Papers

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Physics

Friday 12 June

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Next-Generation Atmosphere Models for Giant Planets with Application to Coupled Interior Composition and Spectral Evolution I: Cloudless Models with Equilibrium Chemistry

Yi-Xian Chen, Roberto Tejada Arevalo, Adam Burrows et al. (+1 more)

We present updated atmosphere models designed for calculating the post-formation evolution and cooling of giant planets with masses between $0.3$ and $10$ $M_J$. Our tables provide the entropy in the convective region at the base of the atmosphere, temperature ($T$)pressure ($P$) profiles, and emergent spectra for atmospheres calculated using the radiative transfer code CoolTLusty for $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$s over the range 100 to 1400 Kelvin and log$_{10}$($g$) from 2.8 to 4.4 ($cgs$) with the latest opacities and equations of state. Each spectrum and thermal profile is calculated using line-by-line opacity sampling. We construct tables at 3 different metallicities ($Z = 1, 3.16, 10 Z_\odot$) and 2 different helium fractions ($Y=0.15, 0.275$), with the improvement that we adopt a metal-inclusive EOS that treats heavy elements consistently with the opacity metallicity (rather than folding it into an effective $Y$). The result is tables that accommodate both changes in $Y$ due to helium rain and potential variations in $Z$ during envelope evolution. We present a comparison between TP profiles, modeled spectra, and evolutionary tracks, and find that on-the-fly interpolation of boundary conditions in atmospheric composition has a notable impact on the late stages of giant planet evolution, altering the timing of helium rain and therefore the subsequent cooling history and atmospheric helium depletion. We also provide an available toolkit that generates spectra and boundary conditions via efficient interpolation across the 4D parameter space $(T_{\rm eff}, \log_{10} g, Y, Z)$, which is useful for post processing evolutionary tracks to produce fully time-resolved spectral evolutions.

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All authors Yi-Xian Chen, Roberto Tejada Arevalo, Adam Burrows, Ankan Sur

Nuclear Theory

Energy and centrality dependence of thermodynamical observables from multiplicity in Pb+Pb and Au+Au collisions

Francisco Reyes Rodríguez and Eleazar Cuautle

Using a statistical model, we analyze published multiplicity distributions for identified hadrons produced in heavy ion collisions in the energy range from 2.7-200 \gev. Our analysis enables the prediction of the multiplicity distributions for multi-strangeness hadrons that have not yet been measured in lower-energy experiments. Furthermore, we obtain freeze-out parameters, including temperature, baryon chemical and strangeness potentials, the strangeness suppression factor, and the system radius, as functions of centrality and collision energy. Additionally, we computed and discussed the Skewness and its behavior at lower collision energies, highlighting the importance of the freeze-out parameters in determining the liquid-gas phase transition in nuclear matter.

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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Meson molecules in strong magnetic fields: non-monotonic evolution of the charged pion and kaon energies

Toru Kojo

In strong magnetic fields, charged quarks occupy the lowest Landau level, leading to an effective dimensional reduction of hadronic dynamics. This dimensional reduction naturally generates a hierarchy of scales, separating fast intra-meson quark dynamics from slow collective meson motion; this motivates a Born-Oppenheimer description of meson-meson systems. Our Born-Oppenheimer analysis shows that the infrared behavior is controlled by the interplay between dimensional reduction and the structure of the meson-meson interaction, leading to three distinct regimes: scattering-dominated, molecular, and compact multiquark states. Charged pseudoscalar mesons such as $\pi_+$ and $K_+$ provide a particularly interesting realization of this framework, as their lattice spectra at large magnetic fields suggest the emergence of loosely bound states near the boundary between scattering and molecular regimes. Our results suggest that strong magnetic fields provide a useful laboratory for exploring the emergence and classification of hadronic bound states.

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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Black hole thermodynamics and KK photon quantum corrections in 2D effective dilaton gravity

Yoshihiko Abe, Tetsutaro Higaki and Yu Miyauchi

We study black hole thermodynamics using a two-dimensional effective theory obtained by dimensional reduction of four-dimensional Einstein–Maxwell theory. For spherically symmetric charged black holes, the resulting dilaton gravity has a nonlinear potential that reproduces the semiclassical phase structure of four-dimensional AdS black holes, including the Hawking–Page transition and the small/large Reissner–Nordström–AdS black hole transition. This shows that the two-dimensional theory before taking the near-horizon and near-extremal limits captures non-extremal thermodynamics beyond the Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity regime. We also include electromagnetic Kaluza–Klein modes on the internal sphere and integrate them out to derive the one-loop effective dilaton gravity. At leading order in the derivative expansion, these corrections appear as constant shifts in the black hole entropy and in the effective charge parameter of the dilaton potential. Therefore, the semiclassical phase structure is not qualitatively modified within this leading local approximation.

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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Constraining Neutrino Interaction Uncertainties for Neutrino Oscillation Measurements at the T2K Experiment

K. Abe, S. Abe, H. Adhikary et al. (+439 more)

In the context of neutrino oscillation measurements from the T2K experiment, the off-axis near detector ND280 plays a crucial role in constraining the incoming neutrino flux and neutrino-nucleus interaction cross sections. The result is a robust control over systematic uncertainties in the fit of neutrino oscillation parameters to the data at the T2K far detector, Super-Kamiokande. This paper details the methodology and results of these constraints in the context of the latest neutrino oscillation analysis from T2K. It describes how a new neutrino cross-section model and refined flux prediction are parameterized and fit to data in new ND280 event selections. Additionally, this work reports the results of extensive robustness studies, including fits with alternative interaction models, consistency checks against publicly available cross-section measurements, and p-value evaluations, to demonstrate the reliability and robustness of our methodology. Finally, we present a sensitivity study demonstrating that the upgraded ND280, with improved acceptance and a lower hadron threshold, may enhance future constraints and further reduce systematic uncertainties in oscillation measurements.

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All authors K. Abe, S. Abe, H. Adhikary, R. Akutsu, H. Alarakia-Charles, Y.I. Alj Hakim, S. Alonso Monsalve, L. Anthony, S. Aoki, K.A. Apte, T. Arai, T. Arihara, S. Arimoto, Y. Asami, Y. Asaoka, Y. Ashida, E.T. Atkin, N. Babu, V. Baranov, G.J. Barker, G. Barr, D. Barrow, P. Bates, L. Bathe-Peters, M. Batkiewicz-Kwasniak, N. Baudis, A. Beliakova, V. Berardi, L. Berns, S. Bhattacharjee, A. Blanchet, A. Blondel, L. Bøe, P.M.M. Boistier, S. Bolognesi, B. Bombin, S. Bordoni, S.B. Boyd, C. Bronner, A. Bubak, M. Buizza Avanzini, J.A. Caballero, F. Cadoux, N.F. Calabria, D. Calvet, S. Cao, D. Carabadjac, S.L. Cartwright, M.P. Casado, M.G. Catanesi, J. Chakrani, A. Chalumeau, D. Cherdack, A. Chvirova, J. Coleman, G. Collazuol, F. Cormier, A.A.L. Craplet, A. Cudd, D. D'Ago, C. Dalmazzone, T. Daret, P. Dasgupta, C. Davis, Yu.I. Davydov, P. de Perio, G. De Rosa, T. Dealtry, C. Densham, A. Dergacheva, R. Dharmapal Banerjee, F. Di Lodovico, G. Diaz Lopez, S. Dolan, D. Douqa, T.A. Doyle, O. Drapier, K.E. Duffy, J. Dumarchez, P. Dunne, K. Dygnarowicz, A. Eguchi, M. El Baz, J. Elias, S. Emery-Schrenk, G. Erofeev, A. Ershova, G. Eurin, M. Fani, D. Fedorova, S. Fedotov, M. Feltre, L. Feng, D. Ferlewicz, A.J. Finch, M.D. Fitton, C. Forza, M. Friend, Y. Fujii, Y. Fukuda, N. Funayama, Y. Furui, A.N. Gaciño Olmedo, J. García-Marcos, A.C. Germer, L. Giannessi, C. Giganti, M. Girgus, V. Glagolev, M. Gonin, R. Gonzalez Jimenez, J. González Rosa, E.A.G. Goodman, K. Gorshanov, P. Govindaraj, M. Grassi, M. Guigue, F.Y. Guo, D.R. Hadley, S. Han, D.A. Harris, R.J. Harris, M. Hartz, T. Hasegawa, C.M. Hasnip, S. Hassani, N.C. Hastings, K. Hayashi, Y. Hayato, I. Heitkamp, D. Henaff, Y. Hino, K. Hiraide, J. Holeczek, A. Holin, T. Holvey, N.T. Hong Van, T. Honjo, M.C.F. Hooft, K. Hosokawa, R. Huang, J. Hu, A.K. Ichikawa, K. Ieki, M. Ikeda, T.H. Ishida, T. Ishida, M. Ishitsuka, H. Ito, S. Ito, A. Izmaylov, N. Jachowicz, B. Jargowsky, S.J. Jenkins, C. Jesús-Valls, M. Jia, J.J. Jiang, J.Y. Ji, T.P. Jones, P. Jonsson, S. Joshi, C.K. Jung, M. Kabirnezhad, A.C. Kaboth, K. Kadota, H. Kakuno, A. Kamata, J. Kameda, S. Karpova, V.S. Kasturi, Y. Kataoka, T. Katori, A. Kawabata, R. Kawabe, Y. Kawamura, M. Kawaue, E. Kearns, M. Khabibullin, N.V. Khomutov, A. Khotjantsev, T. Kikawa, S. King, V. Kiseeva, J. Kisiel, A. Klustová, L. Kneale, H. Kobayashi, S.R. Kobayashi, T. Kobayashi, L. Koch, S. Kodama, M. Kolupanova, A. Konaka, L.L. Kormos, Y. Koshio, K. Kowalik, R. Kralik, Y. Kudenko, Y. Kudo, A. Kumar Jha, R. Kurjata, V. Kurochka, T. Kutter, L. Labarga, M. Lachat, K. Lachner, J. Lagoda, S.M. Lakshmi, M. Lamers James, A. Langella, D.H. Langridge, J.-F. Laporte, D. Last, N. Latham, M. Laveder, L. Lavitola, M. Lawe, A. Leclerc, N. Lemaire, D. Leon Silverio, T. Leplumey, S. Levorato, S.V. Lewis, B. Li, C. Lin, R.P. Litchfield, S.L. Liu, W. Li, A. Longhin, A. Lopez Moreno, L. Ludovici, X. Lu, T. Lux, L.N. Machado, L. Magaletti, K. Mahn, K.K. Mahtani, M. Mandal, S. Manly, A.D. Marino, D.G.R. Martin, D.A. Martinez Caicedo, L. Martinez, M. Martini, N. Mashin, T. Matsubara, R. Matsumoto, V. Matveev, C. Mauger, K. Mavrokoridis, N. McCauley, K.S. McFarland, C. McGrew, J. McKean, A. Mefodiev, G.D. Megias, L. Mellet, C. Metelko, M. Mezzetto, S. Miki, V. Mikola, E.W. Miller, A. Minamino, O. Mineev, S. Mine, J. Mirabito, M. Miura, S. Moriyama, S. Moriyama, P. Morrison, Th.A. Mueller, D. Munford, A. Muñoz, L. Munteanu, Y. Nagai, T. Nakadaira, K. Nakagiri, M. Nakahata, Y. Nakajima, K.D. Nakamura, A. Nakano, Y. Nakano, S. Nakayama, T. Nakaya, K. Nakayoshi, C.E.R. Naseby, D.T. Nguyen, V.Q. Nguyen, K. Niewczas, S. Nishimori, Y. Nishimura, Y. Noguchi, T. Nosek, F. Nova, J.C. Nugent, H.M. O'Keeffe, L. O'Sullivan, R. Okazaki, W. Okinaga, K. Okumura, T. Okusawa, N. Onda, N. Ospina, L. Osu, N. Otani, Y. Oyama, V. Paolone, J. Pasternak, D. Payne, T.P.D. Peacock, M. Pfaff, L. Pickering, J.-B. Plançon, P. Podlaski, B. Popov, A.J. Portocarrero Yrey, M. Posiadala-Zezula, Y.S. Prabhu, H. Prasad, F. Pupilli, B. Quilain, P.T. Quyen, E. Radicioni, B. Radics, M.A. Ramirez Delgado, R. Ramsden, P.N. Ratoff, M. Reh, G. Reina, L. Restrepo, C. Riccio, D.W. Riley, E. Rondio, D. Ross, S. Roth, N. Roy, A. Rubbia, L. Russo, A. Rychter, W. Saenz, K. Sakashita, S. Samani, F. Sánchez, E.M. Sandford, Y. Sato, T. Schefke, C.M. Schloesser, K. Scholberg, M. Scott, Y. Seiya, T. Sekiguchi, H. Sekiya, M. Sekiyama, T. Sekiya, D. Seppala, D. Sgalaberna, A. Shaikhiev, M. Shiozawa, Y. Shiraishi, N. Shvarev, A. Shvartsman, V. Siccardi, N. Skrobova, K. Skwarczynski, D. Smyczek, M. Smy, J.T. Sobczyk, H. Sobel, F.J.P. Soler, A.J. Speers, R. Spina, A. Srivastava, P. Stowell, Y. Stroke, I.A. Suslov, A. Suzuki, M. Suzuki, S.Y. Suzuki, M. Tada, S. Tairafune, A. Takeda, Y. Takeuchi, K. Takeya, H.K. Tanaka, H. Tanigawa, A. Teklu, V.V. Tereshchenko, N. Thamm, C. Touramanis, N. Tran, T. Tsukamoto, M. Tzanov, Y. Uchida, M. Vagins, M. Varghese, I. Vasilyev, G. Vasseur, E. Villa, U. Virginet, T. Vladisavljevic, T. Wachala, S.-i. Wada, D. Wakabayashi, H.T. Wallace, J.G. Walsh, L. Wan, D. Wark, M.O. Wascko, A. Weber, R. Wendell, M.J. Wilking, C. Wilkinson, J.R. Wilson, C. Winterstein, K. Wood, C. Wret, J. Xia, Z. Xie, K. Yamamoto, T. Yamamoto, T. Yamazumi, C. Yanagisawa, Y. Yang, T. Yano, N. Yershov, U. Yevarouskaya, M. Yokoyama, Y. Yoshimoto, N. Yoshimura, R. Zaki, A. Zalewska, J. Zalipska, G. Zarnecki, J. Zhang, X.Y. Zhao, H. Zheng, H. Zhong, T. Zhu, M. Ziembicki, E.D. Zimmerman, M. Zito, S. Zsoldos

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Constraints on Stable Scalar-Tensor Dark Energy from DESI Data and Solar System Tests

Husam Adam, Mark P. Hertzberg and Daniel Jiménez-Aguilar

We investigate the viability of scalar-tensor (quintessence) models of dark energy with a quartic polynomial nonminimal coupling to gravity and a linear scalar potential. The polynomial nonminimal coupling is used to ensure that the field is well stabilized in the early universe. We perform a systematic exploration of the parameter space spanned by the quadratic and quartic nonminimal couplings, as well as the slope of the potential. We confront the predictions of the model with the latest Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) constraints on the dark energy equation of state and also with complementary bounds from local tests of gravity, including solar system constraints and limits on the time variation of the effective Newton's constant. We identify bands in parameter space where all these constraints are satisfied, finding such bands to be very narrow.

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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Prime Focus Spectrograph on the Subaru Telescope: Overview of Science Operations

Masayuki Tanaka, Akira Arai, Wanqiu He et al. (+30 more)

The paper presents the science operation framework for Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS or 'Onohi'ula in its Hawaiian name) installed at the 8.2m Subaru Telescope on the summit of Maunakea. PFS is a massively multiplexed, wide-field, fiber-fed spectrograph covering 1.25 square degrees with 2386 science fibers. The instrument has been offered to the Subaru scientific community since March 2025. In order to fully exploit the unique capabilities of PFS, the Subaru Telescope has introduced a new, dedicated science operation framework for PFS. The default observing mode is queue observing, and multiple observing programs (in the same field) can be executed in the same exposure to achieve high observing efficiency. The quality of an exposure is based on the delivered signal-to-noise ratio and is quantified in terms of 'effective exposure time', and exposures are taken until the allocated 'fiber hours' for each program or target are achieved. The fiber hour is a new unit for observing time at Subaru; if we expose a fiber for 1 hour under the fiducial conditions, it is 1 fiber hour. Each observing program is granted the total fiber hours by the Time Allocation Committee. In addition to normal observing programs, which are selected through the standard peer-review process, there are two filler categories; community filler and observatory filler. As the names imply, the former is proposed by the community and the latter is prepared by the observatory. These filler targets are used whenever unassigned fibers are available. After an observing run, the data are fully reduced by the observatory and delivered to the users through the PFS Science Platform, a cloud-based data analysis environment. The paper gives a summary of all of this new framework and the actual implementation of it.

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All authors Masayuki Tanaka, Akira Arai, Wanqiu He, Miho N. Ishigaki, Eric Jeschke, Russell Kackley, Shintaro Koshida, Yuki Moritani, Masato Onodera, Vera Maria Passegger, Tae-Soo Pyo, Yuhei Takagi, Naoyuki Tamura, Ichi Tanaka, Kiyoto Yabe, Sadman S. Ali, Javier Gracia Caprio, Maximillian Fabricius, Wilfred Gee, James E. Gunn, Michitaro Koike, Arnaud Le Fur, Zhuoming Li, Yongming Liang, Craig Loomis, Robert Lupton, Sogo Mineo, Takahiro Morishima, Sakurako Okamoto, Yuki Okura, Paul Price, Martin Reinecke, Michael A. Strauss

Optics

Direct single-shot imaging of time-resolved terahertz vector fields

J. Lafreniere-Greig, J. E. Nkeck, X. Ropagnol et al. (+7 more)

We demonstrate direct single-shot retrieval of the full in-plane vector field of broadband terahertz waves using electro-optic sampling. Implemented with a circularly polarized optical probe and polarization-sensitive camera, the method overcomes the projection constraints of conventional electro-optic sampling and enables direct time-domain reconstruction of transverse vector fields without Fourier-domain inversion or sequential polarization analysis. We experimentally validate the approach through spatiotemporal imaging of linear, circular, azimuthal and radial terahertz fields generated by polarization-engineered silicon metamaterials. The measurements reveal ultrafast time-resolved vector-field dynamics inaccessible to conventional scalar detection, including helicoidal field rotation within a single optical cycle and the spatiotemporal evolution of structured polarization topologies. Beyond structured-field imaging, we demonstrate single-scan vector-field spectroscopy through measurements of quartz birefringence and broadband terahertz waveplate performance. More broadly, this work transforms electro-optic sampling from a projection-based measurement into a vector-resolved imaging and spectroscopy platform for structured electromagnetic fields.

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All authors J. Lafreniere-Greig, J. E. Nkeck, X. Ropagnol, G. Gandubert, Salim Hmidi, O. Brincoveanu, O.-G.Simionescu, E. Abraham, R. Tudor, F. Blanchard

Materials Science

XRDiff: Crystal Structure Prediction from Powder X-Ray Diffraction Data Using Diffusion Models

Nofit Segal, Mingda Li, Benjamin Kurt Miller et al. (+1 more)

Determining the crystal structure of a material from its powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern is a central challenge in materials science. PXRD is an accessible and widely used characterization technique, yet recovering the atomic structure from diffraction data requires solving an underdetermined inverse problem due to the loss of phase information. Generative modeling can provide a prior over atomic structure and learn the mapping from PXRD patterns to crystal structures via simulated structure-spectrum pairs. We present XRDiff, a diffusion model that recovers crystal structures from PXRD given either the stoichiometry or, in a more challenging setting, the elemental constituents and total number of atoms in the unit cell. We evaluate on datasets where each stoichiometry has multiple polymorphs and all polymorphs of a given composition are held out together, ensuring that high performance reflects genuine use of the diffraction signal. XRDiff achieves strong structure recovery rates on simulated benchmarks, indicating that the model learns a spectrum-to-structure mapping precise enough to differentiate between polymorphs. To address generalization to experimental data, we compare a full-spectrum encoding against an encoding based on peak descriptors. The peak-based encoding generalizes substantially better, outperforming even a model trained on full spectra with augmentations fitted to the experimental noise distribution. These results demonstrate that representations robust to the noise and artifacts present in real-world PXRD offer a practical and scalable path toward closing the simulation-to-experiment gap, enabling zero-shot crystal structure solution from experimental PXRD with full or partial chemical composition input.

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All authors Nofit Segal, Mingda Li, Benjamin Kurt Miller, Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Efficient Evaluation of Gravitational Lensing Amplification Factors: A Deep Learning Framework

Fan Zhang, Qikai Zhang, Qiyuan Yang et al. (+2 more)

Wave optics is essential for analyzing lensed gravitational waves (GWs), yet evaluating the diffraction integral $F(\omega, y)$ is computationally expensive. We present a Sinusoidal Representation Networks (SIRENs) framework for the dimensionless amplification factor, demonstrating its efficacy and generalization through Point Mass Lens (PML) and Singular Isothermal Sphere (SIS) test cases. Unlike standard architectures that suffer from spectral bias, the network's periodic activation functions structurally align with the integral's oscillatory kernel, effectively resolving high-frequency spectral features. The resulting estimator achieves $\mathcal{O}(10^{-3})$ relative accuracy and a $\sim 100\times$ speedup compared to direct numerical integration. By shifting the computational burden to offline training, our framework yields a stable $\mathcal{O}(1)$ inference complexity. This guarantees constant, sub-millisecond evaluation times even in the weak-lensing diffraction tail where traditional methods stagnate. Additionally, the dimensionless formulation ensures intrinsic scale invariance, enabling direct application across astrophysical regimes from stellar-mass lenses in the ground-based LVK band to supermassive black holes in the space-based LISA band.

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All authors Fan Zhang, Qikai Zhang, Qiyuan Yang, Yong Yuan, Xilong Fan

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.QA

Nodal degeneration of chiral algebras II: Local structure and chiral Zhu algebras

Elchanan Nafcha

Given a universal factorization algebra $\mathcal{A}$, we constructed in our previous paper a derived associative algebra $\mathfrak{Z}_{\mathcal{A}}^0$, together with chiral modules $\\mathfrak{Z}_{\mathcal{A}}^+$ and $\mathfrak{Z}_{\mathcal{A}}^-$ associated to a puncture, and a chiral bimodule $\mathfrak{Z}_{\mathcal{A}}$ associated to a node. Furthermore, these constructions assemble to a factorization $\mathcal{A}$-module over any family of nodal punctured curves. In this paper, we show that in the case where $\mathcal{A}$ is constructed from a quasi-conformal vertex algebra $V$, the zeroth homology algebra $H^0\mathfrak{Z}_{\mathcal{A}}$ is naturally isomorphic to Zhu's associative algebra $A(V)$, and we identify $H^0\mathfrak{Z}_{\mathcal{A}}$ with the bimodule underlying the mode-transition algebra of Damiolini-Gibney-Krashen. We also give an explicit description of the smoothing module $H^0\tilde{\mathfrak{Z}}_{\mathcal{C}}$ which describes the deformation of $H^0\mathfrak{Z}_{\mathcal{A}}$ which we attach to a smoothing family of a nodal curve. We therefore get a geometric interpretation of the Zhu algebra and the mode-transition algebra, as the integration of a factorization algebra over a certain compactification of configuration spaces of punctured nodal curves.

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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

From DUNE Sensitivities to UV Models: Implications of Flavour Constraints

Adriano Cherchiglia

Future neutrino experiments, in particular DUNE, are expected to probe signals of new physics. These effects can be conveniently parametrized in terms of Wilson coefficients in the LEFT, with direct connection to non-standard interactions at production, propagation and detection in the QFT formalism. We revisit the apparent sensitivity of DUNE to semileptonic electron–tau interactions within the Standard Model Effective Field Theory. We show that the vector combination controlling the $\epsilon_{e\tau}$ NSI is precisely the combination entering $\tau\to e\omega$. Therefore, within the dimension-six vector subspace considered in this work, an operator cancellation that suppresses the tau-decay amplitude also suppresses the corresponding NSI. As a concrete example, we focus on the lepton-flavour-violating semileptonic coefficient $(C^{(1)}_{\ell q,1311})$. We find the bound $8.1\times10^{-3}\,{\rm TeV}^{-2}$ at $90\%$ confidence level, which is one order of magnitude stronger than the DUNE's expected sensitivity. In view of this scenario, we further study one illustrative minimal UV completion, showing that it faces even stronger constraints from other sources, making it very challenging to build UV scenarios with heavy mediators that could produce flavour-changing NSIs observable at DUNE.

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Thursday 11 June

Materials Science · Cross-listed from cs.DL

A General Pipeline for Digesting Scientific Literature into a Shared Scientific Knowledge Base

Charles T. Black

The published scientific literature is a rich, continuously growing record of measurements, correlations, and observations that modern AI tools can now make accessible in new ways. The Materials Explorer Pipeline digests collections of scientific papers into a structured, queryable database, producing sample records with full provenance and confidence, making them interactively explorable, and surfacing hypothesis candidates for scientist review. Each extracted record is a self-contained, portable unit of knowledge, carrying the measurements, research details, and source citations needed to use and cite the data appropriately. The Pipeline is demonstrated on recent superconducting qubit materials literature of the Co-design Center for Quantum Advantage, a DOE National Quantum Information Science Research Center, producing a corpus of 233 samples across 10 material classes. The Pipeline architecture is domain-agnostic and designed to be readily portable to other scientific domains.

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Disordered Systems and Neural Networks

Non-ergodicity effects in 1D localization

I. M. Suslov

It is well-known that the dimensionless Landauer resistance \rho of an 1D disordered system obeys the log-normal distribution. The average value <\rho> for such distribution is not representative, since it strongly differs from the typical value \rho_{typ} in a specific sample. In fact, this conclusion should be revised due to effects of non-ergodicity. If L is the system size, and $K$ is the number of realizations of a random potential, then a situation for L\to\infty, K\to \infty depends on the order of limiting transitions. If the limit K\to \infty is taken firstly, then the log-normal distribution is valid for all L, if the condition \rho>>1 is fulfilled. If the number of realizations K is restricted, then a situation for L\to \infty is effectively described by the delta-function distribution, and <\rho>\approx\rho_{typ}$. Transformation of the log-normal distribution can be observed with the use of experimental technique developed in the context of the universal conductance fluctuations. Non-ergodicity effects are essential for understanding of the difference between the theoretical predictions for the parameters of the log-normal distribution and the results of numerical and physical experiments.

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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Semiclassical Gravity Efficiently Solves $\mathsf{NP}$-Complete Problems

Matthew Fox, Chaitanya Karamchedu and Sotirios Mygdalas

Assuming the gravitational field is classical and that it couples to quantum fields via the semiclassical Einstein field equations, we show that the weak-field dynamics of a massive and non-relativistic qubit can in principle be used to solve an $\mathsf{NP}$-complete problem in polynomial time. We attribute this vast computational power to the non-linear dynamics afforded by the semiclassical Einstein field equations. Consequently, the above two assumptions entail a violation of the Physical Extended Church–Turing Thesis, which we regard as evidence for the quantization of gravity.

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Classical Physics

A pure stress formulation for modeling elastic waves using central finite differences

Marzieh Bahreman, Ming Huang, Melody Png et al. (+2 more)

A pure stress-based finite difference formulation is introduced for modeling elastic wave propagation in linear elastic solids with spatial heterogeneity. The approach derives from the strong form of the elastodynamic equation of motion, in which stress is the only dependent variable. A standard second-order central difference scheme is applied to discretize the equation of motion, allowing the space-time-dependent evolution of stress components to be modeled. Numerical dispersion analysis is performed for homogeneous, elastically isotropic materials. Simulations are then carried out for a spatially heterogeneous case consisting of a bimaterial with stiffness heterogeneity. This bimaterial case allows comparison with known closed-form solutions for reflection and transmission coefficients and with an analogous displacement-based finite difference model. Simulations are executed on modern graphics processing unit architectures, enabling stress-based modeling of large-scale three-dimensional problems exceeding one billion degrees of freedom. The approach shows promise for ultrasonic simulations in materials with stiffness heterogeneity and uniform mass density, conditions common in polycrystalline metals used in engineering applications. The formulation offers a potential alternative means of modeling wave propagation and scattering in heterogeneous materials, with possible applications in nondestructive evaluation, materials characterization, biomedical ultrasound, and geosciences.

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All authors Marzieh Bahreman, Ming Huang, Melody Png, Bo Lan, Christopher M. Kube

Nuclear Experiment

Experimental exploration of the QCD phase diagram

A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, K. Redlich et al. (+1 more)

The different phases of strongly interacting matter are governed by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). At high temperature and/or density a deconfined, chirally symmetric phase of quarks and gluons is expected to govern the nature of strongly interacting matter, the so-called quark-gluon plasma. Here we review what is known about the existence of this exotic form of matter from an experimental point of view and confront the results with QCD predictions based on 'Lattice QCD', where QCD is discretized on a space-time lattice and solved numerically in a Monte Carlo approach. The form of the presentation is explicitly pedagogical but the results include even very recent developments. Our research is based on the interpretation of hadron production data from relativistic nucleus–nucleus collisions over a wide energy range, with the aim to make progress in the understanding of the QCD phase, and of phenomena like deconfinement and hadronization.

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All authors A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, K. Redlich, J. Stachel

Biological Physics

Hierarchical Autocatalytic Systems as a Bridge between Maximum Entropy Production and Bayesian Posterior Contraction: A Numerical Study with Stochastic-Thermodynamic Bounds

Yoshinori Watanabe

We construct a three-layer reaction-diffusion model of an autocatalytic chemical system in which raw molecules ($a_i$), catalytic proteins ($p_l$) and large RNA/protein “genes” ($W_p^{(k)}$) interact through a mass-action stoichiometry tensor $\mathrm{Coef}_{ijk}$ whose magnitude is modulated by the fold-stable activity of the largest polymers.Mass-action is broken by an $\epsilon$-noise term so that the system is nonequilibrium. We compute the total entropy production $\sigma(t)$, the genetic Shannon entropy $S_\mathrm{gene}$ and the thermodynamic uncertainty relation (TUR) and thermodynamic speed limit (TSL) bounds on growth and evolution rates. The hierarchical model exhibits the expected co-occurrence of $\sigma_\mathrm{env}\!\uparrow$ and $S_\mathrm{gene}\!\downarrow$ predicted by Schrodinger's negentropy argument and reformulated as maximum-entropy-production-principle (MEPP)-driven adaptation. In contrast to a single kinetic-proofreading-like cycle, whose TUR products of $\sim 5$, matching the experimentally reported regime of the ribosome.The hierarchical model's TUR product sits $10^4$-$10^5$ above the universal bound of 2, and the TSL ratio sits $10^6$-$10^8$ above its bound of 1. And scaling number of molucules leaves the looseness intact for the hierarchical model but tightens it monotonically with particle number for the minimal model. We close by drawing an explicit correspondence between the autocatalytic system and diffusion-model training: $a_\mathrm{ext} \to a$ flux $ \Leftrightarrow $ data-information flow, $ \tanh(\beta Wp - \theta) $ $\Leftrightarrow$ score network, replication noise $\Leftrightarrow$ forward-diffusion noise, $ S_\mathrm{gene} \searrow $ $\Leftrightarrow$ $ H[q(\theta|\mathcal{D})] \searrow $. All code and figures are available https://github.com/xiangze/DiverseCells/Hier_Autocatalysis

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Mathematical Physics

Coherent structures and bifurcation analysis in a toxin-driven plant-herbivore model

Grifo Gabriele and Valenti Giovanna

This work investigates how toxin-mediated interactions and directed movements shape the emergence of coherent structures in plant-herbivore systems. The analysis focuses on a two-compartment model enclosing a toxin-dependent functional response and a cross-diffusion term that represents ecologically plausible herbivores' movement towards, or away from, vegetation. Two distinct dynamical regimes arise depending on toxicity strength. Under weak toxicity, the system admits at most one biologically feasible coexistence equilibrium, which may lose stability through a Hopf bifurcation generating small-amplitude temporal oscillations. Under strong toxicity, the nonlinear functional response becomes non-monotonic, allowing for multiple coexistence equilibria and abrupt regime shifts. The influence of cross-diffusion on stability is also examined, identifying the conditions under which Turing instabilities and mixed spatiotemporal patterns occur. Near the corresponding bifurcation thresholds, Stuart-Landau amplitude equations are derived via weakly nonlinear analysis, providing a unified framework for the modulation of oscillatory, stationary, and combined Turing-Hopf modes. Numerical simulations corroborate the theoretical predictions, illustrating transitions from spatially uniform states to oscillations, spatial patterns, and mixed behaviour. Overall, this manuscript highlights how chemical defences, nonlinear feedbacks, and movement strategies jointly determine the emergence, selection, and robustness of coherent structures in plant-herbivore systems.

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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Classification of Astronomical Spectra Using PCA-Compressed Flux and Inverse-Variance Features

Bruno Santos Meneses Barreto and Marcio Eisencraft

This paper evaluates a signal-processing and supervised-learning pipeline for classifying SDSS DR17 astronomical spectra into stars, galaxies, and quasars. Each spectrum is represented by its measured flux and inverse-variance information, combining spectral shape with a wavelength-dependent reliability profile. After resampling onto a common logarithmic wavelength grid, the flux and inverse-variance vectors are standardized and separately compressed using principal component analysis. The resulting components are concatenated and used to train several classifiers. The best performance was obtained with the LightGBM gradient-boosting classifier, reaching $94.6\%$ accuracy and $92.1\%$ balanced accuracy on the test set.

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Quantum Physics

Implementation of two-qubit Rydberg operations on neutral Rb-87 atoms in systems with different intermediate states

I. V. Iukhnovets, O. V. Bychkova, I. B. Bobrov et al. (+4 more)

This work presents an experimental setup for implementing two-qubit operations on neutral atoms ($^{87}$Rb) with the possibility of using two different Rydberg excitation schemes. One of them uses 5P$_{1/2}$ as the intermediate level and applies the second-stage beam locally to the addressed atoms. The second scheme uses the 6P$_{3/2}$ level; in this scheme, the particles to be entangled are moved to a separate zone through which both Rydberg beams pass. The advantages and limitations of both schemes are analyzed. Based on numerical modeling performed with a Julia package developed by the authors, it is demonstrated that the spatial configuration has a greater effect on quantum-operation fidelity than the choice of intermediate level. An experimental implementation of the scheme using the 6P$_{3/2}$ level is demonstrated, making it possible to achieve a two-qubit operation fidelity of 94%.

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All authors I. V. Iukhnovets, O. V. Bychkova, I. B. Bobrov, A. P. Gordeev, M. Y. Goloshchapov, G. I. Struchalin, S. S. Straupe

Lattice Field Theory

Hadron spectra of finite-density QC$_2$D

Kei Iida, Etsuko Itou, Kotaro Murakami et al. (+1 more)

We investigate the chemical-potential dependence of hadron spectra in two-color QCD using first-principles lattice simulations. We compute two-point correlation functions for all allowed hadronic operators by newly including the contributions from disconnected diagrams, and extract the corresponding effective masses. In the meson sector, the mass hierarchy in the hadronic phase (normal vacuum) is found to be $m_\pi \lesssim m_{\eta} < m_\sigma \mathrm{(noisy)} < m_\rho \sim m_\omega \ll m_{a_1}$, which is similar to that in three-color QCD. In the superfluid phase, this hierarchy is modified, and with increasing density it changes to $m_\sigma \mathrm{(noisy)} < m_{a_1} < m_\rho < m_\pi \sim m_{\eta} \mathrm{(noisy)} \ll m_{\omega} \mathrm{(noisy)}$. In the diquark sector, the ordering remains as $m_{NG} \lesssim m_{I=0, S} < m_{I=1, AV} < m_{I=0, PS} \lesssim m_{I=0, V}$ in both phases, and the Nambu–Goldstone mode associated with spontaneous breaking of $U(1)_B$ is confirmed to be nearly massless. Furthermore, by comparing correlators for chiral partners, we find indications of chiral symmetry restoration at high density.

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All authors Kei Iida, Etsuko Itou, Kotaro Murakami, Daiki Suenaga

Statistical Mechanics

Mean-field theory of myopic self-avoiding fractional Brownian motion

Rashad Bakhshizada, Skirmantas Janušonis, Ralf Metzler et al. (+1 more)

Myopic self-avoiding fractional Brownian motion (FBM) is a stochastic process in which an ensemble of particles is driven by fractional Gaussian noise while being repelled by the gradient of the time-integrated ensemble density [J. House, R. Bakhshizada, S. Janušonis, R. Metzler, and T. Vojta, Phys. Rev. E 112, 034119 (2025)]. Depending on the anomalous diffusion exponent $\alpha$ characterizing the noise, the process features two dynamical regimes: an interaction-dominated regime ($\alpha < \alpha_c=4/(d+2)$) where the mean-density interaction governs long-time dynamics, and a noise-dominated regime ($\alpha > \alpha_c$) where FBM correlations prevail. In the interaction-dominated regime, the mean-squared displacement grows as $\langle r^2(t) \rangle \sim t^{4/(d+2)}$ regardless of $\alpha$, while for $\alpha > \alpha_c$ the standard FBM scaling $\langle r^2(t) \rangle \sim t^{\alpha}$ is recovered. Here, we develop an analytical mean-field theory of myopic self-avoiding FBM, based on a Fokker-Planck approach to the interaction-dominated regime. This allows us to derive closed-form polynomial solutions for the probability density. To compare with computer simulations, we develop an efficient radial binning algorithm that significantly reduces the computational complexity, making large-scale three-dimensional simulations feasible. Extensive simulations in one, two, and three dimensions confirm the analytical predictions. We also discuss the application of the process to the self-organization of serotonergic axons (fibers) in vertebrate brains, where FBM paths with self-avoidance provide a natural framework for understanding spatial heterogeneities of fiber densities.

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All authors Rashad Bakhshizada, Skirmantas Janušonis, Ralf Metzler, Thomas Vojta

Fluid Dynamics

Numerical simulations of transition and long-term response of a wind turbine airfoil

Thales Coelho Leite Fava, Niels Sørensen, Dan Henningson et al. (+1 more)

Numerical simulations are performed for an FFA-W3 wind-turbine airfoil corresponding to a section of the DTU 10-MW Reference Wind Turbine. Wall-resolved large-eddy simulations (LES) are carried out with Nek5000 and EllipSys at chord Reynolds number $Re_c=1\times10^5$ and effective angle of attack $AoA=3.1^\circ-3.3^\circ$. A spanwise domain width of 10 percent of the chord is sufficient to reproduce the time-averaged flow and the evolution of the main disturbances. EllipSys is validated against Nek5000 for LES, showing close agreement for the mean flow and most amplified perturbations. EllipSys underpredicts the amplitude of Tollmien-Schlichting waves in the attached boundary layer, owing to higher numerical dissipation, but closely predicts the evolution of the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) mode in the laminar separation bubble, in agreement with parabolized stability equation (PSE) results. The mode shape is extracted using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD), revealing the KH wavepacket forming in the separation bubble. Long-time EllipSys simulations show a slow modulation of the normal-force coefficient, with amplitude 10.5 percent and period 48 flow-through times, corresponding to $f=f^*c/U_\infty=0.021$ and $St=f\sin(AoA)=0.0012$. This frequency is associated with low-frequency oscillations reported in airfoil studies, although the Strouhal number is lower than previously observed and occurs at smaller angle of attack. For the DTU 10-MW turbine, the oscillation period corresponds to 7.7 blade rotations. Periodic stalling and reattachment may trigger the oscillation, while sufficiently high reverse flow on both sides of the airfoil may permit absolute instability and periodic bubble bursting.

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All authors Thales Coelho Leite Fava, Niels Sørensen, Dan Henningson, Ardeshir Hanifi

High Energy Physics (Theory) · Cross-listed from math.CA

A remark on Chebyshev rational functions, multipoint Padé approximants and Noise

Maxim Derevyagin and Max Meynig

Motivated by the recent interest in multipoint Padé approximants in the physics community, we discuss Chebyshev rational functions and show how they give rise to multipoint Padé approximants in exactly the same way that Chebyshev polynomials produce Padé approximants. We present recurrence relations for Chebyshev rational functions, as well as the underlying continued fraction of Thiele type (also known as $R_{II}$ type). Finally, we provide numerical evidence illustrating the effects of noise on this interpolation scheme and show that a phenomenon similar to that recently observed by Costin, Dunne, and Meynig for Padé approximants also occurs in the multipoint setting.

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Quantum Physics

An integrated ultrahigh vacuum cluster tool for diamond surface science and single nitrogen-vacancy center measurements

Zhiyang Yuan, Sorawis Sangtawesin, Lila V. H. Rodgers et al. (+5 more)

We present a custom-designed ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) cluster tool developed for studying shallow nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, enabling in situ diamond surface preparation, characterization, and single NV center dynamics measurements within a single connected platform. The system combines a surface science chamber for controlled surface modification and analysis with a cryogenic confocal microscope chamber dedicated to NV spin and optical measurements. This integrated approach enables a direct correlation between diamond surface chemistry and the resulting NV spin and charge properties. The instrument provides a versatile platform for systematic studies of surface-induced decoherence mechanisms and charge dynamics for shallow NV centers, and establishes a pathway toward reproducible surface engineering for quantum sensing applications.

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All authors Zhiyang Yuan, Sorawis Sangtawesin, Lila V. H. Rodgers, Kalliope Zervas, James J. Allred, Jared Rovny, Patryk Gumann, Nathalie P. de Leon

Instrumentation and Detectors

Silicon Photomultipliers in the CMS Upgrade

A. Heering, A. Karneyeu, Y. Musienko et al. (+1 more)

Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) will be used extensively in the upgraded CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. SiPMs have already been implemented into the barrel and endcap hadron calorimeters (HCAL) as part of the Phase I upgrade, and hundreds of thousands of SiPMs will be used for two new Phase II subdetectors, the Barrel Timing Layer (BTL) and the endcap high granularity hadronic calorimeter (HGCAL). We discuss the motivation for SiPMs as the photodetectors of choice in CMS, the evolution of the SiPMs from Phase I to Phase II, and the particular challenges faced and overcome for each of the three subdetectors.

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All authors A. Heering, A. Karneyeu, Y. Musienko, M. Wayne

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Twisted-pair unilateral reconnection: A unifying driver for magnetically powered astrophysical bursts

Shu-Ping Yan, Wenhui Yu, Jing Ye et al. (+11 more)

Magnetic reconnection in twisted loops has long been invoked as an engine powering energetic transients from black hole accretion to neutron star mergers, yet never directly observed. Here we report the first direct observation of the complete reconnection of this type in a solar flare. We find a magnetic loop twisted to about 540 degrees, far exceeding the 180 degrees twist assumed in existing simulations. This extreme twist inherently enables efficient multiple X-line reconnection, akin to the role of turbulence in contemporary theory. Remarkably, the intertwined end breaks unilaterally after reconnection (unlike symmetric breaking in simulations), forming open field lines that release hot plasma – providing a promising mechanism for coronal generation or heating. We first detect hard X-ray emission from the current sheet, directly proving it as a particle accelerator. Moreover, we discover a power-law relationship between quasi-periodic oscillation frequency and magnetic field strength across solar flares, black hole binaries, active galactic nuclei, magnetars, and gamma-ray bursts. This relation identifies twisted-pair unilateral reconnection as a common burst mechanism and provides a natural ruler for cosmic magnetic fields. These findings establish an observational foundation for future reconnection theory and simulations, offering a unified framework for magnetically powered bursts.

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All authors Shu-Ping Yan, Wenhui Yu, Jing Ye, Siming Liu, Yang Su, Huirong Yan, Ping Zhang, Guotianci Xu, Jun Lin, Haisheng Ji, Zongjun Ning, Wei Chen, Li Ji, Jingxing Wang

Materials Science

Oxygen deficiency and valency reconstruction in multiferroic V-doped HfO$_2$

Vincenzo Fiorentini

The interplay of oxygen deficiency and vanadium multiple valency in the candidate multiferroic V-doped $Pca2_1$ hafnia HfO$_2$ is studied by first-principles calculations. Low-lying V majority gap states accept electrons from oxygen-vacancy donors, reducing their formation energy, and converting nominal V$^{4+}$ centers into V$^{3+}$. The resulting local magnetization and screening changes are reflected in the calculated V core-level shifts, which are consistent with the experimentally observed XPS signatures. The calculated V$^{3+}$/V$^{4+}$ population ratio determined by oxygen vacancies only matches experiment in reducing conditions, suggesting that additional electron reservoirs may contribute under ALD growth conditions. A similar scenario also seems to apply to the recently observed multiferroicity in Cr-doped hafnia, where oxygen deficiency is intrinsic to the growth technique.

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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Optimal binning of $D\rightarrow K_{\mathrm S}^0\pi^+\pi^-$ and $D\rightarrow K_{\mathrm S}^0K^+K^-$ phase space for experimental measurements

Marcelo Bovill, Nathan Jurik and Sneha Malde

New binning schemes for the Dalitz plots of $D \rightarrow K^0_{\mathrm S}\pi^+\pi^-$ and $D \rightarrow K^0_{\mathrm S} K^+ K^-$ decays are presented. These are determined using a new figure of merit for optimisation that better represents the sensitivity to $\gamma$ than previous metrics. Further augmentation comes from including consideration of degeneracy with other physics parameters determined simultaneously and a more accurate treatment of relevant backgrounds. The overall expected improvement in the precision of $\gamma$ measurements using $B^\pm\to DK^\pm$ decays, followed by $D \rightarrow K^0_{\mathrm S}\pi^+\pi^-$, is estimated at around 5$\%$. In addition, the first dedicated optimisation is performed for the observables relevant to charm mixing, $x_{CP}$ and $\Delta x$, in $D \rightarrow K^0_{\mathrm S}\pi^+\pi^-$ decays. This procedure accounts for both statistical sensitivity and the migration of events between bins due to detector resolution. The resulting binning scheme leads to an estimated gain of approximately 20$\%$ in statistical sensitivity, while maintaining the bias due to bin migration at a level comparable to the currently used scheme.

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