Optics · Cross-listed from quant-ph
Free-Space Quantum Networks and Optimized Fiber-Reinforcement
Alasdair I. Fletcher, Ignazio Pedone and Stefano Pirandola
Free-space
quantum communication provides a flexible complement to fiber-based
quantum networks, but its point-to-point capacity is fundamentally limited by diffraction, atmospheric extinction and beam wandering induced by
turbulence. In this work, we study the end-to-end performance of large-scale free-space
quantum networks connecting randomly distributed fixed or mobile users, modelled as Waxman random graphs. We derive the mean network capacity, edge consumption and connectivity phase transitions for both single-path and multi-path (flooding) routing. We also study router-centered
star networks, deriving the full distribution of end-to-end capacities as a function of the router's coverage radius. We then consider how performance may be improved by reinforcing free-space networks with a small number of optimally placed fiber-based backbone nodes. We prove that any optimal backbone configuration must correspond to a capacity-maximizing Voronoi tessellation of the network region, and show that this can be efficiently approximated by a centroidal Voronoi tessellation via Lloyd's
algorithm, with backbone nodes connected according to a Delaunay triangulation. Numerical results show that even a modest number of backbone nodes substantially improves end-to-end capacity and reduces edge consumption for both mobile and fixed users.
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Optics
Dual-Layer Optical Security Framework for Cryptogram Camouflage Using Circular Harmonic Components
Jorge-Enrique Rueda-P and Carlos Pinzón
Protecting confidential information requires not only preventing unauthorized access to encrypted data but also concealing the very existence of the protected information. In this work, we propose a computational dual-layer optical security framework that integrates optical encryption and steganographic camouflage into a unified strategy. The proposed method is based on a 4F optical architecture and employs two two-dimensional private keys: a phase-only key represented through Circular Harmonic Components (CHC) and a periodic amplitude mask acting as a second secret key. Their combined action generates visually diverse steganograms from encrypted RGB images while preserving the correct recovery of the original information by authorized users. Unlike conventional optical encryption methods that produce easily recognizable cryptograms, the proposed approach disguises the encrypted information within camouflage patterns, providing an additional layer of protection before any decryption process is attempted. Numerical simulations demonstrate successful encryption, camouflage, and image recovery while showing that different steganographic appearances can be generated by modifying the private key and the periodic-mask parameters. Furthermore, a prospective optical implementation based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer and digital holographic recording is presented, providing a feasible path toward future experimental realization. The proposed methodology is introduced as a proof of concept of the dual-layer optical security framework; a comprehensive cryptanalytic evaluation is beyond the scope of this first study and is left for future work.
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Optics
Maximum brightness theorem for waves
David A. B. Miller
We introduce a universal bound on the separable powers of a wave field after passing through arbitrary passive optical or wave systems. Any wave field can be expressed as a combination of mutually incoherent and mutually orthogonal components, each with some power or "brightness". We prove that, in passing through a lossless or lossy optical system, writing the components in order of power, the power in each such component at the output cannot exceed the power in each such component at the input, even though each resulting output may be an arbitrary mixture of the inputs. This result encompasses previous brightness
theorems, has several immediate consequences, and gives a simple limit to the concentration of light,
radio-frequency or other waves into single-mode outputs.
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Optics · Cross-listed from astro-ph.IM
Laser-micromachined silicon-platelet feedhorns for large-scale submillimeter and millimeter-wave focal planes
Jason E. Austermann, James Beall, Andrew Forsman et al. (+10 more)
We present the fabrication and characterization of the first silicon-platelet feedhorn arrays produced using
laser micromachining. First, we present a demonstration of the technology for the millimeter-wave band of 80~GHz to 170~GHz, i.e. covering the 90/150~GHz bands typical of CMB experiments. Next, we expand the technology to large-scale production on 150~mm wafers and demonstrate operation at submillimeter wavelengths. This feedhorn array is optimized for operation in a band centered at 350~GHz (330~GHz to 370~GHz) and is being deployed as one of the focal plane elements of the CCAT 350~GHz module of
Prime-Cam. We present the design and fabrication processes for these feedhorn arrays and compare the optical performance directly to simulation and to feedhorns of identical design but produced using traditional deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE). We conclude with a discussion of future expansions of this technology, including the potential of sidewall control and using thicker (and thus fewer) wafers, which could significantly reduce production costs and labor.
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All authors Jason E. Austermann, James Beall, Andrew Forsman, Haibo Huang, Johannes Hubmayr, Matthew A. Koc, Jeff van Lanen, Pavel Lapa, Josh Raimist, Sara M. Simon, Jordan Stutz, Anatolios Tambazidis, Joel N. Ullom
Optics
Ising-machine-like Driving Condition Restrictions in SSBM and Additional Pseudo-annealing- Driving Method for SSBM that Achieves Best Cut Value Search -
Toshiya Sato
In our previous paper, we described the proposal and validation of a new physical implementation-type simulator (spontaneous
symmetry breaking machine (SSBM)) for a combinatorial optimization problem that utilizes a phenomenon dual to the model in which a pseudo-
spin many-body system is created by spontaneous
symmetry breaking. Furthermore, we performed numerical simulations with different initial fluctuations on a large-scale
benchmark problem (K_{2000}) and reported that we identified a condition under which pseudo-
spin patterns gradually converge during the solution search process to ultimately form a single pattern and that the cut value of this converged solution reached 99.7% of the known best. In this paper, we discuss the conditions under which the SSBM can exhibit behavior analogous to that of a continuous-variable-type Ising machine, and report that by adding an effect similar to physical annealing to these conditions, the SSBM can be made to search for the best known cuts in K_{2000}.
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Optics
Goos-Hanchen-Shift Photonic Sensor for Nanometer-Scale Delayering and Tamper Detection in Semiconductor Packages
Mia Mohammad Shoaib Hasan and Mohamed Elkabbash
We propose a co-packaged photonic tamper sensor that detects progressive delayering and localized drilling through changes in the Goos-Hanchen (GH) shift of a reflected optical beam. Frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR) couples the beam into a high-index sensing layer, where its transverse-wavevector components acquire a thickness-dependent propagation phase. Numerical simulations show an approximately linear response for sensing-layer thicknesses below 250 nm and a delayering sensitivity of 5.3 nm of beam displacement per nanometer of material removed, nearly three times that of a conventional total internal reflection (TIR) structure. The off-resonant response remains stable under representative refractive-index, wavelength, and incidence-angle variations. Localized drilling also produces a monotonic GH-shift change that increases with drill depth and width. These results establish GH-shift readout as a rapid, spatially encoded, and difficult-to-emulate approach for
semiconductor-package tamper detection.
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Optics
Twist-Reconfigurable van der Waals Moiré Photonic Crystals
Hugo Quard, Jiyun Kim, Anastasiia Zalogina et al. (+7 more)
Moiré photonics has emerged as a fascinating concept to design and in situ control of the optical bands. Moiré enabled light localisation arises from the relative twist between periodic layers, rather than from fixed, pre-fabricated cavity features. So far, however, the realisation of practical moiré photonic
crystals in the visible range has been elusive, due to challenges in engineering nanoscale structures and twisting them dynamically post fabrication. Here, we realise a mechanically reconfigurable moiré photonic
crystal, comprising from two patterned van der Waals
crystals (tungsten di sulphide, WS$_2$) slabs separated by an optically active hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) spacer. We reconfigured the same pair of WS$_2$ slabs from a twist angle of 3.8{\deg} to 8.4{\deg} and reconstructed their three-dimensional dispersion using momentum-resolved reflectivity spectroscopy. Further, by reducing the twist angle between the slabs, we observe a denser
manifold of folded and hybridised resonances that coincides with a 30-fold enhancement of emission from embedded colour centres. Our results open exciting opportunities for in-situ dispersion engineering and programmable light matter interactions employing van der Waals nanostructures.
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All authors Hugo Quard, Jiyun Kim, Anastasiia Zalogina, Xuerong Hu, Evan Williams, Oscar J. Palma Chaundler, Owen R. Wolley, Alexander Tartakovskii, Haoning Tang, Igor Aharonovich
Optics · Cross-listed from cond-mat.mtrl-sci
Beam Routing through Excitons in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers
Yonas Lebsir, Jacob Terndrup Heiden, Jorge Barcia Rodríguez et al. (+6 more)
Routing light at the nanoscale typically relies on nanostructured surfaces to imprint directionality on the emission. Using low-temperature, angle-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, we show that the intrinsic excitonic transitions of a
semiconductor can themselves produce routed emission. We probe monolayers of WSe$_2$, MoSe$_2$, and MoTe$_2$ and resolve the excitonic species of monolayer WSe$_2$ – the bright
exciton, the trion, and the
spin-forbidden dark
exciton – through their distinct angular emission profiles. While the in-plane transition dipoles of the bright
exciton and trion radiate predominantly toward the surface normal, the out-of-plane dipole of the dark
exciton, inaccessible under normal-incidence optical excitation, produces a directional emission channel at large angles. We further tune the balance between neutral and charged
exciton emission through the local dielectric environment. Our results establish dark
excitons in TMD monolayers as a platform for directional light emission in compact photonic architectures without additional nanostructuring.
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All authors Yonas Lebsir, Jacob Terndrup Heiden, Jorge Barcia Rodríguez, Maria Papadopoulou, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, N. Asger Mortensen, Sergii Morozov, Nicolas Ubrig
Optics
Spatial and energetic correlations of ultrashort two electron pulses
Stefan Meier, Jonas Heimerl, Felix López Hoffmann et al. (+3 more)
When two electrons are emitted from a metallic needle tip into a nanometric volume on femtosecond timescales, strong Coulomb correlations arise. While longitudinal correlations, manifested as energy shifts, have been observed both from bare tips and in electron microscopes, transverse correlations remain hardly explored. Here, we present the first complete experimental characterization of such 3D correlations from needle tips. We find that electron pairs of small transversal spatial separation exhibit a pronounced energy gap of 3.3 eV width, while electrons of small longitudinal energy separation show strong transverse repulsion, increasing their average mutual divergence angle by a substantial 34.5%. The measurements are in excellent agreement with semiclassical point-particle simulations. These reveal that the maximal energy-gap magnitude is primarily determined by the
laser pulse duration, whereas the maximal spatial separation is governed by the tip radius. The latter can be exploited in a remarkably simple method to generate strongly sub-Poissonian electron beams: A mere aperture, notably present in most electron-optical setups anyway, can act as an electron number sensitive filter. In combination with energy filtering we find an unprecedented suppression of multi-electron pulses reaching g(2) = 0.02 when keeping 3% of the electron beam. These results provide a foundation for future studies of electron
entanglement, correlated electron microscopy, and the design of ultrafast electron-optical instruments.
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All authors Stefan Meier, Jonas Heimerl, Felix López Hoffmann, Tobias Volk, Marco Knipfer, Peter Hommelhoff
Optics
Bridging the gap: Using deep learning to reconstruct noise-reduced super-resolved OCT images from gapped spectra
Jonas Nienhaus, Thomas Schlegl, Wolfgang Drexler et al. (+2 more)
Fourier-domain (FD) optical coherence
tomography (OCT) depends on broadband sources to maximize axial resolution and image quality. However, these
lasers significantly drive device cost or may be unavailable at desired wavelength and bandwidth ranges. A potential solution lies in integrating multiple, more affordable sources with lower individual bandwidth into a single system. However, difficulties arise if the resulting spectrum exhibits discontinuities. In this letter, we present a method that can combine OCT images from a flexible number of spectra with arbitrary, possibly non-overlapping gaps using a neural network. Compared to low-resolution input images, reconstructed B-scans are super-resolved, preserve even fine and low-contrast details and edges, and exhibit strong noise reduction that increases with the band gap. The proposed method could thereby provide a major step towards high-quality OCT imaging using spectrally disjoint, low-bandwidth sources. In broadband settings, it can be directly applied as a
Fourier-domain masked autoencoder for self-supervised image quality enhancement.
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All authors Jonas Nienhaus, Thomas Schlegl, Wolfgang Drexler, Tilman Schmoll, Rainer A. Leitgeb
Optics · Cross-listed from physics.acc-ph
State-resolved quantum transport of vortex electrons in accelerators
S.S.Baturin
Vortex electrons carry a quantized orbital angular momentum (OAM) degree of freedom, but whether this internal structure can survive repeated transport through an accelerator
lattice remains unclear. Here we formulate a density-
matrix theory for periodic round
lattices and show that the
symmetry-protected quantity is a Lewis-Floquet OAM invariant, rather than the instantaneous kinetic OAM. The classical transfer map lifts to
unitary state
evolution, while
stochastic field errors generate a Lindblad channel. This framework exposes a sharp separation between visibility and state survival. Dipole jitter displaces the wavepacket, rapidly smearing a
vortex signature measured about a fixed origin without altering its recentered internal OAM distribution. Quadrupole fluctuations instead drive genuine $\Delta\ell=\pm2$ leakage. For a matched $n=0$, $|\ell|=1$ mode, white-noise estimates based on representative IOTA and PETRA III parameters give fixed-frame smearing scales of $4.9\times10^2$ and $3.3$ turns, but intrinsic-leakage scales of $2.1\times10^5$ and $2.2\times10^6$ turns, respectively. Thus loss of an unrecentered
vortex image need not signal destruction of the
vortex state: its internal OAM structure can persist hundreds to hundreds of thousands of times longer. Centroid tracking and quadrupole stability are therefore distinct experimental requirements for observability and state survival, respectively.
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Optics
Metastable soliton necklaces confined by the boundary of a flattop region
Dmitry A. Zezyulin
We present quasistationary ring-shaped
soliton necklaces in a two-component envelope propagating in a medium with competing cubic-quintic nonlinearity. Metastable propagation of
soliton necklaces results from a balance of repulsion between adjacent out-of-phase
solitons in one component and confinement by the boundary of a flattop region in the other. Numerical simulations demonstrate metastable propagation over about a hundred diffraction lengths, even with random noise added to the input envelopes. The maximum number of
solitons in metastable necklaces can be controlled either by changing the size of individual
solitons or by adjusting the width of the flattop region hosting the necklace.
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Optics
Programmable vs. Static Beam Shaping in Ultrafast Laser Micromachining: A Critical Review
Krystof Kobliha and Peter Hauschwitz
Beam shaping has become one of the principal determinants of throughput, precision, and process robustness in ultrafast
laser micromachining. Despite this, the field is still largely interpreted through a historical distinction between programmable and static optical elements, a framework that increasingly fails to explain recent advances. This review reexamines that perspective and argues that beam shaping should instead be understood as a hardware-
algorithm co-design problem. Across high-power spatial light modulators, machine-learning holography, hybrid optical architectures, and massively parallel processing, recent advances converge on the same conclusion: performance depends more on the codesign of optical hardware and computational
algorithms than on any individual optical component. To establish a common basis for comparison, seven beam-shaping technologies and five
algorithm families are evaluated within a unified seven-axis framework spanning optical performance, programmability, computational cost, and industrial deployment. This analysis identifies where the long-standing trade-off between throughput and flexibility has genuinely disappeared. In industrial parallel ablation and high-throughput two-
photon polymerisation, programmable devices now sustain average powers once reserved for static optics, demonstrating why hardware-centred comparisons no longer capture the state of the art. Beyond reviewing recent developments, this work provides a predictive design framework for the next generation of beam-shaping systems. It introduces a benchmarking methodology, practical technology-selection criteria, measurable research milestones, and a reporting standard for improving comparability across future studies.
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Optics
Two-Stage Deformable-Convolutional Inverse Design of Nanophotonic Absorbers from Optical Spectra
Waleed Waseer, Muhammad Shahid Jabbar, Muhammad Sohail Ibrahim et al. (+1 more)
Data-driven inverse design enables efficient generation of nanophotonic structures with prescribed optical responses, but spectrum-to-geometry mapping remains challenging due to non-uniqueness and fine
geometric features. This work presents a two-stage deformable-convolutional framework for reconstructing metal–
insulator–metal resonator geometries from 80-dimensional absorption spectra. The spectrum is projected to a $150\times4\times4$ latent representation and decoded into a $64\times64$ resonator mask. Training combines supervised reconstruction with least-squares
adversarial refinement initialized from the best supervised checkpoint. A three-run ablation compares deformable convolution with plain convolution, involution, Dynamic Conv, and ODConv under the same architecture. The proposed model achieves $20.79\pm0.31$~dB PSNR and $0.8501\pm0.0082$ SSIM, improving over plain convolution by 2.16~dB and 0.0831, respectively. It further achieves Dice $0.9623\pm0.0027$, IoU $0.9342\pm0.0038$, and boundary F-score $0.9550\pm0.0027$. Spectral consistency evaluated using a frozen forward surrogate yields RMSE $0.0805\pm0.0013$ and $R^2=0.7923\pm0.0065$. Learned offsets show stronger adaptive sampling at coarse and intermediate decoder stages. Overall, deformable sampling with supervised initialization and
adversarial refinement improves spectrum-conditioned geometry reconstruction.
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All authors Waleed Waseer, Muhammad Shahid Jabbar, Muhammad Sohail Ibrahim, Shujaat Khan
Optics
Spatial coherence enabled sensorless adaptive optical imaging
Pranay Mohta, Shaurya Aarav, Hugo Defienne et al. (+1 more)
Optical aberrations degrade imaging performance in label-free microscopy, where the absence of a guide
star often necessitates sensorless adaptive optics (AO). Conventional sensorless AO approaches rely on image-quality metrics whose optimal choice depends on both the specimen and the imaging modality. Here, we present a guide-
star-free AO framework based on the spatial coherence properties of spatially incoherent light. The proposed method exploits aberration-induced broadening of the measured spatial correlation distribution as the feedback signal for aberration correction. Experiments in a conventional bright-field imaging system using standard LED illumination demonstrate successful correction of phase aberrations. Furthermore, the approach remains effective even in the presence of spatially structured background noise. These results establish spatial coherence measurements as an effective feedback mechanism for sensorless AO and indicate that the correlation-based feedback principle employed in
quantum-assisted AO can likewise be realized using the spatial correlations of incoherent light.
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All authors Pranay Mohta, Shaurya Aarav, Hugo Defienne, Anand K. Jha
Optics
Aggregation-engineered loss-tolerant strong coupling in metallic microcavities
Andrea Betti, Eleonora Cara, Giulia Serrano et al. (+7 more)
Room-temperature strong coupling in organic microcavities is usually achieved by combining high-quality optical resonators with highly ordered excitonic media, a requirement that limits scalability and processing flexibility. Here we show that this constraint can be relaxed by using molecular aggregation as a design parameter rather than treating it as a parasitic effect. We realize solution-processed Rhodamine 6G-poly(vinyl alcohol) films embedded in low-quality-factor silver Fabry-Perot microcavities and demonstrate clear angle-resolved anticrossing with coupling energies up to 324 meV despite the large optical losses of the metallic mirrors. A two-
exciton coupled-oscillator model shows that the relative weight of these species controls the collective coupling strength and can be tuned through dye loading and
spin-coating conditions. In contrast, angle-resolved photoluminescence is dominated by a broad, red-shifted lower-polariton emission, consistent with relaxation through excimer-like states formed in densely packed molecular domains. These results identify molecular aggregation as a practical design lever for loss-tolerant strong coupling in wet-processed metallic cavities and suggest that ground-state aggregates and excited-state excimer-like species play distinct roles in polariton formation and emission.
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All authors Andrea Betti, Eleonora Cara, Giulia Serrano, Lorenzo Poggini, Alessia Valzelli, Natascia De Leo, Paolo Bartolini, Andrea Taschin, Renato Torre, Alice Boschetti
Optics
Origin, strength, and speed of the nonlinear optical response of transparent conducting oxides to single-cycle optical pulses
Ieng-Wai Un, Subhajit Sarkar and Yonatan Sivan
We present a first-principles study of the nonlinear optical response of transparent conducting oxides at the nanoscale due to excitation by intense, extremely short pulses based on a density
matrix framework. We identify a strong ($O(1)$) thermal nonlinearity, which is complemented with stimulated emission and excited-state absorption; it yields a cumulative permittivity change decorated by
quantum coherent oscillations. Further, rigorous calculations under far-from-
equilibrium conditions show that electron-electron thermalization occurs within a few femtoseconds, supporting interpretations of high-harmonic generation measurements and in agreement with a generalization of Fermi
liquid theory.
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Optics · Cross-listed from quant-ph
Experimental quantum telecloning across silicon photonic chips
Zicong Wen, Kai Wang, Bochi Wu et al. (+4 more)
Telecloning – the combination of
quantum teleportation and cloning – offers a powerful mechanism to disseminate unknown
quantum states to multiple spatially separated recipients with optimal fidelity. Despite its conceptual importance for
quantum networks, an experimental demonstration of symmetric
qubit quantum telecloning remains elusive, particularly due to the challenges of generating multipartite entangled resource states and implementing stable multi-
photon interference across distributed nodes. Here, we realize the optimal 1 to 2 symmetric
quantum telecloning using a scalable silicon photonic platform. We implement a six-
photon protocol using two independent, fiber-linked photonic chips: one generating a heralded input state and the other preparing a four-
photon entangled resource state. By performing an interchip Bell-state measurement, we successfully distribute the input state into two optimal clones at remote nodes. We observe an interchip cloning fidelity of 78.45 $\pm$ 1.39%, exceeding the classical limit of 2/3 by 8 standard deviations. Our results demonstrate the robust generation and manipulation of complex multi-
photon states between integrated chips, providing a foundational building block for large-scale multi-party
quantum networks.
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All authors Zicong Wen, Kai Wang, Bochi Wu, Leizhen Chen, Yan-Qing Lu, Shining Zhu, Xiao-Song Ma
Optics
Near-Unity Excitation and Radiative Efficiencies in Electroluminescence Without External Carrier Injection
Rui Li, Xinrui Li, Jiachen Xie et al. (+8 more)
Electroluminescence occurring without external charge injection is typically characterized by weak emission and excessive driving voltage, due to low excitation and radiative recombination efficiencies. Here, we demonstrate non-injecting electroluminescence (NI-EL) that challenges this conventional perception. To achieve this, we introduce an operational paradigm that leverages remote, state-abundant charge reservoirs, which elevates the excitation efficiency close to unity - a greater-than-20-fold improvement over the
benchmark. This strategy is augmented by
quantum dots (QDs) with nonmonotonically graded shells, raising the high-field radiative efficiency by approximately 7-8-fold. The resultant RGB NI-EL devices uniformly exhibit bright and efficient pulsed emissions, with key metrics including: a turn-on threshold of 3.7 Vrms for red; a luminance of 291,628 nits and a power efficiency of 302.6 lm/W for green, with light-outcoupling enhancement; and, for blue, the superior emitter stability of the first QD-based blue NI-EL over its light-emitting diode counterpart. The minimal dielectric loss, sub-100 ns response time, and external EL efficiency of up to 45.4% further reinforce the mechanism-performance causality. These results overcome the inherent mechanistic limitations of NI-EL and establish performance that rivals or surpasses injection-type EL, including AC- or DC-driven variants, positioning NI-EL as a promising platform for high-performance pulsed light sources.
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All authors Rui Li, Xinrui Li, Jiachen Xie, Pingjun Xu, Wen Li, Congcong Liu, Zheng Ge, Longjia Wu, Xingtong Chen, Zheming Liu, Song Chen
Optics
Towards Terabit/$\lambda$/s Multidimensional Silicon Photonic Engine
Hao Chen, Zengqi Chen, Wu Zhou et al. (+7 more)
Increasing artificial intelligence (AI) workloads drive co-packaged optics (CPO), which integrates optical engines with electronic components. Optical interconnects can extend transmission distances and reduce latency, allowing distributed clusters in AI factories to operate as a unified computational unit. However, escalating data throughput necessitates greater parallelization of light within ultracompact form factors while maintaining stringent energy efficiency and latency constraints. Here, we present a multidimensional silicon photonic engine that achieves a communication capacity exceeding 1.8 terabit/s/lambda/s. By monolithically integrating transceivers, spatial and polarization (de)multiplexers, and optical signal processors on a single chip, we eliminate bulky discrete (de)multiplexers and power-hungry digital signal processing (DSP). In experiments, the photonic engine can be self-configured to identify two, four, or six concurrent spatial and polarization channels per fiber while mitigating dynamic channel crosstalk. Compared with the state-of-art DSP, our approach achieves >5,000-fold reductions in both power consumption and processing latency at a
MIMO processing order of six. Furthermore, we demonstrate full-duplex, modulation-format-transparent inter-chip communication over 300-meter fiber. These results represent a paradigm shift for optical engines in future high-performance computing and AI-driven data centers.
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All authors Hao Chen, Zengqi Chen, Wu Zhou, Kaihang Lu, Mingyuan Zhang, Yuxiang Yin, Yiou Cui, Chaoran Huang, Pui-In Mak, Yeyu Tong