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Physics

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Friday 28 August

Computational Physics

Accelerated S-NFC for Million-Chaff RCS Computation Using Low-Rank Compression of Concatenated Block Rows

Dong-Yeop Na, Somyeong Lee and Chung Hyun Lee

Sparsification via neglecting far-field coupling (S-NFC) enables fast full-wave radar-cross-section analysis of large-scale chaff clouds by retaining only significant local electromagnetic interactions. This letter further accelerates S-NFC by concatenating the retained off-diagonal interaction blocks associated with each receiving chaff element and applying a joint low-rank factorization with a shared receiving-side basis. Exact self interactions are preserved, while repeated chaff templates reuse precomputed lower–upper factorizations of the self-interaction blocks. The compressed formulation reduces retained-coupling storage and matrix–vector multiplication cost and also decreases the number of iterations required by the generalized conjugate residual solver. Numerical tests with 100,000 chaff elements demonstrate sub-$1\%$ complex-far-field error for low-rank approximations in sparse regimes and identify a practical self-only limit at sufficiently large mean spacing. For a one-million-chaff plume, the proposed compressed S-NFC achieves a $6.92\times$ end-to-end speedup over uncompressed S-NFC while storing only $6.60\%$ of the retained coupling, with a complex-far-field error of $0.253\%$.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Superconformal index of large N and long quivers

Mohammad Akhond and Leonardo Santilli

We develop a universal framework for computing generating functions in quiver gauge theories in the large $N$ limit. We apply this method to the superconformal index of 4d $\mathcal{N}=2$ gauge theories, as well as to the 0-instanton index of 5d $\mathcal{N}=1$ theories, both for finite quivers of arbitrary shape and in the long quiver limit, including both special unitary and orthosymplectic gauge groups, demonstrating its versatility. In the Hall–Littlewood limit, we show that the series expansion of the resulting index captures the expected Higgs branch chiral ring generators. Our exact expressions in the long quiver limit provide new predictions for the supergravity index of the holographically dual warped AdS$_5$ and AdS$_6$ backgrounds.
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Soft Condensed Matter

Steady shear rheology of a granular crystal containing a single dislocation

Fumiaki Nakai

Monodisperse granular particles can form crystals whose yielding behavior is strongly affected by dislocations and differs markedly from that of conventional amorphous granular materials. Yet the rate dependence of their post-yield steady rheology remains unclear. We use the discrete element method to study steady shear in a granular crystal containing a single dislocation. We find that the steady shear-to-normal stress ratio $\mu_b$ is organized by the scaled dislocation velocity $v_d/v_s$, rather than by the conventional inertial number $I$. Here, $v_d$ is related to the imposed shear rate through Orowan kinematics, and $v_s$ is a characteristic Hertzian elastic-wave speed. At low $v_d/v_s$, the stress ratio approaches a small plateau associated with the elastic lattice barrier and interparticle friction. At intermediate values of $v_d/v_s$, contact damping strongly affects the approximately linear increase of the stress ratio above the plateau. As $v_d/v_s$ approaches unity, the stress develops a stronger nonlinear velocity dependence. At still higher velocities, the coordination deficit rises sharply, marking the breakdown of crystalline order and the end of the single-dislocation description. These results identify the scaled dislocation velocity as the relevant rate variable for the steady rheology of dislocation-mediated granular flow and clarify the distinct roles of interparticle friction and contact damping in the low- and intermediate-velocity regimes, respectively.
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Computational Physics

Higher-Order Topological Phase in the Two-Dimensional Type-IV Magnet MgCr$_2$O$_4$

Xiaorong Zou, Hyeon Suk Shin, Yanmei Zang et al. (+4 more)

Type-IV two-dimensional (2D) magnetism-a newly classified collinear magnetic phase featuring nonrelativistic spin degeneracy and spin-orbit-coupling-induced momentum-dependent spin splitting-extends the symmetry classification of collinear magnets, opening new opportunities for unconventional topological quantum states. Here, we reveal that the recently proposed two-dimensional type-IV 2D magnet MgCr$_2$O$_4$ hosts an intrinsic higher-order topological insulating phase, featuring $\mathcal{C}_{3z}$-protected corner states and a nontrivial rotational topological invariant of $\chi^{(3)}$ = $\{-2,4\}$ with a quantized fractional corner charge of $4e/3$. Spin-orbit coupling breaks the spin-degeneracy-enforcing symmetry $[C_{2}||M_z]$ while preserving the crystalline $\mathcal{C}_{3z}$ rotational symmetry that protects the higher-order topological phase, thereby enabling spin splitting to coexist with the nontrivial topology. Furthermore, the higher-order topological phase remains intact throughout a wide range of biaxial strains without band-gap closing and topological phase transition, demonstrating the robustness of the symmetry-protected topological state against external perturbations. Our work establishes a direct connection between type-IV magnetic system and higher-order topology, providing a new route for symmetry-engineered magnetic topological quantum states.
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All authors Xiaorong Zou, Hyeon Suk Shin, Yanmei Zang, Ying Dai, Chengwang Niu, Chang-Jong Kang, Chang Woo Myung

Strongly Correlated Electrons

Orbital-Selective Coexistence of Interlayer Spin-Singlet Formation and SDW Order with Anomalous Spin Reconfiguration in Bilayer Nickelate La$_{3}$Ni$_{2}$O$_{7}$ Revealed by $^{17}$O-NMR

H. Lee, M. Yashima, M. Kakoi et al. (+7 more)

The spin structure of the spin density wave (SDW) order in the bilayer nickelate La$_3$Ni$_2$O$_7$ has been investigated using site-selective $^{17}$O-NMR measurements on the inner apical O(1), outer apical O(2), and planar O(3,4) sites. Below $T_{\rm SDW}$ (= 150 K), the peak of all planar O(3,4) sites significantly broadens due to the emergence of a finite internal magnetic field, whereas O(2) sites remain with no (or a negligibly small) internal field. These results are consistent with commensurate SDW order with a single spin-spinless (or large-tiny spin) stripe. As for the O(1) sites that bridge the NiO$_2$ planes, the internal field is nearly canceled below $T_{\rm SDW}$, indicating an antiparallel spin configuration between adjacent planes. However, below $T_\text{A}$ ($\sim$ 115 K), the spectrum of the O(1) site disappears even though the in-plane SDW order remains robust, implying that the antiparallel spin configuration through the Ni–O(1)–Ni bond is not particularly stable below $T_{\rm A}$, despite the expected strong interlayer spin coupling between the NiO$_2$ planes. Above all, we emphasize that the local spin susceptibility is extremely small at the O(2) site that has a strong covalency with the $d_{3z^2-r^2}$ orbital, indicating a well-developed interlayer spin-singlet formation in the Ni-$d_{3z^2-r^2}$ orbitals bridging the NiO$_2$ planes. These findings shed new light on the interlayer spin-singlet formation and the anomalous spin reconfiguration through the $\text{Ni--O(1)--Ni}$ bonding orbitals connecting the NiO$_2$ planes, which characterize the orbital-selective nature of the bilayer nickelate La$_3$Ni$_2$O$_7$.
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All authors H. Lee, M. Yashima, M. Kakoi, T. Ino, Y. Arai, K. Kitagawa, H. Sakurai, Y. Takano, K. Kuroki, H. Mukuda

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Dense Cores in the Vicinity of an HII Region

Ruofei Zhang, Xing Lu, Jingwen Wu et al. (+23 more)

Massive stars strongly influence their surroundings through radiative and mechanical feedback, but its effects on dense gas structures at sub-pc scales remain poorly constrained. We investigate how feedback from a newly formed massive star affects dense cores in the filamentary molecular cloud IRAS 18530+0215. We analyze ALMA Band 6 observations of 1.3 mm dust continuum and DCN, N$_2$D$^+$, and $^{13}$CS line emission, together with VLA K-band continuum and NH$_3$ observations. Dense cores are identified with astrodendro, and their temperatures, masses, velocity dispersions, and virial parameters are derived. The dynamical state of the ultra-compact H II region is examined through energy and pressure estimates. The H II region has a radius of $\sim$0.1 pc and an expansion velocity of $\sim$2.5 km s$^{-1}$, corresponding to a shell dynamical age of $\sim$0.06 Myr. DCN and $^{13}$CS cores are concentrated near the H II region, whereas N$_2$D$^+$ cores preferentially lie farther away. Core temperatures and velocity dispersions decrease with projected distance from the H II region. Virial parameters increase within the inner $\sim$0.3 pc but decline sharply beyond this scale, while core masses show no significant trend with distance. Strong star formation signatures are found at $\sim$0.2 pc, whereas more distant regions still host quiescent, cold dense cores. The compact H II region appears trapped or choked within $\sim$0.1 pc, while its feedback extends to at least $\sim$0.3 pc. Within this region, feedback enhances core velocity dispersions, gas temperatures, and virial parameters, with no evidence that it promotes the formation of more massive dense cores.
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All authors Ruofei Zhang, Xing Lu, Jingwen Wu, Sihan Jiao, Hauyu Baobab Liu, Guang-Xing Li, Roberto Galván-Madrid, Aiyuan Yang, Siju Zhang, Shanghuo Li, Fengwei Xu, Xindi Tang, Yu Cheng, Weiyuan Zhang, Andrés E. Guzmán, Yuxin Lin, Yuhua Liu, Qizhou Zhang, Patricio Sanhueza, Ke Wang, Siyi Feng, Linjing Feng, Fangyuan Deng, Hao Ruan, Yuanzhen Xiong, Yuxiang Liu

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Deep-neural-network extraction of unpolarized transverse-momentum-dependent parton distributions in $b_T$ space from Drell-Yan data

I. P. Fernando and D. Keller

We present a physics-informed deep-neural-network extraction of unpolarized transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions (TMDPDFs) in impact-parameter space from Drell–Yan data. The perturbative contribution is computed with a resummed $W$ term using $\mathrm{N}^{3}\mathrm{LL}$ evolution, strict-NLO hard and operator-product-expansion matching, and smooth profile scales at small and large $b_T$. A compact feature-wise linear modulation network learns only a shared nonperturbative factor $F_{NP}(x,b_T)$; the collinear PDFs, hard factor, evolution kernel, matching coefficients, and Fourier–Bessel transform remain fixed. The primary result is a smooth light-flavor $b_T$-space TMD ensemble and its cross-section-level validation. The reported $k_T$ distributions are regularized finite-$b_T$ Hankel transforms, not independent momentum-space fits. As a separate robustness test, a smooth finite-$Y$ transition is applied to 24 additional Tevatron points extending to $q_T/Q\simeq0.30$. The nominal 329-point fit is unchanged, and the results remain stable when $F_{\rm NP}$ is held fixed while the transition profile is varied. An independent 122-bin Tevatron $\mathrm{N}^{3}\mathrm{LL}+\mathrm{NNLO}$ $W+Y$ grid provides a direct perturbative benchmark. A separate $W+Y$ candidate using the specified non-LHCb finite-$Y$ inputs is retained as an identifiability study.
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Quantum Physics

High-Throughput Normalized Min-Sum Belief Propagation Decoding for Quantum LDPC Codes with Near-Memory Processing

Jeonggeun Seo, Youngsun Han, Leanghok Hour et al. (+1 more)

Real-time quantum error correction requires classical decoders to process growing syndrome workloads with low and predictable latency. For quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes, iterative belief propagation (BP) repeatedly updates messages over sparse Tanner graphs, creating substantial memory-access and data-movement demands. We map normalized Min-Sum BP decoding of the [[144,12,12]] Bivariate Bicycle qLDPC code onto a DPU-based Processing-in-Memory (PIM) architecture. Within each DPU, 11 tasklets cooperatively decode one syndrome, while multiple DPUs process independent syndrome instances in parallel. Using uPIMulator and a data-qubit Pauli error model with ideal syndrome measurements, we compare throughput, per-syndrome processing time, logical error rate (LER), and single-syndrome tail latency against a 16-logical-CPU baseline. At a component-wise physical error probability of p=0.001 and one BP iteration, the projected aggregate kernel throughput of 2,560 DPUs reaches 1.071 x 10^7 decodes/s, compared with 1.22 x 10^6 decodes/s for the CPU, an 8.8x improvement. From two iterations onward, the measured LER remains below the physical error probability for every evaluated value of p. For one to five iterations, the maximum sampled serialized X+Z DPU compute latency remains below the 1 ms decoder-side reference for trapped-ion QEC, reaching approximately 0.873 ms at five iterations. These results show that near-memory processing can provide high aggregate throughput and sub-millisecond compute latency for qLDPC BP decoding under the evaluated conditions.
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All authors Jeonggeun Seo, Youngsun Han, Leanghok Hour, Dongmin Kim

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Compact Core–Shell Equilibria in Gravitational Vlasov–Poisson Systems with Positive and Negative Mass

Naoki Sato

We construct regular, spherically symmetric, compact energy-cutoff equilibria for gravitational Vlasov–Poisson systems sourced by positive and negative mass distributions in the context of stellar dynamics. Motivated by Bondi's notion of negative mass and its relation to the weak field limit of Einstein gravity with a signed mass–energy source, we show that the internal structure of the steady states depends qualitatively on the type of negative mass present. In the Bondi convention, the signs of inertial, passive gravitational, and active gravitational mass are reversed together, preserving the equivalence principle. The resulting equilibria consist of a central overlap core containing both mass species, surrounded by a finite positive mass shell and an exterior vacuum. Thus, although a pure Bondi negative mass gas cannot form a compact steady state, Bondi negative mass can be spatially confined by a suitable positive mass distribution. In the gravitational-charge convention, only the passive and active gravitational masses change sign, so that the two species obey opposite free-fall laws and unlike masses repel. The resulting equilibria are spatially segregated into a negative mass core, a vacuum gap, a positive mass shell, and an exterior vacuum. For cutoff exponent $n=-1/2$, the radial matching is explicit, while for the regular cutoff $n=1/2$ the matter regions satisfy Lane–Emden-type equations. These results provide a kinetic framework for investigating the distribution of negative mass in astrophysical and cosmological settings.
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Quantum Gases

Microscopic Theory of Drag in a Bose Condensate Interacting with a Moving Reservoir

Hassan Alnatah, Shuang Liang, Shouvik Mukherjee et al. (+3 more)

We derive a microscopic theory of drag for a Bose-Einstein condensate interacting with a moving reservoir. Starting from interactions between a condensate and a drifting fermionic bath, we integrate out the bath degrees of freedom within the Born–Markov approximation to obtain an effective Gross–Pitaevskii equation with a drag potential. From this potential we derive an effective drag force and obtain a closed expression for the drag coefficient, determined by the reservoir density fluctuations and the condensate density profile. As an application, we simulate the drag for an exciton–polariton condensate interacting with a drifting electron gas.
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All authors Hassan Alnatah, Shuang Liang, Shouvik Mukherjee, Qi Yao, Ashton S. Bradley, David W. Snoke

Quantum Physics

From integrability to many-body quantum chaos through a Markovian bath

Xianlong Liu and Antonio M. García-García

Recent examples have confirmed the common belief that quantum chaos is always suppressed in the presence of an environment. Here we show that this is not always the case. We compute the Lyapunov exponent of a $q$-body Majorana Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model coupled to a Markovian bath. Provided that the jump operators describing the bath are isotropic random $k > 2$-body Majoranas fields, the Lyapunov exponent is positive for any strength of the coupling to the bath. Interestingly, this also applies to $q=2$ where the SYK is integrable which indicates that many-body quantum chaos can be induced by the environment. Moreover, for $q > 2$, where the unitary dynamics is quantum chaotic, and sufficiently large $k$, the Lyapunov exponent increases with the coupling to the bath. Explicit analytical results are obtained in the $q=2$ and large $q$ limits. Our results put forward an alternate route to induce and control the generation of scrambling in quantum many-body systems which is of potential relevance in the design of quantum information devices.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Observation of the $\Xi_c^0 \to pK^-$ decay and measurement of its decay asymmetry

LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb et al. (+1178 more)

A search for the Cabibbo-suppressed decay $\Xi_c^0 \to pK^-$ is performed using $pp$ collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$, collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of $13\,\mathrm{TeV}$. The decay is observed for the first time and its branching fraction measured to be $(4.5\pm0.5\pm0.2\pm0.9)\times10^{-5}$, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic and from the branching fraction of the normalisation channel $\Xi_b^- \to \Xi_c^0 (\to p K^- K^- \pi^+) \pi^-$. Using the decay chain $\Xi_b^- \to \Xi_c^0(\to pK^-)\pi^-$, the decay asymmetry parameter of the $\Xi_c^0 \to pK^-$ decay is determined to be $\alpha_{\Xi_c^0}=0.32\pm0.15\pm0.01$.
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All authors LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A.A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C.A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, H. Al Saleh, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, S. Amato, J.L. Amey, Y. Amhis, Z. Amos, L. An, L. Anderlini, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J.A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J.J. Back, M. Bai, Z.B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I.R. Barbosa, W. Barker, R.J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Baron, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P.B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I.B. Bediaga, N.A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, J.L.M. Berkey, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, L. Bertsch, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M.S. Bieker, N.V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F.C.R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J.E. Blank, S. Blusk, J.A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R.B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J.T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S.A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T.J.V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J.D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, C. Buti, J.S. Butter, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J.I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A. Campomagnani, A.C. Campos, A.F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, A. Casais Vidal, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A.J. Chadwick, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, G. Chizhik, V. Chobanova, A. Christakakis, M. Chrzaszcz, Y. Chu, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, P. Cifra, P.E.L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H.V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, A. Codovini, C. Codovini, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, G.C. Costantino, C. Cotirlan, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D.C. Craik, N. Crepet, M. Cruz Torres, M. Cubero Campos, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C.L. Da Silva, X. Dai, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, G. Darze, A. Davidson, O. De Aguiar Francisco, C. De Angelis, F. De Benedetti, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, S. De Capua, M. De Cian, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, F. De Gregorio, E. De Lucia, J.M. De Miranda, L. De Paula, A. De Robertis, E. De Santis, M. De Serio, P. De Simone, F. De Vellis, J.A. de Vries, F. Debernardis, D. Decamp, S. Dekkers, L. Del Buono, B. Delaney, B. Demaire-Lepape, J. Deng, O. Deschamps, F. Dettori, B. Dey, P. Di Nezza, S. Ding, Y. Ding, L. Dittmann, J.F. Diverchy, A.D. Docheva, A. Doheny, C. Dong, F. Dordei, J. Dorta Moreno, A.C. dos Reis, J. Dos Santos Oliveira, A.D. Dowling, L. Dreyfus, W. Duan, P. Duda, L. Dufour, V. Duk, P. Durante, M.M. Duras, J.M. Durham, O.D. Durmus, K. Duwe, A. Dziurda, S. Easo, E. Eckstein, U. Egede, S. Eisenhardt, E. Ejopu, L. Eklund, M. Elashri, D. Elizondo Blanco, J. Ellbracht, S. Ely, A. Ene, T. Evans, F. Fabiano, S. Faghih, L.N. Falcao, B. Fang, R. Fantechi, L. Fantini, M. Faria, K. Farmer, F. Fassin, D. Fazzini, L. Felkowski, C. Feng, M. Feng, A. Fernandez Casani, M. Fernandez Gomez, B. Fernandez Rodino, J. Fernandez-John, A.D. Fernez, F. Ferrari, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, R.A. Fini, R. Fiorenza, M. Fiorini, M. Firlej, D.S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Fiutowski, F. Fleuret, A. Fomin, M. Fontana, M. Fontes Vaz, L.A. Foreman, R. Forty, D. Foulds-Holt, V. Franco Lima, M. Franco Sevilla, M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei, D.A. Friday, J. Fu, Y. Fu, Q. Führing, T. Fulghesu, G. Galati, M.D. Galati, A. Gallas Torreira, D. Galli, S. Gambetta, M. Gandelman, P. Gandini, B. Ganie, H. Gao, R. Gao, T.Q. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, L.M. Garcia Martin, P. Garcia Moreno, J. García Pardiñas, P. Gardner, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, A. Gavrikov, E. Gersabeck, M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon, S. Ghizzo, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, F.I. Giasemis, V. Gibson, H.K. Giemza, A.L. Gilman, M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù, L. Girardey, M.A. Giza, F.C. Glaser, V.V. Gligorov, C. Göbel, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, E. Golobardes, A. Golutvin, S. Gomez Fernandez, A.G. Gomez Mongui, W. Gomulka, F. Goncalves Abrantes, I. Gonçales Vaz, M. Goncerz, G. Gong, S. Gong, J.A. Gooding, C. Gotti, E. Govorkova, J.P. Grabowski, L.A. Granado Cardoso, R. Grande Quartieri, E. Graugés, E. Graverini, L. Grazette, G. Graziani, A.T. Grecu, N.A. Grieser, L. Grillo, C. Gu, M. Guarise, L. Guerry, A.-K. Guseinov, Y. Guz, T. Gys, K. Habermann, T. Hadavizadeh, C. Hadjivasiliou, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, S. Haken, G. Hallett, P.M. Hamilton, Q. Han, S. Han, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Harnew, T.J. Harris, L. Hartman, M. Hartmann, S. Hashmi, J. He, N. Heatley, A. Hedes, F. Hemmer, C. Henderson, R. Henderson, R.D.L. Henderson, A.M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy, J. Herd, P. Herrero Gascon, J. Heuel, A. Heyn, A. Hicheur, G. Hijano Mendizabal, J. Horswill, R. Hou, Y. Hou, D.C. Houston, N. Howarth, W. Hu, X. Hu, W. Hulsbergen, R.J. Hunter, D. Hutchcroft, M. Idzik, P. Ilten, A. Iohner, S. Jacevicius, H. Jage, S.J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, T. Jakoubek, E. Jans, A. Jawahery, C. Jayaweera, A. Jelavic, V. Jevtic, Z. Jia, E. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y.J. Jiang, E. Jimenez Moya, N. Jindal, M. John, A. John Rubesh Rajan, D. Johnson, C.R. Jones, S. Joshi, B. Jost, J. Juan Castella, N. Jurik, I. Juszczak, K. Kalecinska, D. Kaminaris, S. Kandybei, M. Kane, Y. Kang, C. Kar, M. Karacson, A. Kauniskangas, J.W. Kautz, M.K. Kazanecki, F. Keizer, M. Kenzie, T. Ketel, B. Khanji, S. Kholodenko, V. Kholoimov, G. Khreich, F. Kiraz, T. Kirn, V.S. Kirsebom, N. Kleijne, A. Kleimenova, D. Klekots, K. Klimaszewski, M.R. Kmiec, T. Knospe, R. Kolb, S. Koliiev, L. Kolk, A. Konoplyannikov, P. Kopciewicz, P. Koppenburg, A. Korchin, I. Kostiuk, O. Kot, S. Kotriakhova, E. Kowalczyk, O. Kravcov, M. Kreps, W. Krupa, W. Krzemien, O. Kshyvanskyi, S. Kubis, M. Kucharczyk, A. Kupsc, A. Kurzina, V. Kushnir, B. Kutsenko, J. Kvapil, I. Kyryllin, D. Lacarrere, P. Laguarta Gonzalez, A. Lai, A. Lampis, D. Lancierini, C. Landesa Gomez, G. Lanfranchi, C. Langenbruch, T. Latham, F. Lazzari, C. Lazzeroni, R. Le Gac, H. Lee, R. Lefèvre, M. Lehuraux, E. Lemos Cid, O. Leroy, T. Lesiak, E.D. Lesser, B. Leverington, A. Li, C. Li, C. Li, H. Li, J. Li, K. Li, L. Li, L. Li, P. Li, P.-R. Li, Q. Li, T. Li, T. Li, W. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Z. Lian, Q. Liang, X. Liang, Z. Liang, S. Libralon, A. Lightbody, J. Lin, S. Lin, T. Lin, R. Lindner, H. Linton, R. Litvinov, D. Liu, F.L. Liu, G. Liu, K. Liu, S. Liu, W. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.L. Liu, G. Loachamin Ordonez, I. Lobo, A. Lobo Salvia, A. Loi, T. Long, F.C.L. Lopes, J.H. Lopes, A. Lopez Huertas, C. Lopez Iribarnegaray, Q. Lu, C. Lucarelli, D. Lucchesi, M. Lucio Martinez, Y. Luo, A. Lupato, M. Lupberger, E. Luppi, K. Lynch, J. Lyu, S. Lyu, X.-R. Lyu, H. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert, F. Maciuc, B. Mack, I. Mackay, L.M. Mackey, L.R. Madhan Mohan, M.J. Madurai, D. Magdalinski, J.J. Malczewski, S. Malde, L. Malentacca, G. Manca, C. Mancuso, R. Manera Escalero, A. Mangalasseri, F.M. Manganella, R. Mangrulkar, D. Manuzzi, S. Mao, D. Marangotto, J.F. Marchand, R. Marchevski, U. Marconi, E. Mariani, S. Mariani, C. Marin Benito, J. Marks, A.M. Marshall, L. Martel, G. Martelli, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli, M. Martinelli, C. Martinez, A. Martinez Armas, D. Martinez Gomez, D. Martinez Santos, F. Martinez Vidal, A. Martorell i Granollers, A. Massafferri, R. Matev, A. Mathad, C. Matteuzzi, K.R. Mattioli, L. Matzner, A. Mauri, E. Maurice, J. Mauricio, P. Mayencourt, J. Mazorra de Cos, M. Mazurek, D. Mazzanti Tarancon, M. McCann, N.T. McHugh, A. McNab, R. McNulty, B. Meadows, S.E.R. Medaer, D. Melnychuk, D. Mendoza Granada, P. Menendez Valdes Perez, F.M. Meng, M. Merk, A. Merli, L. Meyer Garcia, D. Miao, H. Miao, M. Mikhasenko, D.A. Milanes, A. Minotti, E. Minucci, B. Mitreska, D.S. Mitzel, R. Mocanu, A. Modak, L. Moeser, R.D. Moise, E.F. Molina Cardenas, T. Mombächer, M. Monk, T. Monnard, S. Monteil, A. Morcillo Gomez, G. Morello, M.J. Morello, M.P. Morgenthaler, A. Moro, J. Moron, W. Morren, A.B. Morris, A.G. Morris, R. Mountain, Z. Mu, N. Muangkod, E. Muhammad, F. Muheim, M. Mulder, K. Müller, F. Muñoz-Rojas, V. Mytrochenko, P. Naik, T. Nakada, R. Nandakumar, G. Napoletano, I. Nasteva, M. Needham, N. Neri, S. Neubert, N. Neufeld, J. Nicolini, D. Nicotra, E.M. Niel, L. Nisi, Q. Niu, B.K. Njoki, P. Nogarolli, P. Nogga, J. Nombela Royo, C. Normand, A. Novo Cal, J. Novoa Fernandez, G. Nowak, H.N. Nur, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, T. Oeser, O. Okhrimenko, R. Oldeman, F. Oliva, E. Olivart Pino, M. Olocco, R.H. O'Neil, J.S. Ordonez Soto, D. Osthues, J.M. Otalora Goicochea, P. Owen, A. Oyanguren, O. Ozcelik, F. Paciolla, A. Padee, K.O. Padeken, B. Pagare, T. Pajero, A. Palano, L. Palini, L. Palombini, M. Palutan, C. Pan, X. Pan, S. Panebianco, S. Paniskaki, L. Paolucci, A. Papanestis, M. Pappagallo, L.L. Pappalardo, C. Pappenheimer, C. Parkes, D. Parmar, G. Passaleva, D. Passaro, A. Pastore, M. Patel, J. Patoc, C. Patrignani, A. Paul, C.J. Pawley, A. Pellegrino, J. Peng, X. Peng, M. Pepe Altarelli, S. Perazzini, H. Pereira Da Costa, M. Pereira Martinez, A. Pereiro Castro, C. Perez, A. Perez Casas, P. Perret, A. Perrevoort, A. Perro, M.J. Peters, A. Petkovic, K. Petridis, A. Petrolini, S. Pezzulo, J.P. Pfaller, H. Pham, L. Pica, M. Piccini, L. Piccolo, B. Pietrzyk, R.N. Pilato, D. Pinci, F. Pisani, M. Pizzichemi, V.M. Placinta, M. Plo Casasus, T. Poeschl, F. Polci, M. Poli Lener, A. Poluektov, I. Polyakov, E. Polycarpo, S. Ponce, D. Popov, K. Popp, K. Prasanth, C. Prouve, D. Provenzano, V. Pugatch, A. Puicercus Gomez, G. Punzi, J.R. Pybus, Q. Qian, W. Qian, N. Qin, R. Quagliani, R.I. Rabadan Trejo, B. Rachwal, R. Racz, J.H. Rademacker, M. Rama, M. Ramírez García, V. Ramos De Oliveira, M. Ramos Pernas, G. Ramsey, M.S. Rangel, G. Raven, M. Rebollo De Miguel, F. Redi, J. Reich, F. Reiss, Z. Ren, P.K. Resmi, M. Ribalda Galvez, R. Ribatti, G. Ricart, D. Riccardi, S. Ricciardi, K. Richardson, M. Richardson-Slipper, F. Riehn, K. Rinnert, P. Robbe, G. Robertson, E. Rodrigues, A. Rodriguez Alvarez, E. Rodriguez Fernandez, J.A. Rodriguez Lopez, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez, J. Roensch, A. Rogovskiy, D.L. Rolf, P. Roloff, A. Romano, V. Romanovskiy, A. Romero Vidal, G. Romolini, F. Ronchetti, T. Rong, W. Rose, M. Rotondo, M.S. Rudolph, M. Ruiz Diaz, J. Ruiz Vidal, J. Ruz Armendariz, J.J. Saavedra-Arias, J.J. Saborido Silva, D. Sahoo, N. Sahoo, B. Saitta, M. Salomoni, I. Sanderswood, R. Santacesaria, C. Santamarina Rios, M. Santimaria, L. Santoro, E. Santovetti, A. Saputi, A. Sarnatskiy, G. Sarpis, M. Sarpis, C. Satriano, A. Satta, M. Saur, H. Sazak, F. Sborzacchi, A. Scarabotto, S. Schael, S. Scherl, M. Schiller, H. Schindler, M. Schmelling, B. Schmidt, N. Schmidt, S. Schmitt, H. Schmitz, O. Schneider, A. Schopper, N. Schulte, H. Schumacher, M.H. Schune, G. Schwering, B. Sciascia, A. Sciuccati, G. Scriven, I. Segal, S. Sellam, M. Senghi Soares, A. Sergi, N. Serra, L. Sestini, B. Sevilla Sanjuan, Y. Shang, D.M. Shangase, R.S. Sharma, L. Shchutska, T. Shears, S. Shelton, J. Shen, Z. Shen, S. Sheng, B. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, W.S. Shi, E. Shmanin, R. Silva Coutinho, G. Simi, S. Simone, M. Singha, I. Siral, N. Skidmore, T. Skwarnicki, M.W. Slater, E. Smith, M. Smith, L. Soares Lavra, M.D. Sokoloff, F.J.P. Soler, A. Solomin, K. Solovieva, N.S. Sommerfeld, R. Song, Y. Song, Y. Song, Y.S. Song, F.L. Souza De Almeida, G. Souza De Castro, B. Souza De Paula, K.M. Sowa, E. Spadaro Norella, E. Spedicato, J.G. Speer, P. Spradlin, F. Stagni, M. Stahl, S. Stahl, S. Stanislaus, M. Stefaniak, O. Steinkamp, F. Suljik, J. Sun, L. Sun, M. Sun, D. Sundfeld, P. Svihra, V. Svintozelskyi, J. Swallow, K. Swientek, F. Swystun, A. Szabelski, T. Szumlak, Y. Tan, Y. Tang, Y.T. Tang, M.D. Tat, J.A. Teijeiro Jimenez, F. Terzuoli, F. Teubert, E. Thomas, D.J.D. Thompson, A.R. Thomson-Strong, R. Thornton, H. Tilquin, V. Tisserand, S. T'Jampens, M. Tobin, T.T. Todorov, L. Tomassetti, G. Tonani, X. Tong, T. Tork, L. Torlai, L. Toscano, D.Y. Tou, C. Trippl, G. Tuci, N. Tuning, L.H. Uecker, A. Ukleja, A. Upadhyay, B. Urbach, A. Usachov, U. Uwer, V. Vagnoni, A. Vaitkevicius, A. Valassi, V. Valcarce Cadenas, G. Valenti, N. Valls Canudas, J. van Eldik, H. Van Hecke, E. van Herwijnen, C.B. Van Hulse, R. Van Laak, M. van Veghel, P. Varrella, R. Vazquez Gomez, P. Vazquez Regueiro, C. Vázquez Sierra, S. Vecchi, J. Velilla Serna, J.J. Velthuis, M. Veltri, A. Venkateswaran, M. Verdoglia, M. Vesterinen, W. Vetens, D. Vico Benet, P. Vidrier Villalba, M. Vieites Diaz, X. Vilasis-Cardona, E. Vilella Figueras, A. Villa, P. Vincent, B. Vivacqua, F.C. Volle, D. vom Bruch, K. Vos, C. Vrahas, J. Wagner, J. Walsh, N. Walter, E.J. Walton, G. Wan, A. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, G. Wang, H. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, N.W. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X.W. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.H. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, J.A. Ward, A. Wasili, M. Waterlaat, N.K. Watson, D. Websdale, Y. Wei, Z. Weida, J. Wendel, B.D.C. Westhenry, A.S. White, C. White, M. Whitehead, E. Whiter, A.R. Wiederhold, D. Wiedner, M.A. Wiegertjes, C. Wild, G. Wilkinson, M.K. Wilkinson, M. Williams, M.J. Williams, M.R.J. Williams, R. Williams, S. Williams, Z. Williams, F.F. Wilson, M. Winn, W. Wislicki, M. Witek, L. Witola, T. Wolf, E. Wood, G. Wormser, S.A. Wotton, H. Wu, J. Wu, X. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Wu, K. Wyllie, S. Xian, Z. Xiang, Y. Xie, T.X. Xing, A. Xu, L. Xu, M. Xu, R. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, S. Yadav, K. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yang, H. Yeung, H. Yin, X. Yin, C.Y. Yu, J. Yu, K. Yu, X. Yuan, Y Yuan, S. Zalambani, J.A. Zamora Saa, F. Zangari, M. Zavertyaev, M. Zdybal, F. Zenesini, C. Zeng, M. Zeng, S.H Zeng, C. Zhang, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, Q.Z. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. Zhang, S.L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, J. Zhao, M. Zhao, Y. Zhao, A. Zhelezov, S.Z. Zheng, X.Z. Zheng, Y. Zheng, T. Zhou, X. Zhou, V. Zhovkovska, L.Z. Zhu, X. Zhu, X. Zhu, Y. Zhu, V. Zhukov, J. Zhuo, T. Zies, D. Zuliani, X. Zuo

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Modeling Carbon-Based Planets with MAGRATHEA

Robert Royer III, David R. Rice and Jason H. Steffen

A planet's interior structure not only influences its habitability, but it also provides information about the planet's formation and history. In the quest to characterize the variety of planetary discoveries, the most common practice is to rely on our understanding of the Earth's differentiated interior structure, with an iron core and silicate mantle as a starting point. However, recent work by arXiv:2408.07761 [astro-ph.EP] shows that these assumptions may not be true for all planetary systems as the composition of the condensed material can change drastically towards a carbon mantle instead of a silicate one, once the C/O ratio of the system approaches and exceeds approximately 0.9. In an effort to more fully understand the range of possible planetary bodies, we added the ability to model carbon-based mantles to our open-source planetary interior solver, MAGRATHEA. The newly added carbon mantle includes three relevant allotropes of carbon: graphite, diamond, and BC8 (body centered cubic with eight atoms per cell).
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Materials Science

Ionization Energies, Electron Affinities, Bandgaps, Exciton Binding Energies, and Polarization Energies of Orientation-Controlled Picene, [6]-Phenacene, and [7]-Phenacene Thin Films

Rintaro Makino, Mihiro Kubo, Keiichirou Yonezawa et al. (+2 more)

Phenacenes, in which benzene rings are fused in a zigzag manner, are chemically robust $\pi$-conjugated hydrocarbons of interest for organic electronic applications and superconductivity. However, quantitative electronic parameters of phenacene thin films remain limited compared with those of acenes. Here, we determine the ionization energies (IEs), electron affinities (EAs), band gaps, exciton binding energies, and polarization energies of orientation-controlled thin films of picene, [6]-phenacene, and [7]-phenacene using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and low-energy inverse photoelectron spectroscopy. The energy parameters depend only weakly on molecular size. In contrast, both IE and EA exhibit large orientation-dependent shifts of approximately 1 eV: lying films show IEs of 6.41-6.43 eV and EAs of 2.16-2.42 eV, whereas standing films show IEs of 5.44-5.67 eV and EAs of 1.36-1.53 eV. Nevertheless, the band gaps of approximately 4 eV and exciton binding energies of approximately 1 eV remain nearly independent of molecular size and orientation. Analysis of polarization energies shows that the induction term is nearly orientation independent, whereas the electrostatic term strongly depends on orientation and originates primarily from molecular quadrupole moments. These results identify molecular orientation as a key factor governing frontier energy levels in phenacene thin films.
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All authors Rintaro Makino, Mihiro Kubo, Keiichirou Yonezawa, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Satoshi Kera

Computational Physics · Cross-listed from cs.LG

Beyond Pairwise Graphs in Science: Hypergraph Adaptive Wavelet Operators for Parametric PDEs

Rajat Sarkar, Venkataramana Runkana and Souvik Chakraborty

Physical systems are often modeled by solution operators that map input fields, parameters, geometries, or past states to steady or future physical states. Learning these maps is difficult, especially for time-dependent systems that must assimilate history and remain stable under autoregressive rollout. Many neural operators work best on regular, structured grids, while realistic simulations often require unstructured meshes or point clouds to resolve complex geometries; in such settings, grid-centric representations can lose accuracy. Graph neural operators handle these domains through message passing or spectral graph filtering, but pairwise edges do not directly capture group-wise couplings among mesh cells, local neighborhoods, or conservation volumes. We introduce the Hypergraph Adaptive waveLet Operator (HALO), which lifts the domain to a hypergraph and learns in its spectral wavelet domain. HALO avoids explicit hypergraph-Laplacian eigendecomposition through Chebyshev polynomial wavelet filters, giving localized spectral kernels at linear sparse-matrix cost. Its trainable dyadic wavelet scales are regularized toward tight-frame coverage, allowing the frequency response to adapt to each PDE while encouraging stable multi-scale spectral coverage. Across 2D and 3D benchmarks on structured and unstructured discretizations, HALO achieves best or near-best accuracy among frequency-, transformer-, DeepONet-, state-space-, and graph-based baselines and sustains stable multi-step rollouts. The same model scales to industrial aerodynamic geometries: on meshes of a few hundred thousand points it is on par with, or better than, the strongest fixed-discretization transformers, while remaining resolution-equivariant.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Dynamically driven collapse of a thermally stable accretion disk in a nova-like system

Wentao Li, Jie Lin, Tinggui Wang et al. (+8 more)

While standard disk instability theory predicts thermal-steady, outburst-free disks in nova-like variables due to their high mass transfer rates, mass transfer variations are prevailingly invoked to explain the occasional flaring/fading phenomena observed in these systems. Here we report the observational evidence for a dynamical collapse of a thermally stable accretion disk, captured serendipitously by TESS during a fading episode of the VY Scl-type nova-like system MASTER OT J072703.91-631952.8, and traced by the emergence of an unusual negative superhump that evolves toward its orbital frequency. Simultaneously, the system underwent an anomalous eruptive event featuring a remarkably symmetric 45-day light-curve profile, indicative of a mild energy-release mechanism fundamentally distinct from documented eruptive events in cataclysmic variables. Notably, the concurrence of the eruption and the disk collapse is difficult to reconcile with the paradigm of mass transfer variations: the eruption implies enhanced mass transfer, whereas the disk collapse indicates a decline. The morphological disk evolution over $\sim 700$ days, characterized by both negative and positive superhumps, indicates a transition from a circular disk to an eccentric disk, followed by a tilted state and ultimately a minimal disk configuration. This evolutionary sequence provides evidence for a previously unrecognized dynamics-driven cycle operating in the thermally stable accretion disk of a VY Scl-type nova-like star.
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All authors Wentao Li, Jie Lin, Tinggui Wang, Yongkang Sun, Chengyuan Wu, Heran Xiong, Krystian Iłkiewicz, Luca Casagrande, Michael Bessell, Ning Jiang, Chengyi Wang

Quantum Physics

Hybrid Heralded Noiseless Amplification with Finite-Cutoff Quantum Scissors

Haixi Miao and Timothy C. Ralph

A noiseless linear amplifier (NLA) can probabilistically amplify an optical state without the noise required by deterministic phase-insensitive amplification. We study a hybrid amplifier in which a finite-cutoff quantum-scissor NLA is placed between two single-mode squeezers. Analysis based on an ideal (infinite cutoff) NLA finds a gain enhancement from the squeezing. We explore the physics of this enhancement as the cutoff of the quantum scissors is increased. The low-cutoff sequence shows how this gain enhancement emerges from the truncated Fock space. Cutoff 3 is the lowest order at which the additional even- and odd-photon components can both contribute to gain enhancement, albeit with some skewing of the coefficients which reduces the fidelity. As the cutoff is increased the fidelity improves. However, unlike the ideal transformation, the finite-cutoff device depends on the phase of the coherent amplitude relative to the squeezing axes, with states aligned with the anti-squeezing requiring higher cutoffs to achieve high fidelity. We track behavior to high cutoffs and eventually see the performance predicted in the ideal theory emerge.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Vector-boson-fusion timing references for four-dimensional displaced-vertex searches

Renjie Wang

Long-lived particles that decay inside the tracker are searched for via the spatial displacement of their decay vertices. However, the same decays also arrive late, providing a handle made available by a precision timing layer at the HL-LHC that displaced-vertex searches do not exploit. We study the exotic decay of a Higgs boson produced through vector-boson fusion (VBF), $pp\to hjj$ with $h\to ss$, in which the long-lived scalar decays as $s\to b\bar b$, and use the VBF tag jets to identify the hard-scatter vertex. Its prompt central tracks, timed by a CMS-MTD-like barrel layer that also times the central tracks of the displaced vertex, define a per-event start time, turning each displaced vertex into a four-dimensional object. Because a fast simulation cannot determine the absolute normalization of the heavy-flavour and instrumental displaced-vertex backgrounds, we take as the primary result a normalization-free figure of merit: the ratio of the timing-enhanced sensitivity to the spatial-only sensitivity. Adding the timing layer improves this ratio by a factor of $\simeq2.8$ at a nominal working point and by up to an order of magnitude for a tighter delayed-vertex requirement, because the heavy-flavour background that survives the spatial selection is prompt in collision time. The improvement increases with decay length, extending sensitivity into the long-lifetime regime in which purely spatial searches lose tracker acceptance. The gain is essentially mass-independent at a decay length of $\ctau\simeq100\mm$, where the trend with scalar mass reverses: lighter scalars benefit more at short lifetimes because of their larger boost, whereas heavier scalars benefit more at long lifetimes as the lighter states leak out of the tracker.
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Fluid Dynamics · Cross-listed from math.NA

A Massively Parallel Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin Solver for Direct Numerical Simulation of Compressible Flows on GPUs

Andrew Welter, Thea Collin, Ngoc Cuong Nguyen et al. (+1 more)

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of compressible transitional and turbulent flows requires numerical methods that combine high-order accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency to resolve a broad range of spatial and temporal scales. This paper presents a massively parallel hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) solver for DNS of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations on GPU-accelerated high-performance computing systems. The proposed solver combines high-order HDG discretization with robust shock capturing, diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta (DIRK) time integration, and an efficient Newton-GMRES solution strategy accelerated by additive Schwarz preconditioning and reduced-basis approximation. A distributed implementation of these methods based on GPU-aware MPI, Kokkos, and CUDA/HIP libraries enables scalable execution on heterogeneous computing platforms. The solver is demonstrated on three canonical benchmark problems covering a wide range of Mach-number flow regimes: subsonic transitional flow over the Eppler 387 airfoil, the supersonic Taylor-Green vortex, and hypersonic boundary-layer transition. Numerical results are compared with available experimental measurements and published DNS data, showing good agreement across distinct flow regimes. The results demonstrate the ability of the proposed solver to resolve laminar-turbulent transition, strong compressibility effects, shock-associated flow structures, and fully three-dimensional turbulent dynamics.
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All authors Andrew Welter, Thea Collin, Ngoc Cuong Nguyen, Jaime Peraire

Mathematical Physics

Holomorphy of the ground state and energy for bosonic quadratic Hamiltonians

Kota Imura, Shinnosuke Izumi, Yasumichi Matsuzawa et al. (+1 more)

We study the holomorphy of the ground state and its energy with respect to the coupling constant for bosonic quadratic Hamiltonians. We prove general theorems establishing this holomorphy, thereby providing a rigorous justification for formal perturbative expansions. This theory is applied to several concrete models, including the single pair interaction model and the Pauli-Fierz model in the dipole approximation. Importantly, for the Pauli-Fierz model with a realistic ultraviolet cutoff, the perturbation expansions in the elementary charge converge at the physical charge value, even when mass renormalization is taken into account. Furthermore, we explicitly determine the radii of convergence of the ground states and their energies for both the single pair interaction model and the fibers of the translation-invariant Pauli-Fierz model.
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All authors Kota Imura, Shinnosuke Izumi, Yasumichi Matsuzawa, Itaru Sasaki

Computational Physics

Vectorized Symmetric and Fermionic Tensor Network Implementations for GPU-Accelerated Variational Monte Carlo

Si-Jing Du, Johnnie Gray, Ao Chen et al. (+1 more)

Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) calculations based on tensor networks (TN) have recently achieved competitive accuracy in ground-state calculations of strongly correlated spin and fermionic systems. However, existing tensor network VMC (TN-VMC) algorithms have not been formulated in a manner that can fully utilize GPU acceleration. We tackle the key missing ingredient, namely, the vectorized evaluation of tensor network amplitudes and tensor network operations. This ensures high GPU utilization by batching over computations with identical structure. In particular, we show how to achieve vectorization for the practically relevant case of abelian symmetric tensor networks (which includes fermionic tensor networks) by developing a “flat” tensor network formalism for block-sparse tensor representation and contraction. Using this, we construct a GPU-adapted symmetric TN-VMC workflow with batched tensor network computation. In the two-dimensional Fermi–Hubbard model, we demonstrate a GPU speedup of up to $300 \times$ over single core CPU implementations, for fermionic TN variational wavefunctions.
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All authors Si-Jing Du, Johnnie Gray, Ao Chen, Garnet Kin-Lic Chan

Applied Physics

Extending the operating window of scanning electron microscopy through an integrated electron-optical architecture for high-temperature and near-ambient-pressure environments

Yue Chai, Honglong Zhao, Xinning Tian et al. (+2 more)

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) under simultaneously high-temperature, near-ambient-pressure (NAP), and reactive-gas environments requires coordinated control of vacuum isolation, electron-beam transmission, signal generation, and thermal management, constraints that have long limited the operating window of environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Here we establish an integrated electron-optical architecture that combines a multistage differential-pressure pathway, front-stage pressure transition, detector optimization, thermal management, and a gas-focusing sampling architecture into a unified ESEM platform. Pressure distribution and electron-beam transmission are quantitatively validated through computational fluid dynamics (CFD), Monte Carlo electron-gas scattering analysis, and direct beam-current measurements, while detector optimization and thermionic-electron suppression preserve stable imaging under elevated pressure and temperature. The resulting system enables stable SEM imaging at pressures up to 20,000 Pa and high-temperature imaging up to 1,400 degrees C, continuous observation of hydrated biological specimens, and synchronized SEM-QMS operando characterization using local gas sampling. These developments establish a general electron-optical framework for extending ESEM toward realistic operando environments where elevated temperature, reactive gases, structural evolution, and gas-phase chemistry can be investigated simultaneously.
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All authors Yue Chai, Honglong Zhao, Xinning Tian, Chao Ang, Zhu-Jun Wang

Plasma Physics

Counter-rotating density and current structures in a partially magnetized $\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}$ plasma

Pengze Xiao, Ya Zhang, Hongyu Wang et al. (+2 more)

The first 3D kinetic simulation of a magnetron discharge reproduces the measured rotating spoke and reveals that density and current rotate in opposite directions: the $m=1$ spoke turns in the $\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}$ direction at 90~kHz while $m\simeq16$ electron-cyclotron-drift-type filaments turn at 1.0~MHz, with no net propagation along $\mathbf{B}$. Magnetic drifts exchange far more energy than they deposit, yet their spoke-front heating sustains the ionization. Following helical paths, the anode-directed current is relayed by de-trapping turbulence at the sheath edge (50%) and by the spoke channel in the bulk (97%).
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All authors Pengze Xiao, Ya Zhang, Hongyu Wang, Wei Jiang, Jean-Pierre Boeuf

Chemical Physics

Mode-Specific Dynamics of $\text{CO}_2$ Hydrogenation on Copper: The Hidden Role of Molecular Rotation

Junfan Xia, Zhikai Jiang, Yaolong Zhang et al. (+3 more)

Catalytic hydrogenation of $\text{CO}_2$ to formate on copper is a key elementary step for $\text{CO}_2$ utilization. Previous experimental and theoretical studies suggested an Eley-Rideal mechanism for this reaction, promoted by bending vibrational excitation, yet direct state resolved evidence remains lacking. Here, we present first-principles dynamical predictions for $\text{CO}_2$ hydrogenation on Cu(111) based on an accurate full-dimensional neural network potential energy surface. Our calculations near-quantitatively reproduce the measured reaction probabilities, including their nozzle-temperature and incidence-energy dependence. Our state-resolved results indicate that while vibrational excitation of the bending mode enhances reactivity, it alone cannot account for the observed reactivity increase with nozzle temperature. Instead, rotational excitation plays a dominant role, mainly attributable to the significant change in anisotropy of the molecular polar orientation as $\text{CO}_2$ accesses the transition state. This mode-specific insight reinforces the hidden role of rotation in surface reactivity, opening new avenues for state-selective control of $\text{CO}_2$ hydrogenation on heterogenous catalysts.
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All authors Junfan Xia, Zhikai Jiang, Yaolong Zhang, Bo Peng, Hua Guo, Bin Jiang

Chaotic Dynamics · Cross-listed from math.DS

Many-Revolution Low-Thrust Transfers within Periodic Orbit Families

Ian M. Down

This paper explores the use of a reduced manifold space initialization method for the generation of both time and fuel optimal many-revolution, low-thrust transfers between three-body periodic orbits within a family. Libration point orbit families are approximated by multi-segment Chebyshev polynomials and 1-dimensional Fourier series. Control is mapped into the family space, and a 1-dimensional targeting scheme in the family space dynamics is used to generate an initial guess for the phase space, directly accounting for winding. An integral collocation-based direct method is then used to first continue a feasible trajectory into the phase space, and then optimize for a particular cost function. The methodology is first applied to the distant retrograde orbit family. Modifications for time-regularized dynamics are then discussed, with an ensuing example of many-revolution transfers in the $L_2$ halo family.
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Plasma Physics

Reinforcement-learning control of turbulence transition in the modified Hasegawa-Wakatani system

Luning Sun, Ben Zhu, Xin-Yang Liu et al. (+2 more)

Control of plasma turbulence remains a long-standing challenge in magnetically confined fusion research. Here, we explore a reinforcement-learning (RL) approach for bidirectional control of the turbulence-zonal-flow transition in the modified Hasegawa-Wakatani system, a minimal model of electrostatic drift-wave turbulence. Within our model, a weak zonal drag damps the otherwise long-lived zonal structures, giving them a finite lifetime and restoring the drive-damping balance required for repeatable transitions within finite control episodes; meanwhile, actuation is applied through a spatially distributed Gaussian source field under a time-weighted budget constraint on actuation costs. The plasma model is then coupled to CNN-based soft actor-critic and twin-delayed deterministic policy-gradient agents through a GPU-native JAX solver that is highly optimized for fast online training. In the turbulence-suppression task, the learned budget-aware schedule achieves the lowest time-integrated turbulent flux for a given consumed budget, outperforming both constant and linearly decreasing baselines across all tested unseen initial conditions. In the inverse zonal-break task, the agent discovers an up-down antisymmetric actuation pattern that induces radial $E\times B$ convection, disrupts the zonal structure, and sustains the turbulent state. A physics-informed warm-buffer initialization facilitates this discovery, as random exploration alone struggles to locate the narrow optimal manifold within the vast action space. These results demonstrate reinforcement learning as a practical trajectory optimizer for nonlinear plasma dynamics, such as turbulence control, and highlight the importance of physics guidance in such applications.
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All authors Luning Sun, Ben Zhu, Xin-Yang Liu, Deepak Akhare, Jian-Xun Wang

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

A Unified Tracer Analysis of DESI DR2 Baryon Acoustic Oscillations

N. Sanders, H. Seo, M. Rashkovetskyi et al. (+65 more)

We improve upon previous efforts to optimally combine overlapping galaxy samples in the DESI baryon acoustic oscillation analysis. By weighting each galaxy by its linear bias, overlapping galaxies are combined into a single, unified catalog, naturally avoiding double counting of cosmic volume and including all auto- and cross- information at the catalog level. Improvements over the previous effort include the addition of QSO out to $z=1.6$ to account for all overlapping DR2 tracers and redshift-dependent bias treatment to improve reconstruction. We report distance measurements using this unified tracer, and find them to be highly consistent with the baseline DR2 BAO analysis. We also test for tracer-dependent systematics within the DESI data, and find no evidence of tracer-dependent systematics within $0.8<z<1.6$. Finally, we take advantage of the unified tracer to rebin the analysis in redshift in order to more finely resolve the redshift-to-distance relation. Dynamical dark energy results on this finer redshift binning indicate that there is no missed feature in the expansion history in the redshifts $0.8<z<1.6$, and reproduces DESI's preference for an evolving dark energy equation of state.
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All authors N. Sanders, H. Seo, M. Rashkovetskyi, U. Andrade, D. Valcin, E. Paillas, P. McDonald, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, O. Alves, E. Armengaud, A. Aviles, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, D. Brooks, A. Carnero Rosell, E. Chaussidon, T. Claybaugh, S. Cole, A. Cuceu, A. de la Macorra, Biprateep Dey, Z. Ding, P. Doel, S. Ferraro, A. Font-Ribera, D. Forero-Sánchez, J. E. Forero-Romero, E. Gaztañaga, Satya Gontcho A Gontcho, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales, G. Gutierrez, C. Hahn, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar, K. Honscheid, S. Juneau, T. Karim, D. Kirkby, A. Kremin, O. Lahav, C. Lamman, M. Landriau, L. Le Guillou, M. Manera, A. Meisner, R. Miquel, J. Moustakas, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez, S. Nadathur, J. A. Newman, H. E. Noriega, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, W. J. Percival, F. Prada, I. Pérez-Ràfols, C. Ravoux, A. J. Ross, G. Rossi, L. Samushia, E. Sanchez, C. Saulder, D. Schlegel, M. Schubnell, J. Silber, M. Siudek, G. Tarlé, M. Vargas-Magaña, B. A. Weaver

Mathematical Physics

Difference equations of average entropies

Youyi Huang, Linfeng Wei, Lu Wei et al. (+1 more)

Exact cumulants of entanglement entropies of random state ensembles have traditionally been studied within the random matrix framework. In this work, we propose an alternative approach based on the intrinsic connection to integrable systems. The central idea is to embed entropic quantities into tau functions satisfying Toda-type lattice equations, which in turn yield linear difference equations for their averages. Directly solving the difference equations recovers exact entropy formulas in the literature. The integrable systems approach bypasses the case-by-case, ensemble-dependent derivations required by random matrix methods. The approach also suggests a possible route towards unified and more efficient higher-order cumulant calculations by exploring integrable hierarchies.
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All authors Youyi Huang, Linfeng Wei, Lu Wei, Peter J. Forrester

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.PR

Scaling limit of the 3D abelian Yang–Mills Langevin dynamics

Ilya Chevyrev, Yahui Qu and Hao Shen

We study the continuum scaling limit of the Langevin dynamics for three-dimensional U(1) lattice Yang–Mills theory. The model is defined on the discrete 3D torus with a general class of plaquette actions that are suitably normalized, including Wilson, Manton, and Villain actions. Under the weak-coupling scaling and in the DeTurck gauge, we prove that the rescaled logarithmic field converges to the solution of the one-form stochastic heat equation in probability. In particular, the limiting dynamics are universal and do not depend on the higher-order details of the plaquette action.
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Biological Physics

RNA-like Polyelectrolyte in a Viral Capsid: Molecular Dynamics with Explicit Electrostatic Interactions

Xintong Jiang, Colin Denniston and Gonca Erdemci-Tandogan

The organization of RNA genomes within viral capsids is primarily controlled by electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged genome and positively charged N-terminal domains of coat proteins. In theoretical approaches, these interactions are commonly captured by mean-field models that smooth capsid charge over the inner surface and treat ionic screening as a continuum. However, charges are localized at discrete N-terminal binding sites and ionic screening arises from correlated ion distributions. Here we use molecular dynamics simulations with explicit ions, explicit water, and full Coulomb electrostatics to simulate a linear polyelectrolyte confined within a model capsid bearing discrete N-terminal-like charge sites. We first validate our approach by simulating a polyelectrolyte in bulk solution and demonstrating that persistence length decreases with increasing salt, matching experimental measurements for single-stranded RNA. When confined within a capsid, radial density profiles shift systematically inward from the capsid wall with increasing salt concentration, in agreement with mean-field predictions. By independently varying charge magnitude, binding-site density, and N-terminal protrusion length, we show that total electrostatic coupling governs global organization while geometric details modulate local genome-wall contact and angular genome organization near N-terminals (within the T=3 architecture, linear genome topology, and monovalent salt range studied here). Across all simulations, equilibration times increase sevenfold with salt, revealing kinetic effects inaccessible to equilibrium theory. These results validate continuum approximations for radial organization while revealing deviations arising from discrete molecular details and establishing a framework for future investigations of genome secondary structure, capsid geometry, and assembly kinetics.
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