochastic-variability transition during the changing-look recovery phase. In the 2019 May 5 observation, the preferred covariance changes from a Matérn-3/2-like state to a DRW-like state within a single continuous exposure. A phenomenological gated-kernel estimate localizes this transition sharply in the hard band at $t_c\simeq23.5~{\rm ks}$, while the soft band shows the same qualitative change over a broader interval. This transition occurs after the X-ray corona had reappeared but before the later pronounced hardening and brightening of the coronal emission, suggesting an early timing-domain signature of disk–corona reconfiguration. Phenomenologically, the dominant variability evolves from a smoother, finite-
memory correlated process to a rougher, shorter-
memory red-noise process. In the later 2022–2024 observations, SHO-like components associated with the known millihertz QPO show increasing characteristic frequency and quality factor, indicating a faster and more coherent oscillatory component during the QPO-plus-jet phase. GP-based time-domain inference therefore provides a sensitive probe of
stochastic-variability changes in recovering AGN coronae.
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Fluid Dynamics
An integral surface tension scheme for three-dimensional front tracking frameworks
Gabriele Gennari and Berend van Wachem
Surface tension is central to many two-phase flows, making accurate numerical schemes essential for predicting its effects. The integral formulation introduced by Popinet and Zaleski (1999) provides a natural discretisation that conserves momentum locally and globally and extends directly to variable surface tension, including Marangoni flows. However, to the authors' knowledge, only two-dimensional formulations have been reported, mainly because robust implementation in three dimensions is challenging for interfaces with complex geometries. This work presents the first three-dimensional integral surface tension scheme, implemented within a sharp front-tracking framework. The method is tested for static and translating spherical droplets, oscillating droplets, thermocapillary motion, and rising bubbles. Results are compared with analytical solutions, experimental data, and established approaches, including the continuous surface force (CSF) and smoothing-based methods. The proposed scheme produces spurious velocities comparable to CSF, while providing greater accuracy in all other tests. The largest improvements occur for droplets oscillating at low Ohnesorge numbers, variable-surface-tension flows, and strongly deforming rising bubbles. For a thermocapillary-driven droplet, terminal-velocity errors are reduced by up to five orders of magnitude relative to smoothing-based methods. The predicted steady-state shapes of rising bubbles also agree substantially better with experiments, particularly at low Morton numbers.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Staggered Potential and Elliptical Light Driven Topological Phase Transitions in $\alpha$-$\mathcal{T}_{3}$ Lattice
Muhammad Faisal and Muhammad Irfan Sarwar
We theoretically investigate the influence of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) on the electronic properties of an $\alpha$-$\text{T}_3$
lattice driven by an off-resonant elliptically polarized light field. The staggered potential $M$ breaks the sublattice inversion
symmetry, transforming the initial semimetal into a trivial
insulator with Chern number $C = 0$. We identify a fundamental
geometric singularity at $\alpha = 1/\sqrt{2}$, independent of $M$, where the valley-resolved lower-gap threshold diverges, bounding a finite topological window where conduction–flat band inversion yields a Chern
insulator with $C = 1$ carried by the flat band. Increasing the drive further closes the lower gap at the $K'$ valley, transferring the index to the valence band so that the flat band becomes trivial while the system remains $C = 1$. For $\alpha > 1/\sqrt{2}$ the lower gap closes at finite intensity, allowing a transition to $C = 2$ as the dice limit ($\alpha = 1$) is approached. The topological phases are characterized by quantized anomalous
Hall plateaus at $\sigma_{xy} = e^2/h$ ($C = 1$) and $\sigma_{xy} = 2e^2/h$ ($C = 2$). The $C = 1$ plateau sits in a narrow gap and is the most fragile, while the $C = 2$ plateau is protected by a wider gap and remains robust to room temperature. A highly asymmetric thermoelectric Seebeck response further serves as an experimental fingerprint of each phase, providing a realistic framework for realizing stable high-Chern-number phases in substrate-supported $\alpha$-$\text{T}_3$ materials.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Exoplanetary Tour Design with Solar Sails: TheAntipodes Results in the GTOC13 Problem
Jack Yarndley, Adam Evans, Xingyu Zhou et al. (+2 more)
Solar sails present an attractive but challenging propulsion method for large-scale, long-duration trajectory design problems. In 2025, the 13th Global Trajectory Optimization Competition (GTOC13) presented a trajectory design problem involving an exoplanetary
solar sailing spacecraft in the fictional Altaira system, where the goal is to collect scientific return from flybys of
planets, comets, and asteroids. High-scoring solutions combine combinatorial
gravity assist tour design with continuous
solar sail trajectory optimization. This paper presents the solution approach developed by the team `TheAntipodes' during GTOC13. The approach combines several search and optimization stages: (1) trade studies to identify competitive entry opportunities, (2) large-scale beam search over ballistic
gravity assist tours to identify beneficial planetary structures, (3) resonant targeting strategies for Vulcan flyby sequences, and (4) multi-leg
solar sail trajectory refinement using sequential convex programming (SCP). A key component of the refinement process is the use of a lossless control-convex
solar sail formulation, which allows for large portions of the trajectory, including all
gravity assist geometry and flyby timing, to be optimized simultaneously to maximize score. The resulting trajectory placed third, with a score of 337.878 from 133 scoring flybys, and exhibited a structure broadly similar to those of the other high-scoring solutions. This demonstrates the scalability of methods such as SCP for very large trajectory design problems.
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All authors Jack Yarndley, Adam Evans, Xingyu Zhou, Minduli Wijayatunga, Roberto Armellin
Nuclear Theory
The Lorentzian geometry of relaxation
Lorenzo Gavassino
We show that relativistic theories with purely relaxational excitation spectra, such as kinetic theory and transient hydrodynamics, naturally endow the dispersion plane $\{i\omega,ik\}$ with a Lorentzian
geometric structure analogous to that of the Minkowski plane $\{t,x\}$. In this picture, timelike future-directed, timelike past-directed, and spacelike directions correspond respectively to relaxation-like, unstable-like, and evanescent-like modes. Under mild structural assumptions on the underlying theory, causality constrains dispersion relations to follow spacelike trajectories on the plane. This
geometric viewpoint recasts longstanding problems in relativistic matter physics as elementary
geometric ones that can often be solved graphically. As applications, we derive universal constraints on dispersion relations, deviations from time dilation, the observer dependence of spectral hierarchies, the regime of validity of hydrodynamics in boosted frame, the maximal allowed diffusivity and viscosity of relativistic media, and the presence of non-hydrodynamic branch cuts in kinetic theory.
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Quantum Gases
Self-organized quasicrystals and their excitations in dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates via optical feedback
Liang-Jun He, Fabian Maucher and Yong-Chang Zhang
Quasicrystals emerge from competing interactions with incommensurate characteristic length scales that inhibit translational periodicity. Here, we show that such multiscale interactions can be realized in a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate through the interplay between intrinsic dipole-dipole interactions and
photon-mediated interactions generated by coupling to an excited-state
manifold together with a suitably engineered optical feedback. This interplay gives rise to two pronounced roton instabilities in the Bogoliubov excitation spectrum, leading to a rich ground-state phase diagram including dodecagonal quasicrystals with twelvefold rotational
symmetry for experimentally realistic parameters. We further propose a protocol to access these quasicrystals dynamically and develop a general numerical framework for calculating their collective excitation spectra.
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Plasma Physics
Anisotropy and intermittency in drift-wave turbulence with zonal flows: a two-dimensional continuous wavelet analysis
Katsunori Yoshimatsu, Zetao Lin, Hideaki Miura et al. (+1 more)
We examine anisotropy and spatial intermittency at small scales in drift-wave
turbulence with zonal flows. We use a two-dimensional directional continuous wavelet transform, which allows simultaneous localization in scale, position, and direction. This wavelet analysis is applied to vorticity fields obtained from numerical simulations of the modified Hasegawa–Wakatani model, a reduced model of resistive drift-wave
turbulence in magnetized
plasmas with zonal flows. Directional wavelet statistics characterize the anisotropy of the
turbulence. The second-order moment is enhanced around directions perpendicular to the zonal flow. Spatial intermittency, characterized by scale-dependent flatness, is more pronounced around directions along the zonal flow.
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All authors Katsunori Yoshimatsu, Zetao Lin, Hideaki Miura, Kai Schneider
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Superspace invariants and 3-point correlators in 3d $\mathcal{N}=3,4$ SCFTs
Aditya Jain and Amin A. Nizami
We use the auxiliary polarization spinor formalism together with superspace techniques to construct a complete and minimal list of 3-point invariant structures in three-dimensional superconformal field theories (SCFTs) with $\mathcal{N}=3$ and $\mathcal{N}=4$ superconformal
symmetry. The existence of non-abelian $R$-
symmetry for $\mathcal{N}=3,4$ gives rise to novel invariant structures built from the antisymmetric invariant tensor. These invariants are used to enumerate the structural form of spinning 3-point correlators of general as well as conserved spinning superfield operators in 3d SCFTs. For conserved operators, we find that the $\mathcal{N}=3$ correlators are fixed upto one parity-even and one parity-odd structure, while $\mathcal{N}=4$ conserved correlators admit two parity-even structures and one parity-odd structure, with the second parity-even structure associated with mirror
symmetry breaking.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
SAXO+, the second-stage adaptive optics for SPHERE: NCPA compensation and dark-hole loop with a pyramid wavefront sensor
Johan Mazoyer, Charles Goulas, Raphaël Galicher et al. (+21 more)
The SAXO+ upgrade of the VLT/SPHERE adaptive optics system introduces a second-stage near-infrared pyramid wavefront sensor to improve high-contrast imaging, making accurate calibration of non-common path aberrations (NCPAs) essential to fully exploit its performance. This work refines the expected level of NCPAs in SAXO+ and presents the calibration procedures developed for static NCPA compensation and focal-plane dark-hole control. Monte Carlo simulations based on an updated Zemax optical model were used to estimate the NCPA error budget. These simulations are in good agreement with previous measurements on SPHERE and with the assumptions adopted in earlier performance studies. We also propose a calibration strategy that offloads most static aberration correction to the first-stage deformable mirror while preserving the second-stage mirror stroke for high-speed adaptive optics correction. These results validate the expected SAXO+ optical quality and establish the calibration framework required for efficient NCPA compensation and focal-plane wavefront control during future on-sky operations.
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All authors Johan Mazoyer, Charles Goulas, Raphaël Galicher, Axel Potier, Fabrice Vidal, Florian Ferreira, Arnaud Sevin, Clémentine Béchet, Isaac Bernardino Dinis, Anthony Boccaletti, Gael Chauvin, Fausto Cortecchia, Emiliano Diolaiti, Nicolas Galland, Caroline Kulcsár, Maud Langlois, Matteo Lombini, Julien Milli, Mamadou N'diaye, Henri-François Raynaud, Laura Schreiber, Michel Tallon, Arthur Vigan, François Wildi
Materials Science
Correlated Plasmonic Excitation in Twisted Nematic Plasmonic Superlattices
Rui Huang, Jordan Austin-Frank Wilson, Anders Dollard et al. (+4 more)
Superlattices with twisted configurations, such as moire
lattices, have recently been extensively exploited for their unique electronic,
magnetic, and optical properties. One remarkable feature of nanoscale twisted superlattices is the distinct
lattice symmetries and the continuous phase transitions between periodic or aperiodic phases, representing a unique opportunity to study many emerging physical phenomena. Here, we report a correlated light and matter interaction between the collective polarization effect of nematic plasmonic superstructures and the plasmonic excitation of individual constituent nanorods in reconfigurable twisted plasmonic superlattices. Using hybrid Fe3O4 and Au nanorods as building blocks, we assembled plasmonic nematic
liquid crystals with unidirectionally aligned nanorods, which could be further assembled into moire plasmonic
lattices through a vertical stacking assembly method. A twist angle dependent plasmonic excitation is recognized in the twisted
bilayer of two plasmonic superlattices, featuring enhanced transverse and longitudinal plasmonic excitation at a twisting angle of 0 degree and 90 degree, respectively. Such correlated plasmonic excitation in twisted plasmonic superstructures is induced by the correlation between the collective polarization effect of the
liquid crystal phases and the anisotropic plasmonic excitation of individual nanorods. The
magnetic orientation control allows for precise
alignment of hybrid Fe3O4 and Au nanorods in
polymer substrates and enables the coding of nematic domains and plasmonic patterns in each sublattice. The correlated plasmonic excitation and light polarization create reconfigurable photonic moire superlattices with well-defined domain colors, feature sizes, periodicities,
symmetries, and dimensions determined by twist angles and displacements in the twisted plasmonic
lattices.
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All authors Rui Huang, Jordan Austin-Frank Wilson, Anders Dollard, Nicholas C Fisher, Zixian Fang, John T. Fourkas, Zhiwei Li