Papers

Odd viscosity, the nondissipative part of the viscous response of a time-reversal-broken fluid, is notoriously difficult to measure precisely because it does no work. Here we show that parity-time ($\mathscr{PT}$) symmetry, familiar from non-Hermitian optics, converts this elusiveness into a measurement principle. The odd Navier-Stokes equations, that include the nonlinear inertial terms, are $\mathscr{PT}$-symmetric, follow from a Lagrangian, and linearize to a Schrödinger equation in which the odd viscosity plays the role of Planck's constant; potential vorticity obeys a generalized Ertel conservation law. A probe trapped in an odd liquid realizes a pair of oscillators coupled by odd friction, and supplying balanced loss and gain drives a twofold $\mathscr{PT}$ transition whose exceptional point and Rabi sidebands locate the odd viscosity with square-root-enhanced sensitivity. Upon quantization the spectrum is of Fock-Darwin form, and the dissipative pair exhibits a Liouvillian exceptional point separating linear from exponential heating. These results furnish mechanical, stochastic, and spectroscopic protocols for measuring odd transport coefficients in classical and quantum fluids.

These lectures provide a pedagogical introduction to the study of finite-$N$ physics of the AdS/CFT correspondence. More specifically we develop the consequences of the trace relations for the space of gauge invariant operators, using powerful methods from invariant theory. Our key conclusions are \begin{itemize} \item that the complete set of trace relations can be solved, leaving a non-redundant set of gauge invariant operators, \item that this non-redundant set can be generated using two types of generators, called primary and secondary invariants, and \item that the primary invariants acquire a natural interpretation as perturbative gravitational degrees of freedom, while the secondary algebra encodes non-perturbative effects of the dual gravitational theory. \end{itemize}

Analyzing environmental effects in galaxy groups is pivotal for understanding how galaxies evolve in these moderate-density settings. The degree to which ram pressure versus tidal interactions drive the unusual morphologies and kinematics seen in group galaxies remains a subject of active debate. This study focuses on the nearby galaxy NGC 2276, which has the longest radio continuum tail in galactic groups. It is a member of the NGC 2300 group that possibly experiences both processes, and we aim to determine which has the greatest impact on its overall structure. We combined broadband images with synthetic narrow band filters around emission line maps from integral field spectrograph to construct spatially resolved spectral energy distributions (SED), which we modeled using the BAGPIPES software package to reconstruct kpc-scale star formation histories. These are compared with those derived from adaptive mesh refinement wind tunnel simulations of an NGC 2276-like system. We show that the spatial distribution of the oldest stellar populations ($>1.1$ Gyr) is highly symmetric compared to the youngest ones. This is the most compelling evidence so far pointing towards ram pressure being the only morphological disturber of this system, as it primarily affects the gaseous component. Simulated data show similar results, with older stellar populations being more symmetric. Our RPS-only model showed no significant differences in the morphology of the stellar populations compared to the RPS+tidal model with initial separation of 50 kpc.

Accurate traveltime computation for the eikonal equation is essential in seismic applications such as tomography and migration. The fast sweeping method (FSM) is widely used because of its unconditional stability and computational efficiency. We develop a 3D fast sweeping solver for vertical transverse isotropic (VTI) media that combines multiplicative factorization with a six-tetrahedron pyramidal stencil. The factorization removes the point-source singularity, while the stencil improves local accuracy. In the unfactored formulation, the six-tetrahedron finite-difference scheme requires solving only quadratic equations. After factorization, however, the local update for the perturbation factor becomes quartic, and the update systems on oblique stencil faces are substantially more complicated than those on non-oblique faces. To resolve these difficulties, we solve the update equation using Ferrari's method with a robust root-selection strategy and derive complete update formulas for all oblique-face configurations. For horizontally constrained faces, the characteristic constraint reduces to a linear relation by exploiting the structure of the VTI Hamiltonian, so the local system still reduces to a quartic equation. For mixed horizontal-vertical constrained faces, we design a bisection-based iterative solver. Numerical examples show that the proposed method effectively suppresses source-related errors and improves traveltime accuracy.

In the synthesis of superheavy element (SHE) via heavy-ion fusion reactions, quasifission is one of the major factors hindering superheavy nuclei (SHN) formation and the mechanism behind this process is intricate. We investigate dynamics of quasifission in hot fusion reactions synthesizing SHN with Z = 112-120 using microscopic time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory in a total of 18 reactions. Remarkably, the nucleon numbers of heavy fragments distribute closely around certain quantum shells in these reactions, highlighting the crucial role of shell effects in fragment formation. In the reactions with 48Ca, 45Sc, 50Ti and 51V projectiles, the formation of heavy fragment is dominantly driven by the double spherical shells of 208Pb. In contrast, the influence of the double octupole deformed shells at Z = 88 and N = 136 is more pronounced in 54Cr-induced reactions, resulting in a tendency of producing pear-shaped 224Ra heavy fragment. Moreover, in the reaction with a heavier projectile, the colliding system tends to undergo a more rapid quasifission. This may be responsible for significantly reduced fusion probability and synthesis cross section observed in the reactions with projectiles heavier than 48Ca. These results elucidate quasifission mechanisms behind the reactions for synthesizing new SHEs Z = 119 and Z = 120.

Topological photonic lattices are commonly designed using short-range Hamiltonians, yet realistic nanophotonic structures are governed by geometry- and wavelength-dependent long-range electromagnetic interactions. Here we introduce a geometry-calibrated quantum equilibrium-propagation framework for inference and inverse design in finite nonlocal plasmonic Su-Schrieffer-Heeger lattices. A two-qubit equilibrium sensor is trained in effective-coupling space to distinguish boundary-localized from trivial finite-lattice responses. Because labels inherited from the nearest-neighbor SSH model become unreliable in the presence of nonlocal hopping, each sample is independently relabeled using nonlocal winding numbers and a finite-gap criterion. On this physics-verified evaluation set, the sensor achieves 99.8% sensitivity and 98.1% specificity. A physics-gated robustness score then ranks verified configurations by boundary response, response contrast, gap stability and compatibility with the selected nonlocality regime. Full-wave extinction spectra of isolated and paired gold nanoparticles establish a geometry-to-coupling calibration linking particle size and separation to wavelength-resolved pair couplings. Projecting this calibration onto the verified coupling landscape identifies a finite plasmonic geometry supporting spectrally distinct corner- and edge-dominated responses at 546 and 642 nm, with sector-to-bulk intensity contrasts of $2.4 \times 10^{4}$ and $1.5 \times 10^{3}$, respectively. The framework links realistic electromagnetic geometry to nonlocal topological design, moving beyond nearest-neighbor design rules with physics-verified, geometry-resolved inference.

We present the capabilities of the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) observatory in the single telescope configuration as an important step towards the possible future large-field observatory for detecting ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. Reconstruction of main shower physics parameters are explored on noise-free simulated events using machine learning techniques in the challenging domain of a low-intensity transient signal. We find a very good correlation between the true and reconstructed energy of the shower even with the information from just the four photomultipliers of the single FAST telescope, and a reduced performance for the maximum of the shower development Xmax, using various architectures of artificial deep and convolutional neural networks, with a comparison to a benchmark gradient boost regression model. The resolution in the energy is found at the sub-percent level, while in Xmax it is~$5\%$. The relative difference between predicted and true values is under one percent for energy, while for Xmax it ranges from $-8\%$ to $+17\%$, which can be attributed to the limited information from the single FAST telescope configuration. The results constitute an important capabilities verification and a lesson learned with implications for established FAST prototypes as well as for more complex configurations of the FAST observatory under construction.

Thermalization conventionally describes local properties of isolated many-body systems at equilibrium. Magic, or nonstabilizerness $\unicode{x2013}$ the resource enabling universal quantum computation $\unicode{x2013}$ is by contrast encoded in the global structure of the many-body wavefunction. We show that, despite its global nature, the magic of equilibrium pure states of chaotic many-body systems, including late-time evolved states and energy eigenstates, is universal: it is captured by the thermal Scrooge ensemble, the minimally informative ensemble of pure states consistent with the Gibbs state at the same effective temperature. Therefore, for systems with no conserved quantities other than the total energy, equilibrium magic is a function of temperature alone, independent of the initial state and other microscopic features of the equilibrium state. This yields concrete universal predictions for the stabilizer Rényi entropies (SREs). At infinite temperature, the SRE is set by Haar-like fluctuations of the Pauli spectrum, while at finite temperature energy conservation induces a volume-law thermodynamic correction controlled by the thermal Pauli spectrum. We support these predictions with analytical arguments and extensive numerical simulations. We further show that chaotic many-body systems at high temperatures possess long-range magic and entanglement that cannot be removed by finite-depth local quantum circuits. Our results establish magic as a thermodynamic property of chaotic many-body systems and suggest that Scrooge ensembles may provide a unified framework for quantum many-body resources.

The study presents a confirmation of six quadruples with two sets of eclipses that have the 2+2 architecture. These so-called doubly eclipsing systems still present a quite rare group of stars. We collected all available photometric data and carried out a detailed analysis of them. In addition to the precise TESS photometry used to model the light curves for both inner eclipsing binaries, photometric survey data were also used, and more than 100 nights of our own dedicated observations were carried out. These were mainly used for the detection of the long-term evolution of orbital periods. Thanks to these data, we were able to derive the mutual orbits of the inner doubles via eclipse timing variations. The systems studied are: CzeV1254 (periods 0.715348 d + 0.362593 d, mutual period 15.6 yr); ASASSN-V J070838.27-171952.9 (4.300490 d + 3.767235 d, 4 yr); ASASSN-V J091951.17-593306.9 (2.668674 d + 14.342218 d, 0.95 yr); WISE J100820.07-731554.0 (0.368315 d + 7.945339 d, 3.8 yr); ASASSN-V J143536.01-721459.4 (7.353842 d + 6.368567 d, 27.4 yr); and Corot 310284765 (1.875418 d + 2.371126 d, 22.6 yr). Some of the binaries show significantly eccentric orbits. We also estimated their apsidal motion periods. With our six new systems, the number of confirmed orbits of 2+2 quadruples has been increased to 64 in total.

Thermodynamic bounds on the spectrum of a Markov cycle are determined by quantities such as the cycle affinity and maximal escape rate, but do not distinguish cycles with different local rate profiles. In this work, we show that kinetic heterogeneity, through the geometric means of forward ($G_+$) and backward ($G_-$) rates, tightens the bound on oscillatory relaxation. Specifically, we prove that, for each winding sector of the eigenmodes, the oscillation frequency cannot exceed that of the uniform comparison cycle with rates $G_+$ and $G_-$. Combining with existing affinity-winding bounds, we also demonstrate a contracted region for the eigenvalues and shows that the boundary of Uhl-Seifert ellipse can be saturated if and only if cycles are uniform. Our proof provides a complex-analytic framework that unifies the kinetic and thermodynamic constraint.

Machine-learning interatomic potentials enable accurate and efficient atomistic simulations, yet their reliability for out-of-distribution configurations far beyond the training domain remains a significant challenge. Here, we introduce a semiparametric interatomic potential based on a generalization of the Abell–Tersoff bond-order potential, incorporating a chemically informed functional form and explicit high-order many-body correlations to address this challenge. The model is trained and evaluated on various datasets of silicon, carbon, water, and small molecules, achieving interpolation accuracy comparable to existing MLIP models while exhibiting improved extrapolation to unseen configurations, including those at high pressures and temperatures. These results provide insights into the design of specific inductive biases for reliable extrapolation in interatomic potentials. inductive biases that can be used to control extrapolation in machine-learning interatomic potentials.

Understanding how Kikuchi patterns behave with subtle material variations is essential for developing machine learning (ML) based indexing methods for structurally and chemically complex cases, such as phases with potential sub-lattice order or (meta)stable defects with segregation (defect phases). Simulated Kikuchi patterns of the binary Au-Ni system were systematically analysed to investigate the effects of lattice parameter, chemical composition, partial site occupancy and ordering. The full compositional range from pure nickel to pure gold was considered, including a hypothetical ordered L$1_2$ Au$_3$Ni structure. Simulation parameters were optimised by comparison with experimental patterns. Normalized cross correlation showed limited sensibility to subtle differences between patterns. EMsoft simulation results revealed a systematic increase in mean intensity and more reflections contribute significantly as gold content increases. A surprising four-fold increase in mean intensity from 99 % gold to the pure gold sample highlighted limitations of partial site occupancy simulation by EMsoft. Difference maps showed enhanced normalised intensity along the {111} and {200} bands for the sample with 20 % gold compared to higher gold compositions. By isolating lattice parameter and chemical composition effects, chemical composition contributes predominantly to the mean intensity and strong reflections count, although the normalised intensity distribution was affected by both. Introducing L$1_2$ ordering increased the number of strong reflections and mean intensity, and redistributed normalised intensity along {111} and {200} bands and selected zone axis. Normalised intensity distribution and band width, are key descriptions to distinguish the Kikuchi patterns, which can be incorporated in future representation learning based indexing methods.

Based on a model-independent isospin decomposition, we perform a data-driven analysis of $J/\psi$ and $\psi(2S)$ decays into $\Xi \bar{\Xi}$ pairs by leveraging the full set of observables from high-statistics BESIII data. We find that the isospin-violating amplitudes are predominantly driven by the electric couplings, with magnitudes reaching approximately 10%, contrasting with the smaller magnetic contributions of about 3%. A partial-wave analysis further reveals that $S$-wave isospin violation is comparable to the $D$-wave contribution.

Fock-space variational Monte Carlo (FS-VMC) evaluates variational quantities by sampling discrete many-body configurations. In molecular applications, concentrated Born distributions can hinder Markov-chain mixing, while Monte Carlo estimators can also exhibit large variance. We introduce importance-reweighted FS-VMC (IR-FS-VMC), which combines Metropolis–Hastings sampling, an evaluation kernel, and self-normalized importance sampling to estimate the Born-distribution energy, gradient, and stochastic reconfiguration (SR) matrix. Controlled comparisons on equilibrium H2O and Fe2S2 show that the acceptance rate and local-energy variance can respond differently to the sampling and estimation procedure. A single production protocol yields accurate variational energies for H2O dissociation, 36-site hydrogen lattices, and Fe2S2 and Fe4S4 active spaces without system-specific sampling parameters.

The Berry phase arises naturally from the adiabatic dynamics of a pure quantum state, whereas the Uhlmann phase is usually formulated kinematically for a prescribed path of mixed states. For a qubit subject to a uniformly gapped conical drive, we obtain the Uhlmann connection and holonomy in closed form for the equilibrium Gibbs cycle. We then solve the corresponding Lindblad equation exactly in the rotating frame and show that its steady state forms a nonequilibrium limit cycle that lags the instantaneous Gibbs cycle. As the driving becomes slow, the Uhlmann phase approaches the equilibrium Uhlmann phase, which cooling then reduces to the Berry phase: in the joint adiabatic and low-temperature limit, the dynamical Uhlmann phase therefore converges to the Berry phase. This grounds the Uhlmann–Berry correspondence in the physical dynamics of an open system. We also characterize the finite-driving corrections, together with the discontinuous $\pi$ jump that the Uhlmann phase undergoes on the equatorial cycle as the temperature is varied. Finally, we examine an isolated transversal gap closing, where this zero-temperature correspondence can break down: the pure-state path becomes open, its closure is ambiguous, and gap-opening regularizations close it along a geodesic set by the direction of the bias field, splitting the Berry phase into a one-parameter family of values. The Gibbs path instead closes smoothly through the maximally mixed state, so the Uhlmann holonomy requires no regularization and remains unique and continuous at every finite temperature. In the low-temperature limit the Uhlmann phase selects a single member of the Berry family—the geodesic closure in the osculating plane, fixed by the velocity and acceleration of the driving field. The Uhlmann–Berry correspondence of the gapped regime thus survives the gap closing as a geodesic selection rule.

We investigate the effects of horizontal oscillations on the drafting–kissing–tumbling (DKT) dynamics of two monodisperse spherical particles settling under gravity in a viscous fluid. Applying particle-resolved direct numerical simulations, we systematically vary the oscillation frequency and amplitude to assess their impact on the behavior of individual particles, their mutual interaction, and the orientation of the particle arrangement. The results demonstrate that the oscillatory effects on DKT become significant only when the particle Reynolds number $Re_p$, defined as the ratio of oscillation-induced inertial to viscous forces, exceeds unity. In this regime, oscillations alter the temporal characteristics of the DKT process, with moderate amplitudes tending to prolong and larger amplitudes to reduce the kissing phase. Moreover, oscillations affect particle reorientation. At low $Re_p$, the particles maintain their initial orientation throughout the interaction, whereas an increasing $Re_p$ promotes a preferential alignment perpendicular to the direction of oscillation. We explain these findings by analyzing the oscillation-induced pressure fields surrounding the individual particles, which develop increasingly pronounced lateral anisotropy with increasing $Re_p$. The corresponding lateral hydrodynamic forcing likewise becomes increasingly anisotropic, providing a consistent physical basis for the observed modification of particle interactions and reorientation. These findings provide a physical framework for understanding how horizontal oscillations govern binary particle–particle interactions and orientation during gravitational settling.

We investigate the basic symmetry rule for the particle permutation in superconducting (SC) pairing states by examining the numerical solution of the linearized Eliashberg equation for Sr$_2$RuO$_4$. We find that the general multi-band, frequency-dependent SC gap function does not simply transform to itself up to the minus sign with either orbital ($\hat{O}$) or frequency ($\hat{T}$) exchange between two pairing electrons, contradicting the common assumption which has been used without verification. It originates from the fact that paring interactions are not invariant under the $\hat{O}$ or $\hat{T}$ operation, and is demonstrated to be essential to correctly interpret and understand multi-band SC states. One of unique properties implied by our newly found symmetry rule is the possibility of the complex eigenvalue in the linearized gap equation where the corresponding gap functions $\Delta$ always have real and imaginary components both non-zero in real frequencies, inherently breaking the time-reversal symmetry. Our numerical results suggest the possibility of this unique pairing in a real material, Sr$_2$RuO$_4$, for which the Hundness of the material is found to play a key role. The revised symmetry rule not only leads us to more comprehensive understanding of the known SC states, but also opens new possibilities into exotic and unique states.

Quantum states with conserved total spins, or spin eigenfunctions, are important for studying quantum chemistry and quantum manybody physics problems. A typical class of spin eigenfunctions are Dicke states, which attain maximal spins. While we already have many efficient quantum algorithms to prepare Dicke states, it is not yet clear if we could do so for arbitrary spin eigenfunctions deterministically. Generalizing Bärtschi and Eidenbenz's elegant algorithms for Dicke state preparation, we successfully prepare arbitrary spin eigenfunctions characterized by branching paths and binary spin trees. As a byproduct, we also develop the corresponding classical algorithms to reconstruct all these spin states.

We provide a geometric foundation for the kinetic theory of photons. Although the induced metric $\hat h$ on the light cone bundle $\Gamma_0^+$ is degenerate, which causes the corresponding volume element to vanish, we can still use a method similar to the Hodge dual to construct a volume element $\eta_{\Gamma_0^+}$ for the light cone bundle. Based on this geometric structure $(\Gamma^+_0,\eta_{\Gamma_0^+},\hat h)$, we establish the fully covariant Boltzmann equation for photons. More importantly, the volume element and the induced metric are linked in a nontrivial way, which allows the physical distributions to be defined consistently. This yields the corresponding hydrodynamic quantities and their divergences, which take the same form as in the case of massive particles.

The collision operator for the Boltzmann equation is a nonlinear nonlocal operator. When lifted in the extended 2-particle space, it is viewed as the projection of a collisional linear operator. In this paper, we propose a particle method that samples the post-collision relative velocity directly from the Green's function of this operator (the transition probability of the generated time-continuous Markov chain). The normalizing flow amortized sampling is then proposed to reduce the sampling complexity. The resulted method takes $O(N)$ each time where $N$ is the particle number, and conserves momentum and energy exactly. This method does not require the boundedness of the kernel and, more importantly, it allows learning the Green's function directly from the scattering data without selecting the kernel in a specified family.

The capillary rise of simple passive fluids in a tube is given by Jurin's law of capillary action, which balances surface tension and gravity. For fluids composed of active particles interacting via pairwise forces, a capillary rise was reported despite a negative mechanical surface tension, a phenomenon which remains unexplained. We establish the active form of Jurin's law from the microscopic dynamics. It includes a drag emerging from particle currents that we find responsible for capillary rise. These active currents, alongside negative surface tension, lead to complex and counterintuitive capillary action phenomena that are impossible in equilibrium. In particular the capillary rise of active fluids depends on the shape of the tube, not solely on the tube diameter.

Space situational awareness (SSA) requires purpose-matched models across spatial, temporal, and fidelity scales. Building on our previously reported three-dimensional (3D) cell formulation and implementation, this study establishes a reproducible, resolution-aware, catalog-conditioned framework for macroscopic assessment of the low Earth orbit (LEO) collision environment. The framework maps supplied catalog or scenario populations to time-averaged spatial density and target-specific impact metrics while retaining individual-object information. Using a 2025 Space-Track snapshot, we evaluate radial, declination, and right-ascension resolution sensitivity and computational performance for six targets, including two Korean space assets. Normalized expected impact counts range from 0.615 to 1.599 and vary nonmonotonically; for a synthetic 500-km circular target, the result at a 0.25-km radial width is 38.5% below the 10-km reference. Runtime and memory show direction-dependent trade-offs. Ten annual snapshots show catalog growth from 15,723 objects in 2016 to 28,540 in 2025 and a 7.86-fold increase in the 500-km target metric, driven primarily by Starlink, other payloads, and unknown/TBA records. In a conditional stress test of the proposed 998,240-satellite SpaceX Orbital Data Center population, exact annual probabilities of at least one impact reach $3.75\times10^{-3}$ and $1.48\times10^{-3}$ for the 700-km and 1,000-km targets. The framework provides a reproducible, resolution-aware basis for catalog-conditioned environment monitoring, comparative scenario assessment, and prioritization of cases for higher-fidelity follow-up analysis.

In this study, topological phase transition in Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model with a further neighbour hopping term has been studied in terms of fidelity susceptibility. Topological phase transition point in the standard SSH model has been identified before by noting the divergence of fidelity susceptibility. The same approach has been employed here where fidelity susceptibility is found to diverge at the phase transition points. Additionally, effect of staggered potential on the fidelity susceptibility has been explored. Analytic expression for fidelity susceptibility has been obtained along with its numerical estimation on finite chains by exact diagonalization. Fidelity susceptibility exhibits sharp peaks at the phase transition points in both approaches. Scaling exponent of this divergence has been obtained numerically which is found to agree to that of the standard SSH model without further neighbour terms.

Parnassus is a framework for fast detector simulation and reconstruction, directly mapping truth-level particles onto reconstructed objects. Such models can be built from deep generative networks trained on paired samples, which are fit automatically to a target detector, or from parametric prescriptions of the kind used by Delphes, which are constructed by hand. We remove this asymmetry by making the parametric models fully differentiable so that their parameters can be fit to a target sample by gradient descent. We demonstrate closure by fitting a parametric model to samples from a known configuration of itself, recovering the generating parameters and characterizing the degeneracies among them, and we present a first fit to CMS full simulation. The resulting models are interpretable, inexpensive, and run in the standard Parnassus pipeline which is fully Python based and GPU enabled.

Determining the binding mechanisms between polymer dots and proteins is important for developing novel nanotechnologies for biomedicine and bioimaging. In this work, we use all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to determine the binding affinity of Pdots with ovalbumin protein at pH = 7 and 1. The selected Pdots are mixtures of Poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(1,4-benzo-(2,1',3)-thiadiazole)] (PFBT) and poly(styrene/maleic anhydride) (PSMA) with varying composition. At pH = 7, the Pdots have a net negative charge due to the COO- functional groups on the PFBT, and the protein also has a net negative charge. At pH = 1, the Pdots are charge neutral with PFBT containing only COOH functional groups, and the protein also has a net positive charge. We sample the initial position of the protein by varying its initial position through all 6 orientations of a cube. For each orientation, we pull the protein towards the PFBT region of the Pdot. We compare the Coulombic and Lennard-Jones interaction energies for the 6 different interacting faces and two selected pH values. We find that the LJ interaction energies are similar among all 12 of these cases. The measured Coulombic interaction energies suggest that pH = 1 has better binding affinity than pH = 7. The potentials of mean force (PMF) along the pulling coordinates differ with pH. The PMFs from 2 of the 6 initial configurations at pH = 1 are negative whereas none of them are negative at pH = 7, confirming the preferred binding affinity when pH = 1. One of the faces at pH = 1 has the lowest PMF of about -30 kcal/mol, which is much lower than about 6 kcal/mol seen for the lowest case at pH = 7. Comparison of protein residue charge distributions at pH = 7 and 1 further shows that the electrostatic interaction is critical to the binding affinity, and negatively charged residues reduce at pH = 7 does not bind to negatively charged Pdot.

The Boltzmann H-theorem states that entropy of an ensemble of thermodynamic states increases until all states become equally probable. The evolution randomly picks one of the states in the ensemble and brings every other state to have the same probability as the selected state. Different realizations of evolution yield a distribution of selected states. We study this distribution numerically and discuss its relevance for equilibrium fluctuations in thermal as well as non thermal systems.

We investigate the cosmological evolution of a spherical brane within the shellworld (dark bubble) scenario embedded in a five-dimensional charged AdS bulk spacetime. For zero or small value of the brane cosmological constant, the shellworld universe has a nonsingular bouncing and cyclic nature with the bounce induced by the charge parameter of the bulk spacetime. On large value of the brane cosmological constant, the shellworld undergoes a nonsingular bounce and expands eternally. Under certain conditions, the brane bounces outside the bulk horizons, leading to a geometrical resolution of the Cauchy horizon instability present in standard braneworld models. Furthermore, analysis of linear scalar perturbations reveals that test scalar field modes remain regular and non-divergent across the bounce. Finally, we incorporate uniformly distributed long strings in the bulk and demonstrate that the bounce still persists while avoiding the horizon instability.

We investigate the complete set of vector and axial-vector form factors for the charged-current transition $\Lambda_b^0\to N(1520)^+$ using QCD light-cone sum rules (LCSRs) based on the light-cone distribution amplitudes (LCDAs) of the $\Lambda_b$ baryon, with the hard-scattering kernels evaluated at tree level. In the hadronic representation of the correlation function, we include the pole contributions of both the negative-parity $N(1520)$, with $J^P=3/2^-$, and the positive-parity $N(1720)$, with $J^P=3/2^+$. By matching a selected set of Lorentz structures, we derive sum rules that separate the $N(1520)$ contribution from the $N(1720)$ contribution within the adopted two-pole hadronic ansatz. After extrapolating the large-recoil LCSR results over the physical $q^2$ region using a pole-improved $z$ expansion truncated at linear order, we predict the differential branching fractions, the lepton forward-backward asymmetry, the charged-lepton polarization, and the $N(1520)$ polarization in $\Lambda_b^0\to N(1520)^+\ell^-\bar{\nu}_{\ell}$ ($\ell=e,\mu,\tau$). The corresponding total branching fractions are $\mathcal{B}_{e,\mu,\tau} =(12.4\pm10.5,\,12.4\pm10.5,\,5.0\pm4.3)\times10^{-5}$. Within the stated approximations, these results may serve as theoretical benchmarks for future experimental studies of this channel.

Multi-photon interference can be observed using independently generated photons as input. In the most simple case, these photons meet up at a beam splitter, resulting in quantum interference between transmission and reflection of the photons. Here, we show that non-local multi-photon interference can be implemented by using a mode swap operation to generate entanglement between the photons detected in the outputs of two spatially separated interferometers. The spatial separation of the output photons makes this implementation of multi-photon interference particularly suitable for quantum protocols that distribute quantum information to different parties.

Structured light in space and time has become a powerful playground in which to explore the fundamental physics of wave systems, while simultaneously introducing new exotic forms of light, from spatio-temporal vortices to toroidal pulses of light. Yet their creation remains restricted by complex optical systems while directly observing their evolution in arbitrary channels remains elusive, complicated by the interplay of dispersion and diffraction and exacerbated by the lack of suitable detection tools. Here we create topological space-time beams in a single step by a resonant response of a symmetry-broken metasurface, mixing spatial, temporal and polarisation degrees of freedom in a single microwave field. Our realisation in the microwave regime allows us to directly observe their dynamics in arbitrary channels, from free-space to complex random media, showing the preservation of topology while the foundational degrees of freedom are scrambled. We use our control to show how to unscramble the space-time properties for the first crosstalk-free transmission of space-time waves. Our work advances the physics of space-time waves, introduces a new toolkit for their creation and control, and offers an exciting roadmap to their exploitation in real-world scenarios, e.g., for robust communications through noisy channels.