Papers

Quantum metrology offers the possibility of quantum enhancements of the precision of various sensing tasks. In this manuscript, we tackle two open problems in the theory of single-shot quantum parameter learning, going beyond the usual setting of local parameter estimation via repeated measurements. The first concerns the construction of global upper bounds on the learning precision. The second concerns rigorous guarantees on the success probability of parameter learning, namely, lower bounds on the probability of learning a parameter with a certain precision, given the constraints on the resources used for the quantum metrology task. We provide rigorous, practical, and global upper bounds and success-probability guarantees for quantum parameter learning. Most importantly, we establish a fidelity-based learning guarantee for generic mixed-state models that can be viewed as the achievability-side analogue of the quantum Cramer-Rao bound. Whereas the latter provides a no-go constraint, based on the local curvature of the fidelities, our bound uses only pairwise fidelities between parameter-encoded states to certify that a prescribed precision is attainable with a guaranteed success probability. We demonstrate the versatility of the new bounds in a Rabi-frequency-learning example involving a driven qubit coupled to a bosonic environment and a collective-spin Hamiltonian learning problem. Together, the new global bounds and success-probability guarantees allow us to rule out unattainable precision and to certify attainable precision beyond what is possible via standard Fisher-information analysis or binary hypothesis testing bounds. They also allow one to tractably characterize the performance of various learning schemes, without the overhead of an explicit simulation.

The presence of hyperons in the cores of neutron stars opens fast strangeness equilibration channels that can produce bulk-viscous dissipation during binary inspiral. Because these reactions coexist with electron $\beta$-equilibration, tidal compression can drive the two coupled chemical imbalances far beyond linear response. We construct the first reaction network that self-consistently evolves the electron and strangeness fractions with a four-dimensional strangeness-dependent chiral mean-field (CMF) equation of state, including nucleonic and hyperonic Urca processes and non-leptonic hyperon reactions. For periodic density perturbations, representative of inspiral oscillations, we find that rapid strangeness conversion can generate a large $\beta$-imbalance, after which slow $\beta$-equilibration bottlenecks strangeness relaxation. Rather than decaying exponentially, the coupled system consequently exhibits dynamically important algebraic decay in a far-from-equilibrium regime. At the $\rm keV$ temperatures expected during inspiral, this nonlinear response produces a broad enhancement of the effective bulk viscosity, reaching $\sim10^{31}\,\mathrm{g\,cm^{-1}\,s^{-1}}$ for $320$ Hz oscillations. A phenomenological estimate of continuous inspiral dissipation yields gravitational-wave phase shifts up to $\sim0.14$ rad for neutron stars with hyperonic cores. Self-consistent, far-from-equilibrium strangeness transport may therefore provide a dynamical probe of hyperons in neutron-star interiors.

We analyze the $B^0 \to K_S^0 \Lambda_c^+ \bar{\Lambda}_c^-$ decay recently observed by the LHCb Collaboration. The $\Lambda_c^+\bar{\Lambda}_c^-$ invariant-mass spectrum exhibits an accumulation near 4.63~GeV, which we investigate together with the accompanying $\Lambda_c^+ K_S^0$ spectrum constrained by the known $\Xi_c(2923)$ and $\Xi_c(2939)$ states. Our amplitude model includes a nonresonant term, the two established $\Xi_c$ contributions, and high-lying charmonium states in the $\Lambda_c^+\bar{\Lambda}_c^-$ channel. Guided by screened Godfrey–Isgur and quark-pair-creation calculations, we test the 4.63~GeV enhancement with a fixed $\eta_c(6S)$ amplitude at $(4629.00, 24.20)$~MeV, {which improves the description of the 4.63~GeV region}, and examine a fixed $\eta_c(7S)$ contribution at $(4718.84, 22.84)$~MeV, which improves the higher-mass region of the spectrum. We also evaluate the $\eta_c(nS) \to \Lambda_c^+ \bar{\Lambda}_c^-$ baryonic decays via a hadron-loop mechanism and estimate the $B^0 \to K_S^0 \eta_c(nS)$ production in naive factorization. Within the narrow width approximation, the fit yields a $\mathcal B(B^0\to K_S^0\eta_c(6S)) \mathcal B(\eta_c(6S)\to\Lambda_c^+\bar{\Lambda}_c^-)$ of about $6.2 \times 10^{-6}$, while the factorization and hadron-loop calculations give rates roughly one to three orders of magnitude lower than the above fitted ratio. These results highlight the need for more precise data and a full amplitude analysis to determine the line shapes and clarify the nature of the higher-mass contribution.

The Moon's transit between the solar wind and Earth's magnetotail exposes the near-lunar environment to large and rapid variations in plasma density and flow structure. Two-way coherent S-band radio occultation measurements from Chandrayaan-2 were used to quantify electron-density fluctuations integrated along the Earth-Moon line of sight. Observed frequencies were processed to remove geometric Doppler contributions derived from relativistic light-time modeling. The remaining frequency residuals represent the cumulative effect of plasma irregularities along the ray path. Power spectral densities were computed for 54 intervals from 2022, yielding temporal spectral indices in the range $1.05 \le \alpha \le 2.66$, corresponding to spatial indices $4.05 \le p \le 5.66$ indicating ion-kinetic and dissipation-range scales. Of the 54 intervals, 9 were classified as inside the modeled magnetopause, 17 in the bow shock/magnetosheath, and 28 in the solar wind. Spectral indices measured inside the magnetopause are marginally higher than those in the bow shock and solar wind, though the difference is not statistically significant given the limited magnetotail sample. No measurable correlation is found between spectral slope and geomagnetic activity, indicating that the observed variability is dominated by local plasma structure rather than inner-magnetospheric conditions.

The polarization signatures of Gamma-ray Burst (GRB) afterglows serve as a powerful diagnostic tool for studying their environments and jet physics. This work systematically investigates the X-ray (2–8~keV) polarization properties of standard GRB afterglows and assesses their detectability with the Polarimetry Focusing Array aboard the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry (eXTP) satellite. A Morris global sensitivity analysis is first conducted to identify the dominant parameters, which are then assigned observationally motivated probability distributions. In particular, the isotropic energy, half-opening angle, and initial Lorentz factor are sampled jointly via a Gaussian copula to reproduce the empirical Ghirlanda and Liang correlations. Monte Carlo simulations of $10^{3}$ afterglows are performed and validated against the observed 10~keV flux distributions of a selected Fermi–Swift sample (K–S $p = 0.29$ at $10^{3}~\mathrm{s}$ and $p = 0.18$ at $10^{4}~\mathrm{s}$). The simulations yield an overall polarization event rate of $\lesssim 1.5\%$ for standard GRB X-ray afterglows with eXTP/PFA, reflecting the intrinsically low polarization produced by a random magnetic field confined to the shock plane. The optimal detection window occurs near the jet break at late times, when the PD peaks. For exceptionally luminous events such as GRB~221009A, however, the PD remains above the MDP over the full interval $10^{3}$–$10^{6}~\mathrm{s}$, demonstrating that eXTP/PFA can capture nearly the entire polarization evolution for such rare, bright bursts.

Toroidal vortices are three-dimensional torus-shaped wave structures characterized by phase circulation around a closed vortex line. Their toroidal geometry provides a natural foundation for constructing linked and knotted wave structures. Here we experimentally synthesize scalar acoustic toroidal vortices using a programmable circular phased array. Full spatiotemporal measurements directly resolve the toroidal envelope, the closed phase-singularity ring, the associated poloidal phase winding, and the free-space evolution of the wave packet. By introducing an independently controlled phase winding along the toroidal cycle, we realize scalar acoustic hopfions and directly reconstruct their three-dimensional equiphase fibers from the measured complex pressure field. Varying the poloidal and toroidal winding numbers controls the phase-fiber geometry, linking, and connectivity, yielding a Hopf link, a multicomponent torus link, and a trefoil knot. These results provide direct experimental access to the geometry, propagation dynamics, and phase-fiber topology of scalar toroidal wave fields, establishing a reconfigurable acoustic platform for linked and knotted wave structures.

We present a catalog of physical parameters for powerful jet-accretion disk-black hole systems in one of the largest samples of gamma-ray emitting jetted active galactic nuclei (AGNs), including jet kinetic and radiative powers, jet radiative efficiencies, bulk Lorentz factors, black hole spins, accretion-disk magnetic fields and Compton dominance. Comparing jet kinetic power estimators for blazars, values derived from spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting tend to exceed those estimated via cavity power and other scaling relations. For radiatively efficient AGNs, most sources are inferred to possess high spins; for radiatively inefficient AGNs, many potentially have high spins, though some may differ. This indicates that black hole spin does not effectively distinguish radiatively efficient from inefficient jetted AGNs. Our results suggest accretion-disk magnetic field strength as a key discriminator, proposing a tentative dividing value of $\approx 10^{3.9}$ Gauss between radiatively efficient and inefficient populations. Jet power and bulk Lorentz factor exhibit significant correlations with black hole mass in radiatively efficient AGNs, while weak-to-moderate correlations are observed in radiatively inefficient AGNs within narrow accretion-rate bins. Our analysis reveals that jet power correlates with both disk luminosity and magnetic field strength. Furthermore, correlations linking Eddington ratio and Compton dominance with jet properties are consistent with the jet-accretion connection. Finally, jet radiative power and bulk Lorentz factor show a potential dependence on black hole spin. These results are consistent with the scenario in which jets are powered and accelerated by energy extraction from rapidly spinning black holes via accretion-disk magnetic fields.

Investigating the microscopic mechanisms of quantum materials requires high-resolution scanning probe techniques, often based on atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, implementing AFM in cryogen-free dilution refrigerators with picometer stability is challenged by intense pulse tube mechanical noise ($S_{\rm PT}(f)\approx10^{-6}\,\text{m}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$) and the fundamental trade-off with thermalizing piezoelectric motion stages below 100\,mK. Here, we demonstrate an AFM-based scanning microwave impedance microscope integrated onto a standard cold-insertable probe that successfully resolves this bottleneck. By employing a two-pronged design strategy—coupling a mechanically stiff AFM module with a magnetic-field-compatible, critically damped internal spring-suspension—we achieve an extremely low relative tip-sample vibration noise density of $S_{\rm AFM}(f)<10^{-11}\,\text{m}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$. This yields a spectrally integrated relative tip-sample displacement of $\Delta z\approx10\,\text{pm}$, representing a greater than 100-fold stability improvement over recent fast-loading dry SPM setups. Simultaneously, optimized thermal interfaces, customized copper strapping, and comprehensive RF filtering enable a local sample electron temperature of $T_{\rm e}\leq 60\,$mK, circumventing the thermal penalties of mechanical decoupling. By avoiding permanent structural modifications to the host cryostat, this robust, modular architecture provides an accessible framework for adapting other scanning probe techniques, accelerating the exploration of fragile quantum phases in dry cryostats with picometer stability.

The $\sim10\%$ optical polarization observed at the early stage of GRB 091208B comes from the forward shock emission, which is higher than the conventionally predicted value. Polarizations of the forward shock radiation would depend on the observational geometry and the post-shock magnetic field structure. This magnetic field could arise either from the compression of a pre-existing magnetic field (i.e., the magnetic field in the outer medium) or from the shock-generated instabilities. In this paper, we use a synchrotron radiation model to fit the light curve and polarization observations of GRB 091208B. Two scenarios are considered: one is the case of a slightly off-axis observer, and the other is with a large-scale ordered magnetic field component in the burst environment. We found both scenarios could interpret the observations of GRB 091208B. For the slightly off-axis observation scenario, the observational angle is restricted to be within the range of (1.02, 1.05) times the jet half-opening angle. For the large-scale ordered magnetic field component scenario, the ratio between the ordered component to the random component is constrained to be around 1.

For an advanced tokamak configuration in the presence of energetic particles (EPs), the dominant instability is found to alternate between infernal modes and Alfvén eigenmodes with the variation of the minimum safety factor $q_{\min}$. For relatively high $q_{\min}$, the mode is identified as a reversed-shear Alfvén eigenmode (RSAE), characterized by its finite Alfvénic frequency and radial localization near the minimum of safety-factor profile. As $q_{\min}$ is further reduced, the dominant branch sequentially transitions through a low-frequency infernal-mode interval, then an energetic-particle-mode (EPM) regime, and finally another low-frequency infernal-mode interval. Increasing the EP beta fraction $\beta_h$ tends to destabilize the RSAE and EPM branches but to stabilize the infernal modes. Phase-space diagnostics further indicate that the destabilizing effects of EPs on the RSAE and EPM branches are mainly associated with trapped-particle drive, whereas the stabilizing effects of EPs on the infernal modes is dominated by passing particles.

Black holes embedded in a dark matter background represent an important candidate model that extends the standard vacuum case, characterizing the strong gravitational environments at galactic centers and the gravitational influence of dark matter. This study focuses on dark matter halo-modified Kerr black holes and systematically investigates the observational characteristics of their surrounding thin accretion disks. The dark matter halo is modeled by a general double power-law density profile, whose integrated mass $M_D(r)$ modifies the radial mass function of Kerr metric to $m(r) = M + M_D(r)$. Based on this spacetime, we analyze the observational properties of their thin accretion disk, including the radiative flux, temperature, differential luminosity, and spectral luminosity as a function of radius, with respect to the black hole spin and dark matter halo parameters. Furthermore, by combining ray-tracing methods, we simulate the bolometric image of the thin accretion disk under different black hole spins, dark matter halo parameters, and viewing inclinations. The dark matter halo enhances the gravitational potential, shifting the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) of the accretion disk outward, suppressing the peak radiative flux, and producing a fainter image, thereby generating signatures that are possibly observational distinguishable from standard vacuum Kerr black holes.

Approximately (20-50)$\%$ of the gamma-ray burst (GRB) X-ray afterglows exhibit the shallow decay features. Two popular energy-injection models had been proposed to interpret such observational phenomenons, the relativistic wind bubble (RWB) model with a Poynting-flux injection and the structured ejecta (SE) model with a dynamical energy injection. Polarization predictions of the two models had been investigated and can be used as a test of the two models. However, the impacts of the parameters on the model predictions were not studied and the comparisons with the detection ability of the forthcoming mission, enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry (eXTP), had not been discussed. We considered the above issues and found that influences of the model parameters on the predicted polarizations of the two models are very limited. To perform a feasible polarization detection during the plateau phase, the priority ToO response is required. The detection probability of the GRB plateau phase is about $1/3$ for one pointing under the priority ToO. The polarization detection probability would depend on the ratio between the Poynting-flux injection to the dynamical energy injection, which is unclear currently. The predicted flux density and polarization degree (PD) of the RWB model could be well above the threshold flux and minimal detectable polarization degree of the polarimetry focusing array (PFA) on board eXTP, while the predicted PDs of the SE model would be difficult to be detected by eXTP/PFA. Therefore, a detection of a significant polarization signal during the GRB plateau phase would prefer the RWB model and the injected energy would be in the form of the Poynting flux, while a non detection of the polarized signal would indicate a dynamical energy injection of the SE model.

In this article we consider the Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy of type $A$ and its similarity reduction. Then the similarity reduction is expressed as $2$ types of Hamiltonian systems, one is with a Poisson bracket and another a Poisson bracket of canonical coordinates. We also investigate a connection between the similarity reduction and the isomonodromy deformation system.

A new mechanism for the formation of spectral–spatial distortions in cosmic microwave background radiation near primordial massive compact objects (such as primordial black holes) at redshifts from $z \sim 1000$ to $\sim$100 is proposed. After hydrogen recombination, the radiation from these objects leads to a significant increase in the population of hydrogen subordinate levels in their surrounding environment. Consequently, this allows for the observation of a Fraunhofer-like absorption spectrum in the cosmic microwave background. Such a distortion is formed due to the temperature difference between matter and relic radiation at the corresponding epoch. Ultimately, we should observe circular absorption or emission features around the objects with small angular sizes. These subordinate hydrogen lines currently lie in the radio wavelength range. Estimates indicate that the effect under consideration is accessible for the observations with planned large radiotelescopes. The possibility of the proposed mechanism lies in the ability of an object (e.g., accretion disk around black hole) to emit few-eV photons that populate the $n=2,3,4$ and higher levels of hydrogen, enabling the required excitation.

The static tidal Love numbers (TLNs) of $4$-dimensional black holes vanish for bosonic perturbations but are generically nonzero for fermions, with rare exceptions. In this paper, we show that for static, spherically symmetric black holes, fermionic TLNs vanish if and only if the black hole is extremal, in the sense that its horizon is degenerate. This follows from a closed formula for the static fermionic TLN of any asymptotically flat black hole, obtained by solving the static massless Dirac equation exactly on an arbitrary such spacetime and imposing regularity at the horizon. As applications, we analyze the Culetu–Simpson–Visser regular black hole and the loop-quantum-gravity remnant black holes, whose extremal configurations lead to vanishing fermionic yet nonvanishing bosonic TLNs.

A class of monitored topological invariants compares ordinary and symmetry-twisted quantum trajectories with identical stochastic records, so direct estimation requires exponentially costly matched-record postselection. We replace the twisted quantum experiment by uniformly randomized symmetry eigenstates with known charges, ordinary-boundary monitoring, and an offline twist decoder. Their correlation yields an exact finite-time response identity and removes this experimental sampling bottleneck. When the ordinary charge sharpens and the ordinary-to-flux deformation has trivial net readout-character flow, the response converges to the projective commutator of the symmetry-protected-topological phase; generator-pair responses then determine its finite-Abelian cohomology class. Spectator-sector crossings may close the global Lyapunov gap without changing this character-valued response. In monitored cluster circuits, the decoder is exact and polynomial in the Gaussian limit, while Gaussian-drop reconstruction treats interacting records; independent joint-sector spectroscopy and effect-state diagnostics validate the topological deformation.

Spatial early warning signals (EWSs) seek evidence of an approaching tipping point from a single snapshot of many interacting elements. Existing theory largely assumes spatial homogeneity, whereas networks introduce systematic differences among nodes that may obscure fluctuation-based warning signals. We develop a mathematical framework for spatial EWSs in stochastic dynamical systems on networks. We find that the expected spatial variance, a popular spatial EWS, decomposes exactly into a structural contribution from heterogeneity in the equilibrium state and a fluctuation contribution determined by the stationary covariance. Near a simple steady-state bifurcation, the potentially divergent covariance concentrates along the critical eigendirection: the left eigenvector determines how strongly noise excites the critical fluctuation, while the right eigenvector determines its spatial pattern. Consequently, the spatial variance has a divergent fluctuation contribution when the limiting critical eigendirection is noise-excited and spatially nonuniform after centering. In contrast, the spatial coefficient of variation generally saturates, while skewness, kurtosis, and Moran's $I$ approach network-dependent limits without a universal warning direction. We also derive results for homogeneous networks, node-wise baseline subtraction as preprocessing, and Hopf bifurcations, for which the limiting distributions are qualitatively different. These results clarify when spatial EWSs provide reliable warnings and why their performance depends on network structure, noise, and preprocessing.

Local measurements transform a many body wavefunction into a statistical ensemble of conditional quantum states. In chaotic systems, the higher moments of such ensembles diagnose the emergence of quantum state randomness, but their structure at equilibrium quantum criticality is largely unknown. Here we show that the projected ensemble of a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid exhibits a universal nonlinear hierarchy of state overlap moments. Remarkably, the leading scaling exponents are independent of the continuously varying Luttinger parameter. Replica boundary conformal field theory reveals a geometric origin: outcome locking combines the active replica swaps into a single collective rotated sector, while intersecting compact replica branes eliminate the leading interaction dependent zero mode contribution. Matrix product state calculations across the interacting XXZ critical phase and direct free fermion calculations independently confirm the interaction independence and nonlinear hierarchy.

Lesniewski and Ruskai conjectured that the contraction coefficient of every monotone Riemannian metric under a unital stochastic map equals the Hilbert–Schmidt contraction on the traceless subspace. We disprove the conjecture with an explicit entanglement-breaking qutrit channel induced by a doubly stochastic $3\times3$ matrix. A faithful diagonal state and a commuting traceless tangent give, simultaneously for every normalized monotone metric, the exact lower bound $\eta^{\mathrm{Riem}}_{\kappa}(\Phi_K)\ge 8896/20007>(62+2\sqrt{61})/225=\Lambda_2(\Phi_K^{\dagger}\Phi_K)$. The counterexample is entirely classical on a maximal abelian subalgebra. A theorem of Hiai and Ruskai establishes the conjectured identity for all unital qubit maps, so dimension three is minimal among full matrix algebras.

GEMSS (GEnerator of Multi-Sphere Shapes) converts 3D surface meshes or voxel grids into multi-sphere representations of granular particles using the recently published MSS algorithm. It computes key physical properties required for discrete element method (DEM) and general multibody dynamics simulations, including particle volume, center of mass, and principal moments and axes of inertia. Implemented as a header-only C++ library, GEMSS is easily integrated into DEM and molecular dynamics frameworks. The library has been integrated into MercuryDPM, which enables on-the-fly generation of multi-sphere particles directly within the simulation loop.

Entropy plays a central role in thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, information theory, and biology. However, its interpretation becomes increasingly ambiguous when information-theoretic concepts are applied to materials, including biological systems. For example, in biology, it is common practice to evaluate the entropy of DNA by enumerating possible configurations. This configuration entropy does not vanish at $T=0$, apparently contradicting the third law. Similar conceptual difficulties also arise in relating entropy to order, randomness, complexity, and information. In thermodynamics, entropy is a state function, and hence the entropy must be uniquely determined by a given state of a material. The crucial issue is therefore to identify the state variables that uniquely specify the thermodynamic state of a material. By establishing consistent definition of equilibrium and state variable, it is found that the time-averaged atom positions serve as the state variables of a solid. This leads to the important conclusion that a solid possesses many equilibrium states even at fixed temperature and volume. Entropy is not information but uncertainty associated with the state variables. The latter quantities convey the information of a material. This framework provides a unified thermodynamic basis of entropy, information, order, complexity, hysteresis, and residual entropy while preserving the third law. Frozen configurations and their activation resolve many longstanding ambiguities the thermodynamic evaluation of entropy.

The Multi-Sphere Shape Generator (MSS) [1] places spheres according to a feature-enhanced residual field, but the geometric basis of this strategy has remained unknown. We prove that every local maximum of the residual field lies on the medial axis of the target shape, implying that MSS places spheres at the centers of maximal inscribed spheres without explicit skeleton extraction. Numerical tests show that deviations from the exact medial axis are limited to the voxel resolution. This result provides a mathematical explanation for the placement strategy that underlies the accuracy of MSS.

Identifying economic corridors at national scale is challenging where firm registries, transaction flows, and local economic-output statistics are incomplete or unavailable. This paper develops a reproducible multi-proxy screening framework for detecting economic-corridor candidates across Nigeria using a kilometre-scale analytical grid. The framework combines built-up land cover from ESA WorldCover, night-time light radiance from NASA VIIRS Black Marble, building-footprint density from Google Open Buildings, a static urban-intensity proxy derived from population, built-up share and night-time light level, and commercial point-of-interest density from Overture Places and OpenStreetMap. A dual proxy gate requiring both built-up evidence, defined as built-up fraction above 0.1, and night-time luminosity, defined as radiance above 1 nW cm-2 sr-1, identifies active corridor cells, which are then clustered into corridor objects and assigned interpretable typologies. The analytical frame contains 762,751 cells: national, state, and geopolitical-zone summaries use 749,191 canonical national-grid cells, while 13,560 configured metropolitan area-of-interest overlay cells are reserved for an eight-metro comparison. Applied to Nigeria, the framework identifies 11,243 active corridor cells on the national grid, representing 1.50% of cells, and 598 corridor objects spanning 10,682 retained cells and approximately 36.3 million people. Corridor activity concentrates around Lagos and other southern commercial geographies, while the method also surfaces emerging and constrained corridor candidates for review. All outputs are proxy-based screening signals for spatial planning, infrastructure prioritisation, and market-intelligence triage; they do not measure GDP, firm revenue, transaction volume, freight movement, infrastructure capacity, service adequacy, or official corridor designation.

We compare isotypic (n-SiC/n-Si) and anisotypic (n-SiC/p-Si) heterojunctions using Kelvin probe force microscopy, scanning tunnelling spectroscopy, precision electrical measurements with a Keithley 2450 SourceMeter, and a 0.1 farad supercapacitor charge-storage test. Two-wire probing shows an enhanced low-bias current in the isotypic structures; four-wire Kelvin sensing removes the voltage-drop contribution of external leads and contacts and collapses this current to a much lower bulk and interface limited level. The high density of interface states detected by KPFM and STS, up to five times ten to the twelfth per square centimetre per electronvolt in dislocation-rich regions, provides a plausible origin for the enhanced local response. Anisotypic junctions exhibit a genuine diode-like current-voltage characteristic and an open-circuit voltage of about 1.2 volts under beta irradiation. In the capacitor test with the patented charge-pump converter, the anisotypic structure reaches 0.25 volts versus 0.05 volts for the isotypic one after 30 minutes, giving an energy ratio of about 25. We formulate a measurement-interpretation framework based on four-wire Kelvin sensing, generator polarity with cathode to LO, and high-impedance output-off state. Our results show that anisotypic SiC/Si heterojunctions are the preferred platform for betavoltaic conversion when measured correctly.

We compare the specific dissipation $Q^{-1}\left( \omega \right) $ for the Becker, Lomnitz, and Lambert models in linear viscoelasticity. Graphically, the specific dissipation of these models behaves similarly as $\omega \rightarrow 0^{+}$ and $\omega \rightarrow +\infty$. Furthermore, we obtain analytic formulas for the asymptotic behavior of $Q^{-1}\left( \omega \right) $ in the Becker and Lomnitz models as $\omega \rightarrow 0^{+}$ and $\omega \rightarrow +\infty$, where the latter limit coincides with the specific dissipation of the Maxwell model. We also derive a novel closed-form expression for the specific dissipation in the generalized Becker model, $Q_{\nu }^{-1}\left( \omega \right) $, when the parameter $\nu \in \left( 0,1\right] $ is rational. When $\nu \rightarrow 0$, we recover the specific dissipation of the Maxwell model, whereas when $\nu =1$, we recover that of the original Becker model. In addition, we derive two new closed-form expressions for the specific dissipation for the extended Jeffreys–Lomnitz model $Q_{\alpha }^{-1}\left( \omega \right) $, the first being valid for $\alpha \in \left( 0,1\right] $, and the second for $\alpha \in \left( -\infty ,1\right] $. When $\alpha \rightarrow 0$, we recover the specific dissipation of the Lomnitz model, whereas when $\alpha =1$, we recover that of the Maxwell model. Finally, we conclude that the asymptotic behavior of $Q_{\alpha }^{-1}\left( \omega \right) $ as $\omega \rightarrow +\infty $ coincides with the specific dissipation of the Maxwell model. Keywords:

Morphing flexible multibody aircraft require structural strain, aerodynamic geometry, surface velocity, and generalized loading to remain compatible as joints and flexible components change configuration. A compositional formulation is developed around an assumed material attachment between each lifting surface and a geometrically exact beam. Separating the component root pose from the section field shows that the body strain and elastic potential of a component depend on its own elastic coordinates, while upstream motion enters kinetic terms and external-load pullbacks. At element level, an exact relative logarithm $d$ supplies strain and potential energy, whereas a reference-anchored section coordinate $\sigma$ supplies deformed section geometry. Finite-order expansions retain the finite reference geometry exactly and truncate only endpoint perturbations. The attachment map then generates surface points, tangents, normals, velocities, and force Jacobians from common section kinematics. Euler–Poincare beam balance, moving-surface potential-flow relations, graph cotangent assembly, and the associated semidiscrete power identity are stated in a common twist–wrench convention. Collocation, pressure, equivalent-load, and structural-station sites are distinguished to expose their approximation errors. Verification gives the expected $N_d+1$ convergence order for degree-$N_d$ relative-log expansions. In a geometrically nonlinear cantilever comparison, a cubic static-manifold correction reduces mean full-record displacement error from $0.479$ to $0.255$ over four completed load cases. These results provide structural and interface-level evidence rather than validation of a complete aircraft aeroelastic prediction.

In this paper, we study linear perturbations of a geometrically regular black hole supported by a constrained $\mathrm{SO}(3)$ scalar triplet in the hedgehog configuration. Since the individual background scalars depend explicitly on the angular coordinates, the decoupling of polar and axial perturbations cannot be concluded from the spherical form of the metric or the energy–momentum tensor alone. To settle this point, we introduce the polar and axial metric and triplet amplitudes simultaneously and derive the corresponding projections of the radiative linearized Einstein–matter equations for $\ell\geq2$. The polar equations contain only polar amplitudes, whereas the axial equations contain only axial amplitudes; hence, the two off-diagonal blocks vanish at linear order. The resulting odd-parity sector forms a closed Einstein–scalar system in which a tangent perturbation of the scalar triplet is coupled to the Regge–Wheeler metric amplitudes. We show that its scalar equation has a second-order hyperbolic principal part whenever $K_Y\neq0$, and that, for the nonlinear kinetic function supporting the background, $K_Y>0$ throughout the black-hole exterior. The coefficient of the direct metric–scalar mixing is largest at the event horizon and decreases as $r^{-4}$ at large distance, while the metric block in the vacuum limit reproduces the standard Regge–Wheeler equation and potential; the scalar kinetic coefficient simultaneously vanishes, so the full operator changes rank. These results establish linear parity decoupling and the consistency of the closed axial equations. They do not, however, constitute a proof of mode stability, which requires the reduction of the complete quadratic action.

An ideal CNOT maps the phase of a coherent qubit onto the coherence between $\ket{00}$ and $\ket{11}$ of a two-qubit state, producing an output that carries both entanglement and estimable phase information. We ask how post-gate noise degrades these two quantities, and find that they are not lost together. For the phase-encoded X states generated by the protocol, the negativity is a thresholded difference of the surviving coherence $z=f\kappa$ and a population penalty $g$, vanishing once $f\kappa\le g$, while the phase quantum Fisher information (QFI) is the smooth ratio $F_\phi=4z^2/(a+b)$, which stays positive for any nonzero coherence. As a result there is an exact region of state space in which the output is separable but still phase-sensitive. We characterize this region, give the residual QFI $F_\phi^\star=4g_\star^2/(1-2g_\star)$ at entanglement death, and show that channels reaching death at the same coordinate share this residual, with global and independent local depolarization forming one such class and $F_\phi^\star=1/6$ at maximal input coherence. Four standard channels appear as trajectories through this common geometry, and asymmetric population transfer adds a third coordinate that changes the entanglement but leaves the QFI unchanged, which marks where the two-coordinate description applies. We identify a measurement that attains the bound and compare with a direct single-qubit probe, which is more precise under matched exposure; the results are therefore reference benchmarks for phase-information retention, not a claim of metrological advantage.

We study how composition order becomes operationally distinguishable when a phase-sensitive Gaussian control is applied before or after black-hole greybody scattering. The scattering process is formulated on calibrated asymptotic mode ports as a bosonic attenuation channel, and the control is a calibrated squeezing transformation. For finite-dimensional faithful families near a common faithful output, the local symmetrized Umegaki response is governed by the Bogoliubov-Kubo-Mori norm of the channel-composition defect; the corresponding bosonic problem is solved exactly at the Gaussian-state level. The exact attenuation-squeezing response yields an infrared exponent-transfer law relating greybody transmission and occupation scalings to distinguishability. For a massless scalar on Schwarzschild, matched low-frequency scattering gives an explicit fixed-partial-wave logarithmic coefficient and a locally integrable packet response. At finite squeezing, the infrared outputs approach distinct pure Gaussian supports, producing finite sandwiched Rényi divergence below unit order, logarithmic Umegaki growth at unit order, and divergence above unit order. Schwarzschild-de Sitter boundary prescriptions generate controlled source-isolated and product-horizon crossover sectors. The results apply to calibrated asymptotic-port compositions and to the reduced finite-band selected-mode realization under the stated narrowband and channel assumptions.

We develop a unified fermionic-field formulation of the two-dimensional Ising model on several planar lattices using the Kac-Ward representation. Grassmann fields are associated with directed lattice links, while changes in the direction of fermionic trajectories are encoded by the corresponding Kac-Ward phase factors. The resulting quadratic action reduces, after Fourier transformation, to a finite-dimensional momentum-space fermionic matrix. Its determinant determines the excitation spectrum, while its zero modes define the critical surface. We apply this construction to the square, honeycomb, triangular, kagomé, and dual kagomé (dice or $T_3$) lattices. The known critical couplings of the homogeneous models are reproduced as consistency checks. For the fully anisotropic kagomé model with three independent couplings we recover the previously known fully anisotropic kagomé critical surface within the present Kac-Ward construction and the corresponding low-energy spectral equation. We construct the analogous $12\times12$ fermionic matrix for the anisotropic dice lattice and derive its critical surface, which is related to that of the kagomé lattice by the Ising duality transformation. The same fermionic formulation also provides direct access to physical correlation functions. Expressing the spin-spin correlators through fermionic Green functions and the corresponding Toeplitz/Pfaffian representation, we obtain the spontaneous magnetization of the anisotropic kagomé model and of the six-coordinated sublattice of the anisotropic dice model. In both cases the magnetization is controlled by the same spectral polynomial that determines the fermionic gap and vanishes on the corresponding critical surface. In the homogeneous limits the known results are recovered, and the standard two-dimensional Ising magnetization exponent $\beta=1/8$ follows.