High Energy Physics (Theory)
Singularity-Rank Signatures in Generalized Dirac Oscillators near a BTZ Horizon
João V. R. Alencar, Allan R. P. Moreira, João B. R. Silva et al. (+1 more)
We study singular generalized Dirac-oscillator couplings in the near-horizon region of a nonextremal BTZ black hole. An effective covariant construction adapted to the stationary horizon congruence relates the two singular profiles to the proper acceleration and its radial gradient, whose leading near-horizon behaviors are $1/\rho$ and $1/\rho^2$. This motivates the family $\mathcal{L}_p(\rho)=\lambda_0+\beta_p/\rho^p$, with $p=1,2$. The $p=1$ system has a regular singular point and is Fuchsian, whereas $p=2$ is the first irregular case; more generally, a leading $\rho^{-p}$ interaction with $p>1$ has Poincaré rank $p-1$. For $p=1$, a constant spinor transformation reduces the
matrix-Coulomb system exactly to the Whittaker equation, while elimination in the original basis gives an equivalent confluent-Heun representation with an apparent finite singularity. For $p=2$, the local branches contain the essential factors $e^{\pm\beta_2/\rho}\rho^{-1/2}$, and their coefficient expansions exhibit generic factorial late-order growth. The finite-radius response $\mathcal{Z}_p(\Omega;\rho_0)=\psi_{2,p}(\rho_0)/\psi_{1,p}(\rho_0)$ obeys an exact Riccati equation whose large-damping expansion first becomes sensitive to the radial gradient of the interaction at order $\gamma^{-3}$. Even when the two couplings are matched at $\rho_0$, this response retains information about their different pole orders. The response functions provide local spinorial data for subsequent matching to the complete BTZ exterior.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors João V. R. Alencar, Allan R. P. Moreira, João B. R. Silva, Abdullah Guvendi
Quantum Gases
Kibble–Zurek Scaling in the Dicke Model at Mesoscopic Scales
Haowei Li and Hanteng Wang
The Dicke model is a paradigmatic setting for collective light-matter physics and the superradiant phase transition. Yet extracting the critical exponents is challenging at experimentally accessible mesoscopic sizes, due to the slow divergence of the correlation time under all-to-all coupling and a
photon-loss-driven crossover to a distinct dissipative universality class. Here, we perform a large-$N$ analysis that identifies distinct coherent and dissipative fixed points for the closed and open Dicke models. We then develop a unified mesoscopic scaling framework that incorporates the leading irrelevant correction and, going beyond static and spectral probes, brings ramping dynamics under the same scaling description. It recovers the corresponding exponents, verifies Kibble-Zurek scaling, and clarifies how finite size, dissipation, and speed compete in the ramping dynamics. Our work thus establishes a unified framework for resolving static and dynamical critical scaling in closed and open
quantum systems, with broader applicability to mesoscopic systems with long-range interactions.
Read the full abstract ▾
Quantum Physics
PPT Entanglement with Correlated Catalysis: Monotones and Irreversibility
Jingsong Ao, Aby Philip and Alexander Streltsov
Quantum catalysts can overcome otherwise impossible
quantum state transformations without being consumed, and allowing them to become correlated with the output makes this assistance substantially more powerful. This raises a fundamental question for
entanglement theory: which limitations on state manipulation remain when such correlated catalysts are freely available? We answer this question in the positive-partial-transpose (PPT) resource theory, which allows a substantially broader class of operations than local operations and classical communication (LOCC). We identify general conditions under which regularized relative-
entropy measures become strongly superadditive, and use them to construct monotones that constrain correlated catalytic PPT transformations without any knowledge of the catalyst. In particular, we prove that the regularized PPT relative
entropy is fully additive and strongly superadditive, resolving an open problem in
entanglement theory. Most importantly, these constraints show that even arbitrary correlated catalysts cannot restore asymptotic reversibility: for an explicit state, the optimal
entanglement distillation rate remains strictly smaller than the
entanglement cost. Thus, substantial catalytic assistance does not remove some of the fundamental limitations of mixed-state
entanglement manipulation.
Read the full abstract ▾
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Toward Operational Solar Flare Peak Flux Nowcasting: A Strategy Combining Real-Time Data, Machine Learning, and NOAA Flare Detection Criteria
Kangwoo Yi, Qin Li, Haodi Jiang et al. (+3 more)
We present the RMN strategy (Real-time data, machine learning, and NOAA
flare detection criteria) for nowcasting the peak soft X-ray flux of ongoing
solar flares under operationally realistic conditions. The strategy combines real-time GOES 0.1-0.8 nm X-ray observations with an
attention-based sequence-to-sequence Long Short-Term
Memory model. Under the NOAA
flare detection criteria, predictions are evaluated at one-minute intervals from three minutes after the cataloged onset to the observed peak using the preceding 60 minutes of X-ray observations. We apply the RMN strategy to C-, M-, and X-class
flares observed by GOES-8-18 from 1997 to 2024 using four-fold cross-validation. The major results of this study are as follows. First, the model nowcasts peak soft X-ray flux with RMSE and PE values of 0.26 and 3.11% for the $\geq$C-class group, 0.45 and 5.59% for the $\geq$M-class group, and 0.87 and 12.76% for the X-class group. The higher discrepancy toward stronger
flare groups indicates that peak-flux prediction is more challenging for higher-intensity
flares. Second, the model performance depends on
flare rise time and prediction time, with larger errors for longer rise time events and improved performance as the prediction time approaches the
flare peak. Shorter rise time events approach their final peak more rapidly, providing a clearer indication of the eventual peak, whereas the larger difference for longer rise time events may partly reflect more complex temporal
evolution. Third, empirical coverage based on total uncertainty remains high but decreases for stronger
flares, with noise uncertainty contributing more than model uncertainty.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Kangwoo Yi, Qin Li, Haodi Jiang, Meiqi Wang, Haimin Wang, Bo Shen
Strongly Correlated Electrons
Pressure-tuning of electronic structure of CeTe3 probed by femtosecond collective mode spectroscopy
Chandra V. Kotyada, Priyanka Yogi, Amon P. Lanz et al. (+8 more)
We use femtosecond optical spectroscopy to study the
evolution of coherent order-parameter dynamics in the prototypical charge-density-wave (CDW) system CeTe3 under hydrostatic pressure. The CDW transition temperature decreases from approximately 570 K at ambient pressure to near room temperature at approximately 6 GPa. The pressure dependence of the order-parameter recovery dynamics indicates enhanced electron-
phonon coupling with increasing pressure, implying that CDW suppression is driven predominantly by the reduction in
Fermi-surface nesting. Above 7 GPa, no evidence of CDW order is observed down to cryogenic temperatures. Concurrently, the relaxation dynamics exhibit significant slowing down at low-temperatures, consistent with emerging heavy-electron behaviour due to pressure-enhanced hybridization between localized Ce 4f levels and itinerant carriers.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Chandra V. Kotyada, Priyanka Yogi, Amon P. Lanz, Rolf Heid, Jonas Tauch, Manuel Obergfell, Hanjo Schaefer, Paula Giraldo-Gallo, Ian R. Fisher, Alexej Pashkin, Jure Demsar
Quantum Physics
Radial Convex Geometry of Quantum States and Its Relation to Best Separable Approximation
Haonan Qiang
We study bipartite
entanglement from the convex geometry of
quantum states. Taking the maximally mixed state as a reference point, we define a
geometric entangled-space quantity $G(\rho)=[1-L(\rho)]/L(\rho)$ from the relative positions of the separable and
quantum-state boundaries, and introduce a relative
entanglement degree $Q(\rho)=[(1-p)/p]/G(\rho)$ by comparing it with the robustness relative to the maximally mixed state. We apply this
geometric construction to the Best Separable Approximation (BSA). For the optimal decomposition, we derive the general bound $(1-p)L_B/[p(1-L_B)]\leq p_0\leq Q(\rho)$ and show that the entangled component of the BSA has an entangled-space size no smaller than that of the original mixed state, namely $[1-L_R]/L_R\leq[1-L_B]/L_B$. For two-
qubit states, the BSA entangled component is a pure entangled state. Using the PPT criterion, its
geometric parameter can be evaluated explicitly, giving the bound $(1-p)/(2p)\leq p_0\leq Q(\rho)$. These results provide a simple
geometric description of the relation between BSA, robustness, and the entangled region of the
quantum-state space.
Read the full abstract ▾
Soft Condensed Matter
Effect of molecular constraints on vibrational and quasilocalized excitations in glasses
Keane Ramdin and Edan Lerner
Recent years have seen substantial progress in elucidating the statistical physics of the vibrational properties of structural glasses. Although many real-world glasses relevant for science and technology are molecular, the majority of computational studies concerning the mechanical and vibrational properties of structural glasses employ simple atomistic glass-forming models. Thus, the effects of stiff molecular constraints on mechanical and vibrational glass physics remain largely unexplored. In this work, we directly compare the properties of a molecular computer glass with those of an atomistic model featuring the same inter-molecular interaction potential, and created using the same formation protocol. We find that the molecular glass features a higher degree of mechanical disorder, with larger mesoscopic correlation lengths, while at the same time it hosts a lower number of soft, quasilocalized vibrations per atom – compared to the atomistic glass. We rationalize these differences by accounting for the reduction in the effective number of degrees of freedom induced by the stiff molecular constraints. We additionally find that nonlinear plastic modes — that carry plastic deformation in driven glassy solids — couple much more strongly to volumetric strains in the molecular glass. Future research directions are discussed.
Read the full abstract ▾
Plasma Physics
Symmetry-agnostic stellarators for collisionless confinement
W. Sengupta, A. Bhattacharjee and S. Buller
Quasisymmetry, omnigenity and piecewise omnigenity confine trapped particles by making the bounce action independent of the field-line label. Recent optimizations produce mixed-
symmetry stellarators that confine alpha particles well without them. We propose a general theory for them. From Whitham modulation theory we define iso-action, which requires only that the drift surface close and allows misalignment with flux surfaces. A solvable model supplies an exact relation between trapped segments while branch actions vary. We develop a proxy $\Gamma_W$ for the reach that misalignment costs.
Read the full abstract ▾
Materials Science
Anomalous behavior of native point defects in C2-ordered antiferromagnet $\alpha$-MnO$_2$
Archana Sharma and Brahmananda Chakraborty
$\alpha$-MnO$_2$ is an emerging material for electronic, optoelectronic, and energy applications, owing to its structural flexibility and defect-driven functionality. During synthesis of $\alpha$-MnO$_2$, native oxygen vacancies readily form and are typically compensated by foreign dopants. A thorough understanding of intrinsic defects is therefore essential for enabling controlled extrinsic doping and optimizing material performance. Using density functional approach, we investigate the structural, electronic,
magnetic, and optical properties of the ground state C2-type
antiferromagnetic $\alpha$-MnO$_2$ in the presence of native point defects, including interstitials, vacancies, and antisites. We compute their thermodynamic stability, incorporating electrostatic corrections to eliminate spurious long-range interactions. Mn interstitial (Mn$_\text{i}$) and Mn antisite O (Mn$_\text{O}$) introduce shallow donor levels, whereas O-vacancy (V$_\text{O}$) exhibit amphoteric behavior and act as compensating centers. The calculated defect formation energies reveal pronounced competition between donor- and acceptor-type native defects, leading to strong intrinsic defect compensation under both Mn-rich and O-rich growth conditions. Mn vacancy (V$_\text{Mn}$) remains ionized across the band gap and behaves as a shallow acceptor, suggesting its potential role under suitable non-
equilibrium growth conditions, whereas O antisite Mn (O$_\text{Mn}$) forms deep acceptor levels. BSE@G$_0$$W_0$ calculations reveal a strongly anisotropic optical response in stoichiometric $\alpha$-MnO$_2$, while native point defects introduce pronounced sub-gap excitations and enhanced dielectric screening, with vacancies producing the largest effect.
Read the full abstract ▾
Quantum Physics
Lensing and enhanced single atom detection via a single-pixel nanostructure
Ling-Xiao Wang, Lei Xu, Ai-Ping Liu et al. (+7 more)
We propose and demonstrate a general mechanism for nanoscale
lensing based on the phase gradient imposed by a single nanostructure scattering light in its near-field. We verify this effect using an optical waveguide on a substrate, with single atoms serving as
quantum probes that sample the near-field intensity through their fluorescence. This
quantum probing technique provides a unique, non-destructive approach to characterizing focused optical fields and reveals a 4-fold enhancement in single atom detection efficiency. This work establishes on-chip nanostructures as a multi-functional
quantum optics platform that can efficiently route
photons, localize fields, and enhance atom-
photon coupling, offering new opportunities for trapping and manipulating single atoms and realizing hybrid nanophotonic-atomic systems for
quantum applications.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Ling-Xiao Wang, Lei Xu, Ai-Ping Liu, Guang-Jie Chen, Yuan-Hao Yang, Jia-Qi Wang, Xin-Biao Xu, Guang-Can Guo, Chang-Ling Zou, Guo-Yong Xiang
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Lattice-data-driven specific heat and isentropic bulk modulus of SU(3) gluon matter at finite temperature
Wei Shen, Zhen-Yan Lu, Muhammad Waqas et al. (+3 more)
We investigate the specific heat and isentropic bulk modulus of finite-temperature pure SU(3) gauge matter within a
lattice-data-driven phenomenological framework. The equation of state is formulated in terms of a temperature-dependent effective
gluon mass constrained { by
lattice QCD pressure data as input, allowing the pressure}, trace anomaly,
gluon number density, energy per thermally active gluonic mode, and derivative-sensitive response functions to be derived in a thermodynamically consistent manner. The resulting pressure and trace anomaly reproduce the characteristic
lattice behavior across the deconfinement region, while the effective gluonic degrees of freedom increase rapidly above $T_c$. The normalized specific heat $C_V/T^3$ develops a pronounced enhancement in the vicinity of $T_c$, reflecting the rapid temperature variation of the energy density across the deconfinement region. The isentropic bulk modulus $K_S/T^4$ also rises sharply across the transition region, indicating a substantial stiffening of the equation of state. At high temperatures, both response functions gradually approach values close to their massless conformal Stefan–Boltzmann reference values, with $\left(C_V/T^3\right)_{\rm SB}=32\pi^2/15\simeq 21.06$ and $\left(K_S/T^4\right)_{\rm SB}=32\pi^2/135\simeq 2.34$. These findings indicate that the specific heat and isentropic bulk modulus provide complementary constraints on the temperature
evolution of nonconformal dynamics in pure SU(3) gauge matter.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Wei Shen, Zhen-Yan Lu, Muhammad Waqas, Xun Chen, Zhi-Jun Ma, Guang-Xiong Peng
Accelerator Physics
Electron energy gain in a dielectric laser accelerator as a function of the base angle of a triangular grating structure
O.O. Svystunov, A.V. Vasyliev, I.V. Beznosenko et al. (+2 more)
Dielectric
laser accelerators (DLAs) represent a compact and cost-effective alternative to conventional RF accelerators. Despite the various grating geometries already studied, a comprehensive investigation of triangular profiles, particularly the effect of the base angle of the saw-tooth grating profile, remains insufficient. This paper presents the results of numerical particle-in-
cell (PIC) simulations of electron acceleration in DLAs based on double gratings with a triangular profile. One of the gratings, onto which the
laser beam is incident, is transparent, while the second grating was either transparent or reflective for the
laser pulse. The geometry of the first grating was fixed. A systematic study was conducted on the influence of the base angle of the second grating ($\alpha = 5^\circ - 44^\circ$), its spatial orientation, the presence of a reflective gold coating, and the shape of the incident
laser pulse (plane wave versus Gaussian profile) on the acceleration rate. The results reveal a complex interplay between these parameters. For an electron beam with an initial energy of 10 MeV, a maximum accelerating rate of 345 MeV/m was achieved for the structure with a left-handed reflective grating and a base angle of $\alpha = 10^\circ$ when excited by a Gaussian pulse. Under plane-wave excitation, the left-handed reflective grating with $\alpha = 25^\circ$ provided a rate of 325 MeV/m. It is shown that for single-bunch injection, nearly the maximum energy gain can be attained within a temporal window of 0.5 fs. The obtained results provide a quantitative basis for optimizing DLA designs with triangular gratings, highlighting the significant role of the saw-tooth profile base angle and the grating type in achieving high rates for next-generation accelerators.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors O.O. Svystunov, A.V. Vasyliev, I.V. Beznosenko, R.A. Melnichuk, G.V. Sotnikov
Accelerator Physics
Mutually phase-stable tunable attosecond soft X-ray attosecond pulses from a free-electron laser
River Robles, Kurtis Borne, Mathew Britton et al. (+16 more)
We demonstrate the production of mutually phase-stable attosecond X-ray pulse pairs with tunable relative time delays and phases in a cascaded X-ray free-electron
laser. We showcase the method in an experiment at the LCLS-II, in which a shaped electron beam is used in a split undulator configuration to generate the two attosecond pulses. We achieve mutual phase stability by reusing microbunching generated in the first undulator in order to seed the FEL process in the second at a detuned frequency. We measure controllable temporal delays between the two pulses directly in the time domain using angular streaking of photoelectrons, with a step size of 250 attoseconds. We then show that the behavior of the X-ray spectrum is consistent with phase stability between the two pulses, with a relative phase that can be easily tuned using inter-undulator phase shifters. This method is particularly well-suited to few to ten eV energy separations and sub to few femtosecond time delays, which are ideal for experiments in the soft X-ray regime for pushing the limits of our models for molecular dynamics and exerting direct coherent control over
quantum systems.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors River Robles, Kurtis Borne, Mathew Britton, David Cesar, Paris Franz, Veronica Guo, Gabriel Just, Kirk A. Larsen, Randy Lemons, Vyacheslav Leshchenko, Xiang Li, Ming-Fu Lin, Razib Obaid, Nicholas Sudar, Jun Wang, Zhen Zhang, James Cryan, Taran Driver, Agostino Marinelli
Materials Science
Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Topological Semimetal YPtBi/W/CoFeB Heterostructures for BEOL-Compatible Spin-Orbit Torque Devices
Quang Le, Brian R. York, Cherngye Hwang et al. (+17 more)
Spin-orbit torque (SOT) devices require
spin-source materials that combine efficient charge-to-
spin conversion with back-end-of-line (BEOL) thermal compatibility. Here, we show that YPtBi/W/CoFeB
heterostructures deposited directly on Si/SiOx remain predominantly amorphous or weakly nanocrystalline from room temperature to 400 {\deg}C while preserving a large effective damping-like SOT response. Anomalous
Hall and harmonic
Hall measurements, together with X-ray diffraction, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, X-ray reflectivity, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy, show that the response does not correlate with bulk crystallization of YPtBi. Instead, the interfacial analysis indicates that the strongest trend of the
spin Hall angle is associated with the chemistry of the upper YPtBi/W boundary: the effective SOT response tracks the integrated W concentration at that YPtBi surface. Meanwhile, a two-
spin source analysis shows that the Pt-W-rich interlayer provides only a small positive correction, insufficient to explain the large negative effective
spin Hall angle by itself. The dominant control variable is therefore inferred to be the incorporation of W into the upper YPtBi interface, which plausibly modifies the local electronic structure of YPtBi and amplifies the stack-level response. These results provide a more physically constrained interpretation of the stack behavior and identify a BEOL-compatible route to disordered topological
spin-source layers for scaled SOT
memory and compute-in-
memory hardware.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Quang Le, Brian R. York, Cherngye Hwang, Xiaoyong Liu, Tsann Lin, Xiaoyu Xu, Yudi Wang, Jia Li, Mazin Osman, Katherine Le, Maher Osman, Son Le, Lei Xu, Maki Maeda, Tuo Fan, Yu Tao, Hisashi Takano, Sho Kagami, Ohiro Fujie, Pham Nam Hai
Chaotic Dynamics
Understanding the superiority of multi-model ensemble forecasts through reservoir computing
Daniel Estevez Moya, Francesco Martinuzzi, Edmilson Roque dos Santos et al. (+3 more)
Weather
forecasting and
climate projection frequently use multi-model ensembles (MMEs) to improve short-term forecasts by averaging across models. However, this practice is often not well justified or validated. Using reservoir computing (RC) as a computationally efficient alternative to large-scale physical models, we assess the validity of the MME approach for chaotic time series. By training multiple randomly constructed RCs on the same
dataset, we create a multi-model ensemble in which each model has its own unique error. These model errors lead to very different
forecasting performances, with forecast error distributions that exhibit heavy tails. The arithmetic mean across forecasts from multiple models for the same target is usually closer to the ground truth than most individual forecasts, and further improvement is achieved by weighted arithmetic means where the weights are constructed based on each model's test-set performance. We show that iterated forecasts over many time steps deviate from the ground truth along the unstable
manifold of the target point, in both directions, so that, if forecast errors were independent and had zero mean, the arithmetic mean forecast should approach the true target like $1/\sqrt{\nens}$ where $\nens$ is the size of the multi-model ensemble. We observe deviations from this behavior, which we attribute to the tails of the error distribution of random RCs.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Daniel Estevez Moya, Francesco Martinuzzi, Edmilson Roque dos Santos, Erick Alejandro Madrigal Solis, Ernesto Estevez Rams, Holger Kantz
Physics and Society
Emergence of cooperation: A reputation-modulated reinforcement learning
Chenyang Zhao, Jiqiang Zhang, Li Chen et al. (+1 more)
Reputation is widely recognized as a key mechanism for sustaining cooperation. However, most existing game-theoretic models treat reputation primarily as an external factor that modulates payoffs, interaction structures, or strategy update rules. In many social contexts, though, reputation operates primarily as information – it shapes how individuals interpret their own experiences and assess the behavior of others. To bridge this gap, we propose a spatial prisoner's dilemma game grounded in the reinforcement learning paradigm, in which
agents equipped with Q-learning integrate both individual and social information via a locally defined reputation metric to guide their decisions. Our results reveal that reputation-modulated learning significantly promotes the emergence of cooperative behavior, and we observe a discontinuous phase transition from full cooperation to full defection as the temptation increases. Cooperation spreads through the nucleation of cooperative clusters, whereas the disintegration of these clusters drives the system into an absorbing state of complete defection. Overall, this study demonstrates that reputation facilitates cooperation not only by providing direct incentives but also by reshaping the social information landscape that
agents rely on for learning and adaptation.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Chenyang Zhao, Jiqiang Zhang, Li Chen, Yong Zou
Quantum Physics
Wide-field mid- to long-wave infrared imaging with undetected photons
Vladimir Kornienko, Nathan Gemmell, Caiyi Liu et al. (+3 more)
Quantum imaging with undetected
photons (QIUP) allows an object to be probed at mid-infrared frequencies by only measuring interference in the visible range, thus leveraging silicon camera technology. We show that non-collinear phase-matching in a silver thiogallate (AgGaS$_2$)
crystal enables wide-field QIUP in the wavelength range of 6-10 $\mu$m (1670-1000 cm$^{-1}$). A combination of coherent detection and infrared
photons being “undetected” enables imaging at ${\sim}$100 times better than the background-limited infrared photodetection (BLIP) limit. At 8 $\mu$m, our images have over 8000 $\pm$ 100 resolvable elements with a 297 $\pm$ 5 $\mu$m resolution, and 10 s acquisition time. Our results pave the way to fast, background-noise-free, room-temperature, spectrally-selective mid-infrared imaging.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Vladimir Kornienko, Nathan Gemmell, Caiyi Liu, Asteria Chen, Chris Phillips, Rupert Oulton
Instrumentation and Detectors
Nanoscale silicon sensor - guided new insights into early metabolic response of Escherichia coli to ampicillin
Yingtao Yu, Victoria Nolan, Zheqiang Xu et al. (+4 more)
Antibiotic killing is often attributed to inhibition of specific cellular targets, yet metabolic processes can strongly influence drug efficacy. However, the relationship between metabolic responses and antibiotic lethality remains incompletely understood. Here, we employed silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNWFET) sensors to monitor real-time metabolic responses of Escherichia coli to ampicillin (AMP). AMP treatment induced a biphasic extracellular pH signature, characterized by rapid acidification followed by alkalization. Metabolomic analyses revealed that the initial acidification resulted from organic acid secretion, whereas the subsequent alkalization was associated with altered amino acid metabolism and formate flux. Using metabolic and respiratory mutants, we found that these extracellular signatures reflected pathway-specific metabolic rewiring that predicted bacterial killing. AMP lethality strongly correlated with ATP dynamics and formate secretion: strains exhibiting larger AMP-induced ATP increases and greater formate secretion showed enhanced susceptibility. In contrast to literature, changes in NADH and NADPH levels did not support redox stress as the primary bacterial-killing mechanism. Together, our findings identify formate metabolism as a key pathway underlying the elevated ATP levels associated with AMP bactericidal activity. These results demonstrate that SiNWFET sensors provide a versatile label-free tool for probing antibiotic mechanisms, rapidly assessing bacterial susceptibility, and potentially guiding antimicrobial therapy development.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Yingtao Yu, Victoria Nolan, Zheqiang Xu, Allison Jones, George Alhoush, Zhen Zhang, Sanna Koskiniemi
Statistical Mechanics
Exact Fluctuation-Response Relations for Underdamped Langevin Dynamics
Tan Van Vu, Van Tuan Vo, Ruicheng Bao et al. (+1 more)
Thermodynamic uncertainty relations connect current fluctuations to dissipation and, in certain settings, can emerge from underlying fluctuation-response relations. However, in underdamped dynamics, conventional mean-current uncertainty relations can fail, and the underlying connection between fluctuations, response, and dissipation remains elusive. Here, we uncover this connection by deriving an exact finite-time fluctuation-response equality for underdamped Langevin dynamics, which is valid for arbitrary time-dependent driving and general additive observables. The equality yields sharp response bounds and a variational characterization of the dynamically generated variance. Choosing the perturbation along the irreversible probability flow, we obtain an experimentally accessible friction-response thermodynamic uncertainty relation that is saturable at any finite observation time. It provides both an exact variational principle for
entropy production and a weak-noise coherence-dissipation bound for underdamped limit cycles. We further show that the conventional uncertainty factor of velocity-resolved currents can decay exponentially with dissipation, even in driven free
diffusion, whereas the friction-response factor retains its universal lower bound. These results establish response, rather than the mean current itself, as the quantity directly linking fluctuations and dissipation in underdamped dynamics.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Tan Van Vu, Van Tuan Vo, Ruicheng Bao, Keiji Saito
Pattern Formation and Solitons
Dissipation-driven champion solitons in one-dimensional shallow-water waves
Ashleigh Simonis, Sergey Nazarenko, Jalal Shatah et al. (+1 more)
In this paper, we identify a new mechanism for rogue wave formation in a shallow-water setting. We study a bidirectional shallow-water wave field in the context of the Kaup-Boussinesq equation, and introduce a weak high-wavenumber dissipative perturbation that breaks the underlying integrability of the system. In this setting, dominant
solitons grow through successive interactions with weaker, co-propagating
solitons, leading to the formation of a "champion
soliton" in each direction of propagation. This behaviour is in contrast to the general intuition that dissipation damps coherent structures, and instead shows that weak dissipation can induce their intensification. Moreover, we find that weak dissipation alone is not sufficient for champion
soliton formation; the presence of random waves plays a crucial role in the intensification process, catalysing the transfer of energy into dominant coherent structures. While champion
solitons have previously been studied in non-integrable systems, these works primarily consider perturbations introduced through modifications of the nonlinear terms (e.g., higher-order Korteweg-de Vries and Schrödinger-type models). In the present work, high-wavenumber dissipation provides a more physically natural perturbation, since such small-scale damping is a common feature in many systems.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Ashleigh Simonis, Sergey Nazarenko, Jalal Shatah, Yulin Pan
Soft Condensed Matter
Role of topology in scaling laws for studying mechanics in open-porous solids: Moving beyond classical Gibson-Ashby scaling
Ameya Rege
The elastic modulus of porous materials is commonly described using power-law scaling relations with relative density, where the scaling exponent is often interpreted in terms of the underlying deformation mechanism. However, in highly disordered porous networks, changes in density are generally accompanied by changes in network
topology, which can substantially modify the apparent scaling behavior. In this paper, we propose a
topology-informed framework that separates the intrinsic mechanical contribution from the effects of network structure. Three representative topological descriptors are considered: the mean coordination number, the fraction of the load-bearing backbone, and the tortuosity of the load paths. For each case, the corresponding density-dependent contribution to the apparent modulus-scaling exponent is derived and analyzed. The results show that variations in connectivity, mechanical participation of the solid phase, and load-path efficiency can all lead to apparent scaling exponents exceeding the intrinsic exponent associated with the local deformation mechanism. These effects are particularly pronounced at low relative densities, where network
topology evolves most strongly. The framework provides a physically interpretable basis for understanding anomalous modulus-density scaling in disordered porous materials and highlights the need to consider
topology explicitly alongside relative density.
Read the full abstract ▾
Quantum Physics · Cross-listed from math.OA
Bayesian inference and retrodiction for faithful states on von Neumann algebras
Pradyut Karmakar and Arthur J. Parzygnat
Retrodiction is the act of inferring a cause from its effects, the most common example of which is
Bayesian inference. Retrodiction can be defined by its structural process-theoretic properties, which are mathematically captured by category theory. This categorical definition of retrodiction has recently been shown to potentially isolate the Petz recovery map as a unique universal candidate for
quantum Bayesian inference. This paper extends these results to the infinite-dimensional setting on von Neumann
algebras. In the process, we provide a pedagogical review of the Petz recovery map in infinite dimensions and its relation to the more commonly used expression in the finite-dimensional setting. We formalize the open question as to whether these categorical axioms for retrodiction do in fact uniquely characterize the Petz recovery map. If such a characterization holds, this would show that
Bayesian inversion and the Petz recovery map are structural necessities and not simply useful
algorithms for classical and
quantum inference.
Read the full abstract ▾
Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.SG
Hamiltonian Floer Theory for Quantum Electrodynamics up to First Order in $\hbar$
Oliver Fabert and Jesse Straat
We use
Hamiltonian Floer theory to prove a cuplength result about the existence of periodic solutions of particle-field systems with a Gaussian random field. As a concrete model we study
stochastic electrodynamics, which approximates
quantum electrodynamics up to first order in $\hbar$, and is even exact in the case of low-order
Hamiltonians or when the particles are treated classically.
Read the full abstract ▾
High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from cs.LG
Green BOA: Determining the environmental break-even point for ML-based data compression
Caterina Doglioni, Thomas Elliott, Akshat Gupta et al. (+3 more)
We summarise the outcome of two summer internship projects based at the University of Manchester, focused on the break-even point in terms of environmental sustainability for ML-based data compression
algorithms. Using the example of a ML-based lossless compression
algorithm, we compare estimates for the carbon-equivalent of the infrastructure needed for ML training and inference with the carbon-equivalent savings from reduced disk storage requirements, and discuss their break-even point.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Caterina Doglioni, Thomas Elliott, Akshat Gupta, Hanzila Hussain, Sanjiban Sengupta, Zhengkai Sun
Computational Physics
Resonant state expansion for acoustic resonators. Part II. Scattering problem
Egor Domoratskii, Vladimir Igoshin, Nikolay Solodovchenko et al. (+4 more)
We develop a resonant-state expansion formulation for acoustic scattering by individual resonators. The scattered pressure and particle-velocity fields are expanded over the resonant states of the system, with excitation amplitudes determined by overlap integrals between the incident field and the resonant states over the resonator volume. Using the acoustic energy flux, we derive expressions for the extinction, scattering, and absorption cross-sections and show that the extinction spectrum can be resolved into contributions from individual resonant states. The formulation is first validated for a homogeneous two-dimensional cylinder, where it reproduces the analytical Mie-theory solution. We then consider a sectorally perturbed cylinder with coupled azimuthal modes and demonstrate agreement with finite-element simulations. Finally, we combine the
eigenvalue and scattering formulations for a material-programmed hard-wall annular metaatom and reproduce its scattering spectra and near fields. The developed framework provides a physically transparent modal approach to acoustic scattering by open resonators with reduced
symmetry and spatially structured material parameters.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Egor Domoratskii, Vladimir Igoshin, Nikolay Solodovchenko, Mingzhao Song, Yong Li, Mihail Petrov, Andrey Bogdanov
Geophysics
3-D numerical modelling of the feedback between deformation and thermal structure during subduction initiation for the French Lesser Antilles
E. Momoh, S. Tait and H. S. Bhat
We used 3-D thermomechanical modelling to investigate conditions during subduction-zone initiation and early thermal development with focus on the Lesser Antilles. Our model imposes a convergence velocity of 2 cm per year and incorporates heating caused by irreversible deformation of mantle and crustal rocks, using elasticity, creep, and non-associative plastic flow laws. Our results show that deformational heating before slab development is unexpectedly strong. After several million years, buckling and heating due to irreversible deformation create distinctive patterns of topography and surface heat flow that resemble present-day observations, despite the slab and subduction interface being incompletely developed. Within the Caribbean plate, plate buckling produces a high topographic ridge underlain by a large positive thermal anomaly of approximately 200 K, centred just below the Moho. The conductive thermal boundary layer transporting this heat to the surface thins from about 100 km to 10 km beneath the topographic maximum, allowing the ridge to rise above sea level. This thermal structure suggests the potential initiation of a volcanic arc approximately 180 km from the inter-plate contact. A hot zone at 30-50 km depth has pressures consistent with those inferred from Lesser Antilles primitive magmas and represents the most plausible location for partial melting of Caribbean mantle if volatiles are present. The thick Caribbean crust, approximately 20-25 km, is also heated sufficiently for possible silicic melt generation. The inferred lithospheric thickness of 50-100 km aligns with
tomography studies. Thus, subduction thermal structure is strongly influenced by several million years of initiation processes.
Read the full abstract ▾
Quantum Physics
Dynamical one-from-many quantum metrology: Sum rule and matrix-free precision bound
Ziyu Xie and Junjie Liu
Practical
quantum single-parameter estimation is rarely a pristine task; it almost invariably involves nuisance parameters, casting it as a one-from-many problem. Existing approaches to this problem rely on multi-parameter metrology, reducing the
matrix quantum Cramér-Rao bound to obtain scalar
quantum precision limits. However, these methods are often hampered by the demanding inversion of the
quantum Fisher information (QFI)
matrix and the requisite choice of a weight
matrix, and they break down when the QFI
matrix becomes singular. Here, we show that for dynamical one-from-many estimation, a previously overlooked sum rule connecting the QFI about all model parameters to the QFI about time necessitates including the latter to consider an augmented QFI
matrix while simultaneously rendering it inherently singular–precisely the scenario where conventional approaches fail. To meet this challenge, we derive a tight,
matrix-free
quantum precision bound that involves only scalar quantities, offers broad applicability, and subsumes existing results as special cases. Validated in both
unitary and noisy settings, our findings provide a refined operational framework for practical
quantum single-parameter metrology.
Read the full abstract ▾
Chemical Physics
Resonance Raman spectroscopy from ab initio Hagedorn wavepacket dynamics
Davide Barbiero, Léa Zupan and Jiří J. L. Vaníček
We present a practical, ab initio time-dependent method using Hagedorn wavepackets to simulate resonance Raman (RR) spectra of polyatomic molecules. Hagedorn functions—Gaussians multiplied by specific
polynomials—are used to represent RR initial and final states because these functions are exact solutions to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for at-most-quadratic potentials and can be propagated at zero cost beyond that of propagating the guiding Gaussian. Using efficient recursive formulae to compute overlaps between Hagedorn wavepackets, we can evaluate RR excitation profiles for arbitrary spectral signals, such as fundamental, overtone, combination, and hot bands. We then construct the Stokes and anti-Stokes RR spectra from these profiles. We first validate the method in a two-dimensional displaced, distorted, and Duschinsky-rotated harmonic model against numerically exact split-operator calculations. Then, we apply the method to compute RR spectra of anthracene by performing dynamics on a 66-dimensional harmonic potential energy surface constructed from density functional theory calculations.
Read the full abstract ▾
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Chromospheric heating and magnetic topology above the shared penumbra of a delta-spot: Multi-line inversions and multi-height magnetic-field extrapolations
M. Kriginsky, J. Leenaarts, J. de la Cruz Rodríguez et al. (+1 more)
We analysed observations of the Fe I 617.3 nm, Ca II 854.2 nm, and Ca II H lines obtained with CRISP and CHROMIS at the SST. Spatially coupled non-LTE inversions constrained the chromospheric atmosphere, while the WFA provided estimates of the chromospheric line-of-sight
magnetic field. We combined these photospheric and chromospheric constraints with an HMI magnetogram as input to a multi-height field extrapolation. We characterised the reconstructed
topology using the twist number, squashing factor, current density, and field-line connectivity. Results. The Ca II H
magnetic signal is concentrated mainly above the strongest photospheric field concentrations, whereas Ca II 854.2 nm yields stronger and more spatially extended line-of-sight fields. The chromosphere above the shared penumbra is approximately 300 K hotter than nearby quiet regions. The selected brightening follows a chromospheric loop, with enhanced temperature and a transition from blueshift to
redshift along the structure. The extrapolation recovers field strengths broadly consistent with the inversions and reveals a left-handed, flux-rope-like core following the polarity inversion line. Enhanced currents and connectivity gradients occur near parts of its boundary, where field lines connect the twisted structure to overarching loops. Conclusions. The temperature and velocity patterns and
magnetic topology are consistent with reconnection between the twisted polarity-inversion-line field and the surrounding loops, depositing energy in the chromosphere and driving
plasma along reconfigured field lines. These signatures do not uniquely establish reconnection, but show that combining high-resolution spectropolarimetric inversions with multi-height extrapolations can relate chromospheric energy release to the local three-dimensional
magnetic structure.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors M. Kriginsky, J. Leenaarts, J. de la Cruz Rodríguez, A. Pastor Yabar
Computational Physics
Resonant state expansion for acoustic resonators. Part I. Eigenvalue problem
Egor Domoratskii, Vladimir Igoshin, Nikolay Solodovchenko et al. (+4 more)
Resonant-state expansion (RSE) is a powerful modal framework for the perturbative analysis of open resonant systems, providing direct access to complex eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes. While RSE is well developed in electromagnetism, a comparably systematic formulation for acoustics remains less established. Here, we develop a general Green-function-based formalism for acoustic RSE and illustrate it for a class of two-dimensional acoustic resonators. Using the resonant states of an analytically solvable cylindrical reference system as a basis, we derive explicit perturbation
matrix elements for uniform, radial, and sectoral variations of density and compressibility, representing homogeneous tuning, graded profiles, and
symmetry-induced modal coupling. The resulting complex eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes are validated against exact analytical solutions and finite-element simulations, showing excellent quantitative agreement. The framework provides a systematic and physically transparent approach for analyzing perturbed open acoustic resonators and establishes a basis for resonant-state methods in acoustic metamaterials and non-Hermitian acoustics.
Read the full abstract ▾
All authors Egor Domoratskii, Vladimir Igoshin, Nikolay Solodovchenko, Mingzhao Song, Yong Li, Mihail Petrov, Andrey Bogdanov