Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
The GAPS programme at TNG LXXVIII. Phase-resolved detection of multiple atomic species in the atmosphere of KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b
F. Biassoni, F. Borsa, L. Fossati et al. (+15 more)
Among the different classes of
exoplanets, ultra-hot Jupiters represent
prime laboratories for atmospheric characterisation. With an
equilibrium temperature of ~2300 K, KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b (HD 185603 b) is a well-studied ultra-hot Jupiter, for which several atomic species have already been detected in both transmission and emission spectroscopy. Nevertheless, important open questions remain regarding the completeness of the chemical inventory and the interpretation of spurious aliasing signals that may mimic genuine atmospheric signatures. In addition, asymmetries in the detected signals across transits can encode valuable information on the spatial structure and dynamics of the planetary atmosphere. In this work, we analyse seven transits of KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b observed with the high-resolution spectrograph HARPS-N at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. We apply the cross-correlation function technique to a large set of atomic and ionic species, accounting for aliasing effects that can lead to false detections. We confirm previous detections of HI, NaI, MgI, CrI, FeI, and FeII, and tentatively detect CrII. We further report new detections of KI, CaI, VI, MnI, and BaII, and a tentative detection of PrI in the planetary atmosphere. By performing a phase-resolved analysis and splitting the transit into pre- and post-mid-transit phases, we investigate longitudinal variations in the detected signals. For several species, we observe a double-peaked structure in the Kp-Vsys maps, notably in CaI, VI, CrI, and FeI, consistent with absorption arising from two distinct atmospheric limbs of the
planet.
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All authors F. Biassoni, F. Borsa, L. Fossati, M.C. D'Arpa, A.S. Bonomo, G. Guilluy, T. Zingales, D. Sicilia, A. Sozzetti, M. Rainer, M. Basilicata, I. Carleo, R. Cosentino, R. Claudi, P. Giacobbe, A. Harutyunyan, L. Malavolta, L. Mancini
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Z. Cao, E. Sharpe and H. Zhang
This paper briefly outlines a proposal for a GLSM Coulomb-branch interpretation of the
quantum elliptic cohomology rings currently being developed in mathematics by Bouaziz-Huq-Kuruvilla-Lee. The proposal is modeled on the established GLSM computations of
quantum cohomology and
quantum K theory of Fano toric varieties, where ring relations arise as critical loci of twisted effective superpotentials. In the case of
quantum elliptic cohomology, the natural generalization would be to encode ring relations in Coulomb branch computations in two-dimensional theories obtained by KK reductions from four-dimensional theories, describing OPEs of parallel surface defects, which we review. However, in some basic examples, this interpretation is obstructed by four-dimensional gauge anomalies. In such cases, we provide a classical superpotential whose critical loci generate the expected ring relations, but which is not obtained by KK reduction from four dimensions, though it shares many characteristics with such KK reductions. We describe some simple examples, and make some predictions for the case of gerbes.
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Quantum Physics
Ian Low and Navin McGinnis
The entangling power of a
unitary operator acting on a bipartite
Hilbert space measures the
entanglement it generates from product states, averaged over the inputs. A finite-dimensional
unitary has a spectral decomposition $U=\sum_{a=1}^{n}e^{i\theta_a}P_a$, where $e^{i\theta_a}$ are the
eigenvalues, $P_a$ the corresponding eigen-projectors, and $n$ is the number of distinct
eigenvalues. After removing an overall phase, the entangling power is a function on the $(n-1)$-
torus of relative eigenphases at fixed spectral projectors. We prove that this function is stationary at all $2^{n-1}$ points on the
torus where every relative phase is $0$ or $\pi$, which we define as corners. Up to an overall phase, $U$ at each corner is a generalized reflection $R=\mathbb{I}-2Q$ satisfying $R^2=\mathbb{I}$, where $Q$ is the sum of spectral projectors whose relative phase is $\pi$. At the corner the entangling power is expressed in terms of seven local-
unitary invariants of $Q$. A
unitary gate $U$ can be realized as a corner of some projector family if and only if $U^2\propto\mathbb{I}$, a condition satisfied by many Clifford and non-Clifford gates. We illustrate the
theorem with two-
qubit gates, $SU(N)$ channel decompositions, and two-site
spin chains, obtaining examples of minima, maxima, and saddle points. In addition, a corner that is a saddle point on the full phase
torus can appear as a local maximum or minimum along different time-
evolution trajectories.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)
"Transforming" LHCb: self-supervised maps of heavy-flavour decays
Marko Stamenkovic and Greg Landsberg
Decays of beauty and charm
hadrons provide sensitive probes of physics beyond the standard model, including decays with invisible particles, in which part of the final state leaves no reconstructed detector signature. The large heavy-flavour data samples recorded by the LHCb experiment at the CERN LHC, together with its precise tracking, displaced vertex reconstruction, and particle identification, make it particularly well suited to learning a map of reconstructed heavy-
hadron decay environments directly from data. We propose to bring recent advances in jet flavour tagging at ATLAS and CMS to significantly improve on the performance of the current LHCb taggers and extend them to the reconstruction of heavy-flavour decays with several invisible particles in the final state. To achieve this, we introduce a self-supervised
transformer architecture that learns the decay maps without flavour or exclusive-decay labels by inferring masked particle identification information and completing jets from which constituents have been removed. Across five classification tasks in simulated LHCb Open Data, the self-supervised model outperforms an otherwise identical
transformer with random weights, and performs comparably to a fully supervised
transformer. We achieve a tagging power of about 10%. In addition, removing constituents from reconstructed exclusive decays also systematically increases the model anomaly score relative to random removals from the same heavy
hadrons. We confirm this behaviour directly in 2017 LHCb
proton-
proton collision Open Data: the score increases for all eight studied heavy-flavour channels, and the signal region response exceeds that in the adjacent sidebands. These studies provide a proof of principle that mapping heavy-flavour decay environments through jets can transform flavour tagging in LHCb and extend the discovery reach for incomplete or otherwise unusual decays.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
Overmassive No More: The Case for Little Red Dots Hosting Black Hole Seeds as Massive as Single Supermassive Stars
Wendy Q. Sun, Rohan P. Naidu, Hanpu Liu et al. (+17 more)
Little Red Dots (LRDs) display singular properties unlike any known class of AGN or
galaxies, motivating novel mass
estimators for their central engines. Inspired by their similarities to
stellar phenomena, here we interpret the LRD continuum as being produced by a pseudo-photosphere. We fit tailored
stellar atmosphere models to host-subtracted LRD central engines ("black hole
stars," BH*s) represented by stacks of $117$ objects. Typical BH* continuum spectra are well fit by models in a narrow range of temperatures ($T_{\rm eff}\approx4200-4800$ K), with bolometric luminosities $\approx10^{43-45}$ erg s$^{-1}$, implying pseudo-photospheric radii $\approx700-2000$ au. Based on these parameters, we explore four different approaches to deriving BH* masses: 1) using the surface
gravity from atmosphere models; 2) appealing to the resemblance to super-Eddington phenomena; 3) approximating the escape velocity from the outflowing material; and 4) exploiting the lack of variability to bound the dynamical time. For the typical BH*, all of these methods yield remarkably consistent masses of $\approx10^{4-5}\,M_\odot$, implying a highly super-Eddington luminosity of $L_{\rm{bol}}/L_{\rm{Edd}}\sim5-50$. These mass estimates place BH*s within the scatter of the local scaling relation between black hole mass and host
galaxy stellar mass, providing a self-consistent alternative to "overmassive" black holes that lie $2-3$ dex above it. Crucially, our derived masses are consistent with BH*s arising from single supermassive
stars (SMSs), whose masses cannot exceed $\approx10^{5-6}\,M_\odot$ due to general relativistic instabilities. Furthermore, for our derived $L_{\rm bol}/L_{\rm Edd}$, the sharp cutoff of the LRD luminosity function matches the maximum theoretical mass of an SMS. With LRDs, we may therefore be directly observing the birth of heavy black hole seeds.
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All authors Wendy Q. Sun, Rohan P. Naidu, Hanpu Liu, Anna de Graaff, Jenny E. Greene, Jorryt Matthee, Chris Ashall, John Chisholm, Anna-Christina Eilers, Qinyue Fei, Kasper E. Heintz, Daichi Hiramatsu, Vasily Kokorev, Joel Leja, Zhaoran Liu, Priyamvada Natarajan, Pascal A. Oesch, Robert A. Simcoe, Alberto Torralba, Andrea Weibel
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Constant Maps and Exponentially Small Sectors in ABJM Bethe Observables
Seyed Morteza Hosseini
The topologically twisted index of ABJM theory captures the microscopic
entropy of magnetically charged supersymmetric $\mathrm{AdS}_4$ black holes. Building on the companion Letter arXiv:2608.04107, which reconstructed the finite-rank twisted superpotential at the universal twist, we determine the finite-rank index using high-precision Bethe-
vacuum data, physics-informed symbolic regression, and integer relations. The Hessian, effective dilaton, and one-loop factors encode information beyond the on-shell twisted superpotential. The two observables share the same shifted rank. Within a declared finite class, we reconstruct the index constant map from the ABJM $S^3$ constant maps at levels $k$ and $k/2$, the constant map of the twisted superpotential, and elementary terms. We prove that it equals a convergent one-kernel integral for real $k>0$, resumming the large-$k$ expansion, fixing a previously numerical constant, and yielding type-IIA coefficients at arbitrary genus. We also prove that the Clausen expression in arXiv:2608.04107 equals an alternating Euler sum and an absolutely convergent integral, giving closed evaluations for two rational-argument Euler-sum families. At $k=1,2,4$, the exponentially suppressed sectors exhibit arithmetic structure. The reconstructed coefficients of the twisted superpotential obey a divisor-sum formula with a conjectural all-order Eichler-integral series associated with a weight-four Eisenstein form. The index coefficients reduce to two rational generators; one admits modular-product formulas reproducing every available coefficient and suggesting an all-order completion. Conditional on this continuation, modular transformations determine the nearest logarithmic singularity, radius of convergence, and leading coefficient growth. These results provide a finite-$N$
benchmark for
quantum gravitational blocks and bulk black hole
quantum entropy.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
From quantum fluctuations to galaxy power spectrum multipoles
Nhat-Minh Nguyen
These notes trace large-scale structure from
primordial curvature perturbations generated by inflationary
quantum fluctuations to
galaxy power-spectrum multipoles. Three core lectures develop the linear matter power spectrum, spherical and anisotropic collapse,
galaxy bias,
redshift-space distortions, the Kaiser model, and multipole
estimators with Gaussian covariance. The extension develops nonlinear bias and the one-loop effective field theory model used in full-shape analyses. Derivations are explicit; appendices collect longer calculations and solutions. The core lectures assume undergraduate-level cosmology; the extension assumes familiarity with perturbation theory.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
The Ashes of Supermassive Stars: Globular Cluster-like Aluminum Enhancement in Little Red Dots
V. Kokorev, J. Chisholm, R. P. Naidu et al. (+16 more)
The relative abundances of elements in
galaxies serve as fossil records of the physical conditions and processes by which they were forged. While the Big Bang produced only the lightest elements, subsequent
stellar nucleosynthesis imprinted characteristic abundance patterns onto the surrounding gas, set initially by the temperatures reached inside
stars and subsequently shaped by how the processed material was mixed and released. Globular clusters - dense, ancient groups of
stars - provide a striking unique example. Some contain
stars depleted in magnesium and enriched in aluminum, showing that they formed from gas exposed to exceptionally hot hydrogen burning. The
stars responsible remain unknown. Little Red Dots may provide this missing engine. These compact, luminous objects formed at
cosmic epochs similar to those associated with globular-cluster formation and are enshrouded by dense gas whose chemical composition can be measured with the James Webb Space
Telescope. Here, using deep spectroscopy from the SPURS program, we show that this abundance pattern characterizes the LRD central engine: magnesium-depleted and aluminum-enhanced gas with a
metallicity only 1% that of the Sun. This pattern is not produced by ordinary massive
stars at these
redshifts and cannot be mimicked by ionization, gas geometry or
dust. Instead, it is reproduced by hot hydrogen burning in fully convective supermassive
stars, with the measured abundances implying masses of at least 10,000
solar masses - approximately 100 times larger than any
star observed in the present-day Universe. Little Red Dots may therefore reveal supermassive
stars during their brief lives or in the immediate aftermath of their direct collapse, simultaneously identifying the long-sought source of globular cluster abundance anomalies and a formation pathway for massive black hole seeds.
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All authors V. Kokorev, J. Chisholm, R. P. Naidu, M. Gieles, S. Finkelstein, D. Berg, H. Akins, A. Taylor, S. Fujimoto, L. J. Furtak, J. Greene, A. de Graaff, K. Hawkins, T. Hsiao, D. Nandal, J. Matthee, S. Monty, P. Rinaldi, M. Boylan-Kolchin
Quantum Physics
Python in the front, party in the Backline: compiling quantum workloads across CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs
Joseph K. L. Lee, Mehrdad Malekmohammadi, Hong-Sheng Zheng et al. (+10 more)
Moving from
quantum research and development to production-grade, fault-tolerant
quantum workload execution remains one of the most significant challenges facing
quantum platform builders. While Python frameworks have enabled an easy entry point for
quantum algorithm design, the low-latency requirements for real-time
quantum error correction (QEC) demand performance that traditional interpreted environments cannot provide. FPGAs and ASICs play a central role at these layers, but their specialized programming models make development rigid and time-consuming. CPUs, GPUs, and other accelerators introduce a different challenge: as infrastructure becomes increasingly heterogeneous, programming across different devices and their associated abstractions becomes more complex. Allowing researchers to write workloads in high-level
languages that map to low-latency execution across diverse distributed target platforms will enable the development of key infrastructure for utility-scale
quantum systems. For this, we introduce $\textit{Backline}$, a heterogeneous compilation and runtime framework built within PennyLane and Catalyst. Backline allows us to design and build
quantum-classical workloads for high-performance and low-latency devices, with compilation directly from a Python interface through MLIR. We demonstrate the compilation and execution of several
quantum workloads with low-latency data movement across a mix of CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs, for both local and distributed remote hardware targets, all from a vendor-agnostic Python frontend. With an AMD VPK120 FPGA board as the controller, issuing each round from its hardware-handshake engine, we measured median steady-state round-trip latencies over RoCE v2 of $2.305~\mu$s to an AMD Ryzen Threadripper PRO CPU and $4.5~\mu$s to an AMD Instinct MI210 GPU across $10^6-1$ rounds per path, demonstrating microsecond-scale synchronous co-processing.
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All authors Joseph K. L. Lee, Mehrdad Malekmohammadi, Hong-Sheng Zheng, Shuli Shu, Cheick Doumbia, Kalman Szenes, Mehran Zamani Abnili, Thomas Ainsworth, Matthew Seymour, Thomas Germain, Leonhard Neuhaus, Josh Izaac, Lee J. O'Riordan
Quantum Physics
The Geometry of Transport in Quantum Walks and Parrondo's Paradox
Jose Alfredo de Leon, Mariana Pérez-Muralles, Jan Neuser et al. (+1 more)
We study Parrondo's paradox – the phenomenon where combining losing strategies yields a winning one – in a minimal discrete-time
quantum walk. We introduce the transport vector, encoded in the coin's steady state, whose inner product with the initial coin state gives the walker's asymptotic velocity. More generally, the paradox emerges exactly when the transport vector of the combined strategy falls outside the cone spanned by the individual ones – a
geometric criterion valid for any combination of strategies. It explains, for instance, why composing two coin operators within a single step can produce the paradox while simple alternation between them cannot, since alternation keeps the combined vector confined to the cone. The paradoxical set has nonzero measure, and we compute its probability explicitly in representative cases. This casts the paradox as one instance of designing reachable transport in
quantum walks.
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All authors Jose Alfredo de Leon, Mariana Pérez-Muralles, Jan Neuser, Carlos Pineda
Quantum Physics
Reconstructing fluid velocity fields from sparse sensors using a variational quantum algorithm
Nhat-Quang Nguyen, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan Akash, Kourosh Shoele et al. (+2 more)
Reconstructing fields governed by nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) from sparse measurements is a challenging task because the governing equations are strongly nonlinear and observations are available at only a few locations. Fluid velocity fields are a representative case. In this paper, we propose a variational
quantum algorithm that reconstructs the solution over the entire spacetime domain at once. Rather than marching in time, the method encodes the full discrete spacetime solution in a single variational
quantum state, so that all time points are optimized jointly. The cost function combines a sparse-measurement mismatch term with a physics-informed PDE violation term, letting data and the governing equation constrain the solution simultaneously. We demonstrate the method on the one-dimensional Burgers and Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equations using numerical simulations. The results suggest that variational
quantum algorithms with a spacetime encoding scheme offer a compact framework for reconstructing nonlinear PDE dynamics.
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All authors Nhat-Quang Nguyen, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan Akash, Kourosh Shoele, Yanzhu Chen, Huixuan Wu
Astrophysics of Galaxies
RIGEL: Ultra-faint dwarf galaxy diversity shaped by inhomogeneous cosmic reionization
Yunwei Deng, Hui Li, Ewald Puchwein et al. (+7 more)
Ultra-faint
dwarf galaxies (UFDs) are among the smallest and oldest
galaxies in the Universe and are widely regarded as relics of
cosmic reionization. To investigate how reionization quenches
star formation and shapes the diversity of UFDs, we present a suite of eight cosmological zoom-in simulations of isolated UFDs with present-day
halo masses of $\sim10^9\,{\rm M}_\odot$. The simulations are performed with the radiation-magnetohydrodynamic
galaxy formation framework Realistic ISM modeling in
Galaxy Evolution and Lifecycles (RIGEL), coupled to realistic large-scale radiation fields extracted from the THESAN reionization simulation. Despite residing in similar $z=0$
halos, the simulated
galaxies span nearly two orders of magnitude in
stellar mass and broadly reproduce the observed luminosities, sizes,
metallicities, and
stellar kinematics of Local Group UFDs. We find that reionization quenches
star formation through a two-stage process. The arrival of the ionization front rapidly photoionizes the diffuse circumgalactic and intergalactic gas, suppressing further gas
accretion onto the
galaxy.
Star formation nevertheless continues for several hundred Myr using the surviving self-shielded gas reservoir and ceases only after this gas is consumed or dispersed. Within 500 Myr after reionization, less than 40% of the initial gas mass remains in the
halo, with photoevaporation constituting the dominant gas-loss channel. We further show that the
halo mass at the time of reionization is a key parameter governing the subsequent
evolution of UFDs.
Galaxies residing in more massive
halos at reionization retain gas for longer periods and undergo more extended chemical enrichment. Consequently, the
halo mass at reionization strongly correlates with the final
stellar mass,
stellar age spread, and chemical
evolution of the
galaxy.
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All authors Yunwei Deng, Hui Li, Ewald Puchwein, Boyuan Liu, Aaron Smith, Rahul Kannan, Federico Marinacci, Greg L. Bryan, Kung-Yi Su, Mark Vogelsberger
Astrophysics of Galaxies
SHELLQs. Black Hole Mass and Eddington Ratio Distributions of Intermediate-Luminosity Quasars at 6<z<7
Masafusa Onoue, John D. Silverman, Yoshiki Matsuoka et al. (+31 more)
We present near-infrared spectroscopy of 21
quasars at 6.07 < z < 6.90 obtained with JWST/NIRSpec and Subaru/MOIRCS. These targets have absolute ultraviolet magnitudes of -25 < M_1450 < -22 and are drawn from a sample of z>6
quasars identified in the Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity
Quasars (SHELLQs) project. These
quasars occupy the intermediate-luminosity regime between luminous
quasars and the faint high-
redshift AGNs uncovered by JWST. We detect broad Balmer emission lines and MgII 2798 with underlying continua from the NIRSpec and MOIRCS targets, respectively. The virial black hole masses of this sample span a wide range of 7.2 < log M_BH/M_sun < 9.4, with Eddington ratios of -1.3 < log L_bol/L_Edd < 0.4. Combining these measurements with our previous mass estimates for other SHELLQs
quasars, we construct a sample of 27
quasars with M_BH estimates at 6 < z < 7 and derive the distributions of M_BH and L_bol/L_Edd. When compared with luminosity-matched
quasars at z ~ 1.3, we find median offsets of delta log M_BH/M_sun = -0.4 and Delta log L_bol/L_Edd = 0.2 in the high-
redshift sample. In addition, 11% of the high-
redshift quasars are accreting near or above the Eddington limit. As a systematic check, adopting the Eddington-ratio-dependent calibration of single-epoch M_BH estimates increases the inferred super-Eddington fraction to 22%. These results indicate that a representative population of distant supermassive black holes undergo a rapid
accretion phase, although not as extreme as that seen in the most luminous
quasar population, consistent with the anti-hierarchical growth scenario of supermassive black holes.
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All authors Masafusa Onoue, John D. Silverman, Yoshiki Matsuoka, Xuheng Ding, Camryn L. Phillips, Michael A. Strauss, Junya Arita, Takuma Izumi, Mahoshi Sawamura, Nobunari Kashikawa, Irham Andika, Kentaro Aoki, Shunsuke Baba, Anna-Christina Eilers, Seiji Fujimoto, Tomotsugu Goto, Masatoshi Imanishi, Kohei Inayoshi, Kazushi Iwasawa, Knud Jahnke, Yuki Kaneko, Toshihiro Kawaguchi, Kotaro Kohno, Chien-Hsiu Lee, Alessandro Lupi, Tohru Nagao, Dragan Salak, Malte Schramm, Yoshiki Toba, Hideki Umehata, Marta Volonteri, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Jinyi Yang
Astrophysics of Galaxies
A Spectral Framework for Testing the Quasi-Star Hypothesis in Little Red Dots I: Weighing LRDs by Their Super-Eddington Luminosity Ratios—No Signs of Overmassive Black Holes
Olivia Curtis, Nikko J. Cleri, Jakob M. Helton et al. (+2 more)
We present a spectral test of the quasi-
star hypothesis for Little Red Dots (LRDs) whereby a black hole grows inside a
stellar-like envelope. We use Prospector to fit host
galaxies and TLUSTY photospheres to 5 LRDs that show strong molecular or atomic absorption. We approximate each object's electron-scattered Eddington luminosity ratio, $\phi \equiv \kappa_{\rm es}\sigma T_{\rm eff}^{4}/(gc)$, and we use MESA-QUEST to simulate their envelopes. All 5 are super-Eddington at $\phi = {87}$–$299$, with the caveat that the largest sources sit at the edge of our atmosphere grid and beyond our simulations. We derive envelope masses between $700$–${15{,}000}\,M_\odot$, where quasi-
star theory requires the black hole to be less than a third of that. GN-28074 falls 5 decades below its published virial mass estimate, alleviating the overmassive black hole problem. Their black holes double every $\sim0.05$–${0.2}$~Myr and can produce intermediate-mass black holes in $\lesssim30$~Myr. Our 3 water-absorbing objects have cold components that are $2$–$3$~dex denser than their hot components, which we interpret as the water forming in cold dense clouds. We then extend our measurements to 82 archival LRDs, finding that the population has super-Eddington photospheres and wind speeds that increase with $\phi$, which implies that LRDs evolve from massive sources with slow winds to having more eruptive winds as they mature and shed their outer envelopes. We thus constrain the Eddington ratios and masses of LRDs and show self-consistently that quasi-
stars may be the central engines powering LRDs.
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All authors Olivia Curtis, Nikko J. Cleri, Jakob M. Helton, Joel Leja, Jason T. Wright
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Level-Four Modular Symmetry Selected by the Harmonic Pattern of Quark and Lepton Masses
Vernon Barger
The mass ratios of the
quarks and charged
leptons follow a simple pattern. The logarithmic generation steps come in a two to one ratio, a note to its octave, and the ordering is mirrored between the up-down and down-
lepton comparisons. The pattern, read as charge counting on a $Z_N$ clock, is realized at level four and at no level that is not a multiple of four, which motivates modular level four and the finite group $S_4$, with the generations in the triplet at $T$ charges $(3,1,0)$ and the mirror in the sign singlet. The charged-
lepton mass ratios lie on a theta-dressed
lattice at $0.02\%$, which sets the base $\varepsilon=0.18664$, taken as $14/75$, and the harmonic modulus $\tau=1.0685i$. Five postulates in the weight one-half theta constants, identified on the same data, reproduce the six
quark masses from three
lepton masses and the electroweak scale. Two more and one empirical relation for $|V_{td}|$ close the CKM
matrix, giving $|V_{us}|=\sqrt{m_d/m_s}=0.2255$, $|V_{cb}|=0.04197$, $|V_{ub}|=0.003721$, and $\delta=1.138$ against the measured $1.139\pm0.023$, with no continuous parameter. The unitarity triangle follows, with apex $(0.161,0.348)$ against the measured $(0.161\pm0.010,0.347\pm0.010)$, and $J=3.11\times10^{-5}$ against $(3.09\pm0.07)\times10^{-5}$. The same structure carries the
neutrinos. A single theta insertion gives $\sin\theta_{13}=\theta_2(\tau)m_2/m_3$, which holds at $0.7\sigma$ on the 207-day JUNO data, and the harmonic condition completes a normal-ordered spectrum with $m_1=0.25$~meV, $\Sigma m_\nu=0.0589$~eV, a CP-conserving phase $\delta_{CP}=\pi$, and effective Majorana masses quantized at $1.3$ to $3.9$~meV. The ultraviolet completion belongs to the magnetized
torus class, with Pati–Salam the natural gauge
embedding.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Reconstructing sign-switching dark energy histories: Scalar-field regularity, conditional potential comparison, and representative dynamics
Shahnawaz A. Adil, Özgür Akarsu, Mariam Bouhmadi-López et al. (+3 more)
Phenomenologically similar sign-switching dark-energy histories need not have comparable scalar-field realizations. We reconstruct minimally coupled scalars with fixed kinetic sign for three prescribed histories: the error-function model (ECDM), the compact smooth-step model (SSCDM), and the ladder-like model (L$\Lambda$CDM). Continuous negative-to-positive density crossings select the phantom branch. ECDM yields a smooth on-shell potential at every finite
redshift; its equation-of-state pole at the density zero is only a ratio singularity. Exact SSCDM has a regular trajectory but a $C^1$, non-$C^2$ endpoint potential, $V-V_e\propto|\phi-\phi_e|^{4/3}$. Its non-Lipschitz force permits delayed departures from frozen plateaus, so the reconstructed potential and plateau data do not uniquely generate the prescribed history. The exact Ladder requires distributional kinetic stress and has no ordinary classical realization in the adopted one-field action. In conditional synthetic comparisons, the sigmoid–Gaussian family ranks highest for ECDM and the generalized
axion-like family for SSCDM, although the fitted
axion exponents $n<1/2$ imply a divergent endpoint force. Representative regular forward solutions exhibit negative-to-positive scalar-density crossings, with the potential zero preceding the density zero. In a closure test, unretuned
evolution of the top-ranked ECDM template tracks the target approximately, $\max|\Delta\widetilde\Omega_\phi|\simeq0.16$. Closure fails structurally for compact SSCDM: no potential with a locally Lipschitz force can reproduce its exact finite-duration frozen plateaus from exactly frozen initial data. Field-map existence, invertibility, and endpoint regularity must be assessed before interpreting a phenomenological history as scalar dynamics. The phantom action is used only as a homogeneous effective proxy.
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All authors Shahnawaz A. Adil, Özgür Akarsu, Mariam Bouhmadi-López, Beñat Ibarra-Uriondo, Nihan Kat{\i}rc{\i}, J. Alberto Vázquez
Quantum Physics · Cross-listed from stat.ML
Tensor Network Moral Graph Recovery of Discrete Probability Distributions
Á. Troyano Olivas, Chi-Hang Fred Fung, Hans H. Brunner et al. (+2 more)
We present a method for recovering the moral graph of a causal DAG from a probability distribution over discrete variables, using fully connected tensor networks (FCTNs) with
nuclear-norm-regularized bond corrections. Each bond
matrix is parameterized as a baseline all-ones
matrix plus a low-rank correction $C_{ij} = U_{ij}V_{ij}^\top$, and the
nuclear norm of the correction implemented via the variational Frobenius norm penalty on the factors drives unnecessary bonds to zero. We prove that under faithfulness, positivity, and a no-implicit-rerouting assumption on the local tensor architecture, every optimal FCTN with zero reconstruction error $\varepsilon = 0$ has effective graph exactly equal to the moral graph. For the approximate regime ($\varepsilon > 0$), we provide explicit recovery bounds using the Fannes-Audenaert continuity of conditional mutual information, and derive a sufficient condition on the regularization parameter $\beta$. The effective graph is read directly from the optimized bond
matrices.
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All authors Á. Troyano Olivas, Chi-Hang Fred Fung, Hans H. Brunner, Momtchil Peev, Vicente Martin
High Energy Physics (Theory) · Cross-listed from math.AG
From Closed to Relative Higher-Genus Gromov-Witten Invariants via Resurgent Functions
Murad Alim and Noah Tischler
Higher genus Gromov-Witten invariants of Calabi-Yau threefolds are encoded in a generating function which is an asymptotic series in a formal parameter $\lambda$. Using resurgence, analytic functions in this formal parameter were uncovered. In this paper we focus on the resolved conifold and study the enumerative meaning of the strong-coupling asymptotic expansion, in powers of $ 1/\lambda $, of the resurgent analytic functions. We show that this expansion contains both a closed curve-counting contribution in dual variables and a contribution governed by relative Gromov-Witten invariants, naturally interpreted in logarithmic geometry.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
Virgo Filaments VII: MeerKAT HI-imaging of the VirgoIII filament
M. Ramatsoku, G. Nagaraj, P. Jablonka et al. (+11 more)
We present MeerKAT HI observations of
galaxies in the nearby Virgo III filament. At a median distance of $\sim30$ Mpc, the filament extends over $\approx16$ Mpc across $\sim56$ deg$^2$. Our survey comprises 15 targeted MeerKAT pointings centred on HI deficient
galaxies. Multi-resolution HI imaging at 8-90 arcsec with an rms of $\sim0.3$ mJy beam$^{-1}$ reaches column densities of $\sim4\times10^{20}$ to $\sim4\times10^{18}$ atoms cm$^{-2}$. This probes HI in
galaxy discs at $\sim1.2$ kpc resolution and their outskirts at $\sim13.5$ kpc. We detect HI emission from 80 sources within the 500-3000 km/s range; most are optically detected
galaxies, while 10 per cent lack confirmed counterparts. We also identify three HI clouds without optical counterparts near an interacting system, possibly displaced during the interaction.
Galaxies in the filament lie below the field HI gas-fraction scaling relations at fixed
stellar mass. Crucially, $\sim40$ per cent of
galaxies not selected for HI deficiency fall more than $1\sigma$ below these relations, with an even greater fraction lying under the mean relation itself, indicating that the low HI gas fractions are widespread in the filament rather than confined to the pre-selected deficient population. Quantifying HI morphologies using an asymmetry parameter, we find a wide range of disturbances without a clear trend with projected distance to the filament spine or local density, suggesting a combination of local interactions and the filament itself. This paper presents the survey description, catalogue, and HI atlas enabling investigations of gas removal mechanisms in Virgo III
galaxies.
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All authors M. Ramatsoku, G. Nagaraj, P. Jablonka, R. A. Finn, B. Vulcani, G. Rudnick, F. Combes, G. De Lucia, G. Castignani, D. Zaritsky, Y. Bahè, R. A. Koopmann, D. Zakharova, K. Conger
Materials Science
The energetics of force errors in machine-learned molecular dynamics
Peng Kang, Da Wan, Shulin Bai et al. (+5 more)
The energetic effect of a force error depends on atomic motion. We establish a directional residual-work coefficient combining directional
curvature mismatch with the spatial distribution of the residual response. For conservative potentials force-matched at an anchor, it determines the leading signed work at the first crossing of a small force-error budget. At a 474-atom lithium-electrolyte interface, predictions fixed before future reference evaluations differ from measurements by less than 4.6% of predicted work across 24 prescribed endpoints. Changing only the initial velocity direction at fixed structure and initial total kinetic energy reverses the force-work ranking. At the same admitted time of 0.25 fs, one direction gives an 11.6% larger maximum force residual but 36.1% less work. The reversal recurs at a second structure. The framework connects force tolerances to reference-energy transfer, providing a physical basis for potential assessment and adaptive reference allocation.
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All authors Peng Kang, Da Wan, Shulin Bai, Vincent Michaud-Rioux, Zhen Li, Yu Liu, Lei Zheng, Li-Dong Zhao
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Decoding the Imprints of Energy-Momentum Squared Gravity in Neutron Stars with Machine Learning Analysis
Sayantan Ghosh, Premachand Mahapatra and Dipti Deb
Neutron stars (NSs) provide a unique laboratory for testing
gravity in the strong-field regime and for searching for deviations from General Relativity (GR). In this work, we investigate the effects of Energy-Momentum Squared
Gravity (EMSG) on NS structure and examine whether its signatures can be identified from observable
stellar properties using supervised machine learning (ML). We solve the modified Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations for approximately $10^{4}$
nuclear equations of state (EOSs) for EMSG coupling parameters $\alpha=\{-5.01,-2.50,0,+2.50,+5.01\}\times10^{-38}\,\mathrm{erg}^{-1}\mathrm{cm}^{3}$, and calculate the gravitational mass $M$, radius $R$, dimensionless
tidal deformability $\Lambda$, and fundamental $f$-mode oscillation frequency for each
stellar configuration. Imposing observational constraints on $M$, $R$, and $\Lambda$, we split our
datasets into train and test sets, and we employ Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), and Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB) to classify the representative sectors $\alpha=\{-5.01,0,+5.01\}\times10^{-38}\,\mathrm{erg}^{-1}\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ using $(M, R,\Lambda,f)$. The RF classifier performs best, achieving an accuracy of approximately $99.85\%$ with precision, recall, and F1-scores exceeding $99.8\%$, while KNN also achieves accuracy above $99\%$. The nearly diagonal confusion
matrices demonstrate that the observationally viable NS configurations associated with different EMSG sectors remain highly separable in the multidimensional observable space. Our results show that NS observables retain robust signatures of EMSG even after observational filtering, establishing ML-assisted NS observations as a promising complementary approach for probing modified
gravity with current and future multi-messenger observations.
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Steering Diffusion Priors with Sparse Observations for High-Resolution Temperature Downscaling
Anirudh Avireddy, Manmeet Singh, Shivanshi Singh et al. (+4 more)
Local heatwave hazard depends on fine-scale air temperature, but ground stations are sparse and reanalysis products such as ERA5 cannot resolve the terrain and land-surface contrasts that shape real heat exposure. We present a conditional
diffusion emulator for high-resolution 2-m temperature downscaling, conditioned on static geography, a training climatology, exact-time ERA5 temperature, and
solar and temporal features, guided at inference by score-based data assimilation (SDA): a differentiable Gaussian observation likelihood steers the
diffusion score toward sparse revealed temperature observations without any retraining. On a controlled 32-case synthetic-grid protocol over AORC, guidance improves hidden-
cell reconstruction over both ERA5 and a strong observation-proximal nearest-neighbor baseline once observation density reaches 1% (RMSE 0.318 vs.\ 0.431~K, winning all 32 cases), while sparser regimes still favor direct interpolation. We further map the full guidance-strength landscape across three observation densities, showing that the optimal strength shifts systematically with density and that over-guiding causes sharp, predictable degradation – giving a concrete operating recipe rather than a single untuned setting. The resulting fields are intended as a temperature layer for downstream heatwave-hazard products such as threshold exceedance and cumulative heat-burden. The present evidence is a controlled synthetic-grid validation; station-network and held-out-year evaluations are the next steps toward deployment.
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All authors Anirudh Avireddy, Manmeet Singh, Shivanshi Singh, Ayush Raj, Saptarishi Dhanuka, Parthasarathi Mukhopadhyay, Sandeep Juneja
Geophysics
Bayesian deep learning integration of geophysical and drilling data for 3D prediction of copper mineralization and drill targeting: a case study from the Kogodai prospect, Rudny Altai
Margarita Veshchezerova, Egor Barashov, Evgenii Gusev et al. (+4 more)
Exploration drill targeting in structurally complex terranes is hindered by sparse sampling, heterogeneous
datasets, and the ambiguity of geophysical inversions. Here, we present an uncertainty-aware 3D workflow for the acceleration of time-to-discovery in brownfield explorations and apply it to the Kogodai prospect in the Rudny Altai metallogenic province. We jointly analyse existing drilling and geophysical data in a comprehensive approach, revealing hidden patterns in already available data. Drillholes and trenches were desurveyed to a common 3D reference frame, and assays were composited to a consistent spatial support to facilitate joint modelling with geophysical inputs. We develop
Bayesian deep-learning models to predict 3D fields of Cu grade together with chargeability and apparent resistivity while quantifying epistemic uncertainty via Monte Carlo sampling. The original contribution of this work is to treat the problem not as pointwise regression between co-located observations, but as joint learning of spatially continuous 3D fields from sparse, heterogeneous exploration evidence. The resulting 3D predictions delineate a principal mineralized trend and several localized candidate zones that coincide with elevated induced polarization (IP) responses, while uncertainty mapping highlights where predictions are robust versus where additional drilling would be most informative. The continuous Cu-grade field can also be thresholded to produce binary prospectivity maps, allowing the sensitivity of target delineation to the chosen cutoff to be evaluated. The outputs are intended for qualitative interpretation and risk-aware drill targeting rather than resource estimation, and we discuss key limitations arising from incomplete provenance metadata for geophysical products and heterogeneity of historical sampling.
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All authors Margarita Veshchezerova, Egor Barashov, Evgenii Gusev, Michael R. Perelshtein, Arlan Kasymzhan, Bolat M. Kabaziev, Nurlan Y. Askarov
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
On The Regularized McVittie Black Bounce and a Family of Traversable Wormholes
Soumya Chakrabarti and Chiranjeeb Singha
The McVittie metric describes a self-gravitating compact object embedded in an expanding universe. It inherits two singularities: a
curvature singularity at $r \to 0$ and a cosmological singularity at $a(t) \to 0$. Motivated by the construction of black-bounce geometries, we regularize both of these singularities and propose a regularized McVittie metric. The central singularity is regularized by replacing $r \to \sqrt{r^{2}+b^{2}}$, leading to a geometry that interpolates between a cosmological black hole, a black bounce, and a traversable wormhole. Similarly, the cosmological singularity is regularized by introducing a non-vanishing scale factor $a \rightarrow \sqrt{a^{2} + a_b^{2}}$. The resulting spacetime is supported by an effective imperfect fluid with finite anisotropic stress. We investigate the formation of the apparent horizon, analyze the circular geodesic structure, and argue that the geometry can also be interpreted as a conformally evolving Morris-Thorne wormhole embedded in a regular cosmological background.
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Physics and Society
Identifiability of Latent Space Network Models on Anisotropic Thurston Geometries
Marios Papamichalis and Regina Ruane
A latent space network model places the nodes in a metric space and lets the probability of a tie decrease with distance. In a space of constant
curvature, pairwise distances determine the positions up to an isometry. In the products and in the three remaining three-dimensional model geometries they do not. We study the three geometries that are neither of constant
curvature nor products: the Heisenberg group, the solvable group and the universal cover of the unit tangent bundle of the
hyperbolic plane. We ask what one network identifies about positions in them and when their geometry is detectable. Two anchors remove the isometry ambiguity. Small configurations are not determined by their distances, and generic local identification holds beyond a finite threshold, certified in the Heisenberg group. We derive the posterior on the quotient by the isometry group. For small configurations, the divergence to the nearest product or constant-
curvature competitor is the stress component of the
curvature difference and vanishes at high order in the scale; undirected ties therefore detect the geometry only in large networks with large enclosed areas. Directed ties expose it at first order: in the two twisted geometries, asymmetric preferences circulate around triangles in proportion to enclosed area, which no additive ranking produces. On dense competitive-game counter networks, the coupled model beats rankings on every geometry, degree-corrected rankings and free antisymmetric terms. A Euclidean model with the same coupled term matches it, so the gain is the coupling of similarity and circulation through shared coordinates. An additive-and-multiplicative-effects model predicts better still.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Sizing the Universe with DESI Galaxy Sizes: Plain Fundamentals of Fundamental-Plane Lensing
Kun Xu, Jiaqi Wang, Ravi K. Sheth et al. (+44 more)
Weak gravitational
lensing provides a powerful way to map
cosmic structure, but most current measurements rely on
galaxy shape distortions from deep imaging surveys and are affected by systematics such as intrinsic
alignments, photometric-
redshift uncertainties and shape-measurement biases. Here we present a spectroscopic
galaxy-
galaxy lensing magnification measurement using Fundamental-Plane (FP) size residuals, $\delta_r\equiv\Delta\log_{10}R_\mathrm{e}$, from 3.26 million DESI luminous red
galaxy (LRG) sources behind DESI Bright
Galaxy Survey lenses. The FP-like relation predicts the intrinsic sizes of LRGs from
lensing-invariant quantities, including velocity dispersion $\sigma_0$ and surface brightness $I_\mathrm{e}$, with a scatter of about 0.06-0.07 dex.
Lensing magnifies LRG sizes, giving the direct convergence response $\delta_r(\kappa)=\kappa/\ln 10$, but we show that the full
lensing response is modified by magnification bias, because fitting $R_\mathrm{e}$ with $I_\mathrm{e}$ inevitably induces a magnitude dependence in $\bar{\delta}_r(m)$. After calibrating this response, we recover surface-density profiles with uncertainties comparable to those from individual Stage-III shear surveys using 5-20 million higher-
redshift sources. The corresponding excess surface-density profiles agree with shear-based measurements. We further show that the
estimator is robust to size-measurement uncertainties, with a convergence multiplicative bias only $\simeq -0.2$ times the size bias. FP
lensing therefore provides a clean, spectroscopic and complementary probe of
cosmic structure.
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All authors Kun Xu, Jiaqi Wang, Ravi K. Sheth, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, D. Brooks, A. Carnero Rosell, T. Claybaugh, A. de la Macorra, P. Doel, J. E. Forero-Romero, E. Gaztañaga, G. Gutierrez, K. Honscheid, C. Howlett, M. Ishak, J. Jimenez, S. Juneau, R. Kehoe, D. Kirkby, O. Lahav, M. Landriau, L. Le Guillou, M. Manera, A. Meisner, R. Miquel, J. Moustakas, S. Nadathur, J. A. Newman, W. J. Percival, F. Prada, I. Pérez-Ràfols, C. Ravoux, G. Rossi, R. Ruggeri, E. Sanchez, C. Saulder, D. Schlegel, M. Schubnell, H. Seo, J. Silber, M. Siudek, G. Tarlé, B. A. Weaver, H. Zou
Statistical Mechanics · Cross-listed from cs.MA
Copying explains the collective behavior of AI agents in the wild
Giordano De Marzo, Nicola Alboré and David Garcia
In June 2026, thousands of AI
agents found that a small public wiki would accept edits from inside their sandboxes, and started using it to help one another pass a timed test. Each
agent lived for about an hour and remembered nothing afterwards. Nobody asked them to cooperate, and the wiki had not been built for them. The complete record of what they wrote is public, and it is unusually informative, because it preserves not only what each
agent wrote but what that
agent could see before writing. We use it to follow the three decisions an
agent had to make on arrival: where to write, what to call itself, and how to word its message. One rule governs all three. An
agent takes an option with a probability close to the share of that option in what it can see, and the share that matters is the one on the page in front of it, then the one in the stream of recent edits, and only weakly anything older. Three minimal copying models, one per decision and with a single free parameter each, reproduce the heavy-tailed distribution of how many
agents met on a page, the frequency of the pieces from which the
agents built their names, and the patchwork of pages that are internally consistent and different from one another. Copying whatever the environment happens to show is enough to produce most of the collective structure of this population. It is also what makes such a population easy to steer, since whoever writes first, or writes while the others are quiet, sets the convention for everyone who comes later.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Differential Polarization Calibration: A Consistency Test for Cosmic Birefringence
Anto I. Lonappan, Brian Keating and Kam Arnold
The
cosmic microwave background birefringence angle $\beta$ is exactly degenerate with a common instrumental polarization-angle offset. The Minami–Komatsu(MK) likelihood separates these quantities using
Galactic foreground polarization, so its inferred detector angles merit a diagnostic that does not reuse the foreground-$EB$ model. We develop a birefringence-blind differential
estimator from antisymmetric and symmetric cross-spectra and apply it for the first time as an explicit consistency test of a foreground-assisted birefringence analysis. For a map pair, the common rotation cancels identically and the
estimator measures $\Delta\alpha_{ij}=\alpha_i-\alpha_j$; combining all pairs in a gauge-fixed network reconstructs the observable detector-dependent calibration pattern. Applied to eight Planck NPIPE detector-set maps, the differential reconstruction agrees with the MK pattern, giving $\chi^2=8.18$ for seven degrees of freedom (PTE=0.32), with all shared-data residuals below $1.8\sigma$. Because both reconstructions use the same maps, this is an independent
estimator and modeling route rather than an independent-data confirmation. The agreement therefore strengthens confidence in the calibration foundation of the MK-inferred $\beta$ without providing an independent absolute measurement of it. A conditional common-mode reconstruction gives $\beta=0.37\pm0.12^\circ$. The differential test uses existing data and can serve as a validation layer for future $EB$-based birefringence analyses.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons
Green's Functions from Sample-based Krylov Quantum Diagonalization: An Impurity Solver for Dynamical Mean-Field Theory
Jay Patel, Chakradhar Rangi and Ka-Ming Tam
We generalize the sample-based Krylov
quantum diagonalization (SKQD) method from ground-state calculations to the evaluation of single-particle Green's functions. By constructing and sampling
unitary Krylov subspaces in the N +/- 1 particle-number sectors and evaluating all sector-connecting overlaps classically, the approach reconstructs the Green's function via a Lanczos continued fraction while retaining the shallow-
circuit, ancilla-free character of SKQD. The
quantum device is required only to prepare and sample short-time evolutions. Applied to the particle-hole-symmetric single-
impurity Anderson model in chain geometry, with the discrete bath representation used in dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT), the method recovers the spectral function using a relatively small fraction of the full
Hilbert space. Across a range of interaction strengths that spans the metal-
insulator transition, the main spectral features are reproduced. These results suggest that SKQD-based Green's-function calculations may allow DMFT
impurity solvers with a larger number of bath sites on near-term
quantum hardware than is currently practical.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Baryonification IV: Constraining baryonic feedback with X-ray gas fractions
Jozef Bucko, Andrina Nicola, Aurel Schneider et al. (+8 more)
Baryonic feedback redistributes gas around dark matter
halos, suppressing the matter power spectrum at scales now probed by weak
lensing surveys. X-ray observations directly trace this hot gas, and are one of the main probes of its distribution and properties. We present a forward-modelling framework, built on the baryonification model, linking the three-dimensional gas density and temperature profiles of groups and clusters to observed X-ray surface brightness and luminosity profiles on one side, and to matter power spectrum suppression on the other. We validate the model against independent three-dimensional density reconstructions from the literature, and examine our temperature and
metallicity treatment in the group-scale regime. Applying this framework to the SZ-selected CHEX-MATE and X-ray-selected eFEDs samples, we measure gas fractions across the group-to-cluster mass range while accounting for X-ray selection effects, with the first published gas fractions based on CHEX-MATE data. Combining both samples, we derive a joint constraint on the hot gas fraction retained by groups and clusters as a function of mass and on the baryonic suppression of the matter power spectrum. We find $f_{\rm gas} = 0.029 \pm 0.006$ at $M_{500c} = 3\times 10^{13}M_\odot$, $f_{\rm gas} = 0.078 \pm 0.004$ at $M_{500c} = 3\times 10^{14}M_\odot$, and suppression of 6% at $k=1\,h/\rm Mpc$ and 23% at $k=5\,h/\rm Mpc$. Our findings are consistent with recent kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich results, hinting at strong feedback. We also show that the $L_X$-$M$ relation is degenerate with feedback strength, and that different feedback scenarios produce distinct X-ray profile shapes that map onto the same $L_X$-$M$ point. This work is a first step toward extending the framework to forward-model diffuse X-ray emission at the map level for simulation-based inference in upcoming wide-area X-ray surveys such as eROSITA.
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All authors Jozef Bucko, Andrina Nicola, Aurel Schneider, Michael Kovač, Sambit K. Giri, Robert Reischke, Esra Bulbul, Nicolas Clerc, Ang Liu, Iacopo Bartalucci, Alexandre Refregier