Papers

When the control field of a qubit, a polarization state, or a spin-$\tfrac12$ system is swept through a level degeneracy, its direction traces an open curve on the Bloch sphere whose endpoints are antipodal, and the geodesic rule for the open-path geometric phase becomes ambiguous: infinitely many geodesics close the path, and different closures enclose different solid angles. We resolve this ambiguity in closed form. A coordinate-free monopole connection defines the open-path solid angle $\Omega[C]$ intrinsically, and displacing the degeneracy by $\epsilon\uhat$ closes the path with enclosed solid angle $\Omega(\epsilon\uhat)=\Omega[C]+2\alpha+O(\epsilon)$, where $\alpha$ is the azimuth of the transverse part of $\uhat$ measured from the principal normal of the control curve at the crossing. The identity between geometric phase and enclosed solid angle therefore holds for exactly one closing geodesic—the great circle in the osculating plane ($\alpha=0$)—supplied by the curvature at the degeneracy. Berry's $\pi$ invariant under reversal of the displacement and the values $\pm\pi/2$ under a reflection symmetry follow as corollaries, and the pure-state limit of the finite-temperature Uhlmann phase selects the osculating-plane closure automatically, turning the heuristic closing rules of the open-path literature into a computable prescription.

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration's images of the supermassive black holes in M87 and the Milky Way have provided the first event-horizon-scale views of these objects, opening new avenues for studies of gravitation, accretion physics, and black hole astrophysics. Achieving these results, however, requires imaging under some of the most challenging conditions in radio astronomy, including low signal-to-noise ratios, severe calibration uncertainties, and sparse aperture coverage. With the aim of presenting independent analyses of the public EHT datasets for M87* and Sgr A*, we adopt an approach that is independent in observables, and reconstruction methodology. Our framework is based on closure invariants, a class of interferometric observables that are intrinsically immune to station-based calibration errors and therefore provide robust constraints on source structure. We combine these observables with Generative Deep learning Image Reconstruction with Closure Terms (GenDIReCT), a diffusion-based image reconstruction framework that operates in the latent space of images conditioned on closure invariants. We present independent reconstructions obtained using GenDIReCT on synthetic challenge data sets as well as real EHT data on 3C279 and Centaurus A, and compare them with previously reported results. This work demonstrates the potential of closure-invariant-driven generative imaging as a calibration-resilient framework for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and provides an independent and complementary avenue for interpreting horizon-scale black hole observations.

Reading an optical quantum reservoir costs repetitions growing super-exponentially with feature order: what it can afford is set by its detector, not its optics. For reservoirs encoding data in a parametric pump's phase, one conservation law fixes what is readable and what it costs. Pairwise photon exchange conserves an integer phase charge: across an ensemble of input masks, order-D readout reaches exactly the assemblies of at most D unit-charge kernels; degree-one homodyne readout is universal for fading-memory functionals along weak-squeezing families, at shot cost polynomial in accuracy; and at fixed squeezing no finite degree reaches every sector, at a computable distance. Nonlinearity sits in the optics, not the detector, whose per-shot variance is fixed at every order. In a hardware-faithful digital twin-no device was built-the rule is visible: on an open RF corpus a displacement-encoded control at identical photon number loses 17.7 accuracy points, as the charge algebra predicts.

We investigate whether optical and far-infrared [O III] emission from nearby metal-poor dwarf galaxies can be represented by a homogeneous one-zone ionized-gas model with a single electron temperature and density. Our sample comprises five galaxies from the Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey: HS1222+3741, SBS0335-052E, POX186, Haro11, and IZw18. We combine galaxy-integrated or nearly galaxy-integrated [O III] 4363 and 5007 measurements from Seimei/KOOLS-IFU observations and published or archival spectroscopy with Herschel/PACS [O III] 88um measurements. Because [O III] 4363 is not detected in HS1222+3741, the analysis is based on the remaining four galaxies. SBS0335-052E and Haro11 lie near or slightly beyond the low-density boundary of the one-zone diagnostic. Their nominal line ratios favor effective densities of ne<1cm-3, while conservative treatment of the uncertainties allows values up to 40 and 10cm-3, respectively. These remain substantially below densities inferred from independent diagnostics. By contrast, POX186 and IZw18 show no significant discrepancy between the optical–far-infrared [O III] and low-ionization optical diagnostics. Additional optical and ultraviolet diagnostics show that inferred densities can span several orders of magnitude within a galaxy. Representative two-zone models reproduce the [O III] 4363, 5007, and 88um emission in SBS0335-052E and Haro11 by combining relatively dense gas with cooler, low-density gas. The low-density component contributes approximately 61% and 72% of the 88um luminosity, but only 14% and 23% of the 5007 luminosity, respectively. These solutions are not unique and may represent a broader unresolved distribution of gas conditions. Our results show that temperatures and densities inferred from integrated one-zone analyses are effective quantities and that similar diagnostic discrepancies can arise in nearby metal-poor galaxies.

We present results from the UKIRT M33 Monitoring Project, a near-infrared survey of variable red giants in the Local Group spiral galaxy M33. Combining four independent photometric datasets spanning UIST (2003), UFTI (2005), WFCAM (2005-2007), and a new UKIRT Hemisphere Survey epoch (2018), we construct a homogenised 15.11-year $K$-band light-curve catalogue for 847 stars in the central kiloparsec, of which 771 (91 per cent) are variable. Cross-matching with archival Spitzer photometry identifies 120 dust-enshrouded AGB candidates. We compare the spatial coverage of this central catalogue with the earlier UIST-only (Paper I) and disc-wide WFCAM (Paper IV) variable-star surveys. Building on this catalogue, two forthcoming papers will (i) measure individual pulsation periods to reconstruct the star formation history of the central kiloparsec, and (ii) refine dust and gas mass-loss rates across the disc using the extended time baseline.

Surface displacements, including co-seismic fault slip, have occasionally been captured by closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras. Such video recordings may provide information unavailable from seismometers located away from the fault. We analyzed videos of surface displacement from three earthquakes—the 2018 Hualien earthquake, the 2025 Mandalay earthquake, and the 2026 Kumamoto earthquake—using a unified methodology. We removed the effects of strong ground motion by aligning each frame so that reference regions in the image remained fixed. This analysis enables the temporal evolution and, in particular, the duration of surface displacement to be estimated. Although the three earthquakes ranged from $M_\mathrm{w}$6.4 to $M_\mathrm{w}$7.7, the tracked motion lasted approximately 2 s in all three cases; in the Hualien case, the motion included compression of the ground rather than fault slip alone. Comparison with field surveys indicates that the maximum velocity was on the order of 1 m/s in each case. The 2026 Kumamoto earthquake, however, exhibited a more complex velocity history than the other two events. The three earthquakes involved different mechanisms of surface fault displacement, suggesting that these differences may also influence the complexity of the displacement time histories.

We present a variational quantum linear solver (VQLS) for the Poisson equation built on an exact block encoding of the discrete Laplacian, and demonstrate its performance on physically motivated benchmarks. Unlike LCU-based VQLS where the number of distinct circuits required per cost-function evaluation is $\mathcal{O}(L^2)$, where $L$ is the number of terms in the LCU decomposition of the discrete Laplacian operator, this approach requires only a single circuit for cost evaluation. We further empirically demonstrate that the choice of classical optimizer materially affects where the variational optimization ceases to make progress. The solver is benchmarked on three problems: a Poisson equation with sinusoidal forcing and a steady-state heat conduction problem with a localized Gaussian source, both with Dirichlet boundaries, and the pressure-Poisson equation of a two-dimensional lid-driven cavity flow, in which the solver is invoked once per time step under Neumann boundary conditions.

Interest in planetary exploration has renewed, and the design of interplanetary transfers has attracted remarkable attention. This paper considers the interplanetary transfer design using a diffractive sail. Considering a nonzero departure hyperbolic excess velocity, the interplanetary transfer problem is transformed into the problem of computing single-impulse reachable sets. Then, based on previous work, a complementary computational method for reachable sets under arbitrary dynamics is proposed using differential algebra combined with adaptive grid refinement. The adaptive grid refinement considers two types of merit scores that reveal dynamical properties and the truncation error of the differential algebra propagation. The proposed method is applied to compute the diffractive-sail reachable sets, and the results verify the effectiveness of the method and merit scores. Finally, a preliminary design of the interplanetary transfers, specified as the Earth-Mars transfers, is performed based on the diffractive-sail reachable sets. The design results are presented. The effects of the corresponding parameters, including transfer time, diffractive angle, and type of diffractive sails, on transfer characteristics are analyzed, providing further insight into parameter selection for interplanetary transfer design.

The CMS and ATLAS Collaborations have reported a $t\bar{t}$ threshold enhancement possibly involving a pseudoscalar toponium quasi-bound state and an elementary pseudoscalar. Identifying the elementary pseudoscalar with the CP-odd Higgs boson, we investigate electroweak baryogenesis in the top-philic Type-III two-Higgs-doublet model (2HDM), whose scalar sector may support a strong first-order electroweak phase transition. We compare two scenarios: explicit CP violation and transitional CP violation (TCPV). In the first, a complex additional top-quark Yukawa coupling induces a spatially varying phase of the top-quark mass across the bubble wall. This generates a chiral asymmetry that electroweak sphalerons convert into baryon asymmetry. In TCPV, CP symmetry would be broken inside the bubble wall but preserved in the vacuum in the absence of explicit CP violation. A small explicit CP-violating bias would favor one of the otherwise CP-conjugate wall configurations, avoiding exact cancellation of the generated baryon asymmetry. This could allow baryogenesis without large explicit CP violation, potentially alleviating electric dipole moment constraints. Combining a one-loop finite-temperature analysis of bubble nucleation with transport calculations, we find that electroweak baryogenesis with explicit CP violation remains possible, although this conclusion depends on the thermal-resummation schemes. No viable TCPV solution is found in the parameter regions explored.

The orbital Berry curvature (OBC) governs the intrinsic orbital Hall conductivity (OHC), a central quantity in orbitronics. Previous approaches for enhancing the OHC have primarily relied on a linearin-momentum, Rashba-type orbital coupling. Here, we show that cubic Dresselhaus orbital coupling offers a new route to enhancing the OHC. Using an effective two-orbital band model, we show that the cubic coupling generates momentum-space hot spots, absent in the purely linear case, at which the OBC is strongly enhanced. This local enhancement, together with the multiplicity of the hot spots, boosts the OHC by more than an order of magnitude relative to the linear-coupling value. We further find that the OHC diverges inversely with the level splitting in the small-splitting limit, with a divergence coefficient universally seventeen times larger than that of the linear case. These results establish cubic Dresselhaus coupling as a route to giant orbital Hall responses, opening new avenues for orbitronic device applications.

We systematically investigate the emergence of twisted magnon frequency combs (tMFCs) and their higher-order modes arising from strong nonlinear coupling between vortex-core gyration and azimuthal spin-wave modes in ferromagnetic nanorings. The comb spacing is set by the gyrotropic frequency, which is controlled by both the size of the central hole and external magnetic fields. Remarkably, for the larger hole diameter (50 nm), an additional magnon mode emerges, leading to additional tMFC families. We also demonstrate that the selection rules still hold for different nanorings. In addition, the external in-plane magnetic field provides an effective means to tune the tMFC, while the response strongly depends on the nanostructure geometry. The nanodisk shows an approximately symmetric response under field reversal, whereas the response of nanorings depends strongly on the size of the central hole. For a small hole diameter (5 nm), the low-field response becomes asymmetric, and the tMFC spacing increases with field magnitude over the higher field branches. A larger hole diameter (50 nm) raises the gyrotropic frequency, yielding a sparser sideband structure near the drive frequency. Our results show that ferromagnetic nanorings support geometrically and magnetically tunable tMFCs.

Magnetic reconnection in magnetically dominated pair plasmas is a key process in high-energy astrophysical systems. We revisit the relativistic tearing instability in a Harris current sheet and derive an improved analytical expression for its linear growth rate and the most unstable wavenumber. The key modification is the treatment of the vector potential perturbation in the non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) region. Instead of the conventional constant-A approximation, we use an extrapolated-A approximation, in which the ideal-MHD solution is linearly extrapolated into the non-ideal region. Comparison with two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations shows that the revised theory improves the prediction of the most unstable wavenumber. The improvement is most pronounced at low particle drift velocities, where the particle gyroradius is smaller than the current-sheet thickness and the fastest-growing mode shifts to longer wavelength. The resulting analytical expressions provide an updated benchmark for magnetically dominated reconnection and its applications to high-energy astrophysical plasmas, including gamma-ray bursts and fast radio bursts.

Eleven comets were discovered by six New Zealanders from New Zealand shores. New Zealand's important geographical position south of the Equator is highlighted. This location allows observers to discover and observe comets that would be difficult to see from the Northern Hemisphere. The lives of these comet discoverers are explored, as well as the discovery circumstances and an analysis of the morphological changes of their comets. We find that numerous New Zealand observers made many observations of these comets, however, relatively few were included in international publications, this possibly being due to papers about them not being submitted to overseas journals. We also note an interesting trend in that the number of New Zealand newspaper articles relating to these comet discoveries plummeted after the 1946 discovery by Albert Jones. We speculate as to why this may have happened.

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) embed governing partial differential equations directly into the training loss, offering a promising alternative to costly CFD solvers for unsteady flows. Yet the growing list of techniques proposed to improve PINN training is typically validated one at a time, leaving open whether these techniques actually compose. We study this question in depth on the DFG/Schafer-Turek unsteady cylinder wake benchmark. In isolation, nearly every technique performs no better than an untreated baseline. However, combining periodic (SIREN) activations with causal weighting unlocks a previously inaccessible regime, reconstructing velocity and pressure fields to within 4.1% average relative L2 error against an OpenFOAM reference solution. Adding further techniques instead causes catastrophic performance degradation, demonstrating that individually effective PINN interventions can interact nonlinearly and that more elaborate training recipes are not necessarily better.

Eliminating continuum degrees of freedom converts conservative dynamics into a dispersive, non-Hermitian response whose topology need not represent the causally selected kinetic dynamics. In collisionless magnetized plasma, retarded Landau and cyclotron resonances damp two Weyl modes differently and replace a cold Weyl point by an exceptional ring. Axial roots and root-normalized polarization mixing predict its off-axis radius, $R_{\rm EP}^{\rm pred}=|\Delta\Gamma|/(2|v_{\rm mix}|)$, before any double root is computed. Across five nonrelativistic scans spanning a 310-fold range of differential damping, $R_{\rm EP}^{\rm pred}$ agrees with the nonlinear double-root radius $R_{\rm EP}^{\rm full}$ within $0.12\%$. The selected retarded kinetic-response bundle is a continuous graph over the electric root line bundle and has the same first Chern class under stated conditions. The cold interface mode continues to a localized Keldysh pole with one oriented crossing in the tested line-gap window, consistent with the inherited charge.

Data-center growth risks overbuilding power grid infrastructure and stranding capital. Flexible data-center operation can defer infrastructure investments, but its value depends on the flexibility mechanism and the host power grid characteristics. We classify data-center load as firm, flexible or interruptible, and embed them in capacity expansion applied to market-organized, fossil-heavy PJM and carbon-capped, centrally coordinated Korea. In PJM, the flexibility value is spatial: shifting workloads between zones reduces system cost by 6% in 2028 and 19% in 2038, avoiding 4.4 GW and 8.9 GW of gas and nuclear generation. In Korea, it is temporal: shifting load into midday solar hours makes 0.5 GW of additional solar worth building in 2028 and avoids 1.2 GW of gas and 0.3 GW of batteries in 2038. In both, realistic event-shape limits diminish the value of curtailment. The results show that flexibility procurement and its value are driven by grid characteristics and policy objectives.

Characterizing deterministic chaos in driven dissipative systems presents a fundamental challenge: geometric methods detect topological horseshoes ($h_T > 0$) without certifying physical measures, while macroscopic observables reduce multi-scale dynamics into low-dimensional indicators. We demonstrate that phase-space contraction structurally decouples the informational channel, governed by topological complexity and Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy ($h_{KS}$), from the energetic channel governing macroscopic dissipation, power balance, and transport. We establish a three-tier hierarchical architecture bridging: (I) microscopic topology (invariant manifold tangles), (II) ergodic physical measures (metric entropy and Lyapunov spectra), and (III) macroscopic ensemble statistics (variance and transport flux). In the forced two-well Duffing oscillator, high-resolution numerical analyses reveal the origin of classical predictive failures: dense homoclinic tangles degenerate into non-retaining transient saddles ($h_T > 0, h_{KS} = 0$) collapsing to periodic sinks, whereas macroscopic chaos persists past primary homoclinic tangency via higher-order saddle relays. Generalizing to periodic-potential rotational systems shows that heteroclinic crossings and resonant Shapiro steps enforce geometric bounds on phase slips and transport. Structurally disentangling informational capacity from energetic realization connects geometric mechanics with non-equilibrium statistical observability, offering a new diagnostic framework for noise-induced instabilities in nonlinear systems.

We revisit the Moore–Read construction of the $\nu=1/k$ Laughlin states on compact Riemann surfaces, deriving their conformal blocks from $U(1)_k$ Chern–Simons theory through the CS/WZW correspondence. We compute their explicit monodromies under quasi-hole transport and Aharonov–Bohm flux insertion, and conjecture that these coincide with the corresponding adiabatic holonomies. Under this identification, we recover classical results on Laughlin states including the flux-averaged Hall conductance $1/k$ via a vector bundle of Laughlin states over $Jac(\Sigma)$. We also relate our construction to the recently developed algebro-geometric approach to higher genus Laughlin states.

Quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) and stochastic variability provide complementary probes of the inner accretion flow around supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Previous multi-epoch studies of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy RE~J1034+396 revealed a coevolution between the QPO frequency and the X-ray time lag, but whether the stochastic variability participates in the same structural evolution has remained unclear. We analyze the multi-epoch XMM-Newton observations of RE~J1034+396 and model the soft (0.3–1~keV) and hard (1–4~keV) light curves separately using a damped random walk process. We obtain reliable characteristic damping timescales (CDTs) for 17 observations, with the soft-band CDT consistently longer than its hard-band counterpart. When combined with the X-ray time lag, the hard-band CDT traces a counterclockwise closed loop that closely resembles the previously reported QPO-frequency–time-lag loop, whereas the soft-band CDT exhibits more complex trajectory. Under plausible dynamical, thermal, and viscous interpretations, the hard-band CDT is associated with characteristic scales in the inner hot accretion flow/corona. The observed loops may represent different projections of a common cyclic evolution of the inner accretion flow/corona, as the three timing observables may respond to its dynamical, stochastic, and radiative properties on different timescales. These results provide the first observational support among AGNs for the physical picture in which changes in the spatial extent of the hot inner flow/corona simultaneously affect QPO and stochastic variability.

We investigate static, spherically symmetric regular black holes with anti-de Sitter (AdS) asymptotics in arbitrary spacetime dimensions. They are solutions of Einstein gravity, sourced by an anisotropic fluid whose radial pressure corresponds to vacuum energy, while the tangential pressure satisfies a generalized polytropic equation of state. By solving the Einstein field equations, we derive a generic class of asymptotically AdS black hole solutions and determine the conditions required for spacetime regularity. We then investigate the dynamical formation of these regular black holes within the thin-shell formalism, assuming a linear barotropic equation of state for the shell matter. Next, we study the thermodynamics of the regular AdS black holes in arbitrary dimensions by verifying the first law of black hole thermodynamics and the corresponding Smarr relation. We analyze the thermodynamic stability and phase structure of solutions in four, five, and six spacetime dimensions, demonstrating the existence of dimension-dependent phase transitions.

We present a compact formula for the exact partition function of the $d$-dimensional arithmetic Ising model (AIM). For a $2\times2$ system, we express it analytically using the $q$-Hurwitz-Lerch zeta function and derive explicit forms for the free energy and entropy. Additionally, we find that the entropy increases at high temperatures, supporting the presence of entropic order.

A recent article evaluated the long-wavelength behavior of the projected static structure factor of the composite-fermion (CF) liquid within the zeroth-order microscopic theory and found $\bar{S}(\mathbf{q})\sim q^3$, in disagreement with the $\bar{S}(\mathbf{q})\sim q^3\ln q$ behavior predicted by the Chern-Simons field theory for the Coulomb interaction. Here we consider the possibility that the discrepancy arises because the zeroth-order CF Fermi-liquid wave function used in that work does not properly capture the long wavelength behavior. We use CF diagonalization to significantly improve the wave function but do not find any evidence for $\bar{S}(\mathbf{q})\sim q^3 \ln q$ behavior. Additionally, we find that the small-$q$ behavior of $\bar{S}(\mathbf{q})$ is also insensitive to the form of the interaction between electrons, suggesting universality.

Superconducting circuits exhibit remarkable potential for constructing large-scale quantum simulation and computation systems, featuring numerous qubits, extended coherence time, and precise control. Nevertheless, the growing number of signal cables poses a challenge in dilution refrigerators due to space and heat load constraints. To overcome this issue, we experimentally implemented an optically-assisted transmission line as an alternative to coaxial cables. By modulating microwave signals on laser intensities at room temperature and regenerating the signals at a cryogenic plate within the dilution refrigerator, we demonstrated full control of superconducting qubits using photocurrent. We demonstrate and benchmark both single-qubit and two-qubit gates on frequency tunable transmon qubits, achieving fidelities of 99.915% $\pm$ 0.005% and 99.676% $\pm$ 0.041%, respectively, which have reached the requirement of the surface code.

One-proton emission is a direct probe of nuclear structure near the proton drip line and plays a critical role in understanding exotic decay modes and nucleosynthesis processes. In this study, we investigate the half-lives of one-proton emitters for $71 \leq Z \leq 83$ odd-$Z$ nuclei by employing the WKB approximation with nuclear potentials obtained from the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum (DRHBc) and, for comparison, the relativistic continuum Hartree-Bogoliubov theory (RCHB). We first compare the calculated half-lives with available experimental data. The inclusion of quadrupole deformation via the DRHBc hardly contributes to improving the predictions of half-lives for the deformed nuclei. We find that all the studied nuclei exhibit ground states with $|\beta_{2,{\rm DRHBc}}| < 0.15$, and within this limited deformation range the spectroscopic factor provides the dominant contribution to the half-life, compared to the decay width. In particular, for nuclei exhibiting shape coexistence in DRHBc, such as $^{170}$Au, where the half-life varies significantly with the quadrupole deformation through its effect on the spectroscopic factor, we expect shape coexistence to exert a substantial influence on the variation of half-lives. Finally, we discuss the half-lives in consideration of shape coexistence. Our results indicate that the calculated half-life is governed not by the total-energy difference between coexisting minima but rather by the spectroscopic factor influenced by the deformation.

Inspired by Mashhoon's bound state method, we propose a new bound state method for computing quasinormal modes (QNMs). By a two-step coordinate transformation where a real parameter $\alpha$ is introduced, a QNM problem is mapped to a bound state problem, whose eigenvalues $E_n(\alpha)$ are inversely mapped to the QNM frequencies $\omega_n$ via analytic continuation. With this method, we numerically calculate various QNM frequencies for a Schwarzschild black hole directly from the bound state spectrum of the inverted Regge-Wheeler potential for the first time. It is found that the method yields QNM frequencies of high accuracy for low-lying modes with overtone $n\leq\ell$ ($\ell$ is the multipole number), while the accuracy degrades or the calculation fails for higher overtones. To identify the origin of this limitation, we analyze the singularity structure of the eigenvalues $E_n(\alpha)$ using Padé approximants in the complex $\alpha$-plane. For higher overtones, the singularities of $E_n(\alpha)$ lie within the analytic continuation circle, providing a direct explanation for the limitation of the method. To mitigate this limitation, we suggest a homotopy deformation to the potential, which improves the method and enable us to compute a few more high overtone modes reliably.

We formulate a theory of pseudogap formation generated by dynamic finite nesting vector ${\bf Q}$ fluctuations with characteristic oscillation frequency $\omega_0$, and damping $\gamma$. Starting from a Hamiltonian describing electrons coupled to a classical Gaussian random field, we introduce the double - series representations of the single - particle Green's function within an Abelian (commuting) approximation to the exact SU(2) time evolution of the pseudogap problem. The resulting propagator naturally acquires a generalized Bogoliubov structure in which every stochastic scattering history is characterized by an effective dynamic gap, leading to a coherent superposition of dynamically broadened sidebands with complex Poisson weights. A central result of the theory is the emergence of a dynamically generated decoherence scale $\Gamma_{\rm eff}$ governing the crossover between two qualitatively different pseudogap regimes. For $\omega_0>\Gamma_{\rm eff}$ the fluctuating field is resolved coherently and the double-series representation provides a controlled description of dynamic sideband formation. Conversely, when $\Gamma_{\rm eff}\gtrsim\omega_0$, coherence is progressively lost and the theory crosses over to the quasistatic fluctuating - gap regime described by the exact continued-fraction solution. The coherent and quasistatic descriptions are therefore interpreted as two complementary asymptotic limits of the same microscopic dynamic pseudogap model. The detailed results of numerical calculations for electron spectral density and density of states supporting our approach are presented for different sets of model parameters confirming the general picture of this crossover.

This paper presents an experimental investigation of magnetic reconnection between two laser-produced expanding plasmas, focusing on the quantitative evaluation of the reconnection rate and energy conversion under varying initial conditions. By changing the separation distance between the drive laser focal spots (1 mm and 2 mm), we systematically controlled the inflow parameters. The reconnection region was probed using a two-directional laser Thomson scattering (LTS) system, which simultaneously measured the local plasma parameters parallel to the outflows and along the current sheet. Based on our established method incorporating macroscopic energy and mass conservation laws to derive the upstream magnetic field directly from LTS spectra, we characterized the temporal evolution of the current sheet and the reconnection rate. The larger spot separation allows the plasma bubbles to expand for a substantially longer time before the formation of a reconnection current sheet, resulting in different upstream conditions. Nevertheless, both configurations yielded comparable upstream magnetic fields and reconnection rates. These results suggest that the reconnection rate is relatively insensitive to the global inflow conditions and is primarily controlled by the local physics of the reconnection layer once a current sheet is formed.

Ensemble nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond enable robust vector magnetometry in unshielded environments, yet deployment remains bottlenecked by complex calibration and a reliance on external data references. Conventional statistical machine learning requires an exorbitantly large volume of training data and suffers from severe simulation-to-reality mismatches. To address this, we introduce a physics-guided hybrid machine learning framework that embeds the Zeeman splitting directly into the learning pipeline. Our physics-guided model significantly reduces the average tracking error demonstrating a 372-fold precision improvement over purely statistical baselines. Furthermore, our hybrid architecture pairs a sparse physical measurement with scalable synthetic data generation, seamlessly incorporating real-world hardware non-idealities. When deployed to decode uncalibrated, raw experimental ODMR data, our framework delivers exceptional predictive accuracy for the scalar magnetic field. This work paves the way toward self-calibrated sensors while establishing a machine learning training method applicable to other data-scarce physical systems

We determine the optimal local extension regularity of the future black-hole event horizon in the exact spatially flat McVittie solutions sourced by a positive cosmological constant and a barotropic fluid with constant equation-of-state parameter $w>-1$. Let $H_\infty$ be the asymptotic Hubble constant, $\kappa$ the surface gravity of the limiting black-hole root, and $p=3(1+w)H_\infty/\kappa$. Ingoing radial null geodesics reach the horizon in finite affine length. A parallelly propagated angular curvature component is asymptotic to $C s^{p-2}$, with $C\ne0$ and $s$ the remaining affine distance, which excludes every anchored $C^2$ extension for $0<p<2$. For $p\ge2$ we construct a parameter-uniform Gaussian-null compactification and an explicit two-sided Lorentzian collar. If $p=N+\vartheta$ is nonintegral, with $N\ge2$ and $0<\vartheta<1$, the optimal regularity is the standard big Hölder class $C^{N,\vartheta}$: extensions of this class exist, whereas no $C^{N,\vartheta'}$ extension exists for $\vartheta'>\vartheta$. Every integer $p\ge2$ instead belongs to an analytic island and admits a real-analytic local extension. At the critical value $p=2$ the boundary Einstein endomorphism has a nonzero rank-one nilpotent part. The ratio of cosmological decay to horizon redshift therefore determines a sharp, arithmetic hierarchy of geometric regularity.

We extend the Luttinger-Ward free energy functional to disordered superconductors and superfluids with arbitrary scattering mechanisms, including both impurity disorder and the presence of interfaces. The disorder is taken into account within the self-consistent $t$-matrix approximation, thus allowing for arbitrary impurity scattering strengths. It is shown that both the interface and the impurity scattering self-energy appear in the functional only implicitly, through self-consistently determined fermionic propagators. The free energy functional is formulated in terms of a generalized integral in the complex energy plane, which encompasses formulations both in terms of retarded/advanced propagators and in terms of Matsubara Green's functions by appropriately choosing the integration path. It can be applied, e.g., to spatially non-uniform and hybrid systems, triplet and other unconventional condensates, and strongly-correlated Fermi liquids. A particularly useful formulation in terms of the quasiclassical propagators is applied to unconventional non-uniform singlet and triplet superconductors and superfluids in an external Zeeman magnetic field.