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High Energy Physics (Theory) · Cross-listed from math.RT

Index for a mutation loop

Tsukasa Ishibashi and Yuji Terashima

Motivated by the 3d-3d correspondence, we introduce an index $\mathcal{I}_g^\phi$ for a mutation loop $\phi$ of a quiver and an integer $g \geq 0$. We prove its integrality $\mathcal{I}_g^\phi \in \mathbb{Z}$ under certain conditions, which extends the integrality conjecture of Gang–Kim–Yoon for $3$-manifolds to the broader framework of mutation loops in cluster algebras. Our index also has an interpretation as the genus-$g$ partition function of a $(1+1)$-dimensional TQFT. We provide explicit computations for mutation loops of period one. In particular, in the case of the generalized Kronecker quivers, we give an explicit formula expressing the generating function of the indices for all genera $g$ as a ratio of polynomials. Altogether, we provide a new insight to the interplay between the geometry of $3$-manifolds and cluster algebra.
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Computational Physics

A Unified Framework for Bell-Shaped Gaussian Quadratures in Deterministic Boltzmann Solvers

Shanshan Dong, Lu Wang and Guanqing Wang

In this work, we develop a unified theoretical framework that constructs Bell-shaped Gaussian quadratures for deterministic Boltzmann solvers. The proposed framework establishes a general class of bell-shaped weight functions together with the corresponding integral transformations, revealing the common mathematical structure underlying existing generalized Gaussian quadratures. Based on this framework, a unified procedure for constructing discrete velocity sets is developed by combining radial quadratures with appropriate directional quadratures in different velocity-space dimensions. Several existing generalized Gaussian quadratures are naturally recovered as special cases, while the proposed framework provides a systematic route for constructing new quadrature rules based on different bell-shaped weight functions. Extensive benchmark simulations over a broad range of flow regimes demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves high integration accuracy and computational efficiency with significantly fewer discrete velocities than conventional quadrature strategies. Overall, the proposed framework not only unifies existing generalized Gaussian quadratures under a common mathematical foundation but also establishes a general design principle for the systematic development of efficient velocity-space quadratures in deterministic Boltzmann solvers.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Simulations of the Evolving Ozone Layer: Implications for the Early Earth, Exoplanets, and the Search For Life

Akhil Kumar and Gregory J. Cooke

Over 4 billion years, Earth's atmosphere has been transformed from a composition devoid of molecular oxygen (O$_2$) to one where O$_2$ is now 21% of our modern atmosphere by volume. With high quantities of O$_2$, an ozone (O$_3$) layer can form and partially shield the surface from biologically harmful ultraviolet radiation (UV). The evolution of the O$_3$ layer has previously been simulated under the modern Sun by independent groups with separate models. Here, we present simulations of Earth's atmosphere from four open-source one-dimensional (1D) photochemical models and a 3D chemistry-climate model, focussing on O$_3$. We find that the O$_3$ layer thickness exhibits a clear deviation between the 1D models and the 3D model due to several factors, including treatments of O$_2$ photolysis, chemical networks, H$_2$O microphysics and 3D transport. We find that 1D models introduce a bias for unobserved climate states and show how these biases may propagate to calculations of biological UV damage and surface habitability. We show that when applied to specific exoplanet atmospheres, these discrepancies can become more pronounced, propagating through to observational predictions for the next generation of telescopes, such as HWO and LIFE, that will search for habitable and inhabited exoplanets.
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Lattice Field Theory

Data Free Training of Diffusion Models for Lattice Field Theories

Dennis Grinwald, Ankur Singha, Khaled Kahouli et al. (+2 more)

Sampling equilibrium field configurations remains a major computational bottleneck in lattice field theory, motivating the development of generative samplers that can produce independent configurations. Diffusion models are promising for this purpose, but their standard denoising score matching objective requires samples from the target distribution, seemingly reintroducing the original sampling problem. Here, we show that diffusion models can instead be trained from their own generated samples using the target score identity, provided access to the unnormalized probability density. Importance-weighted formulations of this identity yield a consistent target throughout training, while unweighted variants define a self-consistent fixed-point training scheme. We benchmark the different approaches in two-dimensional \(\phi^4\) theory and identify effective choices that enable efficient training and sampling across the symmetric, critical, and broken phases. Ultimately, our data-free training approach achieves comparable performance to training on HMC reference data.
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All authors Dennis Grinwald, Ankur Singha, Khaled Kahouli, Karl Jansen, Shinichi Nakajima

Strongly Correlated Electrons

A hierarchy of exact lower bounds on the Laughlin spectral gap

Michael G. Scheer and Eslam Khalaf

We develop a bootstrap approach to deriving lower bounds on the spectral gap of the first Haldane pseudopotential Hamiltonian on the sphere with $N_\Phi$ flux quanta for arbitrary $N_\Phi$, including in the thermodynamic limit $N_\Phi \to \infty$. Our approach can in principle be generalized to pseudopotentials describing other model wavefunctions such as the Moore-Read state or Read-Rezayi sequence. Our approach is based on Knabe's observation that if $H$ is a Hamiltonian with ground state energy $0$ then the spectral gap is at least $\epsilon > 0$ if and only if $H^2 \succeq \epsilon H$. To show this inequality, we split $H^2$ into two parts, one that can be analytically bounded and another that can be bounded using a finite semidefinite program (SDP). Crucially, the size of this program is determined only by cutoff parameters, and the program depends on $N_\Phi$ only parametrically, allowing us to obtain numerically exact (up to solver precision) lower bounds on the gap. In order to turn these numerical bounds into mathematically rigorous bounds, we introduce an algorithm that can produce nearly-optimal exact feasible points for large rational SDPs. We additionally provide an algorithm that establishes the rank stability of the semidefinite program in the limit $N_\Phi \to \infty$ which is needed to certify the bound in the thermodynamic limit. Beyond establishing the Laughlin gap and revealing a potential method for deriving spectral gap lower bounds for other pseudopotentials, our work provides a general method for turning numerical semidefinite programming bounds into rigorous mathematical proofs, which may have wide applicability.
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Instrumentation and Detectors

Energy, vertex, and time response of a LiquidO detector with an opaque-scintillator target to Compton-tagged electrons

LiquidO Collaboration: S. Katz, J. T. Moffatt, G. Wendel et al. (+88 more)

LiquidO detectors confine scintillation light near its point of production by stochastic scattering in an opaque medium and collect it with a lattice of wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibers. The elementary signal of such a detector is the point-like sub-MeV energy deposition, yet the response to that signal at the center of the detector volume has not been measured against an event-by-event ground truth. To close this gap, we couple BPULSE, a 4-liter prototype LiquidO detector, to a Compton-coincidence calibration setup that selects electron recoils of known energy on a constrained beam axis. The prototype is a 160 mm cube of opaque scintillator with 64 WLS fibers in alternating orthogonal layers at a 20 mm pitch, read out by silicon photomultipliers. Compton scatters of collimated gamma-ray beams from $^{137}$Cs and $^{60}$Co sources are tagged by a NaI(Tl) spectrometer. For 373.4 keV electrons, tagged from $90^{\circ}$ scatters of the $^{137}$Cs beam, the detector collects $19.04 \pm 0.07$ photoelectrons (p.e.). Across four operating points, the two sources at two scattering angles, it responds linearly at $48.3 \pm 1.5$ p.e./MeV. The energy resolution of $(23.4 \pm 0.4)\%$ matches the Poisson statistics of the detected photoelectrons. Collection at both fiber ends and larger sensors would raise the light yield of this target to an estimated 108-124 p.e./MeV. Center-of-mass reconstruction locates each recoil to the width of the delivered 20 mm beam spot, which bounds the intrinsic localization of the detector from above. The arrival time response sets a lower bound of 1.5 ns on the single-scatter start time at the observed $\approx 19$ p.e. light level. This single-scatter response is the building block for reconstructing multi-site events. It constrains the light collection, confinement, and timing models on which reconstruction in future LiquidO detectors will rest.
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All authors LiquidO Collaboration: S. Katz, J. T. Moffatt, G. Wendel, D. F. Cowen, I. Jovanovic, S. Schoppmann, A. S. Wilhelm, J. Apilluelo, L. Asquith, N. P. Barradas, J. L. Beney, M. Berberan e Santos, X. de la Bernardie, T. J. C. Bezerra, M. Bongrand, C. Bourgeois, D. Breton, J. Busto, A. Cabrera, A. Cadiou, E. Calvo, M. de Carlos Generowicz, B. J. Cattermole, E. Chauveau, M. Chen, P. Chimenti, S. Kr. Das, S. Dusini, A. Earle, M. Felizardo, C. Frigerio Martins, J. Galán, J. A. García, A. Gibson-Foster, C. Girard-Carillo, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, W. C. Griffith, K. Groomes, M. Guitière, F. Haddad, J. Hartnell, A. Holin, I. G. Irastorza, W. Keck, A. Kling, L. Koch, J. F. Le Du, F. Lefevre, P. Loaiza, J. A. Lock, T. Lux, G. Luzón, J. Maalmi, J. P. Malhado, F. Mantovani, J. G. Marques, C. Marquet, M. Martínez, D. Navas-Nicolás, H. Nunokawa, J. P. Ochoa-Ricoux, T. Palmeira, C. Palomares, D. Petyt, P. Pillot, A. Pin, M. S. Pravikoff, S. Richards, M. Roche, N. Rodrigues, R. Rosero, B. Roskovec, M. L. Sarsa, A. Serafini, C. Shepherd-Themistocleous, W. Shorrock, M. Silva, L. Simard, S. R. Soleti, D. Stocco, V. Strati, J. S. Stutzmann, F. Suekane, N. Tuccori, A. Verdugo, B. Viaud, S. M. Wakely, A. Weber, A. W. R. Wong, M. Yeh, F. Yermia

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.PR

Superdiffusive Invariance Principle for the two-dimensional Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process

Quentin Moulard

We consider the Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (ASEP) at its critical dimension $d=2$, started from the Bernoulli product measure with density $\rho \in (0,1)$. We first derive the sharp $\log(t)^{2/3}$ divergence of the bulk diffusivity, predicted via mode-coupling theory in [H. van Beijeren, R. Kutner, H. Spohn, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1985], including the exact prefactor, thereby removing the subleading diverging multiplicative corrections in the Tauberian bounds of [H.-T. Yau, Ann. of Math., 2004]. More importantly, we establish an invariance principle for the density fluctuation field on the corresponding superdiffusive scales. On the time scale $\tau$, we rescale space by $\sqrt{\tau} \log(\tau)^{1/3}$ in the direction of the drift and by $\sqrt{\tau}$ in the transverse direction, and prove functional convergence of the rescaled fluctuation process to the solution of a conservative stochastic heat equation with additive noise. This is the same explicit Gaussian Fixed Point obtained in [G. Cannizzaro, Q. Moulard, F. Toninelli, arXiv:2501.00344, 2025] for the two-dimensional Stochastic Burgers Equation (SBE). We also deduce a superdiffusive central limit theorem for the second-class particle under the same anisotropic rescaling. The result holds for any finite-range jump kernel with nonzero drift and uniaxial asymmetry. This is the first space-time scaling limit result for a nonequilibrium interacting particle system at the critical dimension, where Gaussian fluctuations emerge despite logarithmic corrections to the scaling. The proof uses an approximate fluctuation-dissipation relation, which is obtained by combining a sharp quantitative comparison between the ASEP and SBE generators with refined estimates on the SBE Ansatz. An additional key novelty is a tightness argument that overcomes the limitations of the Itô trick on superdiffusive scales.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Seeing Double: The Theory Defying Twin Flares of TDE 2022dbl

Xinze Guo, Ryan Chornock, Raffaella Margutti et al. (+13 more)

Partial tidal disruption events, in which a star survives a close passage by a supermassive black hole and may be disrupted again on a subsequent encounter, provide a unique probe of supermassive black hole properties and accretion physics. We examine TDE 2022dbl, a partial tidal disruption event candidate that exhibits two separate UV/optical flares, using 11 new optical spectra, updated UV/optical photometry, and a Keck-II/ESI host-galaxy spectrum. We trace the evolution of the prominent blended N III + He II feature across both flares and find that the blend evolves from N III-dominated to He II-dominated emission, which may reflect changing ionization conditions and a declining efficiency of Bowen fluorescence. The two flares show similar thermal evolution and spectral features, supporting a partial-disruption scenario. The second flare exhibits a broader, plateau-like peak, a longer decline timescale, and less extreme line velocities than the first flare. We suggest that these differences arise from the interaction between debris from the second disruption and an accretion disk formed during the first flare. From the host-galaxy velocity dispersion, we infer a black hole mass of $\log_{10}(M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot)=6.01\pm0.45$. No third flare has been detected at the expected recurrence epoch, leading us to propose a new interpretation in which a positive-energy kick during ballistic core reformation delays the return of the surviving remnant.
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All authors Xinze Guo, Ryan Chornock, Raffaella Margutti, Yuhan Yao, Erica Hammerstein, Natalie LeBaron, S. Bradley Cenko, Matthew J. Graham, Dina Ibrahimzade, Itai Sfaradi, Jean Somalwar, Robert Stein, Eli Wiston, Joahan Castaneda Jaimes, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Russ R. Laher

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Testing compact binary nature in eccentric orbits with third-generation detectors

Syed U. Naqvi, Kaushik Paul and Chandra Kant Mishra

The spin-induced quadrupole moment (SIQM) of a compact object provides a direct null test of the Kerr hypothesis. Most existing gravitational-wave tests of SIQM assume quasi-circular binaries, although dynamical formation channels can produce measurable eccentricity that may persist in the sensitive band of third-generation (3G) detectors. We extend the symmetric SIQM test to eccentric, aligned-spin binaries using a post-Newtonian spinning-eccentric phasing model, and forecast its measurability with Cosmic Explorer (CE) and Einstein Telescope (ET). Single-event Fisher-matrix forecasts show that the impact of eccentricity on SIQM measurement precision depends on the binary parameters and detector configuration, rather than uniformly degrading the measurement. A population study with a truncated eccentric expansion indicates that ET's additional low-frequency eccentric cycles tighten $\Delta\kappa_s$ by roughly a factor of two relative to CE (median $0.11$ to $0.12$ versus $0.20$ to $0.23$); the absolute values are indicative only. We further show that quasi-circular template banks can lose significant effectualness for moderately eccentric signals, motivating the development of eccentric-spin template families. Accounting for eccentricity is therefore important both for SIQM measurements and for avoiding systematic losses in searches, and it strengthens tests of the nature of compact objects with 3G gravitational-wave detectors.
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Nuclear Theory

A 4D $T^\prime$-expanded lattice QCD equation of state with a multi-dimensional 3D-Ising-type critical contribution

Francesco Di Clemente, Prachi Garella, Johannes Jahan et al. (+5 more)

Inferring the possible existence and location of a critical point on the QCD phase diagram through experimental observations requires equations of state that include both lattice QCD constraints and critical behavior. In this manuscript, we present the first four-dimensional equation of state in the $(T,\mu_B,\mu_Q,\mu_S)$ space combining the lattice 4D $T^\prime$-Expansion Scheme with a critical contribution mapped from the 3D Ising model. We extend the earlier two-dimensional construction, the so-called Ising 2D-TExS in the $(T, \mu_B)$ plane, promoting the critical point to a parametrizable critical surface in the full four-dimensional thermodynamic space. Our framework provides a family of equations of state to systematically study the effects of criticality in realistic hydrodynamic simulations with $BQS$ conserved charges, going beyond the case of strangeness neutrality, by varying the geometry of the critical surface and the strength of criticality at finite $\mu_B$, $\mu_Q$ and $\mu_S$ separately.
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All authors Francesco Di Clemente, Prachi Garella, Johannes Jahan, Micheal Kahangirwe, Jamie M. Karthein, Jacquelyn Noronha-Hostler, Claudia Ratti, Mikhail Stephanov

Quantum Physics

Gaussian entanglement and quantum communication: geodesic optimization and multimode bounds

Hemant K. Mishra and Mark M. Wilde

Loss and noise limit the use of light to distribute entanglement, transmit quantum information, and establish secret keys. Gaussian states have a compact description in terms of means and covariance matrices, but their entanglement still requires global optimization. We develop a framework for computing Gaussian-restricted versions of the relative entropy of entanglement and Rains entanglement. An integral representation reveals a convex geometry under matrix geometric means and reduces Gaussian Rains entanglement to relative entropy minimized over Gaussian states with positive partial transpose. We obtain unique optimal reference states and additivity for independent Gaussian input states. Our convex-majorization algorithm has an explicit geometric convergence rate, uniform in the faithful regularization parameter and valid for pure input states. Controlled numerical integration and approximate convex subproblem solutions give a bit-complexity bound that is polynomial in accuracy bits for each fixed rational input covariance matrix, with explicit dependence on covariance size. These calculations bound extractable entanglement and, through the relative entropy of entanglement, extractable secret key. Teleportation simulation, energy allocation, and a convex optimization of passive-basis loss cores give bounds on quantum and private communication under an input-energy constraint, allowing arbitrary two-way classically assisted protocols. Two- and three-mode examples compare the bounds with achievable rates, including matching pure-loss benchmarks. Finally, we separate the Gaussian-restricted quantities from their unrestricted counterparts and give a photon-number truncation method with controlled error for computing the latter.
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Chemical Physics · Cross-listed from stat.ML

Joint Neural Posterior Estimation and Model Selection for Chemical Reaction Networks

J. Arturo Esquivel, Jorge A. Campos-Gonzalez-Angulo, Sergio Pablo-García et al. (+2 more)

Simulation-based Bayesian inference for Chemical Reaction Networks (CRNs) must simultaneously solve two computationally demanding problems: discriminating between overlapping reaction pathways and estimating reaction rate constants. Classical approaches, such as Sequential Monte Carlo ABC, rely on handcrafted summary statistics and scale poorly across large parameter spaces. To overcome this, we introduce a neural inference architecture. Our pipeline utilizes shared 1D-CNNs and a permutation-invariant Set Attention mechanism to learn low-dimensional summary statistics from variable-length, multi-experiment time-series data. These statistics simultaneously condition a model selection network to compute posterior model probabilities and model-specific conditional Invertible Neural Networks (cINNs) that estimate parameter posterior distributions. We demonstrate the practical utility of our approach on a real protodeboronation example, illustrating how it handles structural ambiguity and extracts kinetic parameters from competing catalyst deactivation pathways.
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All authors J. Arturo Esquivel, Jorge A. Campos-Gonzalez-Angulo, Sergio Pablo-García, Alán Aspuru-Guzik, Vianey Leos-Barajas

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Peering into the Midplane of the DM Tau Disk using N2H+ and DCO+

Amina Diop, Kevin Flaherty, Chunhua Qi et al. (+7 more)

Planets form in the midplanes of protoplanetary disks, thus investigating the properties of the midplane region can shed light on the physical and chemical processes governing the evolution of planetary systems. In this work, we study the conditions near the midplane of the disk around DM Tau using 0."3 (~43 au) ALMA observations of N2H+ (J = 3 - 2) and DCO+ (J = 4 - 3). The radial profiles reveal that DCO+ is centrally peaked, with a depression near 120 au, while N2H+ exhibits a central depression and a peak near 100 au. In addition, both molecules display extended emission out to 400 au. Using parametric models to interpret our observations, we note that a fiducial model based on CO-derived parameters captures the features within 200 au, but fails to reproduce the outer disk emission. We explore various mechanisms that could account for this extended emission and conclude that it is best reproduced by an increased external UV penetration and cosmic ray/X-ray ionization rate, possibly enhanced by radial drift. These processes affect the precursors of N2H+ and DCO+ : increased UV leads to the photodesorption of CO and N2, while ionization enhances H3+ abundance. Besides, the observed N2H+ and DCO+ features are broadly consistent with previous CO snowline constraints, but can also be shaped by processes such as ionization, CO depletion, and multiple chemical pathways. Thus, using these molecular ions as robust CO snowline tracers requires additional constraints from complementary molecular tracers and detailed chemical modeling.
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All authors Amina Diop, Kevin Flaherty, Chunhua Qi, Ilse Cleeves, A. Meredith Hughes, Agnes Kospal, Sean Andrews, David J. Wilner, Jacob B. Simon, Deryl E. Long

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Single anyons and anyon binding in a quantum Hall dot

Marco Valentini, Will Wang, Amir Shapour Mohammadi et al. (+10 more)

Anyons are particles with quantized fractional statistics. In theory, a single anyon can be stabilized as a localized fractional charge within the bulk of a topologically ordered two-dimensional insulator. However, experiments to date have focused on probing anyons in structures in which many anyonic excitations coexist and interact. Here, we demonstrate the trapping of a single anyon in a device consisting of a graphene-based quantum point contact with an embedded tunable quantum Hall dot. Benchmarking our device at v = 1, we demonstrate backscattering between Fermi liquid edge states mediated by the whole-electron Coulomb blockade of the dot. The cleanliness and control available in our device allow depletion of the dot to the last quasihole, and we observe spin blockade for transitions to the opposite-spin Landau level. At v = 1/3 and 2/3, we observe backscattering resonances with three times the frequency, consistent with resonant transmission of e/3 charges via a single anyon transistor. We demonstrate controlled depletion to the last quasiparticle to form a single anyon quantum dot. Tracing the charge addition spectrum for quasiparticle number Nqp = 1-5, we observe highly irregular addition energies, consistent with DMRG modeling showing a complex orbital shell-filling behavior. At higher Nqp = 10-20, the addition energies show a striking pattern: quasiholes at 1/3 (and quasiparticles at 2/3) show a regular addition spectrum while quasiparticles at 1/3 (and quasiholes at 2/3) do not. We trace the origin of this irregularity to an attractive component of the inter-anyon interaction: by experimentally tuning the confining energy, we observe complete suppression of alternating charge sectors, after which the dot charges in increments of twice the fundamental charge. This observation indicates the emergence of an anyon binding energy as large as the charging energy.
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All authors Marco Valentini, Will Wang, Amir Shapour Mohammadi, Noah Samuelson, Chengxuan Li, Liam Cohen, Mark Zakharyan, Jiechao Feng, Taige Wang, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Michael P. Zaletel, Andrea F. Young

Quantum Physics

On the coincidence of discrete and continuous definitions of Entanglement of Formation

Haobo Ma, Maksim E.Shirokov and Wenlin Zhang

It is proved that every Borel ensemble of pure states on a separable bipartite Hilbert space with finite average entanglement admits a countable ensemble with the same barycenter and arbitrarily small additional average entanglement. Consequently, the discrete and continuous versions of the Entanglement of Formation coincide on the whole space of states of infinite-dimensional bipartite quantum system (with infinite values allowed). The main idea of the proof (realized with the AI-assistance) is the lifting a Borel ensemble of pure bipartite states to a Borel probability measure on the unit sphere in the space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators followed by dividing the support of this measure into appropriate cells and replacing each cell by its conditional barycenter. The resulting countable ensemble is obtained by a recursive construction.
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Statistical Mechanics

Towards synergy between theory and experiments: First-passage processes under resetting with stochastic return protocols

Ashutosh Dubey and Arnab Pal

Stochastic resetting with stochastic return (SR) has recently emerged as an effective and practically relevant strategy for controlling first-passage phenomena and optimizing search processes by significantly reducing completion times in a wide class of stochastic systems. While most theoretical studies assume instantaneous return (IR), in realistic systems the return to the resetting position typically occurs over a finite time. We consider a 1-d diffusing particle in a harmonic trap with stiffnesses $k_1$ and $k_2$ during search and return, respectively. The particle searches for the target and, upon resetting at rate $r$, enters the return phase, continuing until it reaches either the origin or the absorbing target at $L>0$. Notably, the model permits target detection throughout the return phase, distinguishing it from IR scenarios. We analytically derive the MFPT for our model and determine parameter regions where SR enhances or suppresses search efficiency over the underlying dynamics, constructing the corresponding phase diagram using the coefficient of variation criterion. We further identify regimes in which SR is more efficient than IR using the SR criterion. This behavior is tested across different parameter sets taken from experimental studies by Goerlich et al., Biroli et al., and Besga et al. We map the parameter values reported in existing experimental studies onto our theoretical phase diagram, thereby identifying the regimes in which SR outperforms IR. In particular, we find that the most relevant region of the phase space, where SR is most beneficial corresponds to larger values of the potential strength in the search phase and lower values of potential in the return phase. Our results provide experimentally testable predictions and bridge the gap between theoretical resetting models and optical trap mediated finite-time return dynamics.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Differential Luminosity Response of Balmer-Line Profiles in Galactic B/A Luminous Stars

N. L. Vaidman, S. A. Khokhlov, Sh. T. Nurmakhametova et al. (+3 more)

We investigate the differential luminosity response of the optical Balmer series from H8 to H-alpha in Galactic B5-A5 luminous stars using homogeneous measurements of central depth, FWHM, and equivalent width at a resolving power of approximately 12,000. Direct line-to-line comparisons show a systematic change in the central-depth response toward the lower-order transitions. For the primary 72-star luminosity sample, the fitted luminosity coefficients show an overall positive trend with upper-level quantum number, with a point-estimate gradient of dq/dn = 0.0419. A joint Monte Carlo analysis with 10,000 realisations gives a median dq/dn = 0.0387 and a 95 percent interval from 0.0253 to 0.0532, with no non-positive gradients obtained. The higher-order H8-H-delta coefficients form a statistically unresolved plateau, followed by a well-supported increase in response magnitude from H-delta toward H-alpha. The result is robust to the adopted effective-temperature scale. The FWHM coefficients show no comparable Balmer-order progression, and the directly fitted profile-shape response is consistent with zero from H8 through H-beta. For H-alpha, the full logarithmic sample is not formally significant, whereas removal of the three remaining strongly filled-core profiles yields a significantly negative shape response. The observed behaviour is qualitatively compatible with the systematic variation of pressure broadening across the Balmer series, while the enhanced H-alpha response may additionally reflect non-LTE and wind-related effects.
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All authors N. L. Vaidman, S. A. Khokhlov, Sh. T. Nurmakhametova, N. A. Litvinov, A. T. Agishev, D. A. Alimbetova

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

A Spatial Map of the Atmospheric Limb of a Hot Jupiter

Lili Alderson, Hannah R. Wakeford, David Grant et al. (+18 more)

Planets are inherently three-dimensional objects shaped by their thermal structure and dynamics. Observations of transiting exoplanets have begun to uncover this three-dimensional nature, with JWST measuring their dayside atmosphere structure with eclipse mapping, and exploring spectroscopic asymmetries in the limbs of planets during transit. We apply the novel mapping method of transmission strings to the hot Jupiter WASP-17b. With this method, we are not only able to extract hemispheric limb asymmetries from east-to-west, but can map equator-to-pole variations around the transmitting atmosphere as a function of angle, spanning 0.6-12$\mu$m. We find a clear transition in the thermal scale height around the limb of the atmosphere, with a $\sim$650K temperature difference between the morning (T=858$^{+434}_{-233}$K) and evening (T=1522$^{+116}_{-114}$K). These results are consistent with both nightside emission and dayside eclipse mapping measurements, and represent a fully comprehensive set of observations for a transiting exoplanet. We are also able to constrain the abundances of H$_2$O and CO$_2$ to constant values around the limb, providing observational constraints to results from global circulation models. The transmission string technique combined with the outstanding observability of WASP-17b pushes the study of exoplanet atmospheres further into a three-dimensional understanding of hot Jupiter dynamics and chemistry
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All authors Lili Alderson, Hannah R. Wakeford, David Grant, Nikole K. Lewis, Avinash Verma, Jayesh Goyal, Mark Hammond, Daniel Valentine, Natalie H. Allen, Ana Glidden, Amélie Gressier, Jingcheng Huang, Maura Lally, Dana R. Louie, Jacob Lustig-Yaeger, Cathal Maguire, Elijah Mullens, Kristen S. Sotzen, Jeff A. Valenti, Roeland P. van der Marel, Tiffany Kataria

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.QA

Cellular Algebra of $A_2$ webs

Azat M. Gainutdinov, Jesper Lykke Jacobsen and Yueheng Li

We introduce a diagram algebra $\mathcal{K}_L$ based on Kuperberg's $A_2$-webs and prove a Schur–Weyl duality $\mathcal{K}_L \cong \operatorname{End}_{U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_3)}((V^+ \oplus V^-)^{\otimes L})$, where $V^\pm$ are the fundamental representations of $U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_3)$. Thus, $\mathcal{K}_L$ is a natural $A_2$ analogue of the Temperley–Lieb algebra. We construct an explicit cellular structure for $\mathcal{K}_L$, with the web basis as its cellular basis and cell modules indexed by dominant $U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_3)$-weights. The bases of these modules are parametrized by dominant lattice paths via a recursive growth algorithm. Using this structure, we determine local generators of $\mathcal{K}_L$ and establish web formulations of the first and second fundamental theorems of invariant theory. In particular, we show that the braid-group image, augmented by local idempotents, does not generate $\mathcal{K}_L$, and identify an additional local generator. Finally, we derive a bimodule decomposition of $(V^+ \oplus V^-)^{\otimes L}$, yielding a complete set of irreducible $\mathcal{K}_L$-modules for formal or generic $q$.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Spin textures at the Fermi surface of ferromagnets and associated torque

T. Valet, J. Li, H. Jaffrès et al. (+3 more)

We establish theoretically that transverse spin textures are generically induced by the spin-orbit interaction at the Fermi surface of centrosymmetric ferromagnetic metals. We confirm this prediction with ab initio computations for Fe, Co and Ni. By symmetry, this cannot be associated with spin-orbit torques under a uniform current. However, a new current-gradient-induced torque emerges in nanoscale geometries. For a series of Ni-based bilayers, the computed Ni thickness dependence of the current-gradient-induced torque is in quantitative agreement with measurements previously attributed to orbital torques. We discuss how this opens a new avenue for the electrical control of magnetic orders, possibly also including the Néel vector of metallic altermagnets.
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All authors T. Valet, J. Li, H. Jaffrès, V. Cros, M. Chshiev, R. Raimondi

Quantum Physics

$\mathsf{EFI}\Leftrightarrow\mathsf{1PRS}$

Rishabh Batra

A series of recent works has established EFI pairs as the "minimal" assumption for quantum cryptography. Recently, Cavalar et al. [CCC+26] showed that EFI pairs are equivalent to non-uniform expanding single-copy pseudorandom state generators (1PRS), and obtained a non-uniform meta-complexity characterization of EFI pairs. We remove the non-uniformity in their construction and prove that EFI pairs are equivalent to expanding 1PRS. As a corollary, we obtain the first uniform meta-complexity characterization of EFI pairs. Together with the equivalence of statistically verifiable one-way state generators and commitments proved by Batra and Jain [BJ24], this gives a quantum analogue of the classical equivalence between one-way functions, commitments, and pseudorandom generators.
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Atomic Physics

Information-theoretic measures of electron correlation in a double quantum dot

W. S. Nascimento, A. M. Maniero, F. V. Prudente et al. (+1 more)

In this work, we investigated how variations in spatial confinement affect the electron correlation between two electrons in a symmetric double quantum dot. In strong confinement regime, the ground-state energy can be obtained using the Hartree-Fock method neglecting the electron-electron repulsion term. Under a weaker confinement, the FCI method provides a more accurate description. Using the mutual information as a measure of correlation, we determine the confinement regions where electronic motion is uncorrelated. We conjecture that the Shannon entropy can serve as a qualitative guide to to study the electron correlation. We identified an approximately linear relationship between mutual information and relative correlation energy.
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All authors W. S. Nascimento, A. M. Maniero, F. V. Prudente, Ginette Jalbert

Chemical Physics

Embossing of Tapered, Isometric Micro-Interdigitated Flow Fields for Enhanced Desalination by Faradaic Deionization

Md Habibur Rahman, Sadia Afrin and Kyle C. Smith

Engineered transport architectures can improve electrolyte distribution and active-material utilization in porous electrodes, yet their implementation remains limited by fabrication methods that compromise precision, throughput, active-material preservation, or scalability. Here, an integrated embossing-calendering method is introduced to pattern Prussian blue analog (PBA) porous electrodes with embedded, micro-interdigitated flow fields (e$\mu$-IDFFs) for electrochemical desalination. This non-subtractive, roll-to-roll compatible method forms channels by controlling plastic deformation while simultaneously calendering the electrode, preserving active material and reducing patterning time by 100-fold relative to mechanical milling. Indentation experiments and a closed-form model further show that embossing requires 15-fold less force than stamping, while electrode microstructures show local densification beneath embossed channels. PBA electrodes are embossed with novel e$\mu$-IDFFs that use continuous width-tapering with isometric flow paths that promote uniform electrolyte distribution, increase rate capability, and reduce polarization. Compared with e$\mu$-IDFFs patterned using less scalable means and non-isometric flow paths, these e$\mu$-IDFFs desalinate seawater-salinity feeds near to potable levels with 1.5-fold of its thermodynamic energy efficiency and water recovery. Brackish desalination benefits similarly. Tapered, isometric e$\mu$-IDFFs and the embossing method introduced to pattern them are readily translated other electrochemical energy storage and separations systems.
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High Energy Physics (Theory) · Cross-listed from math.DG

A three-block higher-rank deformed Hermitian–Yang–Mills correspondence on $\mathbb P^1\times\mathbb P^1$

Yuqi Li and Hao-Yu Sun

We study the invariant rank-four deformed Hermitian–Yang–Mills equation associated with the chain $\mathcal{O}(1)\to\mathcal{O}(2)^{\oplus2}\to\mathcal{O}(3)$ over $\mathbb P^1$, with vertical weights $(4,2,0)$ and a fixed product Kähler class and phase. For arbitrary linear arrows $\psi=Bz$ and $\phi=(Az)^T$, smooth strictly calibrated reduced solutions exist exactly when $A$ is invertible and $z^TA^TBz$ is not identically zero. The same condition characterizes stability, semistability and polystability in the specified equivariant coherent category. The classification includes all eleven nonempty coefficient strata and both coincident and distinct divisor points on the rank-one lower boundary. The analytic proof retains the ordered, noncommuting middle equation. After constructing positive-parameter solutions, it rules out unbounded metric values by combining the source budgets with moving spectral tests; on the rank-one lower boundary, the divisor mass must also be retained. Global value, gradient and symbol estimates then give a smooth strictly calibrated endpoint on the original chain. No equivalence with full coherent or derived-category stability, uniqueness, or estimate uniform across changing chains is asserted.
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Quantum Physics

Relative-Entropy Geometry and Convergence in Nonconvex Wiretap Optimization

Farzin Salek and Masahito Hayashi

We develop and analyze an entropic descent method for a nonconvex optimization problem on probability simplices arising in classical and quantum secure communication. The optimization variables describe a randomized encoder, allowing its input distribution and stochastic preprocessing to be optimized jointly. An exact relative-entropy identity yields a channel-independent majorization bound and an explicit mirror-descent iteration with a fixed unit step size. We establish quantitative descent, convergence of objective values, and stationarity of accumulation points on their support faces for arbitrary finite classical channels, without assuming degradedness or less noisiness. For strictly positive transition matrices, a square-root parametrization and a Kurdyka–Łojasiewicz argument establish finite length of the transformed trajectory and convergence of the entire sequence, including limits on the simplex boundary. For less-noisy channels, a restricted convex formulation admits global convergence with an explicit \(O(1/t)\) objective-error bound. We extend the relative-entropy construction to noncommuting quantum outputs and derive monotone alternating updates for covariant encoders, including correlated preprocessing over a fixed block. Numerical experiments compare the method with analytic benchmarks and constrained optimization, reveal multiple attracting values, and demonstrate strict improvements from stochastic preprocessing.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Late-time electric screening in dS from EAdS loops

Ernesto Bianchi, Sacha Ployet, Charlotte Sleight et al. (+1 more)

We compute the one-loop gauge-field two-point functions analytically in scalar QED on dS$_{d+1}$ for general dimension and scalar mass, using the EAdS reformulation of the in-in formalism arXiv:2007.09993. The Dirichlet EAdS gauge field acquires a Schwinger-type mass, with its longitudinal mode supplied by a composite of charged scalars obeying opposite boundary conditions, while the Neumann mode remains protected by gauge invariance. In dS, the Dirichlet correction induces an anomalous dimension $\gamma_J$ for the boundary current and modifies the late-time falloff of the electric field. This bulk calculation reproduces the boundary multiplet-recombination result of arXiv:2509.18888. Summing over the in-in contour branches gives the retarded dS bubble kernel, making direct contact with the Bros-Moschella framework. We establish a spectral Cutkosky rule that expresses the discontinuity of this kernel across the principal-series cut in the Casimir plane in terms of a two-particle cut, with both internal scalar lines placed on shell. Although the full bubble coefficient involves a ${}_7F_6$ hypergeometric function, the cut collapses to a closed product of Gamma functions and determines the complete non-local part of the kernel through a dispersion relation. Analytic continuation of the same cut reproduces the complete one-loop result for $\gamma_J$. In the complex Casimir plane, the loop-corrected Dirichlet photon appears as a pole on the second sheet and is therefore naturally interpreted as a dS resonance, or quasinormal mode, whose frequency is shifted at one loop.
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All authors Ernesto Bianchi, Sacha Ployet, Charlotte Sleight, Massimo Taronna

Quantum Physics

Deterministic and programmable generation of mechanical multipartite entangled states

Isabelle Franzen, Max-Emanuel Kern, Q. Rumman Rahman et al. (+5 more)

Multimode mechanical resonators offer a large set of densely packed, long-lived bosonic modes within a single compact device, making them attractive for quantum simulation, quantum information processing, and quantum-enhanced sensing. Many such applications rely on multipartite entanglement, yet deterministic mechanical entanglement has so far been largely limited to pairs of modes. Here we demonstrate the deterministic and programmable preparation of multipartite entangled states among the phonon modes of a high-overtone bulk acoustic wave resonator coupled to a superconducting transmon qubit. By sequentially applying optimal-control-engineered isometries between the qubit and successive modes, we generate matrix product states of bond dimension two, including $W$, Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ), and cluster states. We fully characterize these states via quantum state tomography and certify genuine multipartite entanglement among up to four modes. We further demonstrate correlated-noise sensing by exploiting the complementary decoherence responses of the stored $W$ and GHZ states, isolating inter-mode phase correlations from local decoherence and placing quantitative bounds on collective dephasing. Our results establish a scalable approach to preparing multipartite entangled states in mechanical systems, with promising applications in multiparameter sensing and tests of quantum mechanics with massive objects.
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All authors Isabelle Franzen, Max-Emanuel Kern, Q. Rumman Rahman, Igor Kladarić, Stefano Marti, Yiwen Chu, Zhi-Yuan Wei, Matteo Fadel

Quantum Physics

Quantum-enhanced mechanical sensing with machine-learning estimation

Finn Müßigbrodt, Andraž Omahen, Q. Rumman Rahman et al. (+3 more)

Massive mechanical oscillators couple directly to forces, accelerations and gravity, making them attractive probes of new physics and of quantum mechanics at macroscopic scales. Pushing sensitivities beyond the standard quantum limit for signals of unknown phase requires non-Gaussian quantum states, whose metrological advantage has so far been confined to lighter systems such as trapped ions. Here we operate a microgram-scale acoustic mode of a high-overtone bulk acoustic wave resonator as a phase-insensitive quantum-enhanced sensor. A transmon qubit prepares the mode in Fock states of up to seven phonons by optimal control, and resolves its phonon-number distribution after interaction with a weak resonant signal. Bayesian analysis yields a Fisher information five times the vacuum value, a 7.0 dB gain in signal-amplitude sensitivity over any classical probe state, irrespective of its energy, currently limited by state preparation infidelities. We then train a neural network on the measured sensor response to perform Bayesian estimation without any analytical model of the system, showing the same sensitivity gain with half the systematic bias. Our results establish acoustic resonators prepared in non-Gaussian states as quantum-enhanced probes for high-frequency gravitational waves, dark matter and wave-function collapse.
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All authors Finn Müßigbrodt, Andraž Omahen, Q. Rumman Rahman, Giulio Corazza, Yiwen Chu, Matteo Fadel

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Turning Selection Bias into a New Statistic: Asymmetry and Fringes of Lensed Gravitational Waves

Juno C. L. Chan and Elwin K. Y. Li

Gravitational waves (GWs) propagating across the Universe can be distorted by intervening lenses, producing characteristic wave-optics signatures. These effects are not incorporated into current matched-filtering searches and can therefore substantially reduce detection efficiency. The underlying mechanism is the signal-consistency test, which measures deviations between the observed and expected signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) distributions. We report a systematic study of the impact of gravitational lensing on signal-consistency tests, using a two-image interference model and representative signal-consistency statistics in both the time and frequency domains. We find that overlapping images produce sharply localized SNR residuals in the time domain, breaking the reflection symmetry of the autocorrelation about the merger time. Although interference fringes produce broadband SNR residuals in the frequency domain, both domains exhibit a minimum for high-mass signals when the fringe structure becomes comparable to the signal bandwidth. This highlights a limitation of current strategies that search for distorted lensed signals only among GW events detected by matched-filtering searches. Exploiting this asymmetry, we develop a statistic that separates selected down-ranked lensed injections from noise-background triggers and paired nonlensed injections, without extending the template bank. Our results establish the first connection between lensing observables and detection, paving the way for the discovery of lensed GWs.
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Optics

Engineering Color and Angular Stability in Building-Integrated Photovoltaics Using Metal-Oxide Photonic Glasses

Sinan Genc, Talat Ozden and Alpan Bek

Coloring building-integrated photovoltaics poses a dilemma: absorptive pigments cost photocurrent, while ordered photonic structures are iridescent. Amorphous photonic glasses, disordered packings of high-index nanospheres, are proposed to avoid both, yet their angle-independent color has rarely been quantified on a realistic module stack. A non-absorbing scatterer needs a high index with visible transparency, which the Moss rule caps near 2.35. Coupling Mie scattering, the Percus-Yevick structure factor, the exact phase function, and two-flux transfer with absorption and refraction at the front glass, we fix four target colors that a crowd-sourced naming survey calls unambiguously blue, green, gold, and terracotta, and map the recipes reaching them across four metal oxides, four encapsulants, two cell technologies, and wide ranges of particle size, packing fraction, and layer number. All four are reached in a laminated three-layer coating, to within DeltaE00 of 0.8 to 2.5, but not from one oxide: transparent TiO2 renders the blue and only pale warm tones; the green, gold, and terracotta require the blue-band absorption of V2O5, and the low-contrast oxides turn grey at the warm end. The encapsulant governs the color, and the cell technology does not. Disorder does not confer angle independence: the colors hold for an observer moving under a fixed sun but drift by DeltaE00 of 5 to 18 over the day, terracotta least, and a facade lit from above and viewed from below shifts every color towards the blue. Oxide, layer number, and facade geometry must therefore be designed together.
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