Peer Revenue Returns subject to peer review

Papers

Fresh from arXiv, typeset properly. Highlighted words trade on the market.

Physics

Watch Physics

Monday 22 June

High Energy Physics (Theory)

On the amplitude expansion of gluon correlators in $\textrm{AdS}_4$

Humberto Gomez, Renann Lipinski Jusinskas, Arthur Lipstein et al. (+1 more)

We show that tree-level gluon correlators in $\textrm{AdS}_4$ admit a natural expansion in terms of flat-space scattering amplitudes at all multiplicities. In particular, every $n$-point correlator can be decomposed into a sum over energy poles whose residues are flat-space amplitudes. The $n$-point amplitude encodes the flat-space limit while curvature corrections are captured by lower-point amplitudes with merged external data. The merging of external polarizations is recursively defined via an AdS analogue of the Berends-Giele currents, giving rise to all-multiplicity formulae which we verify against Feynman diagram computations up to five points. Crucially, our approach works at the level of full correlators rather than individual diagrams, providing an elegant and transparent alternative to conventional approaches for computing correlators in anti-de Sitter space.
Read the full abstract

All authors Humberto Gomez, Renann Lipinski Jusinskas, Arthur Lipstein, Cristhiam Lopez-Arcos

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Active galactic nucleus driven jet feedback in cosmologically forming cool-core galaxy clusters I: The effect of hierarchical assembly on intra-cluster medium properties

Rainer Weinberger, Lorenzo Maria Perrone, Christoph Pfrommer et al. (+7 more)

The atmospheres of cool-core galaxy clusters are excellent probes of astrophysical plasmas. However, how the interplay between assembly and active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback leads to the observed gas profiles remains uncertain. We study the impact of hierarchical assembly on the intra-cluster medium (ICM) in cool-core galaxy clusters using hydrodynamic simulations as part of the PICO-Cluster project. We compare cosmological zoom simulations employing an explicit AGN jet model against PICO-Cluster simulations with IllustrisTNG kinetic AGN feedback, as well as against isolated galaxy cluster simulations using jet feedback. The stellar and gas fractions of our cosmological galaxy cluster simulations with jet feedback are in excellent agreement with observed galaxy clusters, and the ICM thermodynamic profiles resemble those of local cool-core galaxy clusters while those run with IllustrisTNG kinetic AGN feedback do not match these observations. In all simulations, cosmological and isolated, the AGN heating roughly balances the cooling losses, with star formation being significantly suppressed. The most notable differences between the cosmological and isolated simulations are the resulting velocity and multi-phase structure: gas at radii $> 50$ kpc is shaped by satellite galaxies rather than jet feedback originating form the central galaxy. This leads to significant differences in non-thermal pressure support, with only the cosmological simulations being consistent with recent observations. A second notable difference is the abundance of warm ($<10^5$ K) gas beyond the core region, which is absent in our isolated simulation. Our results highlight the need for taking cosmological assembly into account in comparisons of the ICM dynamics and its multi-phase nature, while self-regulation is altered by hierarchical assembly via merger-driven growth of the central supermassive black hole.
Read the full abstract

All authors Rainer Weinberger, Lorenzo Maria Perrone, Christoph Pfrommer, Thomas Berlok, Ewald Puchwein, Léna Jlassi, Rosie Talbot, Joseph Whittingham, Rüdiger Pakmor, Volker Springel

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

C, N, O, S, and photochemistry in a temperate giant planet orbiting a late M dwarf

Michael Zhang, Qiao Xue, Jeehyun Yang et al. (+20 more)

We report the JWST NIRSpec/PRISM transit spectrum of TOI-6894b, an exceptional 420 K sub-Saturn that is one of the rare giant planets transiting a late M dwarf. Remarkably, both the light curve and the transit spectrum exhibit almost no stellar contamination. The spectrum is dominated by prominent absorption features from CH4 and the photochemical product CS2. For the first time in a transit spectrum, NH3 is visually evident, while subtler features from H2O and CO2 can also be seen. We significantly improve upon state-of-the-art photochemical reaction networks, and use our new network to run radiative-convective photochemical ("RCP") models at different metallicities. These models show that the spectrum–in particular the size of the NH3 and CO2 features relative to the CH4 and H2O features–is most consistent with a metallicity of 3–10x solar. Using a semi-free retrieval framework that perturbs the RCP model's abundance and temperature profiles to fit the data, we find that the planet's C/O, N/O, and S/N ratios are consistent with solar values. A grid retrieval on 1D radiative-convective photochemical equilibrium (RCPE) models reveals a similar result: [M/H]=0.46 +- 0.08 and C/O=0.69 +- 0.06. The planet's atmospheric metallicity, abundance ratios, and bulk metal fraction are all strikingly similar to that of Jupiter, Saturn, and other gas giant exoplanets, despite orbiting a very low-mass star.
Read the full abstract

All authors Michael Zhang, Qiao Xue, Jeehyun Yang, Vighnesh Nagpal, Michael R. Line, Guangwei Fu, Matthew C. Nixon, Jacob L. Bean, Peter Gao, Eliza M.-R. Kempton, Luis Welbanks, Edward M. Bryant, Daniel Bayliss, Madison Brady, Jean-Michel Désert, Vincent Van Eylen, Jonathan J. Fortney, Andrés Jordán, Vivien Parmentier, Caroline Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Elyar Sedaghati, Kevin B. Stevenson, Amaury H.M.J. Triaud

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Modern tidal interaction models for rapid binary population synthesis: II. Binary black hole formation, mergers, and spins

Veome Kapil, Ilya Mandel, Jeff Riley et al. (+3 more)

We present predictions for the merger rates and effective spin ($\chi_{\rm eff}$) distribution of binary black holes (BBHs) from isolated binary evolution, using a new self-consistent tidal dissipation implementation in the rapid binary population synthesis code COMPAS. Most of the first-born black holes (BHs) in our simulated merging BBHs are formed with zero spins, with the exception of BBHs formed from chemically homogeneous evolution. The spins of the second-born BHs with the new model depend significantly on the efficiency of tidal dissipation and mass transfer history, and crucially, are not always consistent with pre-supernova synchronization. High-$\chi_{\rm eff}$ binaries preferentially merge at high redshift due to smaller binary separations at BBH formation and shorter coalescence times, thus rendering them largely inaccessible to current gravitational wave (GW) detectors. We expect the intrinsic spin distribution of merging BBHs formed from isolated evolution to be strongly biased toward low $\chi_{\rm eff}$ with current detectors, with a third of systems having $\chi_{\rm eff} < 0.05$ and only $\sim 3\%$ with $\chi_{\rm eff}>0.5$. However, $\chi_{\rm eff}$ will increase as GW detectors become sensitive to higher redshift sources, with up to $\sim 15\%$ of systems having $\chi_{\rm eff}>0.5$.
Read the full abstract

All authors Veome Kapil, Ilya Mandel, Jeff Riley, Evgeni Grishin, Jim Fuller, Emanuele Berti

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Scalar diquarks in the QCD vacuum

Hosein Gholami, Ugo Mire, Fabian Rennecke et al. (+2 more)

While QCD fundamentally only depends on the values of the strong coupling and the quark masses, it exhibits a rich nonperturbative structure at low energies, where composite fields emerge as the relevant degrees of freedom. In this work, we present a first-principles framework that captures the transition from fundamental QCD to its low-energy sector in vacuum. It builds on the dynamical hadronization technique within the functional renormalization group approach to two-flavor QCD. In this framework, the low-energy constants relevant for effective models, including effective masses and coupling strengths, naturally emerge from the underlying renormalization group flow without introducing free parameters beyond those of QCD itself. We investigate the dynamical emergence of the pion, the $\sigma$-meson and the scalar diquark in both imaginary and real time, and determine a set of QCD low-energy constants which can be used to fix the free parameters of models of dense quark matter with a two-flavor color superconducting phase. In particular, this includes previously unknown properties of the scalar diquark. Our results provide important microscopic input for constraining color superconducting phases, which are expected to play a key role in our understanding of dense neutron star matter.
Read the full abstract

All authors Hosein Gholami, Ugo Mire, Fabian Rennecke, Bernd-Jochen Schaefer, Shi Yin

General Physics

Unified Entropic Dynamics Framework for Classical, and Quantum Wave Equations

Shahid Nawaz, Muhammad Saleem, Muhammad S. Anwar et al. (+1 more)

Entropic Dynamics (ED) provides a statistical-inferential foundation for physical laws, deriving motion and field equations from principles of entropy maximization rather than quantization postulates. ED reconstructs quantum mechanics by treating the evolution of probability distributions on configuration space as driven by information constraints, yielding the Schrodinger equation as a non-dissipative diffusion process. Building on this foundation, the present work extends the ED framework into a Unified Entropic Dynamics (UED) formulation that encompasses classical, quantum, relativistic, thermodynamic, and gravitational phenomena within a single information geometric principle. By maximizing entropy subject to constraints on diffusion, drift, and gauge covariance over a manifold endowed with a supermetric H_ab, we derive a universal field equation that merges the Fokker-Planck and Hamilton-Jacobi structures into one covariant form. When specialized to different dynamical variables, this equation reproduces the harmonic oscillator, Schrodinger, Maxwell, Klein-Gordon, and gravitational wave equations, thereby revealing a deep equivalence between probabilistic inference and dynamical law. The UED framework demonstrates that spacetime geometry, quantum coherence and thermodynamic diffusion emerge as complementary expressions of the same entropic process, establishing a unified inferential foundation for both microscopic and macroscopic physics. In this formulation, energy, probability, and entropy are intertwined aspects of information geometry, providing a consistent inferential foundation for understanding classical, quantum, and gravitational dynamics as complementary expressions of a single entropic law.
Read the full abstract

All authors Shahid Nawaz, Muhammad Saleem, Muhammad S. Anwar, Dalaver H. Anjum

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

SN1987A Constraints of Light $\boldsymbol{Z'}$ with Non-Mixing Polarisations

Debottam Das, Purusottam Ghosh and Rahul Puri

The observation of supernova 1987A (SN1987A) provides a unique opportunity to explore new physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM). The production of new particles in the supernova core could accelerate the cooling process, leading to additional energy loss and consequently reducing the duration of the observed neutrino burst at detectors. Therefore, any BSM interactions that affect supernova cooling are subject to stringent constraints from SN1987A observations. In this paper, we revisit the constraints on light gauge bosons (LGBs) by reassessing the validity of underlying assumptions about the polarisation intermixing. We argue that the intermixing between different polarisation modes is suppressed in the low coupling regime. Using the light gauge boson in the $L_\mu-L_\tau$ model as an example, we find that considering the independent energy transport of longitudinal and transverse polarisations can lead to significant modifications of the SN1987A bounds on the parameter space.
Read the full abstract

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Exoplanet Detection and Atmospheric Characterization with JWST and the Upcoming Ariel Mission

Muallim Yakubu and Vwavware Oruaode Jude

The detection and atmospheric characterization of exoplanets have entered a new data-intensive era driven by the James Webb Space Telescope and the upcoming Ariel mission. Modern surveys produce millions of light curves and high-resolution spectra that overwhelm traditional pipelines, motivating the rapid integration of Machine Learning and Deep Learning methods into the exoplanet workflow. This review synthesizes the latest progress in applying ML/DL techniques to exoplanet detection (transit identification, candidate vetting, false-positive rejection) and atmospheric characterization (retrieval, detrending, cross-correlation, surrogate modelling) in the context of JWST and Ariel. We start with classical algorithms such as Random Forests and Convolutional Neural Networks, move through Transformers and Recurrent architectures, then survey modern simulation-based inference using Neural Posterior Estimation and Flow Matching Posterior Estimation with normalizing or continuous normalizing flows. We discuss benchmark efforts, including the Ariel Machine Learning Data Challenges (2019 to 2025) hosted with NeurIPS, and key JWST case studies such as the WASP-39b Early Release Science programme. Results indicate that DL approaches consistently match or exceed traditional pipelines in both speed and accuracy, while ML-driven retrievals reduce inference time from CPU-hours to seconds and can accelerate nested-sampling retrievals by factors of 3-8 without compromising Bayesian evidence. We identify outstanding challenges interpretability, calibration of uncertainties under noisy data, hybrid modelling, and the generalization of models across instruments and planet populations and outline a research roadmap spanning the JWST era and beyond into Ariel's launch in 2029.
Read the full abstract

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

EGUP effects on the thermodynamic properties of the Kerr-Newman black hole surrounded by quintessence

Aheibam Boycha Meitei, Yenshembam Priyobarta Singh, T. Ibungochouba Singh et al. (+2 more)

In this paper, we investigate the effects of the Extended Generalized Uncertainty Principle (EGUP) on the thermodynamic quantities of the Kerr-Newman black hole surrounded by quintessence (KNBHQ). Additionally, we conduct a comparative analysis of the outcomes derived from the Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP) and the Extended Uncertainty Principle (EUP). The GUP is crucial in the context of the early universe, whereas the EUP is significant in the framework of the later universe. This analysis illustrates the variations in thermodynamic quantities, including Hawking temperature, heat capacity, Gibbs free energy, entropy and pressure of the Kerr-Newman black hole, as they evolve from the early universe to the latter universe under the influence of the dark energy model known as quintessence. The remnant mass, temperature and the stability of the KNBHQ are also studied.
Read the full abstract

All authors Aheibam Boycha Meitei, Yenshembam Priyobarta Singh, T. Ibungochouba Singh, Irom Ablu Meitei, Kangujam Yugindro Singh

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Pioneer 10/11 Telemetry Explanatory Almanac

Viktor T. Toth

This document is intended to accompany our first release of edited Pioneer 10/11 telemetry data. The purpose of this data release is to provide a data set for the evaluation of the effect of on-board systematic forces on Pioneer orbits. Telemetry readings were selected for inclusion with this purpose in mind. The files presented here are all in standard formats (tab-delimited ASCII text or Microsoft Excel spreadsheets) and can be utilized using standard data editing tools. We describe the history and availability of the raw telemetry data, documentation that can be used to interpret the data, and the tools we built in order to extract the data. We also describe script programs that were used to generate data files for release, and the manual editing process that was used to bring these data files to their final form.
Read the full abstract

Quantum Physics

Challenges in Barren Plateau Mitigation with Dynamic Parameterized Quantum Circuits

Sumeet Shirgure, Efekan Kökcü and Siyuan Niu

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are a promising paradigm for quantum advantage, yet their trainability is severely hampered by barren plateaus (BPs). Several recent works have proposed dynamic parameterized quantum circuits (DPQCs), which interleave unitary layers with parameterized CPTP maps, such as engineered dissipation, feedforward gadgets, and periodic resets, as a possible strategy for mitigating BPs. We unify this class of circuits into a formalization for DPQCs.We identify constraints on the nature and the structure of DPQCs if they are to prevent a significant number of parameters from becoming untrainable. Using purification and Pauli-path analysis, we further identify a mechanism by which the cost function can remain anti-concentrated even when many parameters remain untrainable. Our analysis reveals ways to design DPQCs that do not have an exponentially concentrated cost function, and our results suggest that BP mitigation via DPQCs is at least as hard as designing BP-free unitaries.
Read the full abstract

Strongly Correlated Electrons

Emergent Andreev Reflection from a Lattice Duality Defect

Atsushi Ueda, Tokiro Numasawa, Boris De Vos et al. (+1 more)

Andreev reflection converts an incoming fermion into an outgoing hole and is usually tied to a superconducting interface. We show that an analogous charge-conjugating boundary condition emerges from a purely lattice duality defect. Starting from a Majorana representation of the transverse-field Ising chain, we construct a folded lattice model in which a boundary Majorana impurity implements a one-site translation of a staggered Majorana chain. In the continuum, this translation becomes a chiral fermion-parity defect: it flips the sign of the only left-moving Majorana mode while leaving the right-moving mode unchanged. When the two Majorana modes are recombined into a complex fermion in the folded geometry, this sign flip becomes the Andreev-like boundary condition. Our lattice formulation gives a microscopic interpretation of the Emery–Kivelson boundary of the two-channel Kondo problem and of Maldacena–Ludwig monopole scattering, while identifying the boundary as the interface between a Kitaev-chain SPT phase and a gapless chain. The same Majorana translation defect also provides a lattice realization of an axial $U(1)_A$-symmetric charge-flip boundary.
Read the full abstract

All authors Atsushi Ueda, Tokiro Numasawa, Boris De Vos, Masataka Watanabe

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Little Red Dots on FIRE: Exploring the formation and observational signatures of ultra-compact early galaxies

Niranjan Chandra Roy, Daniel Anglés-Alcázar, Rachel K. Cochrane et al. (+15 more)

Little Red Dots (LRDs) are compact sources with broad Balmer lines, Balmer breaks, anomalous UV emission, rising red continuum, and uncertain origin. We use FIRE cosmological simulations, 3D dust radiative transfer, and synthetic emission-line data cubes to test whether ultra-compact early galaxies can reproduce LRD-like observables without invoking AGN. In progenitors of present-day group halos ($M_{\rm halo} > 10^{13.5} M_{\odot}$), we identify transient phases at $z \approx 4-8$ lasting $\sim 150-400$ Myr in which strong dissipative inflows build massive ($M_{\star} \sim 10^{8.5}-10^{10.5} M_{\odot}$), UV-bright ($-23 \lesssim M_{\rm UV} \lesssim -20$), ultra-compact ($R_{\rm eff} < 300$ pc) stellar cores with extreme circular velocity ($V_{\rm circ} > 500$ km s$^{-1}$) and consistent with several LRD properties: strong Balmer breaks ($F_{\nu}(4200{\rm \r{A}})/F_{\nu}(3500{\rm \r{A}}) \sim 2$); blue UV beta slopes ($\beta_{\rm UV} \approx -1.25$); dust masses; ALMA non-detections; and Balmer-line widths up to $\sim 1500$ km s$^{-1}$ broadened by galaxy-scale dynamics. However, stellar emission and host-galaxy kinematics alone do not reproduce the red rest-optical continuum, more extreme Balmer breaks ($\gtrsim 2.5$) and line widths ($\gtrsim 2000$ km s$^{-1}$), or the broad-Balmer/narrow-forbidden-line signature of broad-line AGN. The same ultra-compact conditions efficiently fuel central BHs, suggesting a hybrid stellar+AGN scenario in which compact stars explain the UV continuum, Balmer break, and intermediate line widths while AGN supply the red optical continuum and more extreme line properties. With halo masses $M_{\rm halo} \sim 10^{11-12.5} M_\odot$ and comoving abundance $\sim 2 \times 10^{-5} {\rm cMpc}^{-3}$ (for $\sim 20\%$ duty-cycle at $z \approx 4-8$), ultra-compact galaxies can contribute to the massive, bright LRD population.
Read the full abstract

All authors Niranjan Chandra Roy, Daniel Anglés-Alcázar, Rachel K. Cochrane, Alexander J. Richings, Jonathan Mercedes-Feliz, Christopher C. Hayward, Claude-André Faucher-Giguère, Erini Lambrides, Robert Feldmann, Boon Kiat Oh, Andrew Marszewski, Guochao Sun, Kelcey Davis, Jed McKinney, Caitlin M. Casey, Tanio Díaz-Santos, Madisyn Brooks, Grace Farrell

Statistical Mechanics

Effective hyperuniformity in time-integrated stochastic Turing patterns

Anirban Mukherjee and Hong-Yan Shih

Demographic noise generates stochastic Turing patterns even when reaction-diffusion systems are deterministically stable. We show analytically and verify numerically in the Levin-Segel model that temporal integration of configurations reveals emergent large-scale organization. The intensive number variance in a window of size $R \gg 1$ approaches a finite reaction-kinetic floor as $1/R$, over a spatial range growing by orders of magnitude near the Turing instability. This yields an effectively hyperuniform, fine-tuning-free regime previously unidentified in non-conserved multispecies stochastic systems.
Read the full abstract

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Ram-pressure signatures in the dwarf irregular galaxy SextansB revealed by deep MeerKAT HI observations

Brenda Namumba, Neel Kolhe, Francois Hammer et al. (+12 more)

The impact of extremely low-density environments such as the diffuse intergalactic medium (IGM) on the neutral gas distribution of dwarf galaxies remains poorly explored observationally. We present deep MeerKAT HI 21 cm observations of the Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy Sextans B that achieve a spectral resolution of 1.4 km/s and reach column-density sensitivities down to 3.3 x 10^18 cm^-2, allowing us to trace the extended HI disc and faint outer structures. The low-column-density HI distribution is asymmetric and reveals a rosette-like filamentary structure superposed on the HI disc. Comparison with the stellar distribution shows offsets between the gaseous and stellar components, with the stellar disc remaining relatively symmetric while the HI envelope becomes increasingly disturbed. 3D kinematic modelling with TiRiFiC reproduces the global velocity gradient but reveals differences between the approaching and receding sides of the rotation curve at large radii, indicating departures from axisymmetric rotation. While stellar feedback can produce small-scale cavities and turbulence in dwarf galaxies, it cannot generate the filamentary HI structure, the asymmetric outer HI envelope, or the divergence between the approaching and receding rotation curves. This is consistent with interaction with a diffuse IGM. Hydrodynamical simulations tailored to Sextans B show that IGM ram pressure acting on the outer gas disc can produce asymmetric gas distributions, filamentary structures, and kinematic perturbations. The combination of morphological and kinematic signatures suggests that the outer HI disc of Sextans B is affected by ram-pressure interaction with the diffuse IGM in the outskirts of the Local Group. This is the second strong example in the Local Group, after WLM, showing that a very low-density IGM can significantly influence the gas distribution and kinematics of dwarf galaxies.
Read the full abstract

All authors Brenda Namumba, Neel Kolhe, Francois Hammer, Yanbin Yang, Claude Carignan, Roger Ianjamasimanana, Gyula I. G. Józsa, Lourdes Verdes-Montenegro, Haifeng Wang, Hao Chen, Xin Huang, Fortune Ndalama, Amidou Sorgho, Marie Korsaga, Saul P. Phiri

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics

The Dataset Friction Framework: measuring user-facing friction as a complement to FAIR

Emma Pidduck and Umberto Modigliani

Open research data services have matured to the point where the cost of sustaining them at scale has become a primary design constraint, driving providers to make deliberate choices that may reduce user convenience to keep the service viable. The FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reuseable) principles describe whether a dataset is well stewarded, and FAIR compliance is often treated as a proxy for usability. FAIR does not capture the cost to a user of finding, accessing, interpreting, and applying a dataset. We introduce the Dataset Friction Framework (DFF) as a complement to FAIR, directly addressing usability. DFF measures user-facing friction across six dimensions, distinguishing engineered friction (deliberate data provider design choices that sustain a service) from accidental friction (defects that require remediation). The framework is validated against 18,556 support tickets from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (January 2024 to May 2026), which serves 280,000 registered users. Restricting the analysis to tickets raised by external reporters reduces the corpus by 12.3%, but every dimension's internal-staff share falls below this baseline – confirming that the reported friction signals are genuinely user-facing. We then assess three real datasets across three providers and show that FAIR compliance and DFF friction can disagree in both directions: a 92% FAIR-compliant dataset can still carry substantial friction, and a 42% FAIR score can be an artefact of anti-scraping policy rather than poor stewardship. The two measures are non-redundant and jointly informative: FAIR compliance does not predict DFF friction in either direction. This constitutes the first large-scale empirical application of the framework; cross-institutional validation is identified as the immediate next step.
Read the full abstract

Strongly Correlated Electrons

Resolving support-mismatch by local basis rotation in variational Monte Carlo

Jia-Lin Chen, Zhen Fan, Canhui Yan et al. (+2 more)

Real-time dynamics after a local quench by a charged operator encodes the response functions measured in spectroscopic experiments, yet they have long posed a challenge for variational Monte Carlo calculations. The obstacle is a support mismatch: the projective action by a charged local operator forces an exponentially large number of configurations to vanish, but these configurations may still contribute to the dynamics, biasing the estimators and freezing the evolution at the very first step. This difficulty is an artifact of the chosen sampling basis, and the support mismatch generated by a charged local operator is itself local. We demonstrate that the missing support can be restored by a local rotation of the sampling basis, without changing the underlying variational dynamics. We propose a local basis-rotation sampling scheme that resolves the support-mismatch problem and can be readily incorporated into existing variational Monte Carlo algorithms. Benchmarks show that rotation sampling accurately captures long-time quantum dynamics, enabling variational Monte Carlo calculations of dynamical structure factors in one dimension and unbiased local-operator quench dynamics in two dimensions. We also show that this resolution of the support-mismatch problem extends beyond real-time dynamics, and may also be helpful for ground state variational Monte Carlo calculations.
Read the full abstract

All authors Jia-Lin Chen, Zhen Fan, Canhui Yan, Yantao Wu, Tao Xiang

Quantum Physics

Robust Structure Learning of $k$-local Lindbladians

Tim Möbus, Thiago Bergamaschi, Daniel Stilck França et al. (+1 more)

We present an efficient protocol for learning an unknown $k$-local Lindblad generator on $n$ qubits using only product-state preparations, short-time evolution, and single-qubit Pauli measurements, without prior knowledge of the interaction structure. For fixed $k$ and a supplied weighted interaction-strength bound $\bar\alpha$, the protocol estimates all Hamiltonian and dissipative Pauli–GKSL coefficients with total coefficient error at each site at most $\varepsilon$ with probability at least $1-\delta$ using $\widetilde{\mathcal O}_k(\bar\alpha^2n^{2k-2}\varepsilon^{-2}\log(n/\delta))$ samples and polylogarithmically many distinct evolution times. This guarantee requires no degree, sparsity, or tail promise. A convex optimization converts these estimates into a valid $k$-local Lindblad generator with diamond-norm error at most $\varepsilon$ using $\widetilde{\mathcal O}_k(\bar\alpha^2n^{2k}\varepsilon^{-2}\log(n/\delta))$ samples and polynomial-time classical postprocessing. With a supplied local effective-sparsity bound $r$ and a sufficiently small sitewise subthreshold tail $\mathcal O_k(\varepsilon)$, coefficient recovery requires only $\widetilde{\mathcal O}_k(\bar\alpha^2r^2\varepsilon^{-2}\log(n/\delta))$ samples, without a supplied threshold or coefficient locations and without a coefficient-gap assumption. In particular, exactly sparse bounded-degree models have logarithmic sample dependence on $n$. We also provide guard-band support recovery and complementary supplied-candidate guarantees, extend the guarantees to model misspecification, and prove complementary sample-complexity lower bounds.
Read the full abstract

All authors Tim Möbus, Thiago Bergamaschi, Daniel Stilck França, Cambyse Rouzé

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Revisiting the 'Lensing is Low' Problem with UNIONS

Martine C. T. Campbell, Jack Elvin-Poole, Michael J. Hudson et al. (+11 more)

We present new measurements of the galaxy-galaxy lensing (GGL) signal around Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) CMASS galaxies using background sources from the Ultraviolet Near-Infrared Optical Northern Survey (UNIONS). With high-quality imaging of background sources and a survey overlap of approximately 2650 square degrees, we obtain precise large-scale GGL measurements. Building on these new measurements, we revisit the so-called 'lensing is low' problem, wherein galaxy-halo connection models calibrated on galaxy clustering (GC) data over-predict the GGL signal by 20-40% assuming CMB-based cosmological parameters. We model the galaxy-halo connection using a halo occupation distribution (HOD), and perform joint fits to both GGL and GC signals across a wide range of scales, as well as a GC-only fit. In contrast to previous work, we do not find a significant 'lensing is low' effect in the CMASS sample, although the best joint fits are achieved by decreasing the amplitude of the matter power spectrum slightly relative to the Planck cosmological parameters. Overall, we find that two models describe our observables similarly well: one where HOD and cosmological parameters are free, and one where HOD, cosmological, and feedback parameters are free. Importantly, we emphasise the role of large scales in constraining the lensing is low effect, shifting the narrative away from an exclusively small-scale issue.
Read the full abstract

All authors Martine C. T. Campbell, Jack Elvin-Poole, Michael J. Hudson, Thomas de Boer, Sacha Guerrini, Fabian Hervas-Peters, Hendrik Hildebrandt, Martin Kilbinger, Eugene A. Magnier, Alan W. McConnachie, Charlie T. Mpetha, Romain Paviot, Ludovic Van Waerbeke, Anna Wittje

Mathematical Physics

Position-Space Renormalization and Half-Space Truncations in $\phi^4_4$

Majdouline Borji

In this paper, we study half-space observables in the massive Euclidean $\phi^4_4$ theory. We prove that the renormalized correlators can be multiplied by half-space truncations without requiring any additional renormalization. More precisely, products with smooth approximations of the half-space indicator converge to well-defined distributional limits, uniformly in the ultraviolet cutoff. The proof relies on a position-space renormalization framework for the Wilson–Polchinski flow equation based on a hierarchy of power-counting spaces adapted to the singularity structure of the correlators. This yields uniform power-counting bounds and Besov–Hölder regularity estimates for the renormalized correlators. As a consequence, the correlators converge as the ultraviolet cutoff tends to infinity, and the convergence takes place in explicitly identified Besov spaces.
Read the full abstract

Astrophysics of Galaxies

The EDGE-CALIFA Survey: Star Formation Efficiency and Galaxy Quenching across 62 Main Sequence, Green Valley, and Red Galaxies

Yu-Hsuan Teng, Alberto D. Bolatto, Peter J. Teuben et al. (+26 more)

We present GBT-EDGE, a new CO(1-0) survey using the Green Bank Telescope to map 62 nearby (10-140 Mpc) galaxies spanning the star-forming main sequence (SFMS), green valley, and red sequence. The galaxy sample is selected from the CALIFA survey with integral field spectroscopy (IFS), which provides a representative census of local galactic environments. Combining the CO dataset with CALIFA's optical IFS measurements, we derive molecular gas masses, star formation rates (SFR), metallicities, and stellar mass densities to measure star formation efficiency (SFE) and investigate the physical drivers of galaxy quenching. We obtain a median molecular gas depletion time of $2.10^{+2.35}_{-1.31}$, $6.90^{+17.00}_{-3.67}$, and $127.7^{+201.6}_{-113.4}$ Gyr for our sample of main sequence, green valley, and red galaxies, respectively, assuming a Galactic CO-to-H2 conversion factor. By applying various conversion factor prescriptions, we also confirm a systematic decrease of SFE with galaxy's offset below the SFMS, regardless of the adopted prescription. This suggests that the low SFR in some quenched galaxies is primarily driven by suppressed SFE rather than an absence of molecular gas. Our results provide evidence that galaxies below the main sequence can retain substantial molecular gas reservoirs comparable to star-forming galaxies, but they exhibit longer depletion times and form stars inefficiently, possibly due to the combined effects of low gas density and morphological quenching mechanisms.
Read the full abstract

All authors Yu-Hsuan Teng, Alberto D. Bolatto, Peter J. Teuben, Erik Rosolowsky, David T. Frayer, Amanda A. Kepley, Sebastian F. Sanchez, Tony Wong, Adam K. Leroy, Dario Colombo, Serena A. Cronin, K. Decker French, Veselina Kalinova, Rebecca C. Levy, Karin M. Sandstrom, Vicente Villanueva, Jorge K. Barrera-Ballesteros, Zein Bazzi, Yixian Cao, Alex Green, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Eduardo A. D. Lacerda, Jialu Li, Alejandra Z. Lugo-Aranda, Jocabed Martinez-Lopez, Elizabeth Tarantino, Akshat Tripathi, Carolyn G. Volpert, Di Wen

Quantum Physics

Genuine certification of incompatible quantum instruments through sequential communication tasks

Arindam Mitra, Satyaki Manna and Debashis Saha

Quantum instruments constitute the general description of quantum dynamics, encompassing both quantum measurements and quantum channels as special cases. Consequently, the incompatibility of quantum instruments represents a fundamental manifestation of nonclassicality in quantum theory. Here, we establish the operational significance of this notion by demonstrating communication tasks with classical inputs and outputs that enable the semi-device-independent certification of incompatible quantum instruments. We introduce a class of three-party communication tasks involving a sender, a relayer, and a receiver, and derive the tight upper bounds of the figure of merits of these tasks achievable by all compatible instruments implemented by the relayer. Furthermore, we show that these bounds coincide with the optimal performance attainable in a classical communication subject to the same dimensional constraints. Violation of this bound certifies the incompatibility of the pair of quantum instruments implemented by the relayer. This identifies certification of incompatible instruments as a manifestation of quantum advantage in communication. This certification protocol is genuine as it is able to certify the incompatibility of a pair of instruments where the set of induced measurements and the set of induced channels are compatible and, therefore it does not depend on the incompability of measurements and channels induced by the instruments. Finally, we identify the simplest instance of our communication scenario that enable the certification of incompatible quantum instruments.
Read the full abstract

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Differential measurement of the branching fraction and $C\!P$ asymmetry of the decay $B^\pm\to \pi^\pm\mu^+\mu^-$

LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb et al. (+1142 more)

Differential measurements of the branching fraction and $C\!P$ asymmetry of the decay $B^\pm\to \pi^\pm\mu^+\mu^-$ are performed in intervals of the dimuon mass squared, $q^2$, using proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb$^{-1}$ recorded by the LHCb experiment at centre-of-mass energies of 7 TeV, 8 TeV and 13 TeV. The ratios of the branching fractions of $B^\pm\to \pi^\pm\mu^+\mu^-$ and $B^\pm\to K^\pm\mu^+\mu^-$ decays are also reported in the same $q^2$ intervals. The measured branching fractions are compatible with the predictions of the Standard Model, with consistency varying between 1.4$\sigma$ and 3.8$\sigma$ depending on the model assumptions.
Read the full abstract

All authors LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A.A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C.A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, H. Al Saleh, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, S. Amato, J.L. Amey, Y. Amhis, L. An, L. Anderlini, M. Andersson, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J.A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J.J. Back, Z.B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I.R. Barbosa, R.J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Baron, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P.B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I.B. Bediaga, N.A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belov, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, J.L.M. Berkey, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M.S. Bieker, N.V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F.C.R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J.E. Blank, S. Blusk, J.A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R.B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J.T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S.A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T.J.V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J.D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, D. Brundu, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, C. Buti, J.S. Butter, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J.I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, D.H. Campora Perez, A.C. Campos, A.F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, A. Casais Vidal, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A.J. Chadwick, I. Chahrour, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, G. Chizhik, V. Chobanova, M. Chrzaszcz, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, P. Cifra, P.E.L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H.V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, G.C. Costantino, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D.C. Craik, N. Crepet, M. Cruz Torres, M. Cubero Campos, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C.L. Da Silva, X. Dai, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, G. Darze, A. Davidson, J.E. Davies, O. De Aguiar Francisco, C. De Angelis, F. De Benedetti, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, S. De Capua, M. De Cian, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, E. De Lucia, J.M. De Miranda, L. De Paula, M. De Serio, P. De Simone, F. De Vellis, J.A. de Vries, F. Debernardis, D. Decamp, S. Dekkers, L. Del Buono, B. Delaney, J. Deng, V. Denysenko, O. Deschamps, F. Dettori, B. Dey, P. Di Nezza, S. Ding, Y. Ding, L. Dittmann, A.D. Docheva, A. Doheny, C. Dong, F. Dordei, A.C. dos Reis, A.D. Dowling, L. Dreyfus, W. Duan, P. Duda, L. Dufour, V. Duk, P. Durante, M.M. Duras, J.M. Durham, O.D. Durmus, K. Duwe, A. Dziurda, S. Easo, E. Eckstein, U. Egede, S. Eisenhardt, E. Ejopu, L. Eklund, M. Elashri, D. Elizondo Blanco, J. Ellbracht, S. Ely, A. Ene, T. Evans, F. Fabiano, S. Faghih, L.N. Falcao, B. Fang, R. Fantechi, L. Fantini, M. Faria, K. Farmer, F. Fassin, D. Fazzini, L. Felkowski, C. Feng, M. Feng, A. Fernandez Casani, M. Fernandez Gomez, A.D. Fernez, F. Ferrari, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, M. Ferrillo, R.A. Fini, M. Fiorini, M. Firlej, D.S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Fiutowski, F. Fleuret, A. Fomin, M. Fontana, M. Fontes Vaz, L.A. Foreman, R. Forty, D. Foulds-Holt, V. Franco Lima, M. Franco Sevilla, M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei, D.A. Friday, J. Fu, Y. Fu, Q. Führing, T. Fulghesu, G. Galati, M.D. Galati, A. Gallas Torreira, D. Galli, S. Gambetta, M. Gandelman, P. Gandini, B. Ganie, H. Gao, R. Gao, T.Q. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, L.M. Garcia Martin, P. Garcia Moreno, J. García Pardiñas, P. Gardner, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, A. Gavrikov, E. Gersabeck, M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon, S. Ghizzo, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, F.I. Giasemis, V. Gibson, H.K. Giemza, A.L. Gilman, M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù, L. Girardey, M.A. Giza, F.C. Glaser, V.V. Gligorov, C. Göbel, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, E. Golobardes, A. Golutvin, S. Gomez Fernandez, W. Gomulka, F. Goncalves Abrantes, I. Gonçales Vaz, M. Goncerz, G. Gong, J.A. Gooding, C. Gotti, E. Govorkova, J.P. Grabowski, L.A. Granado Cardoso, R. Grande Quartieri, E. Graugés, E. Graverini, L. Grazette, G. Graziani, A.T. Grecu, N.A. Grieser, L. Grillo, C. Gu, M. Guarise, L. Guerry, A.-K. Guseinov, Y. Guz, T. Gys, K. Habermann, T. Hadavizadeh, C. Hadjivasiliou, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, S. Haken, G. Hallett, P.M. Hamilton, Q. Han, S. Han, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Harnew, T.J. Harris, L. Hartman, M. Hartmann, S. Hashmi, J. He, N. Heatley, A. Hedes, F. Hemmer, C. Henderson, R. Henderson, R.D.L. Henderson, A.M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy, J. Herd, P. Herrero Gascon, J. Heuel, A. Heyn, A. Hicheur, G. Hijano Mendizabal, J. Horswill, R. Hou, Y. Hou, D.C. Houston, N. Howarth, W. Hu, X. Hu, W. Hulsbergen, R.J. Hunter, D. Hutchcroft, M. Idzik, P. Ilten, A. Iohner, H. Jage, S.J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, T. Jakoubek, E. Jans, A. Jawahery, C. Jayaweera, A. Jelavic, V. Jevtic, Z. Jia, E. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y.J. Jiang, E. Jimenez Moya, N. Jindal, M. John, A. John Rubesh Rajan, D. Johnson, C.R. Jones, S. Joshi, B. Jost, J. Juan Castella, N. Jurik, I. Juszczak, K. Kalecinska, D. Kaminaris, S. Kandybei, M. Kane, Y. Kang, C. Kar, M. Karacson, A. Kauniskangas, J.W. Kautz, M.K. Kazanecki, F. Keizer, M. Kenzie, T. Ketel, B. Khanji, S. Kholodenko, G. Khreich, F. Kiraz, T. Kirn, V.S. Kirsebom, N. Kleijne, A. Kleimenova, D.K. Klekots, K. Klimaszewski, M.R. Kmiec, T. Knospe, R. Kolb, S. Koliiev, L. Kolk, A. Konoplyannikov, P. Kopciewicz, P. Koppenburg, A. Korchin, I. Kostiuk, O. Kot, S. Kotriakhova, E. Kowalczyk, O. Kravcov, M. Kreps, W. Krupa, W. Krzemien, O. Kshyvanskyi, S. Kubis, M. Kucharczyk, A. Kupsc, V. Kushnir, B. Kutsenko, J. Kvapil, I. Kyryllin, D. Lacarrere, P. Laguarta Gonzalez, A. Lai, A. Lampis, D. Lancierini, C. Landesa Gomez, J.J. Lane, G. Lanfranchi, C. Langenbruch, T. Latham, F. Lazzari, C. Lazzeroni, R. Le Gac, H. Lee, R. Lefèvre, M. Lehuraux, E. Lemos Cid, O. Leroy, T. Lesiak, E.D. Lesser, B. Leverington, A. Li, C. Li, C. Li, H. Li, J. Li, K. Li, L. Li, P. Li, P.-R. Li, Q. Li, T. Li, T. Li, W. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Z. Lian, Q. Liang, X. Liang, Z. Liang, S. Libralon, A. Lightbody, T. Lin, R. Lindner, H. Linton, R. Litvinov, D. Liu, F.L. Liu, G. Liu, K. Liu, S. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.L. Liu, G. Loachamin Ordonez, I. Lobo, A. Lobo Salvia, A. Loi, T. Long, F.C.L. Lopes, J.H. Lopes, A. Lopez Huertas, C. Lopez Iribarnegaray, Q. Lu, C. Lucarelli, D. Lucchesi, M. Lucio Martinez, Y. Luo, A. Lupato, M. Lupberger, E. Luppi, K. Lynch, S. Lyu, X.-R. Lyu, H. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert, F. Maciuc, B. Mack, I. Mackay, L.M. Mackey, L.R. Madhan Mohan, M.J. Madurai, D. Magdalinski, J.J. Malczewski, S. Malde, L. Malentacca, G. Manca, G. Mancinelli, C. Mancuso, R. Manera Escalero, A. Mangalasseri, F.M. Manganella, D. Manuzzi, S. Mao, D. Marangotto, J.F. Marchand, R. Marchevski, U. Marconi, E. Mariani, S. Mariani, C. Marin Benito, J. Marks, A.M. Marshall, L. Martel, G. Martelli, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli, M. Martinelli, C. Martinez, D. Martinez Gomez, D. Martinez Santos, F. Martinez Vidal, A. Martorell i Granollers, A. Massafferri, R. Matev, A. Mathad, C. Matteuzzi, K.R. Mattioli, A. Mauri, E. Maurice, J. Mauricio, P. Mayencourt, J. Mazorra de Cos, M. Mazurek, D. Mazzanti Tarancon, M. McCann, N.T. McHugh, A. McNab, R. McNulty, B. Meadows, S.E.R. Medaer, D. Melnychuk, D. Mendoza Granada, P. Menendez Valdes Perez, F.M. Meng, M. Merk, A. Merli, L. Meyer Garcia, D. Miao, H. Miao, M. Mikhasenko, D.A. Milanes, A. Minotti, E. Minucci, B. Mitreska, D.S. Mitzel, R. Mocanu, A. Modak, L. Moeser, R.D. Moise, E.F. Molina Cardenas, T. Mombächer, M. Monk, T. Monnard, S. Monteil, A. Morcillo Gomez, G. Morello, M.J. Morello, M.P. Morgenthaler, A. Moro, J. Moron, W. Morren, A.B. Morris, A.G. Morris, R. Mountain, Z. Mu, N. Muangkod, E. Muhammad, F. Muheim, M. Mulder, K. Müller, F. Muñoz-Rojas, R. Murta, V. Mytrochenko, P. Naik, T. Nakada, R. Nandakumar, G. Napoletano, I. Nasteva, M. Needham, N. Neri, S. Neubert, N. Neufeld, J. Nicolini, D. Nicotra, E.M. Niel, L. Nisi, Q. Niu, B.K. Njoki, P. Nogarolli, P. Nogga, J. Nombela Royo, C. Normand, J. Novoa Fernandez, G. Nowak, H.N. Nur, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, T. Oeser, O. Okhrimenko, R. Oldeman, F. Oliva, E. Olivart Pino, M. Olocco, C.J.G. Onderwater, R.H. O'Neil, J.S. Ordonez Soto, D. Osthues, J.M. Otalora Goicochea, P. Owen, A. Oyanguren, O. Ozcelik, F. Paciolla, A. Padee, K.O. Padeken, B. Pagare, T. Pajero, A. Palano, L. Palini, M. Palutan, C. Pan, X. Pan, S. Panebianco, S. Paniskaki, L. Paolucci, A. Papanestis, M. Pappagallo, L.L. Pappalardo, C. Pappenheimer, C. Parkes, D. Parmar, G. Passaleva, D. Passaro, A. Pastore, M. Patel, J. Patoc, C. Patrignani, A. Paul, C.J. Pawley, A. Pellegrino, J. Peng, X. Peng, M. Pepe Altarelli, S. Perazzini, H. Pereira Da Costa, M. Pereira Martinez, A. Pereiro Castro, C. Perez, P. Perret, A. Perrevoort, A. Perro, M.J. Peters, K. Petridis, A. Petrolini, S. Pezzulo, J.P. Pfaller, H. Pham, L. Pica, M. Piccini, L. Piccolo, B. Pietrzyk, R.N. Pilato, D. Pinci, F. Pisani, M. Pizzichemi, V.M. Placinta, M. Plo Casasus, T. Poeschl, F. Polci, M. Poli Lener, A. Poluektov, I. Polyakov, E. Polycarpo, S. Ponce, D. Popov, K. Popp, K. Prasanth, C. Prouve, D. Provenzano, V. Pugatch, A. Puicercus Gomez, G. Punzi, J.R. Pybus, Q. Qian, W. Qian, N. Qin, R. Quagliani, R.I. Rabadan Trejo, B. Rachwal, R. Racz, J.H. Rademacker, M. Rama, M. Ramírez García, V. Ramos De Oliveira, M. Ramos Pernas, G. Ramsey, M.S. Rangel, G. Raven, M. Rebollo De Miguel, F. Redi, J. Reich, F. Reiss, Z. Ren, P.K. Resmi, M. Ribalda Galvez, R. Ribatti, G. Ricart, D. Riccardi, S. Ricciardi, K. Richardson, M. Richardson-Slipper, F. Riehn, K. Rinnert, P. Robbe, G. Robertson, E. Rodrigues, A. Rodriguez Alvarez, E. Rodriguez Fernandez, J.A. Rodriguez Lopez, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez, J. Roensch, A. Rogovskiy, D.L. Rolf, P. Roloff, V. Romanovskiy, A. Romero Vidal, G. Romolini, F. Ronchetti, T. Rong, W. Rose, M. Rotondo, M.S. Rudolph, M. Ruiz Diaz, J. Ruiz Vidal, J.J. Saavedra-Arias, J.J. Saborido Silva, D. Sahoo, N. Sahoo, B. Saitta, M. Salomoni, I. Sanderswood, R. Santacesaria, C. Santamarina Rios, M. Santimaria, L. Santoro, E. Santovetti, A. Saputi, A. Sarnatskiy, G. Sarpis, M. Sarpis, C. Satriano, A. Satta, M. Saur, H. Sazak, F. Sborzacchi, A. Scarabotto, S. Schael, S. Scherl, M. Schiller, H. Schindler, M. Schmelling, B. Schmidt, N. Schmidt, S. Schmitt, H. Schmitz, O. Schneider, A. Schopper, N. Schulte, H. Schumacher, M.H. Schune, G. Schwering, B. Sciascia, A. Sciuccati, G. Scriven, I. Segal, S. Sellam, M. Senghi Soares, A. Sergi, N. Serra, L. Sestini, B. Sevilla Sanjuan, Y. Shang, D.M. Shangase, R.S. Sharma, L. Shchutska, T. Shears, J. Shen, Z. Shen, S. Sheng, B. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, W.S. Shi, E. Shmanin, R. Silva Coutinho, G. Simi, S. Simone, M. Singha, I. Siral, N. Skidmore, T. Skwarnicki, M.W. Slater, E. Smith, M. Smith, L. Soares Lavra, M.D. Sokoloff, F.J.P. Soler, A. Solomin, K. Solovieva, N.S. Sommerfeld, R. Song, Y. Song, Y. Song, Y.S. Song, F.L. Souza De Almeida, G. Souza De Castro, B. Souza De Paula, K.M. Sowa, E. Spadaro Norella, E. Spedicato, J.G. Speer, P. Spradlin, F. Stagni, M. Stahl, S. Stahl, S. Stanislaus, M. Stefaniak, O. Steinkamp, F. Suljik, J. Sun, L. Sun, M. Sun, D. Sundfeld, W. Sutcliffe, P. Svihra, V. Svintozelskyi, K. Swientek, F. Swystun, A. Szabelski, T. Szumlak, Y. Tan, Y. Tang, Y.T. Tang, M.D. Tat, J.A. Teijeiro Jimenez, F. Terzuoli, F. Teubert, E. Thomas, D.J.D. Thompson, A.R. Thomson-Strong, H. Tilquin, V. Tisserand, S. T'Jampens, M. Tobin, T.T. Todorov, L. Tomassetti, G. Tonani, X. Tong, T. Tork, L. Toscano, D.Y. Tou, C. Trippl, G. Tuci, N. Tuning, L.H. Uecker, A. Ukleja, A. Upadhyay, B. Urbach, A. Usachov, U. Uwer, V. Vagnoni, A. Vaitkevicius, V. Valcarce Cadenas, G. Valenti, N. Valls Canudas, J. van Eldik, H. Van Hecke, E. van Herwijnen, C.B. Van Hulse, R. Van Laak, M. van Veghel, G. Vasquez, R. Vazquez Gomez, P. Vazquez Regueiro, C. Vázquez Sierra, S. Vecchi, J. Velilla Serna, J.J. Velthuis, M. Veltri, A. Venkateswaran, M. Verdoglia, M. Vesterinen, W. Vetens, D. Vico Benet, P. Vidrier Villalba, M. Vieites Diaz, X. Vilasis-Cardona, E. Vilella Figueras, A. Villa, P. Vincent, B. Vivacqua, F.C. Volle, D. vom Bruch, K. Vos, C. Vrahas, J. Wagner, J. Walsh, N. Walter, E.J. Walton, G. Wan, A. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, G. Wang, H. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, N.W. Wang, R. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X.W. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.H. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, J.A. Ward, A. Wasili, M. Waterlaat, N.K. Watson, D. Websdale, Y. Wei, Z. Weida, J. Wendel, B.D.C. Westhenry, C. White, M. Whitehead, E. Whiter, A.R. Wiederhold, D. Wiedner, M.A. Wiegertjes, C. Wild, G. Wilkinson, M.K. Wilkinson, M. Williams, M.J. Williams, M.R.J. Williams, R. Williams, S. Williams, Z. Williams, F.F. Wilson, M. Winn, W. Wislicki, M. Witek, L. Witola, T. Wolf, E. Wood, G. Wormser, S.A. Wotton, H. Wu, J. Wu, X. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Wu, K. Wyllie, S. Xian, Z. Xiang, Y. Xie, T.X. Xing, A. Xu, L. Xu, M. Xu, R. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, S. Yadav, K. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yang, H. Yeung, H. Yin, X. Yin, C.Y. Yu, J. Yu, K. Yu, X. Yuan, Y Yuan, J.A. Zamora Saa, M. Zavertyaev, M. Zdybal, F. Zenesini, C. Zeng, M. Zeng, S.H Zeng, C. Zhang, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, Q.Z. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. Zhang, S.L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, J. Zhao, Y. Zhao, A. Zhelezov, S.Z. Zheng, X.Z. Zheng, Y. Zheng, T. Zhou, X. Zhou, V. Zhovkovska, L.Z. Zhu, X. Zhu, X. Zhu, Y. Zhu, V. Zhukov, J. Zhuo, D. Zuliani, G. Zunica, X. Zuo

Mathematical Physics

Which Waveguide Network Realizes a Prescribed Transmission Profile? An Exact Forward Construction

Tristan M. Lawrie

We introduce an analytically invertible framework for wavefront construction based on the scattering properties of periodic waveguide networks governed by a gauge-shifted Helmholtz operator. By determining the exact transmission coefficients of the network, we express the lattice reactance as a Fourier expansion whose coefficients are analytically mapped onto the underlying graph architecture, allowing the required bond connections, refractive indices, lengths, and gauge phases to be determined directly from a prescribed target transmission coefficient. In contrast to conventional inverse-design approaches, the present formulation provides a closed-form route from desired wave transmission profiles to physically realisable structures. The framework extends naturally from one-dimensional angular filtering to two-dimensional image synthesis, where arbitrary transmitted intensity patterns are reconstructed through exact spectral control of the network scattering response.
Read the full abstract

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks

Fundamental Limits of Stability Inference in High-Dimensional Complex Systems

Michela Costa, Kentaro Hoshisashi, Flaviano Morone et al. (+2 more)

Many complex systems, including ecosystems, neural circuits, and financial markets, are inferred to operate close to a threshold of instability, at which a small perturbation can propagate across the entire system. This proximity is often interpreted as functionally advantageous, yet it poses a question common to all these fields: from a finite, noisy recording, how precisely can the distance of a system from that threshold be estimated? Using the multivariate Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process as the canonical linear model of relaxation near a stable fixed point, we show that the attainable precision is governed by three factors: an effective measurement budget, set by the number of samples relative to the system dimension and the sampling interval; the signal-to-noise ratio, given by the magnitude of deterministic interactions relative to stochastic forcing; and the distance to criticality, which simultaneously sets the system's correlation times and degrades both of the preceding factors. As the slowest dynamical mode softens near the threshold, the curvature of the log-likelihood flattens along the direction that determines stability, so that the relative uncertainty on the estimated distance diverges as that distance vanishes. Critically, temporal correlations near instability reduce the effective number of independent observations far below the nominal sample count, and inference breaks down when this effective count falls below the system dimension, even when the raw data volume appears sufficient. A direct consequence is the existence of an optimal sampling interval that diverges as the system approaches criticality, with practical implications for experimental design.
Read the full abstract

All authors Michela Costa, Kentaro Hoshisashi, Flaviano Morone, Tim Rogers, Paolo Barucca

Soft Condensed Matter

Application of Machine Learning for the Identification of 2D Colloidal Assemblies: A Case Study on Particles of Distinct Shapes

L. T. Khusainova, S. A. Kolegova and K. S. Kolegov

This work addresses the problem of identifying colloidal monolayer assemblies using particles of various shapes (two-dimensional coatings): spheres, ellipsoids, cuboids, and rods. The following classification of assemblies is considered: isolated particles, dimers, chains, clusters, and loops. The YOLO model was chosen as the identification method. Synthetic datasets were prepared for each of the four particle shapes to train the models. The paper discusses the application of models trained on synthetic data to experimental images. An analysis was carried out on the feasibility of using such models for recognizing configurations in real images. While recognition on artificial images is nearly perfect, tests on experimental images showed a significant deviation. The average error across all particle types was 43.1%, but a considerable spread in values is observed: from 20% for spheres to 58.5% for cuboids, indicating the algorithm's selective sensitivity to object geometry. The created datasets and trained models are freely available for use. The corresponding modules have been integrated into the previously developed information system (https://isanm.space/). To further improve prediction results, it is necessary to prepare datasets based on experimental images.
Read the full abstract

Superconductivity

Reentrant superconductivity enabled by spin-orbit coupling: Application to UTe$_2$

Changhee Lee, Nico A. Hackner, Daniel F. Agterberg et al. (+1 more)

Reentrant superconductivity has been understood primarily in terms of the Jaccarino-Peter field-compensation effect or from a change of the strength in the pairing interaction. However, neither mechanism appears able to entirely explain the remarkable phase diagram of UTe$_2$. Here we propose a generic theory of the field-enhancement of opposite-spin Cooper pairings which does not necessitate the coexistence of magnetism or the vicinity of a magnetic quantum critical point. Our analytical treatment shows that the reentrance has its origin in the interplay of the sublattice degrees of freedom and spin-orbit coupling, which can can strikingly enhance opposite-spin Cooper pairings at strong Zeeman fields. Based on these results, we show that a pairing state with B$_{3u}$ symmetry can reproduce the highly anisotropic phase diagram of the reentrant superconducting state of UTe$_2$.
Read the full abstract

All authors Changhee Lee, Nico A. Hackner, Daniel F. Agterberg, P. M. R. Brydon

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Equatorial Periodic Orbits and Gravitational Wave Phenomenology around Spherically-symmetric vacuum solution in Freund-Nambu scalar-tensor gravity

Dhruba Jyoti Gogoi, Jyatsnasree Bora, Himanshu Chaudhary et al. (+2 more)

We investigate test particle dynamics and gravitational wave (GW) phenomenology in an exact spherically symmetric vacuum solution of Freund - Nambu scalar - tensor gravity. This framework generalizes the Janis - Newman - Winicour (JNW) naked singularity via a geometric non - linear coupling $q$ and a direct scalar - particle coupling $g_s$. We demonstrate that these parameters systematically modify the Innermost Stable Circular Orbit (ISCO) - which shifts inward for $g_s > 0$ - and the Marginally Bound Orbit (MBO). Furthermore, we classify bound periodic trajectories to isolate extreme zoom - whirl orbits exhibiting intense periapsis precession. By applying the Numerical Kludge method to Extreme Mass - Ratio Inspirals (EMRIs), we reveal that scalar - tensor corrections induce a macroscopic temporal dephasing in high - frequency GW bursts, even when the orbit's spatial topology is preserved. These unique phase shifts offer a robust diagnostic signature for future space-based observatories like LISA to probe the strong - field regime and constrain scalar - tensor extensions of general relativity.
Read the full abstract

All authors Dhruba Jyoti Gogoi, Jyatsnasree Bora, Himanshu Chaudhary, M. Yousaf, G. Mustafa

Materials Science

Two-dimensional stealthy hyperuniform polycrystalline disk packings

Carlo Vanoni, Paul J. Steinhardt and Salvatore Torquato

Polycrystals consist of grains of local crystalline order separated by grain boundaries. Their structure is not hyperuniform, even though perfect crystals are, because polycrystals consist of randomly sized and oriented grains that generate appreciable long-wavelength density fluctuations. In this paper, we use a collective-coordinate optimization procedure to generate two-dimensional polycrystalline packings composed of identical disks arranged in a pattern that is ultradense, stealthy, and hyperuniform (hereafter named SHU). We compare them with polycrystalline disk packings obtained via a modified Lubachevsky–Stillinger rapid compression algorithm (hereafter named LS), a molecular dynamics protocol that serves as a standard reference model describing realistic, nonhyperuniform polycrystalline microstructures. We carry out an extensive comparison of polycrystalline SHU and LS packings that includes differences in two-point statistics, grain size, specific surface area, diffusion spreadability, and optical response as quantified by the imaginary part of the effective dynamic dielectric constant. We find that the polycrystalline SHU packings exhibit a distinctive grain-size distribution, a consequence of long-range correlations between different grains that is absent in the nonhyperuniform case. Within the nonlocal strong-contrast expansion, we confirm that polycrystalline SHU packings made of dielectric material are perfectly transparent to electromagnetic waves at small wave vectors, in contrast to LS packings. Moreover, polycrystalline SHU packings offer enhanced diffusion spreadability. Although polycrystalline SHU packings are not expected to form spontaneously in nature, they may be created for applications as metamaterials via nanolithography or 3D printing that take advantage of their distinctive optical and transport properties.
Read the full abstract

High Energy Physics (Theory)

Semiclassical decay of de Sitter space into black holes with vortex-deformed horizons

Andrés Gomberoff, Carla Henríquez-Baez and Aldo Vera

We study the decay of de Sitter space into black holes whose horizons are dressed by BPS vortices of a $\mathrm{CP}^1$ action. The process is mediated by a regular Euclidean instanton obtained as a vortex-deformed generalization of the Nariai instanton. Its Euclidean geometry has the form $S^2\times\Sigma$, where $\Sigma$ is a compact surface whose geometry is shaped by the vortex configuration. The resulting decay rates are controlled by a discrete topological charge, showing that matter vortices open a new topologically organized family of decay channels for de Sitter space.
Read the full abstract