Papers

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Physics

Wednesday 12 August

Quantum Physics

Experimental quantum telecloning across silicon photonic chips

Zicong Wen, Kai Wang, Bochi Wu et al. (+4 more)

Telecloning – the combination of quantum teleportation and cloning – offers a powerful mechanism to disseminate unknown quantum states to multiple spatially separated recipients with optimal fidelity. Despite its conceptual importance for quantum networks, an experimental demonstration of symmetric qubit quantum telecloning remains elusive, particularly due to the challenges of generating multipartite entangled resource states and implementing stable multi-photon interference across distributed nodes. Here, we realize the optimal 1 to 2 symmetric quantum telecloning using a scalable silicon photonic platform. We implement a six-photon protocol using two independent, fiber-linked photonic chips: one generating a heralded input state and the other preparing a four-photon entangled resource state. By performing an interchip Bell-state measurement, we successfully distribute the input state into two optimal clones at remote nodes. We observe an interchip cloning fidelity of 78.45 $\pm$ 1.39%, exceeding the classical limit of 2/3 by 8 standard deviations. Our results demonstrate the robust generation and manipulation of complex multi-photon states between integrated chips, providing a foundational building block for large-scale multi-party quantum networks.

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All authors Zicong Wen, Kai Wang, Bochi Wu, Leizhen Chen, Yan-Qing Lu, Shining Zhu, Xiao-Song Ma

Fluid Dynamics

Thermochemical non-equilibrium effects on turbulent boundary layers

Jun-Yang Li, Ming Yu, Dong Sun et al. (+3 more)

This investigation employs direct numerical simulations (DNS) of high-Mach-number turbulent boundary layers under three flow conditions: a low-enthalpy calorically perfect gas, and two high-temperature gas mixtures, one in chemical non-equilibrium state and the other in full thermochemical non-equilibrium state. The influences of the two-temperature model on turbulent statistics and the coupling among turbulence, chemistry, and vibrational energy are examined. It is found that while high-enthalpy effects leave the velocity statistics virtually unchanged, they dramatically modify the near-wall temperature field. A pronounced disparity between the translational-rotational temperature and the vibrational temperature arises in the near-wall region, rendering the conventional generalized Reynolds analogy (GRA) inaccurate for vibrational temperature. To remedy this, a novel composite GRA is proposed that blends a vibrational-temperature-based relation with the standard formulation, and it demonstrates excellent agreement with the DNS data. Thermal non-equilibrium effects also substantially alter near-wall chemical reactions: it suppresses O2 dissociation while promoting NO formation, leading to a corresponding decrease and increase in the mean concentrations of O and NO, respectively. Spectral analyses of the turbulence-chemistry and turbulence-vibrational relaxation interaction terms reveal that temperature fluctuations dominate these flow quantities at energy-containing scales. Integrating the resulting spectral functions, we evaluate subgrid-scale closure terms for large-eddy simulation. At small filtering scales, the magnitude of the cross-correlation term rivals or exceeds that of the temperature fluctuation term, whereas the temperature fluctuation term becomes dominant at larger filter scales.

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All authors Jun-Yang Li, Ming Yu, Dong Sun, Hong-Min Su, Peng-Xin Liu, Xian-Xu Yuan

Quantum Physics

Quantum Channel-Induced Geometry of the Uhlmann Phase in Qubit Systems

F. Nieto-Guadarrama, F. Rojas, J. Villavicencio et al. (+1 more)

We show that a cyclically controlled non-coherence-generating channel supplies a two-parameter family of closed Bloch trajectories, absent in the single-parameter (temperature) cycles of the thermal Uhlmann literature, whose associated Uhlmann phase develops a genuine vortex–antivortex structure on the channel-parameter torus. A qubit prepared in a pure state, which carries no geometric phase of its own, acquires a nontrivial Uhlmann phase, obtained here in closed form, purely from a closed loop in the space of the native quantum channel parameters. The net topological charge of these defects is constrained to zero by the Poincaré–Hopf theorem. As the input-state orientation approaches its critical values, the defects merge and annihilate in pairs following a square-root coalescence law. This defect dynamics drives local geometric transitions, a mechanism that contrasts with single-parameter thermal Uhlmann transitions, where a global quantized winding jumps as a bulk invariant.

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All authors F. Nieto-Guadarrama, F. Rojas, J. Villavicencio, Jesús A. Maytorena

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Physics of the Electron-Ion Collider in China

Bo-Wen Xiao, Yuxiang Zhao and Jian Zhou

The Electron-Ion Collider in China (EicC), a cutting-edge facility under development, aims to unveil the internal structure of nucleons and nuclei by leveraging collisions of high-intensity polarized electrons and ions (polarized protons, polarized deuterons, polarized $^{3}$He, and unpolarized heavy ions up to Uranium) at center-of-mass energies of 15-20 GeV and luminosity of (2-4)$\times 10^{33}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. Its primary physics objectives include 3D tomography of nucleon spin and momentum structure, fundamental questions regarding the origin of nucleon mass, partonic structure of nuclei and parton interactions with the nuclear environment, and exploration of exotic hadronic states. In this paper, we review the physics potential of the EicC and highlight its unique capabilities for advancing precision nucleon structure studies by combining its specialized kinematic coverage and high luminosity. Since traditional topics like 3D nucleon structure have already been well-covered by several extensive reviews, we have deliberately dedicated significant space to recent progress in nucleon mass decomposition, nucleon energy-energy correlation, quantum information, and artificial intelligence applications in high-energy nuclear physics, which have been emerging rapidly and attracted a tremendous amount of attention in the community.

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Superconductivity

Thickness-Driven Superconductor-Insulator Transition in (Cu,C)-1234 and Proximity-Induced Superconductivity Recovery in (Cu,C)-1234/YBCO Heterostructure

Zhihang Xu, Detian Yang, Ping Zhu et al. (+4 more)

Superconducting proximity effect and related thickness-driven property evolution remain an important issue in understanding high temperature superconductors. Among proximity systems, superconductor-superconductor (S-S') is special for the existence of intrinsic superconductivity in both materials. Such platform allows the different superconducting orders to compete, couple and reconstruct at the interface. In this paper, (Cu,C)-1234/YBCO heterostructure grown on LAO (001) with fixed thickness of bottom YBCO layer as 150 nm and varied thickness of top (Cu,C)-1234 layer as 188nm, 87 nm, 18nm and estimated 1.2 nm were fabricated and component films were preserved. Electrical transport characterization indicated that as the thickness decrease the (Cu,C)-1234 film degrades and underwent the superconductor-insulator transition (SIT) from thicker to less than 18 nm. In contrast, superconductivity is re-established in transport measurements when the insulating (Cu,C)-1234 layer is coupled to superconducting YBCO As the (Cu,C)-1234 thickness is further reduced to approximately 1.2 nm, the recovered superconductivity is strongly suppressed. The observed thickness dependence is consistent with a scenario in which interfacial coupling restores superconductivity over a finite thickness range before increasing disorder and dimensional confinement dominate in the two-dimensional limit. This work establishes a promising platform for investigating interfacial coupling between cuprate superconductors and provides new insight into the superconducting proximity effect in high-temperature superconducting heterostructures.

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All authors Zhihang Xu, Detian Yang, Ping Zhu, Ruoxian Sun, Xiaoyang Cai, Yanqun Guo, Chuanbing Cai

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Trapped surface formation via radial boosts

Nathan Thomas Carruth

Work of Christodoulou, Klainerman, Rodnianski, Luk, An, and others has provided a number of results on the dynamical formation of trapped surfaces in vacuum solutions to the Einstein field equations. Since the stability of Minkowski spacetime as proved by Christodoulou and Klainerman implies that `small' initial data to the Einstein vacuum equations must give rise to a solution with no singularities, and hence no trapped surfaces, it has been assumed that dynamical formation of trapped surfaces requires a (hard) large-data existence result for the nonlinear hyperbolic Einstein field equations. In this paper we show, to the contrary, that dynamical trapped surface formation results qualitatively similar to those of Christodoulou and Klainerman-Rodnianski can be obtained from (classical) local, small-data existence results via a scaling we term a radial boost. In the process we also fully elucidate the short-pulse ansatz as a geometric optics ansatz by showing that, in this scaled picture, the so-called incoming shear satisfies, at highest order, a linear wave equation.

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High Energy Physics (Theory)

On-Shell Amplitudes and Black-Hole Perturbations: Exact Reissner-Nordström Mixing

Kento Takahara and Teppei Kitahara

Can flat-space on-shell amplitudes determine the channel basis of a coupled black-hole perturbation problem? We address this question for electromagnetic and gravitational perturbations of a Reissner-Nordström (RN) black-hole. We organize the minimally coupled photon-graviton tree amplitudes off a heavy charged source into a $2\times 2$ channel-space matrix and perform a parity-resolved Jacob-Wick partial-wave projection. For every radiative multipole $\ell \geq 2$ and in both parity sectors, we show that the trace-free fixed-source partial-wave matrix is exactly proportional to the trace-free Moncrief coupling matrix, and therefore selects the same constant spectral projectors. Through a first-Born matching, the amplitudes determine the same eigenspaces in the leading $r^{-3}$ weak-field potential, but not the complete radial potentials. Using the exact classical RN potentials as independent curved-background input, we show that these projectors persist throughout the full radial domain. We also explicitly retain finite-mass effects through $\mathcal{O}(\omega/m)$, finding a nonvanishing commutator with the Moncrief coupling matrix, which shows that the RN-projector alignment is spoiled by genuine two-body recoil effects. As a first step toward rotation, we further extract the representation-independent linear-spin term from a minimally coupled Dirac amplitude. We find that the complete tree-level channel matrix factorizes with a single linear-spin dressing, while the formal $J=2$ block fails to preserve the unchanged RN projectors. This restricted result does not constitute a test of Kerr-Newman separability, but it indicates that a rotating generalization must account for spin-induced angular-mode mixing. We expect that this on-shell method can be extended to more general long-range scattering systems with two asymptotic channels.

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Quantum Physics

Tabletop reversibility of phase-covariant operations

Fangzhen Chen and Xueyuan Hu

Irreversibility and time-translation symmetry are both fundamental in open quantum dynamics, and it is of great importance to study the interplay between them. In this paper, we study tabletop reversibility (TTR) for phase-covariant quantum operations and obtain sharply different conclusions for finite-dimensional and Gaussian systems. For finite-dimensional systems, we prove that any phase-covariant operation that admits a Petz recovery map can be implemented by a dilation which is both time-translational symmetric and tabletop time reversible. In contrast, for phase-covariant Gaussian operations we exhibit a concrete obstruction: any Gaussian dilation of a single-mode Gaussian amplification channel is not tabletop time reversible. As a byproduct, we find that almost every completely positive and trace preserving (CPTP) map admits a dilation that realizes TTR. These results clarify whether and how TTR can be realized under phase-covariant symmetry constraints and reveal a qualitative difference between finite-dimensional and Gaussian systems.

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Disordered Systems and Neural Networks

Logarithmically Correlated Landscapes and Localization in Non-Hermitian Quasicrystals

Xianqi Tong, Qifeng Ding and Xiaosen Yang

We study a one-dimensional Hatano-Nelson ring whose nonreciprocal hopping is quasiperiodically modulated through zero. A gauge transformation maps every eigenstate onto a single spatial envelope, whose logarithm becomes a deterministic, logarithmically correlated field once the hopping vanishes along the quasiperiodic orbit. We derive an exact Fourier representation and prove that the landscape variance grows logarithmically with system size, with a stiffness set by the modulation power and the arithmetic of the incommensurate frequency. The extended phase terminates at an algebraic boundary given by Jensen's formula. Inside the singular regime, localization requires the stiffness to exceed a critical threshold: above it, the wavefunction weight concentrates on the few highest landscape peaks and the state is localized; below it, the weight spreads over too many competing peaks and the state is a critical multifractal. The extreme-value statistics are anomalous: peak gaps grow as a power of the logarithm of rank, with an exponent that encodes the continued-fraction type of the frequency, distinct from the Anderson, Aubry-André, and random-gauge universality classes. The stiffness adds across channels in multiband lattices, and all signatures survive percent-level component disorder, placing the mechanism within reach of nonreciprocal topolectrical circuits.

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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Altered Cosmic Organics as Venus' Ultraviolet Absorbers

Rakesh Mogul, Mikhail Yu. Zolotov, Michael J. Way et al. (+1 more)

Venus' ultraviolet (UV) absorbers significantly contribute to the atmosphere's energy budget. However, the composition of these absorbers remains a mystery. Here, we show that mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and iron-bearing compounds, analogs of altered cometary dust, excellently match Venus' spectra from the cloud tops to the sub-cloud atmosphere across the UV and visible wavelengths. The molecular compositions for the cloud tops (5-10 ring PAHs and ferric chloride), decomposed cloud aerosols (3-4 ring PAHs and acid ferric sulfate), and sub-cloud atmosphere (5-10 PAHs and ferric hydroxy sulfates) are consistent with the stepwise alteration of cosmic dust. These steps include sourcing of the PAHs and iron from thermally unablated and ablated dust particles, respectively, reactions with sulfuric acid in the clouds, and thermal decomposition below the clouds. Geologically short timelines of cosmic influx (minimum of 600 and 3 kyr) would respectively yield the cloud top carbon and iron concentrations. Hence, we propose a unified origin for Venus' absorbers, which may arise from cometary dust via altitude-dependent alteration pathways from the mesosphere to the surface, with PAHs serving as the primary UV absorbers and iron compounds as the dominant absorbers by mass.

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All authors Rakesh Mogul, Mikhail Yu. Zolotov, Michael J. Way, Sanjay S. Limaye

Materials Science

First-principles cumulant approach to the vibronic structure of spin defects

Jinsoo Park, Yu Jin, Arpan Kundu et al. (+2 more)

Color centers in wide-band-gap semiconductors are leading platforms for solid-state quantum technologies, yet a quantitative description of their vibronic structure has remained elusive due to the complexity of multi-phonon processes in localized defect states. Here we present a first-principles Green's function framework based on the retarded cumulant ansatz (RCA) to describe electron-phonon interactions in spin defects; our approach goes beyond the adiabatic and lowest-order perturbation theory approximations underlying widely used approaches. Applied to the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV$^-$) center in diamond, our method reveals that multi-phonon satellites persist over a 400 meV energy window even at zero temperature, driven by quantum zero-point fluctuations. We demonstrate that accurate spectral functions require mode-, momentum-, spin-, and orbital-resolved electron-phonon matrix elements sampled across the full Brillouin zone, to account for hybridized and propagating phonon channels. We find that the vibronic structure of the NV$^-$ center exhibits strong spin and orbital anisotropy, with different orbitals coupling to qualitatively distinct parts of the phonon spectrum, and spin-selective coupling affecting both sideband positions and intensities.

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All authors Jinsoo Park, Yu Jin, Arpan Kundu, Jorge O. Sofo, Giulia Galli

Instrumentation and Detectors

Development and Initial Performance of an Upgraded NaI(Tl) Crystal Encapsulation for COSINE-100U

Doohyeok Lee, Jae Young Cho, Chang Hyon Ha et al. (+23 more)

The COSINE-100 experiment was designed to test the DAMA/LIBRA annual-modulation claim using low-background NaI(Tl) detectors. For the COSINE-100U upgrade, we developed a new crystal-encapsulation system to increase light-collection efficiency while preserving long-term detector stability, thereby improving sensitivity to low-mass dark matter. The upgraded design eliminates the quartz optical windows used in COSINE-100 and directly couples the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to the crystal end faces through 2-mm-thick silicone optical pads, thereby reducing the number of optical interfaces. For the larger crystals, the crystal edges were beveled to guide scintillation light more efficiently onto 3-inch high-quantum-efficiency PMTs. The performance study uses 2462~h (102.6~days) of room-temperature COSINE-100U data and, for direct background comparisons, reference COSINE-100 data acquired near the end of operation. 698~h (29.1~days) of COSINE-100 data acquired near the end of operation in March 2023. All eight crystals showed higher light yields than in COSINE-100, with values ranging from 15.8 to 27.7~p.e./keV; six crystals exceeded 20~p.e./keV. The measured bulk-$\alpha$ rates were lower than the COSINE-100 values and consistent with the expected time evolution of internal $^{210}$Pb, while the 1–2-MeV surface-$\alpha$ rates were substantially reduced. The upgrade also restored two crystals that had previously been excluded from the COSINE-100 physics analysis because of poor optical performance. Independent validation tests demonstrated that the encapsulation remains mechanically robust and optically stable during long-term immersion in liquid scintillator at low temperature. This paper presents the encapsulation design, the room-temperature detector performance, and the reduction in surface-related backgrounds achieved at the Yemilab facility.

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All authors Doohyeok Lee, Jae Young Cho, Chang Hyon Ha, Eunju Jeon, Hongjoo Kim, Jinyoung Kim, Kyungwon Kim, SungHyun Kim, Sun Kee Kim, Won Kyung Kim, Yeongduk Kim, Young Ju Ko, Hyunseok Lee, Hyun Su Lee, In Soo Lee, Jaison Lee, Seo Hyun Lee, Seung Mok Lee, Reina H. Maruyama, Jong-Chul Park, Kangsoon Park, Kihong Park, Se Dong Park, Kyungmin Seo, Min Ki Son, Gyun Ho Yu

Optics

Near-Unity Excitation and Radiative Efficiencies in Electroluminescence Without External Carrier Injection

Rui Li, Xinrui Li, Jiachen Xie et al. (+8 more)

Electroluminescence occurring without external charge injection is typically characterized by weak emission and excessive driving voltage, due to low excitation and radiative recombination efficiencies. Here, we demonstrate non-injecting electroluminescence (NI-EL) that challenges this conventional perception. To achieve this, we introduce an operational paradigm that leverages remote, state-abundant charge reservoirs, which elevates the excitation efficiency close to unity - a greater-than-20-fold improvement over the benchmark. This strategy is augmented by quantum dots (QDs) with nonmonotonically graded shells, raising the high-field radiative efficiency by approximately 7-8-fold. The resultant RGB NI-EL devices uniformly exhibit bright and efficient pulsed emissions, with key metrics including: a turn-on threshold of 3.7 Vrms for red; a luminance of 291,628 nits and a power efficiency of 302.6 lm/W for green, with light-outcoupling enhancement; and, for blue, the superior emitter stability of the first QD-based blue NI-EL over its light-emitting diode counterpart. The minimal dielectric loss, sub-100 ns response time, and external EL efficiency of up to 45.4% further reinforce the mechanism-performance causality. These results overcome the inherent mechanistic limitations of NI-EL and establish performance that rivals or surpasses injection-type EL, including AC- or DC-driven variants, positioning NI-EL as a promising platform for high-performance pulsed light sources.

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All authors Rui Li, Xinrui Li, Jiachen Xie, Pingjun Xu, Wen Li, Congcong Liu, Zheng Ge, Longjia Wu, Xingtong Chen, Zheming Liu, Song Chen

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

LIGO A$^\sharp$: Detector Design and Science Prospects Beyond A+

L. Sun, K. Kuns, B. J. J. Slagmolen et al. (+1153 more)

We present the LIGO A$^\sharp$ detector concept, an upgrade for the LIGO observatories based on room-temperature interferometers beyond the fifth observing run (O5). Building on the A+ sensitivity, A$^\sharp$ targets broadband sensitivity improvements through heavier test masses, improved suspensions and seismic isolation, increased arm-cavity power, enhanced frequency-dependent squeezing, reduced coating thermal noise considering two scenarios, and improved control of mechanical motion and optical modes. We describe the principal design choices, projected noise performance, and corresponding astrophysical prospects. LIGO A$^\sharp$ substantially increases compact-binary detection rates, strengthens population inference, and improves both early-warning times and localization for binary neutron star mergers. The improved sensitivity enables more detailed studies of compact-binary coalescences, including higher-order multipoles, intermediate-mass black holes, remnant black hole ringdown, and the neutron star equation of state. It also broadens the discovery potential for new gravitational-wave sources such as continuous waves and bursts, should enable detection of the stochastic background from compact binary mergers if it remains undetected after O5, and strengthens the role of gravitational-wave detectors as probes of fundamental physics. We discuss key technical challenges and the role of A$^\sharp$ as both a major scientific upgrade for the 2030s and a technology pathfinder for next-generation gravitational-wave observatories, such as Cosmic Explorer.

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All authors L. Sun, K. Kuns, B. J. J. Slagmolen, P. Fritschel, P. Schmidt, B. T. Lantz, S. S. Y. Chua, Divyajyoti, S. W. Ballmer, M. A. Barton, A. V. Cumming, K. L. Dooley, J. C. Driggers, A. Effler, M. Evans, B. Farr, G. González, N. Lu, D. J. Ottaway, C. Palomba, O. J. Piccinni, G. Pratten, S. Raja, A. P. Subhash, P. J. Sutton, K. Toland, R. L. Ward, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, K. Ackley, A. Adam, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, P. Ajith, L. Albers, S. Al-Kershi, S. Al-Shammari, J. A. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Lopez, O. Amarasinghe, A. Amato, S. An, A. B. Anand, C. Anand, A. Ananyeva, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, F. Andrade-Oliveira, M. Andrés-Carcasona, J. L. Andrey, T. Andric, J. Anglin, J. Anna, J. M. Antelis, L. V. da Conceição, T. Aoki, E. Z. Appavuravther, E. A. Appelt, S. Appert, S. K. Apple, K. Arai, M. C. Araya, J. S. Areeda, M. Ramos Arevalo, S. Armstrong, M. Arogeti, S. M. Aronson, K. G. Arun, G. Ashton, S. M. Aston, K. AultONeal, G. Avallone, E. A. Avila, C. Badger, S. Bae, K. A. Baker, T. Baker, M. Ball, S. Banagiri, D. Bankar, T. M. Baptiste, P. Baral, J. C. Barayoga, K. Baric, B. C. Barish, D. Barker, N. Barman, B. Barr, M. Barrios, L. Barsotti, I. Bartos, A. Basalaev, R. Bassiri, J. C. Bayley, A. C. Baylor, P. A. Baynard II, B. Becher, V. M. Bedakihale, A. S. Bell, D. S. Bellie, W. Benoit, F. Bergamin, B. K. Berger, M. Beroiz, C. P. L. Berry, I. Berry, J. Betzwieser, D. Beveridge, N. Bevins, R. Bhandare, R. Bhatt, A. Bhattacharjee, D. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhaumik, I. A. Bilenko, G. Billingsley, S. Bini, O. Birnholtz, S. Biscoveanu, A. Bisht, S. Blaber, J. K. Blackburn, L. A. Blagg, C. D. Blair, D. G. Blair, N. Bode, N. Boettner, P. Bogdan, G. N. Bolingbroke, L. D. Bonavena, V. A. Bonhomme, E. Bonilla, M. S. Bonilla, A. Bonino, A. Borchers, S. Bose, V. Bossilkov, T. D. Boybeyi, M. Boyle, M. J. Brady, P. R. Brady, A. Branch, M. Brinkmann, P. Brockill, E. Brockmueller, A. F. Brooks, D. D. Brown, S. Brunett, R. Bruntz, J. Bryant, Y. Bu, A. Buonanno, K. Burtnyk, J. Calderón Bustillo, R. L. Byer, V. A. Cáceres-Barbosa, L. Cadonati, C. Cahillane, A. Calafat, J. D. Callaghan, T. A. Callister, S. R. Callos, V. Cantory, H. Cao, L. A. Capistran, E. Capote, C. Capuano, K. J. Cardona-Martínez, M. Carlassara, J. Yébana Carrilero, G. Carrillo, G. Carullo, S. Caudill, M. Cavaglià, A. Ceja, N. Chabbra, A. Chakraborty, P. Chakraborty, S. Chakraborty, C. Chan, J. C. L. Chan, M. Chan, K. Chang, S. Chao, P. Charlton, C. Chatterjee, Debarati Chatterjee, Deep Chatterjee, M. Chaturvedi, A. Chen, H. Y. Chen, S. Chen, Yanbei Chen, Yiwen Chen, G. Cheng, H. P. Cheng, T. Cheunchitra, H. T. Cheung, S. Y. Cheung, G. Chiarini, M. Chicoine, D. Chintala, S. Choudhary, N. Christensen, Y. K. Chu, B. Cirok, F. Clara, J. A. Clark, T. A. Clarke, A. Claveus, M. R. Claypool, S. M. Clyne, D. E. Cohen, E. Colangeli, O. Cole, G. D. Cole, M. Colleoni, C. G. Collette, J. Collins, S. Colloms, C. M. Compton, G. Connolly, T. R. Corbitt, N. J. Cornish, A. Corsi, L. Cotnoir, R. Cottingham, J. A. Cotturone, M. W. Coughlin, P. Couvares, R. Coyne, J. D. E. Creighton, T. D. Creighton, S. Crook, R. Crouch, J. Csizmazia, T. J. Cullen, Y. Dang, O. Danner, K. Danzmann, K. E. Darroch, C. Darsow-Fromm, L. P. Dartez, R. Das, S. Das, A. Dasgupta, I. Dave, A. Davenport, T. F. Davies, D. Davis, M. C. Davis, E. J. Daw, M. Dax, E. deBruin, M. Deenadayalan, O. M. del Rio, N. Demos, T. Dent, N. DePergola, E. K. Derrick, M. Desai, D. DeSantis, S. Deshmukh, V. Deshmukh, S. Determan, A. Dhani, R. Dhatri, R. Dhurkunde, R. Diab, M. C. Díaz, T. Dietrich, C. Di Fronzo, A. Dmitriev, J. P. Docherty, Z. Doctor, N. Doerksen, E. Dohmen, A. Doke, F. Donovan, S. Doravari, F. Dosopoulou, R. S. Dumbreck, S. Dwivedi, S. E. Dwyer, C. Eassa, M. Eberhardt, M. Ebersold, M. Ebiri, T. Eckhardt, G. Eddolls, J. Eichholz, M. Emma, R. Enficiaud, R. Espinosa, R. C. Essick, H. Estellés, T. Etzel, T. Evstafyeva, J. M. Ezquiaga, S. Fairhurst, X. Fan, A. M. Farah, W. M. Farr, M. Favata, M. Fazio, J. Feicht, M. M. Fejer, J.-N. Feldhusen, J. Fernandes, D. Fernando, T. A. Ferreira, M. Ferrer-Martinez, M. Fishbach, R. P. Fisher, S. K. Fitzgerald, B. Flanagan, S. M. Fleischer, L. S. Fleming, E. Floden, H. Fong, F. Fontinele-Nunes, C. Foo, B. Fornal, P. W. F. Forsyth, A. Franco-Ordovas, J. P. Freed, Z. Frei, R. Frey, W. Frischhertz, V. V. Frolov, M. Fuentes-Garcia, P. Fulda, M. Fyffe, J. R. Gair, V. Galdi, A. Gamboa, S. Gamoji, A. Ganguly, C. García-Quirós, J. W. Gardner, A. Garron, P. A. Garver, V. Gayathri, T. Gayer, J. George, R. George, D. George, O. Gerberding, L. Gergely, Sayantan Ghosh, Shaon Ghosh, Shrobana Ghosh, Suprovo Ghosh, Tathagata Ghosh, J. A. Giaime, K. D. Giardina, D. R. Gibson, C. Gier, J. Glanzer, J. Godfrey, R. V. Godley, O. Godwin, A. S. Goettel, E. Goetz, J. Golomb, P. Goodarzi, S. R. Goode, S. M. Goss-Grubbs, D. W. Gould, K. Govorkova, V. Graham, A. E. Granados, M. Granata, V. Granata, S. Gras, P. Grassia, C. Gray, R. Gray, K. Gray, L. Green, S. R. Green, A. M. Gretarsson, E. M. Gretarsson, D. Griffith, H. Grote, S. Grunewald, A. G. Guerrero, T. Guidry, H. K. Gulati, H. Guo, W. Guo, A. Gupta, I. Gupta, N. C. Gupta, S. K. Gupta, V. Gupta, N. Gupte, N. Guttman, F. Guzman, M. Haberland, E. D. Hall, E. Z. Hamilton, G. Hammond, J. Hanks, C. Hanna, M. D. Hannam, O. A. Hannuksela, H. Hansen, J. Hanson, A. R. Hardison, K. Haris, I. Harley-Trochimczyk, G. M. Harry, I. W. Harry, C.-J. Haster, K. Haughian, J. Hedberg, A. Heffernan, M. C. Heintze, J. Heinzel, F. Hellman, A. F. Helmling-Cornell, O. Henderson-Sapir, M. Hendry, I. S. Heng, M. H. Hennig, C. Henshaw, A. Heranval, M. Heurs, A. L. Hewitt, J. Heyns, D. Hickey, M. Hill, S. Hill, N. A. Holland, K. Holley-Bockelmann, I. J. Hollows, D. E. Holz, K. M. Hoops, M. E. Hoque, D. J. Horton-Bailey, J. Hough, S. Hourihane, N. T. Howard, E. J. Howell, C. G. Hoy, P. Hsi, H. Y. Huang, Y. Huang, A. D. Huddart, B. Hughey, S. Husa, G. A. Iandolo, Y. Inoue, J. Irwin, T. Ishikawa, M. Isi, K. S. Isleif, S. Iwaguchi, M. M. Iwaya, B. R. Iyer, S. J. Jadhav, S. P. Jadhav, K. Jain, A. L. James, K. Jani, S. Jani, N. N. Janthalur, R. Jaume, W. Javed, M. Jensen, W. Jia, J. Jiang, S.-J. Jin, G. R. Johns, N. A. Johnson, M. C. Johnston, R. Johnston, N. Johny, D. H. Jones, D. I. Jones, R. Jones, P. Joshi, S. K. Joshi, J. Ju, L. Ju, I. L. Juarez-Reyes, H. B. Kabagoz, V. Kalogera, M. Kalomenopoulos, S. Kandhasamy, G. Kang, M. Kang, J. B. Kanner, S. J. Kapadia, D. P. Kapasi, A. S. Karia, R. Kashyap, M. Kasprzack, E. Katsavounidis, W. Katzman, R. Kaushik, K. Kawabe, S. Kawamura, D. Keitel, S. A. Kemper, L. J. Kemperman, J. Kennington, R. Kesharwani, J. S. Key, R. Khadela, S. S. Khadkikar, F. Y. Khalili, C. Khamar, F. Khan, M. Khursheed, N. M. Khusid, C. Kim, J. C. Kim, K. Kim, M. H. Kim, Y.-M. Kim, C. Kimball, K. Kimes, M. Kinnear, J. S. Kissel, S. Klimenko, A. M. Knee, N. Knust, S. M. Koehlenbeck, K. Kokeyama, P. Kolitsidou, K. Kompanets, A. K. H. Kong, A. Kontos, K. Kopczuk, L. M. Koponen, M. Korobko, X. Kou, N. Kouvatsos, D. B. Kozak, V. Kringel, N. V. Krishnendu, S. Kroker, K. Kruska, G. Kuehn, D. Kukla, Achal Kumar, Anil Kumar, Dhruv Kumar, Praveen Kumar, Prayush Kumar, Rahul Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Ravi Kumar, V. Kumar, N. Kuntimaddi, K. Kwan, G. Lacaille, D. Laghi, A. H. Laity, E. Lalande, S. Lalvani, M. Landry, R. N. Lang, A. Lange, R. Langgin, I. La Rosa, O. Laske, P. D. Lasky, J. Lawrence, M. Laxen, A. Lazzarini, L. Leali, Y. K. Lecoeuche, J. Lee, K. Lee, R. Lee, S. Lee, Y. Lee, I. N. Legred, J. Lehmann, L. Lehner, M. Lesovsky, Y. Levin, K. Leyde, X. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Q. Liang, F. Lin, C. Lindsay, S. D. Linker, A. Liu, Jian Liu, S. Liu, J. Llobera-Querol, R. K. L. Lo, S. C. G. Loggins, L. T. London, R. Rodriguez Lopez, A. Lorenzo-Medina, M. Lormand, T. P. Lott IV, J. D. Lough, H. A. Loughlin, C. O. Lousto, N. K. Y. Low, H. Lück, O. Lukina, A. P. Lundgren, A. W. Lussier, X. Ma, M. Ma'arif, S. MacBride, I. MacLaren, D. M. Macleod, I. A. O. MacMillan, S. S. Magare, R. M. Magee, E. Maggio, P. Mahapatra, M. Mahesh, S. Majhi, C. N. Makarem, E. Makelele, N. Malagon, D. Malakar, J. A. Malaquias-Reis, U. Mali, S. Maliakal, A. Malik, L. Mallick, A.-K. Malz, V. Mandic, Z. Mangi, B. Mannix, G. L. Mansell, M. Manske, J. Mark, A. S. Markosyan, J. Markus, E. Maros, I. W. Martin, R. M. Martin, B. B. Martinez, J. C. Martins, D. V. Martynov, E. J. Marx, M. Masso-Reid, T. Masters, M. Matiushechkina, A. Matte-Landry, N. Mavalvala, N. Maxwell, A. McCann, G. McCarrol, R. McCarthy, D. E. McClelland, S. McCormick, L. McCuller, L. I. McDermott, C. McElhenny, G. I. McGhee, K. B. M. McGowan, J. McIver, A. McLeod, I. McMahon, T. McRae, R. McTeague, K. McWhirter, D. Meacher, B. N. Meagher, R. Mechum, M. Mehmet, R. M. Mehta, A. Melatos, C. S. Menoni, R. A. Mercer, K. Merfeld, E. L. Merilh, J. R. Mérou, C. Messick, F. Meylahn, H. Miao, C. Michel, H. Middleton, D. P. Mihaylov, S. J. Miller, M. Millhouse, A. Mishra, C. Mishra, T. Mishra, A. Mitchell, J. G. Mitchell, O. Mitchem, S. Mitra, V. P. Mitrofanov, R. Mittleman, G. Mo, S. R. P. Mohapatra, M. Molina-Ruiz, M. Mondin, C. J. Moore, D. Moraru, A. More, S. More, C. Moreno, E. A. Moreno, G. Moreno, C. Morgan, M. Mould, C. M. Mow-Lowry, Arunava Mukherjee, D. Mukherjee, Samanwaya Mukherjee, Soma Mukherjee, Subroto Mukherjee, Suvodip Mukherjee, N. Mukund, A. Mullavey, C. L. Mungioli, P. G. Murray, S. Muusse, S. A. Vallejo-Peña, N. Nagarajan, A. Nakamura, M. Nakano, D. Nandi, S. U. Naqvi, P. Narayan, R. K. Nayak, J. Neeson, A. Nela, C. Nelle, A. Nelson, T. J. N. Nelson, A. Neunzert, M. Newell, S. Ng, A. B. Nielsen, W. Niu, J. Noller, M. Norman, C. North, A. Numic, G. Nurbek, L. K. Nuttall, J. Oberling, C. E. Ochoa, C. O'Connor, J. O'Dell, E. Oelker, J. J. Oh, T. O'Hanlon, F. Ohme, I. Oke, R. Omer, N. O'Neill, P. Ophardt, R. J. Oram, B. O'Reilly, R. O'Shaughnessy, J. Ostrovska, A. Osumi, I. Ota, G. Othman, H. Overmier, B. J. Owen, A. E. Pace, A. Pai, S. Pal, M. Pálfi, H. Pan, J. Pan, P. K. Panda, Shiksha Pandey, Swadha Pandey, B. C. Pant, F. H. Panther, A. Papadopoulos, E. E. Papalexakis, J. Park, W. Parker, G. Pascale, L. Passenger, O. Patane, A. V. Patel, L. Pathak, A. Patra, B. G. Patterson, K. Paul, S. Paul, E. Payne, T. Pearce, M. Pedraza, A. Pele, X. Peng, Y. Peng, S. Penn, S. Petracca, H. P. Pfeiffer, H. Pham, K. A. Pham, K. S. Phukon, H. Phurailatpam, A. Pied, V. Pierro, B. Pillon, I. M. Pinto, B. J. Piotrzkowski, M. Pirello, M. D. Pitkin, M. L. Planas, C. Plunkett, L. Pompili, J. Poon, A. S. Porter, C. Posnansky, J. Powell, G. S. Prabhu, A. K. Prajapati, K. Prasai, R. Prasanna, P. Prasia, A. Puecher, J. Pullin, M. Pürrer, H. Qi, M. Qiao, J. Qin, V. Quetschke, P. J. Quinonez, R. Rading, C. Rajan, B. Rajbhandari, A. Kulur Ramamohan, K. E. Ramirez, A. Ramos-Buades, S. Ranjan, M. Ranjbar, K. Ransom, B. Ratto, A. Ravichandran, A. Ray, V. Raymond, J. Read, J. Redepenning, J. Regan, T. Reichardt, S. Reid, C. Reissel, D. H. Reitze, A. I. Renzini, J. Rice, J. W. Richardson, M. L. Richardson, K. Riles, H. K. Riley, J. D. H. Rivero, M. Robinson, J. Rodriguez, J. G. Rollins, A. E. Romano, I. M. Romero-Shaw, J. H. Romie, S. Ronchini, T. J. Roocke, T. J. Rosauer, C. A. Rose, M. P. Ross, M. Rossello-Sastre, S. Rowan, K. Rowlands, P. Dutta Roy, S. K. Roy, T. RoyChowdhury, G. H. Ruiz, K. Ruiz-Rocha, V. Russ, S. M. S., S. Sachdev, T. Sadecki, S. Safi-Harb, M. R. Raj Sah, M. Sakellariadou, S. Sakon, F. Salces-Carcoba, M. Saleem, S. U. Salunkhe, A. Salvarese, P. M. Samir, A. Sanchez, E. J. Sanchez, J. Sanchez, D. Sanchez-Cid, J. R. Sanders, E. M. Sänger, J. Sanjuan, E. Sapkin, T. R. Saravanan, P. Sarkar, A. Sasli, B. S. Sathyaprakash, O. Sauter, R. L. Savage, T. Savicheva, H. L. Sawant, D. Schaetzl, M. Scheel, L. M. Scheel, A. Schiebelbein, F. Schiettekatte, M. G. Schiworski, K. Schluterman, R. Schnabel, M. Schneewind, R. M. S. Schofield, B. W. Schulte, B. F. Schutz, E. Schwartz, J. Scott, S. M. Scott, R. M. Sedas, T. C. Seetharamu, D. Sellers, E. G. Seo, G. Seong, C. K. Sethi, T. Shaffer, U. S. Shah, M. A. Shaikh, J. Sharkey, A. K. Sharma, Preeti Sharma, Priyanka Sharma, Sushant Sharma-Chaudhary, P. Shawhan, T. Shen, S. Shirke, D. H. Shoemaker, D. M. Shoemaker, R. W. Short, S. ShyamSundar, H. Siegel, V. Sierra, D. Sigg, L. Silenzi, M. Simmonds, L. P. Singer, A. Singh, D. Singh, M. K. Singh, N. Singh, H. Singh, M. R. Sinha, A. M. Sintes, V. Skliris, T. J. Slaven-Blair, J. Smetana, D. A. Smith, J. R. Smith, J. Smith, W. J. Smith, M. Soares-Santos, S. Soni, N. E. Sovitzky, V. Spagnuolo, A. P. Spencer, A. K. Srivastava, F. Stachurski, V. V. Stanford, A. Stanton, N. Steinle, J. Steinlechner, C. Stephens, M. StPierre, J. Stremiz, M. D. Strong, A. Strunk, S. Chalathadka Subrahmanya, L. Suleiman, K. D. Sullivan, J. Sun, S. Sunil, S. C. Tait, S. Takano, C. Talbot, D. Tanabe, S. Tanioka, D. B. Tanner, W. Tanner, L. Tao, R. D. Tapia, J. D. Tasson, J. G. Tau, A. Tejera, J. G. Temple, Y. Teng, H. Themann, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam, L. M. Thomas, M. Thomas, P. Thomas, J. E. Thompson, S. R. Thondapu, E. Thrane, A. Tiwari, P. Tiwari, S. Tiwari, V. Tiwari, M. R. Todd, A. M. Toivonen, V. Tommasini, H. Tong, C. I. Torrie, G. Traylor, L. Traylor, M. Trevor, A. Tripathee, R. J. Trudeau, T. Tsang, K. Tsuji, L. Tsukada, A. Tuci, A. S. Ubhi, R. P. Udall, V. Undheim, V. Upadhyaya, L. E. Uronen, H. Vahlbruch, G. Vajente, J. Valencia, M. Valentini, J. van Dongen, K. Vandra, M. VanDyke, J. Vanier, J. Vanosky, A. F. Vargas, V. Varma, A. Vecchio, J. Veitch, P. J. Veitch, B. Verma, Y. Verma, S. M. Vermeulen, F. A. Ramis Vidal, S. Vidyant, A. D. Viets, A. Vijaykumar, A. Vilkha, F. Llamas Villarreal, E. T. Vincent, S. Vitale, N. Vithanachchi, A. Vives, L. Vizmeg, B. Vizzone, D. Voigt, E. R. G. von Reis, J. S. A. von Wrangel, W. E. Vossius, L. Vujeva, S. P. Vyatchanin, J. Wack, L. E. Wade, M. Wade, A. Wade, K. J. Wagner, L. Wallace, W. H. Wang, Y. F. Wang, Z. Wang, P. Wang, J. Warner, N. Y. Washington, B. Weaver, S. A. Webster, N. L. Weickhardt, M. Weinert, A. J. Weinstein, O. Weisenberger, R. Weiss, L. Wen, K. Wette, C. Wheeler, J. T. Whelan, B. F. Whiting, E. G. Wickens, D. Wilken, B. M. Williams, D. Williams, M. J. Williams, N. S. Williams, J. L. Willis, B. Willke, C. W. Winborn, A. Wingfield, J. Winterflood, C. C. Wipf, G. Woan, N. E. Wolfe, H. T. Wong, J. L. Wright, B. Wu, D. S. Wu, K. Wu, E. Wuchner, D. M. Wysocki, Y. Xia, V. A. Xu, Y. Xu, M. Ben Yaala, H. Yamamoto, T. Yan, H. Yang, K. Z. Yang, Z. Yarbrough, A. B. Yelikar, X. Yin, M. Yoshihara, S. Yuan, M. Zanolin, M. Zeeshan, M. Zevin, H. Zhang, L. Zhang, N. Zhang, R. Zhang, T. Zhang, C. Zhao, Y. Zhao, L.-M. Zheng, Y. Zheng, H. Zhong, H. Zhou, H. O. Zhu, Z. Zhu, D. Z. Zieba, A. B. Zimmerman, M. E. Zucker, R. Arès, J. J. Carter, S. J. Madden, K. McKenzie, E. R. Rees, B. Shapiro

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Disco in the Dust: Reflected light at the bow shock around Betelgeuse's companion explains its observed luminosity

Jared A. Goldberg, Meridith Joyce, Anna J. G. O'Grady et al. (+6 more)

Recent detections of $\alpha$ Orionis B, the putative companion to Betelgeuse, have been reported using multiple instruments and techniques. These include, most recently, a $>6\sigma$ detection using VLT/SPHERE reported by Montarges+2026. The authors infer a bright companion ($\sim10^{-3}\times$ Betelgeuse's luminosity) with a mass of $2-3\,M_\odot$ and $T_\text{eff}\approx10-12{,}000$\,K, loosely consistent with the uppermost bounds of Howell+2025's recent mass estimate from speckle-imaging. However, it is in tension by a factor of two with the reported mass-exclusion limits via non-detection from a recent HST far-UV campaign (Goldberg+2025). While mass identification from isochrone-fitting (conducted in all cases) is prone to uncertainty, the restrictive HST upper limit on FUV flux precludes the hot, blue emission of a $\gtrsim2\,M_\odot$ main-sequence star. This discrepancy is reconciled by the following hypothesis: these detections observe the reflection of Betelgeuse's own luminosity scattered off the companion's bow shock and wake as it traverses the dusty circumstellar medium. To evaluate the feasibility of this scenario, we draw from custom, filter-specific stellar models computed with MESA, as well as Athena++ simulations of the companion's bow shock in idealized conditions. Importantly, the expansive bow shock from a stellar-mass object necessarily subtends a sizable portion of Betelgeuse's outgoing flux. We find that optical luminosity ratios of $\sim10^{-3}-10^{-4}$ are straightforward to resolve within reasonable assumptions about the companion mass and circumstellar dust, and disfavor a hot $3\,M_\odot$ companion. We thereby reconcile competing mass hypotheses across observational campaigns through proper attribution of the observed brightness, motivating future multi-wavelength campaigns to further characterize this enigmatic system.

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All authors Jared A. Goldberg, Meridith Joyce, Anna J. G. O'Grady, Sam D. Barber, Logan J. Prust, Mitchell Dennis, László Molnár, Christian I. Johnson, Wolfgang E. Kerzendorf

Plasma Physics

Measurements of Laser-Driven Plasma Expansion into Hohlraum-Relevant Background Gas

S. Hilsabeck, S. Dannhoff, C. A. Walsh et al. (+3 more)

Experiments at the OMEGA EP laser facility were designed and executed to study plasma expansion into hohlraum-relevant gas fills (0.3-0.6 mg/cc of helium), providing a surrogate platform for investigating hohlraum wall blow-off, non-local transport, and magnetized plasma effects. We observe well-defined density features and filamentary structures as laser-driven copper plasma expands into a low-Z background gas. Shadowgraphy resolves sharp density features over time and reveals fine-scale filamentation in the laser spot region with characteristic transverse scales of 10-100 microns near the foil surface. Proton radiography provides sensitivity to path-integrated magnetic fields and density modulations throughout the bubble volume. We extract the bubble expansion as a function of time for two gas pressures, 350 psi (producing 0.3 mg/cc equivalent conditions) and 700 psi (0.6 mg/cc equivalent conditions), and compare the measured propagation to magnetohydrodynamic simulations performed with Gorgon and HYDRA. While the large-scale shape of the bubble is well reproduced by both codes, the time-dependent expansion rate shows significant discrepancies (20-50% faster) compared to experimental observations between 1 and 3 ns. This leads to increasingly larger differences in bubble sizes at later times. The optical measurements of bubble expansion and evolution of small-scale structures point to additional constraints required for Biermann-battery field generation, thermal transport, and instability growth in hohlraum-relevant plasmas, to ensure accurate, predictive modeling of gas-filled hohlraums.

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All authors S. Hilsabeck, S. Dannhoff, C. A. Walsh, M. Sherlock, G. D. Sutcliffe, E. R. Tubman

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Towards Genuine Coexistence: Per-Satellite Emission and Radiation Limits to Protect Radio Astronomy and Geodetic VLBI at 1-14 GHz from Satellite Constellations

Balthasar Indermuehle, Lucia McCallum, Emma van der Wateren et al. (+7 more)

Geodetic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) is a vulnerable application of the radio astronomy service (RAS): it provides the fundamental link between the celestial and terrestrial reference frames, and is the only technique that uniquely determines UT1-UTC. The next-generation geodetic VLBI Global Observing System (VGOS) achieves millimetre accuracy by synthesising group delay across 3-14 GHz using 32x32 MHz channels, most of which lie outside RAS primary allocations. The SNIFFLES-I survey (Indermuehle et al 2026) measured intended emissions, unwanted emissions (spurious emissions, notably harmonics), and unintended electromagnetic radiation (UEMR) of NGSO systems from 1-26 GHz. On this basis we model the equivalent power flux density (EPFD) of current and future constellations and compare against protection criteria of ITU-R RA.769. The analysis extends to frequencies without radio astronomy allocations where SNIFFLES-I made detections. For geodetic VLBI, we run a Monte-Carlo EPFD model at the AuScope VGOS stations and scale the aggregate from the present catalogued fleet (~12000 satellites) to the hundreds of thousands on file with a validated method. Inverting the EPFD analysis against the interpolated RA.769 thresholds yields maximum tolerable per-satellite levels for spurious emissions and for UEMR, expressed as a field-strength limit in dB(uV/m) at 10 m for standard-setting bodies. We treat proposed orbital-data-centres in Sun-synchronous orbit as a distinctively UEMR-dominated case. We find that already today the single-dish protection criteria are exceeded in two primary RAS bands. For geodetic VLBI, the dominant threat is spurious emission from the 2620 MHz Direct-to-device (DTD) downlink, whose second harmonic at 5240 MHz already causes at least 59% data loss today. (Abstract modified for arxiv limits)

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All authors Balthasar Indermuehle, Lucia McCallum, Emma van der Wateren, Hayo Hase, Benjamin Winkel, Liroy Lourenco, Federico Di Vruno, Michael Lindqvist, Gregory Hellbourg, Gyula Jozsa

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Cross-listed from cs.CL

Semantic Lenia: Emergence of Homeostatic Solitons within the Semantic Space of Large Language Models

Yoshihiko Kayama

We introduce Semantic Lenia, an artificial life framework that transforms Large Language Model (LLM) inference from a static optimization problem into a continuous, closed-loop dynamical system. By establishing a non-linear homeostatic feedback loop to dynamically balance semantic attraction and syntactic repulsion, we demonstrate the emergence of “Homeostatic Solitons”-metastable semantic structures that actively resist repetitive crystallization. Our exhaustive parameter sweeps map a critical “Habitable Ridge” where applied steering forces balance the model's intrinsic syntactic inertia. This approach successfully maintains generative trajectories in a numerically sensitive critical regime, triggering profound abductive leaps without structural collapse, and reveals a capacity-dependent scaling trend in the syntactic inertia across different model sizes.

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Physics and Society

Twenty-Five Years of Air Quality in Bangladesh: Trends, Seasonality, and Spatial Pollution Regimes

Md Rafid Islam, Rafsan Jany, Mohammad Fahim Islam et al. (+3 more)

Air pollution is one of Bangladesh's most pressing environmental problems, yet few studies have examined it at a national scale over a long time span. To describe trends, seasonality, geographic patterns, and pollution regimes, this study examines 25 years of hourly air quality data (2000-2025), covering over 3.19 million records, eight pollutants, and 103 cities monitored from 2022 onward following expansion from a single Dhaka station. The composite AQI series showed no significant long-term trend, an artifact of this network expansion rather than a real flattening of pollution, since Dhaka's own AQI rose steadily before the network grew. Seasonality was strong and highly significant, as AQI peaked in January (162.26) and fell to its lowest in July (61.47), tracking the dry and monsoon seasons. Geographically, southeastern coastal cities, including Teknaf and Bandarban, consistently recorded the lowest AQI levels. Dhaka remained the most polluted city, and air quality improved progressively with distance from the capital. K-means clustering of city-level AQI trajectories identified four distinct pollution regimes, ranging from cleaner coastal regions to a rapidly deteriorating Dhaka-Narsingdi cluster with an average increase of 1.84 AQI per year. Correlation analysis showed that PM2.5 and PM10 were the dominant contributors to AQI variation, and so combustion-related emissions are the primary target for air quality management and policy intervention.

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All authors Md Rafid Islam, Rafsan Jany, Mohammad Fahim Islam, Rafid Bin Zaman, Mohammad Saifuddin, Sabrina Sultana

Applied Physics

A Frequency-Space Terahertz Transceiver Chip for Multi-Agent Communications and Spatial Awareness

Xiaoyue Xia, Zhicheng Lin, Hao Guo et al. (+7 more)

Future indoor embodied-intelligence systems require scalable hardware platforms that support both high-capacity multi-agent connectivity and mutual spatial awareness. The terahertz (THz) spectrum offers abundant bandwidth and inherent spatial selectivity for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC); however, conventional phased arrays and programmable metasurfaces rely on dense beamforming networks, element-level control, or external THz illumination, making scalable multibeam operation challenging. Here, we report a fully integrated 208-258GHz 65-nm CMOS THz transceiver chip that monolithically integrates broadband front ends with heterogeneous leaky-wave metasurface (HLM) apertures within a 1.5mm by 4.9mm area. The HLM generates strongly dispersive leaky modes, enabling 75 degree frequency-controlled beam scanning with only four meta-atoms. Co-design of frequency-domain and spatial-domain mixing achieves spectrally clean frequency-to-space mapping for spatial-frequency division multiple access (SFDMA) communication. The THz chip demonstrates multi-agent simultaneous transmission and reception, two-dimensional localization, and sensing-enhanced communication, providing a scalable hardware platform for future THz embodied-intelligence networks.

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All authors Xiaoyue Xia, Zhicheng Lin, Hao Guo, Siran Wang, Jingyuan Zhang, Xinyu Fang, Ka Fai Chan, Shum Kam Man, Geng-Bo Wu, Chi Hou Chan

Quantum Physics

A Quantum/Classical Example Oracle Separation for Making Things Up

Kenny Chen

Consider two PAC learning algorithms, both having access to quantum computation, but differing in the types of examples they obtain: one is provided with classical samples, while the other is given quantum samples. Are there any learning tasks that can be efficiently performed by the latter, but not by the former? This question, the focus of our work, is surprisingly still open. Our main result is to show that relative to an oracle, there are distributions that can be efficiently generated by a quantum learner with access to quantum samples, but not by a quantum learner with access to only classical samples, making progress to answering this question in the affirmative.

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Quantum Physics

The Dirac Information Carrier for Relativistic Quantum Computation

Barry C Sanders

Quantum computation has traditionally been formulated by postulating abstract information carriers and subsequently identifying physical systems that realize them. We adopt the opposite viewpoint and ask what computational structure is supplied by a fundamental relativistic quantum system itself. Focusing on the simplest nontrivial massive spin carrier, spin-1/2, we show that its relativistic description supplies a native four-dimensional information carrier through the Dirac equation. The resulting Dirac information carrier possesses an intrinsic positive- and negative-energy decomposition that induces a physics-constrained computational structure comprising sector-preserving and sector-coupling quantum logic. Restricting the relativistic computational structure to the positive-energy sector and taking the nonrelativistic regime recovers the familiar Pauli qubit description. We distinguish mathematical unitary transformations from physically admissible gates and show how charge-conjugation structure, charge superselection, and associated reference-frame resources can constrain quantum logic beyond the sector-preserving structure. Finally, under appropriate physical assumptions, we establish the conditions under which this structure supports full single-carrier controllability. Our work establishes the Dirac information carrier as the massive spin-1/2 instance of a broader programme in which computational structures are derived from the relativistic representation carried by the underlying physical system.

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Quantum Gases

Fluctuation Spectra and Response Function of Coupled Atomic and Molecular BECs

Avinaba Mukherjee and Raka Dasgupta

We investigate out-of-equilibrium properties of atomic molecular Bose Einstein condensates coupled through a Feshbach resonance, with the Feshbach coupling and detuning subject to Gaussian white noise. Using a bosonic Josephson junction framework and a Bloch sphere description, we examine the interplay of detuning, coherence, and noise governing the system dynamics. Coupling and detuning noise produce distinct fluctuation spectra, featuring both Feshbach resonant and symmetric off resonant peaks. We characterize the dispersive and absorptive response of the atom dimer system under periodic driving. The atom molecule hybridization at the Feshbach resonance maximizes the linewidth and minimizes both the effective temperature and the phase difference between the driving field and the system. This leads to an optimized power utilization and quality factor.

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Optics

Towards Terabit/$\lambda$/s Multidimensional Silicon Photonic Engine

Hao Chen, Zengqi Chen, Wu Zhou et al. (+7 more)

Increasing artificial intelligence (AI) workloads drive co-packaged optics (CPO), which integrates optical engines with electronic components. Optical interconnects can extend transmission distances and reduce latency, allowing distributed clusters in AI factories to operate as a unified computational unit. However, escalating data throughput necessitates greater parallelization of light within ultracompact form factors while maintaining stringent energy efficiency and latency constraints. Here, we present a multidimensional silicon photonic engine that achieves a communication capacity exceeding 1.8 terabit/s/lambda/s. By monolithically integrating transceivers, spatial and polarization (de)multiplexers, and optical signal processors on a single chip, we eliminate bulky discrete (de)multiplexers and power-hungry digital signal processing (DSP). In experiments, the photonic engine can be self-configured to identify two, four, or six concurrent spatial and polarization channels per fiber while mitigating dynamic channel crosstalk. Compared with the state-of-art DSP, our approach achieves >5,000-fold reductions in both power consumption and processing latency at a MIMO processing order of six. Furthermore, we demonstrate full-duplex, modulation-format-transparent inter-chip communication over 300-meter fiber. These results represent a paradigm shift for optical engines in future high-performance computing and AI-driven data centers.

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All authors Hao Chen, Zengqi Chen, Wu Zhou, Kaihang Lu, Mingyuan Zhang, Yuxiang Yin, Yiou Cui, Chaoran Huang, Pui-In Mak, Yeyu Tong

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

A Radiation-Hydrodynamic Light Curve Grid and Interpolation Framework for Stripped-Envelope Supernovae

Qiliang Fang and Takashi J. Moriya

We present a grid of 8,148 stripped-envelope supernovae (SESNe) light curves based on radiation hydrodynamic simulations of exploding helium-star progenitors. The grid spans an ejecta-mass range representative of typical SESNe, together with broad ranges of explosion energies, radioactive nickel masses, and degrees of material mixing. We systematically investigate how these physical parameters shape the light curves and develop an interpolation-based parameter inference framework that enables the application of the model grid to observational data. Using the simulated light curves as mock observations, we assess the reliability of the widely used Arnett model. Although it reproduces the overall light-curve morphology, the inferred ejecta masses show no significant correlation with the true values. Moreover, the analytical model produces a spurious correlation between explosion energy and nickel mass, despite these parameters being independent in the underlying model grid. These results demonstrate that good light-curve fits do not necessarily imply reliable physical parameter estimates and highlight the need for physically motivated radiation hydrodynamic models in population studies of SESNe.

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Quantum Physics

Full-Stack High-Volume Quantum Networking Architecture based on Photonic-Integrated Tin Vacancy Centers in Diamond

Hamza Raniwala, Ian Christen, Helaman Flores et al. (+11 more)

Solid state quantum emitters are a leading platform for photonic quantum networking with memory nodes. However, the inhomogeneous distribution of quantum emitters, as well as several environmental factors (i.e. strain and electric fields) spread the frequency spectrum of the qubits, making them distinguishable and therefore not a reliable resource for distributed quantum entanglement. In this paper, we demonstrate a full-stack approach to integrating nearly indistinguishable tin vacancy (SnV$^-$) quantum emitters on a frequency-tunable photonic interposer that overcomes the native distribution and static variation of quantum emitters for an indistinguishable photonic quantum networking platform. We demonstrate a silicon nitride-on-insulator photonic integrated circuit (PIC) with accompanying multiphysics digital twin (MPhDT) that guides discovery of SnV$^-$ strain-tuning parameters and informs construction of a multi-channel quantum repeater node. On this node, we achieve the first simultaneous demonstration of spectral tuning of the zero phonon line (ZPL) at GHz scale; coherent electron spin control with gate times of $<80$ ns; strongly- and weakly-coupled nuclear spin detection; and commercial fiber array-coupled readout of a SnV$^-$ center. Finally, we propose and simulate improvements to the architecture that achieve 99.96% connectivity of $ N \sim 1000$ emitters spanning the inhomogeneous distribution of SnV$^-$ centers in strained diamond, where distributed quantum entanglement may be realized.

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All authors Hamza Raniwala, Ian Christen, Helaman Flores, David Starling, Ryan Murphy, Eric Bersin, Kevin Chen, Marc Davis, Maxim Sirotin, Mahmoud Jalali Mehrabad, Ethan G. Arnault, Matthew E. Trusheim, P. B. Dixon, Dirk R. Englund

Plasma Physics

Reconstructive AI Spectroscopy of Charged Particle Beams

Vasily Kozhevnikov, Andrey Kozyrev, Elena Klepalova et al. (+2 more)

This work introduces a physics-informed neural network (PINN) framework for reconstructing electron energy spectra from sparsely sampled attenuation-curve data. Leveraging the NVIDIA PhysicsNeMo platform, the proposed mesh-free methodology operates directly on raw experimental datasets while explicitly incorporating all experimental uncertainties. Validation on subnanosecond electron beam measurements demonstrates that the approach accurately resolves complex, multi-peaked spectral features of energy distribution. The framework enforces physical consistency through embedded governing principles and exhibits substantial predictive capability for energy spectrum reconstruction from noisy, low-precision, and sparse experimental data.

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All authors Vasily Kozhevnikov, Andrey Kozyrev, Elena Klepalova, Victor Tarasenko, Evgenii Baksht

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Dynamic Trajectory Analysis of Meteoroids Showing Minimal Deceleration

Thomas Stevenson, Ellie Sansom, Hadrien Devillepoix et al. (+8 more)

Meteoroids decelerate and ablate as they descend through the atmosphere, however a portion of instrumentally observed meteors show little measurable deceleration and remain poorly characterised. These are referred to as minimally decelerating objects (MDOs). The traditional alpha-beta method of dynamic trajectory analysis cannot reliably determine their preatmospheric masses or rates of ablation. We present a new approach for estimating the ballistic coefficients (alpha) and mass loss parameters (beta) of MDOs, allowing their inclusion in dynamic analyses. This new method employs bulk ablation coefficients derived from instrumentally observed meteorite falls and large meteor shower bodies. It is applied to MDOs comprising approximately one-third of the Global Fireball Observatory (GFO) 2014 - 2024 dataset. Our results show that MDOs are predominantly small objects occupying a distinct region of alpha-beta space. Material types can be identified using supplementary data such as emission spectra, which we demonstrate using observations of 10 small iron meteoroids. This methodology expands the range of meteoroid populations accessible to dynamic trajectory analysis, providing new constraints on meteorite deposition and the compositional diversity of near-Earth objects.

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All authors Thomas Stevenson, Ellie Sansom, Hadrien Devillepoix, Maria Gritsevich, Anna Zappatini, Peter Jenniskens, Christopher Herd, Jonti Horner, Nick Moskovitz, Samantha Hemmelgarn, Luke Daly

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Constraints on ultralight bosons from merging binary and remnant black holes observed during the second and third parts of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration: A. G. Abac et al. (+1807 more)

We present constraints on ultralight bosons using binary black hole mergers observed in the second and third parts of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run. Directed searches are conducted for long-transient gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around merger remnants, using a hidden-Markov-model (HMM) tracking scheme. We target the remnant black holes formed in the binary coalescences that produced GW250114 and GW250207. We find no evidence for such signals from either target. Estimating our search sensitivity at a threshold corresponding to a 1% false alarm probability, we thus disfavor vector boson masses in the range of $[2.80, 3.95]\times 10^{-13}$ eV with greater than 90% confidence. In addition, we derive constraints on ultralight scalar and vector bosons from the inferred high spins of the constituent black holes in three binaries, using events GW240515, GW241113, and GW241225_08. The excluded mass ranges in this approach depend on the assumed black-hole ages. At $10^5$ years, corresponding to typical dynamically formed binaries, we exclude scalar and vector bosons in the ranges $[1.39, 6.94]\times 10^{-13}$ eV and $[0.32, 14.4]\times 10^{-13}$ eV at 90% confidence, respectively.

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All authors The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration: A. G. Abac, A. Abe, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, A. Adam, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I.-L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, L. Albers, W. Ali, S. Al-Kershi, C. Allene, A. Allocca, S. Al-Shammari, J. A. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Lopez, W. Amar, O. Amarasinghe, A. Amato, F. Amicucci, C. Amra, A. B. Anand, C. Anand, A. Ananyeva, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, M. Andia, M. Ando, F. Andrade-Oliveira, M. Andrés-Carcasona, J. L. Andrey, T. Andrić, J. Anglin, J. Anna, J. M. Antelis, S. Antier, T. Aoki, M. Aoumi, E. Z. Appavuravther, E. A. Appelt, S. Appert, S. K. Apple, K. Arai, A. Araya, M. C. Araya, F. Arciprete, J. S. Areeda, N. Aritomi, F. Armato, S. Armstrong, N. Arnaud, M. Arogeti, S. M. Aronson, K. G. Arun, G. Ashton, Y. Aso, L. Asprea, M. Assiduo, S. Assis de Souza Melo, S. M. Aston, P. Astone, P. S. Aswathi, F. Attadio, F. Aubin, K. AultONeal, G. Avallone, N. Avdeev, E. A. Avila, S. Babak, C. Badger, S. Bae, S. Bagnasco, S. Baimukhametova, L. Baiotti, T. Baka, K. A. Baker, T. Baker, G. Balbi, G. Baldi, N. Baldicchi, M. Ball, G. Ballardin, M. Ballelli, S. W. Ballmer, S. Banagiri, B. Banerjee, D. Bankar, T. M. Baptiste, P. Baral, M. Baratti, J. C. Barayoga, K. Baric, B. C. Barish, D. Barker, N. Barman, F. Barone, B. Barr, M. Barrios, L. Barsotti, M. Barsuglia, D. Barta, M. A. Barton, I. Bartos, A. Basalaev, R. Bassiri, A. Basti, M. Bawaj, J. C. Bayley, A. C. Baylor, P. A. Baynard II, M. Bazzan, V. M. Bedakihale, F. Beirnaert, M. Bejger, A. S. Bell, C. Bellani, D. S. Bellie, D. Beltran-Martinez, E. Benedetti, W. Benoit, I. Bentara, M. Ben Yaala, S. Bera, F. Bergamin, B. K. Berger, M. Beroiz, I. Berry, D. Bersanetti, T. Bertheas, A. Bertolini, J. Betzwieser, D. Beveridge, N. Bevins, J. Bezerra-Sobrinho, R. Bhandare, R. Bhatt, A. Bhattacharjee, D. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhaumik, V. Biancalana, F. Bianchi, I. A. Bilenko, M. Bilicki, G. Billingsley, A. Binetti, S. Bini, S. Biot, O. Birnholtz, S. Biscoveanu, A. Bisht, M. Bitossi, M.-A. Bizouard, S. Blaber, J. K. Blackburn, L. A. Blagg, C. D. Blair, D. G. Blair, M. Bloch, N. Bode, N. Boettner, P. Bogdan, G. Boileau, M. Boldrini, G. N. Bolingbroke, L. D. Bonavena, V. A. Bonhomme, E. Bonilla, M. S. Bonilla, A. Bonino, R. Bonnand, A. Borchers, N. Borghi, V. Boschi, S. Bose, V. Bossilkov, Y. Bothra, A. Boudon, T. D. Boybeyi, M. Boyle, A. Bozzi, C. Bradaschia, M. J. Brady, P. R. Brady, A. Branch, M. Branchesi, T. Briant, A. Brillet, M. Brinkmann, P. Brockill, E. Brockmueller, A. F. Brooks, D. D. Brown, M. L. Brozzetti, S. Brunett, G. Bruno, R. Bruntz, J. Bryant, Y. Bu, F. Bucci, A. Buchicchio, A. Buggiani, O. Bulashenko, T. Bulik, H. J. Bulten, A. Buonanno, K. Burtnyk, R. Buscicchio, N. Busdon, D. Buskulic, R. L. Byer, R. Cabrita, V. A. Cáceres-Barbosa, L. Cadonati, G. Cagnoli, C. Cahillane, A. Calafat, J. Calderón Bustillo, J. D. Callaghan, T. A. Callister, E. Calloni, S. R. Callos, K. Cannon, V. Cantory, H. Cao, L. A. Capistran, E. Capocasa, G. Capoccia, E. Capote, C. Capuano, G. Capurri, F. Carbognani, K. J. Cardona-Martínez, M. Carlassara, M. Carpinelli, G. Carrillo, G. Carullo, A. Casallas-Lagos, J. Casanueva Diaz, C. Casentini, S. Caudill, M. Cavaglià, R. Cavalieri, A. Ceja, G. Cella, P. Cerdá-Durán, E. Cesarini, N. Chabbra, W. Chaibi, A. Chakraborty, P. Chakraborty, S. Chakraborty, S. Chalathadka Subrahmanya, C. Chan, J. C. L. Chan, M. Chan, C.-Y. Chang, K. Chang, S. Chao, P. Charlton, E. Chassande-Mottin, C. Chatterjee, Debarati Chatterjee, Deep Chatterjee, M. Chaturvedi, S. Chaty, A. Chen, A. H.-Y. Chen, D. Chen, H. Chen, H. Y. Chen, S. Chen, Yanbei Chen, Yiwen Chen, G. Cheng, H. P. Cheng, P. Chessa, T. Cheunchitra, H. T. Cheung, S. Y. Cheung, F. Chiadini, G. Chiarini, A. Chiba, A. Chincarini, D. Chintala, A. Chiummo, A. Chopra, C. Chou, S. Choudhary, N. Christensen, Y. K. Chu, S. S. Y. Chua, G. Ciani, P. Ciecielag, M. Cieślar, M. Cifaldi, B. Cirok, F. Clara, J. A. Clark, T. A. Clarke, A. Claveus, M. R. Claypool, S. Clesse, F. Cleva, S. M. Clyne, E. Coccia, E. Codazzo, P.-F. Cohadon, D. E. Cohen, E. Colangeli, O. Cole, M. Colleoni, C. G. Collette, J. Collins, S. Colloms, A. Colombo, G. Compère, C. M. Compton, G. Connolly, L. Conti, T. R. Corbitt, I. Cordero-Carrión, S. Corezzi, N. J. Cornish, A. Corsi, S. Cortese, L. A. Corubolo, L. Cotnoir, R. Cottingham, J. A. Cotturone, M. W. Coughlin, P. Couvares, R. Coyne, A. Cozzumbo, J. D. E. Creighton, T. D. Creighton, S. Crook, R. Crouch, J. Csizmazia, K. Csukás, T. J. Cullen, A. Cumming, E. Cuoco, M. Cusinato, R. R. Cuzinatto, L. V. da Conceição, T. Dal Canton, S. Dall'Osso, S. Dal Pra, G. Dálya, Y. Dang, B. D'Angelo, S. Danilishin, O. Danner, S. D'Antonio, K. Danzmann, K. E. Darroch, L. P. Dartez, R. Das, S. Das, A. Dasgupta, V. Dattilo, A. Daumas, I. Dave, A. Davenport, T. F. Davies, D. Davis, M. C. Davis, P. Davis, E. J. Daw, M. Dax, J. De Bolle, E. deBruin, M. Deenadayalan, J. Degallaix, M. De Laurentis, C. J. Delgado Mendez, F. De Lillo, S. Della Torre, W. Del Pozzo, O. M. del Rio, A. Demagny, F. De Marco, G. Demasi, F. De Matteis, C. de Melo, N. Demos, T. Dent, A. Depasse, N. DePergola, R. De Pietri, R. De Rosa, C. De Rossi, E. K. Derrick, M. Desai, D. DeSantis, S. Deshmukh, V. Deshmukh, R. De Simone, S. Determan, S. Dhage, A. Dhani, R. Dhatri, R. Dhurkunde, R. Diab, C. Diaz, M. C. Díaz, F. Diaz Guerra, M. Di Cesare, M. A. Dicorato, T. Dietrich, C. Di Fronzo, M. Di Giovanni, D. Diksha, J. Ding, S. Di Pace, I. Di Palma, D. Di Piero, F. Di Renzo, Divyajyoti, A. Dmitriev, J. P. Docherty, Z. Doctor, N. Doerksen, E. Dohmen, A. Doke, A. Domiciano De Souza, L. D'Onofrio, F. Donovan, K. L. Dooley, S. Doravari, O. Dorosh, F. Dosopoulou, M. Drago, J. C. Driggers, M. Dubois, R. S. Dumbreck, U. Dupletsa, D. D'Urso, P. Dutta Roy, H. Duval, S. Dwivedi, S. E. Dwyer, C. Eassa, W. E. East, M. Eberhardt, M. Ebersold, M. Ebiri, G. Eddolls, A. Effler, J. Eichholz, H. Einsle, M. Eisenmann, M. Emma, K. Endo, R. Enficiaud, V. Ernst, L. Errico, R. Espinosa, M. Esposito, R. C. Essick, H. Estellés, T. Etzel, M. Evans, T. Evstafyeva, J. M. Ezquiaga, F. Fabrizi, V. Fafone, S. Fairhurst, X. Fan, A. M. Farah, B. Farr, W. M. Farr, M. Favata, M. Fays, M. Fazio, J. Feicht, M. M. Fejer, J.-N. Feldhusen, E. Fenyvesi, A. Feo, J. Fernandes, T. Fernandes, G. Fernández Rodríguez, D. Fernando, S. Ferraiuolo, T. A. Ferreira, M. Ferrer-Martinez, F. Fidecaro, P. Figura, I. Fiori, M. Fishbach, R. P. Fisher, S. K. Fitzgerald, V. Fiumara, R. Flaminio, B. Flanagan, S. M. Fleischer, L. S. Fleming, F. Flocco, E. Floden, H. Fong, J. A. Font, F. Fontinele-Nunes, C. Foo, B. Fornal, P. W. F. Forsyth, A. Fragkos, N. Franchini, A. Franco-Ordovas, F. Frappez, F. Frasconi, J. P. Freed, Z. Frei, A. Freise, O. Freitas, R. Frey, W. Frischhertz, P. Fritschel, V. V. Frolov, M. Fuentes-Garcia, R. Fujii, T. Fujimori, Y. Fujiwara, P. Fulda, M. Fyffe, J. R. Gair, S. Galaudage, V. Galdi, M. Galimberti, A. Gamboa, S. Gamoji, A. Ganguly, B. Garaventa, P. García Abia, J. García-Bellido, C. García-Quirós, J. W. Gardner, S. Garg, J. Gargiulo, X. Garrido, A. Garron, F. Garufi, P. A. Garver, C. Gasbarra, F. Gautier, V. Gayathri, T. Gayer, G. Gemme, A. Gennai, V. Gennari, J. George, R. George, O. Gerberding, L. Gergely, A. Ghinassi, Archisman Ghosh, Sayantan Ghosh, Shaon Ghosh, Shrobana Ghosh, Suprovo Ghosh, Tathagata Ghosh, J. A. Giaime, K. D. Giardina, D. R. Gibson, C. Gier, F. Gittins, J. Glanzer, F. Glotin, E. Glowacki, J. Godfrey, R. V. Godley, O. Godwin, A. S. Goettel, E. Goetz, J. Golomb, S. Gomez Lopez, G. González, P. Goodarzi, S. R. Goode, A. Goodwin-Jones, M. Gosselin, S. M. Goss-Grubbs, C. Gostiaux, R. Gouaty, D. W. Gould, D. Goupilliere, K. Govorkova, A. Grado, V. Graham, A. E. Granados, M. Granata, V. Granata, S. Gras, P. Grassia, C. Gray, R. Gray, G. Greco, A. C. Green, L. Green, S. R. Green, A. M. Gretarsson, E. M. Gretarsson, D. Griffith, C. Grimaud, H. Grote, S. Grunewald, A. G. Guerrero, G. M. Guidi, T. Guidry, H. K. Gulati, F. Gulminelli, H. Guo, W. Guo, Y. Guo, A. Gupta, I. Gupta, N. C. Gupta, S. K. Gupta, V. Gupta, N. Gupte, N. Guttman, F. Guzman, M. Haberland, S. Haino, E. D. Hall, E. Z. Hamilton, G. Hammond, W.-B. Han, M. Haney, J. Hanks, C. Hanna, M. D. Hannam, O. A. Hannuksela, H. Hansen, J. Hanson, R. Harada, A. R. Hardison, S. Harikumar, K. Haris, I. Harley-Trochimczyk, J. Harms, G. M. Harry, I. W. Harry, M. T. Hartman, B. Haskell, C.-J. Haster, K. Haughian, H. Hayakawa, K. Hayama, J. Hedberg, A. Heffernan, D. Hegde, M. C. Heintze, J. Heinzel, H. Heitmann, F. Hellman, A. F. Helmling-Cornell, G. Hemming, O. Henderson-Sapir, M. Hendry, I. S. Heng, M. H. Hennig, C. Henshaw, A. Heranval, M. Heurs, A. L. Hewitt, J. Heynen, J. Heyns, S. Hido, S. Hild, M. Hill, S. Hill, Y. Himemoto, C. Hirose, D. Hofman, N. A. Holland, K. Holley-Bockelmann, I. J. Hollows, D. E. Holz, L. Honet, K. M. Hoops, M. E. Hoque, D. J. Horton-Bailey, J. Hough, S. Hourihane, N. T. Howard, E. J. Howell, C. G. Hoy, P. Hsi, H.-Y. Hsieh, C. Hsiung, S.-H. Hsu, W.-F. Hsu, H. Y. Huang, Y. Huang, A. D. Huddart, B. Hughey, D. C. Y. Hui, S. Husa, L. Iampieri, G. A. Iandolo, M. Ianni, Y. Ichinose, K. Ide, R. Iden, A. Ierardi, S. Ikeda, H. Imafuku, K. Imai, Y. Inoue, P. Iosif, J. Irwin, K. Ishida, R. Ishikawa, T. Ishikawa, H. Ishino, M. Isi, K. S. Isleif, Y. Itoh, S. Iwaguchi, M. M. Iwaya, B. R. Iyer, C. Jacquet, T. Jacquot, S. J. Jadhav, S. P. Jadhav, K. Jain, A. L. James, K. Jani, S. Jani, J. Janquart, N. N. Janthalur, S. Jaraba, P. Jaranowski, R. Jaume, W. Javed, M. Jensen, W. Jia, J. Jiang, H.-B. Jin, S.-J. Jin, G. R. Johns, N. A. Johnson, M. C. Johnston, R. Johnston, N. Johny, D. H. Jones, D. I. Jones, R. Jones, P. Joshi, S. K. Joshi, G. Joubert, J. Ju, L. Ju, I. L. Juarez-Reyes, K. Jung, H. B. Kabagoz, B. Kacskovics, T. Kajita, I. Kaku, V. Kalogera, M. Kalomenopoulos, M. Kamiizumi, N. Kanda, S. Kandhasamy, G. Kang, J. B. Kanner, S. J. Kapadia, D. P. Kapasi, A. Karia, A. S. Karia, R. Kashyap, M. Kasprzack, H. Kato, T. Kato, E. Katsavounidis, W. Katzman, R. Kaushik, K. Kawabe, S. Kawamura, D. Keitel, S. A. Kemper, L. J. Kemperman, J. Kennington, R. Kesharwani, J. S. Key, R. Khadela, S. S. Khadkikar, F. Y. Khalili, C. Khamar, F. Khan, M. Khursheed, N. M. Khusid, W. Kiendrebeogo, C. Kim, G. Kim, J. C. Kim, K. Kim, M. H. Kim, S. Kim, Y.-M. Kim, C. Kimball, K. Kimes, M. Kinnear, J. S. Kissel, S. Klimenko, A. M. Knee, N. Knust, K. Kobayashi, S. M. Koehlenbeck, K. Kohri, K. Kokeyama, S. Koley, P. Kolitsidou, A. E. Koloniari, K. Komori, K. Kompanets, A. K. H. Kong, A. Kontos, K. Kopczuk, L. M. Koponen, M. Korobko, X. Kou, N. Kouvatsos, T. Koyama, D. B. Kozak, E. Kraja, S. L. Kranzhoff, V. Kringel, N. V. Krishnendu, S. Kroker, A. Królak, K. Kruska, J. Kubisz, K. Kubota, G. Kuehn, D. Kukla, A. Kulur Ramamohan, Achal Kumar, Anil Kumar, Dhruv Kumar, Praveen Kumar, Prayush Kumar, Rahul Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Ravi Kumar, J. Kume, K. Kuns, N. Kuntimaddi, S. Kuroyanagi, K. Kwak, K. Kwan, S. Kwon, G. Lacaille, D. Laghi, A. H. Laity, N. Lajili, A. Lakhal, E. Lalande, M. Lalleman, S. Lalvani, M. Landry, R. N. Lang, A. Lange, J. A. Lange, R. Langgin, B. Lantz, I. La Rosa, O. Laske, P. D. Lasky, L. Lavezzi, J. Lawrence, M. Laxen, A. Lazzarini, C. Lazzaro, P. Leaci, L. Leali, Y. K. Lecoeuche, H. W. Lee, J. Lee, K. Lee, R.-K. Lee, R. Lee, Sungho Lee, Sunjae Lee, W. Lee, Y. Lee, F. Legger, I. N. Legred, J. Lehmann, L. Lehner, M. Le Jean, A. Lemaître, R. Lemrani Alaoui, M. Lenti, M. Leonardi, M. Lequime, M. Lesovsky, N. Letendre, M. Lethuillier, Y. Levin, S. Lexmond, K. Leyde, A. K. Y. Li, K. L. Li, T. G. F. Li, X. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Q. Liang, C-Y. Lin, E. T. Lin, F. Lin, L. C.-C. Lin, Y.-C. Lin, C. Lindsay, S. D. Linker, A. Liu, F. Liu, G. C. Liu, Jian Liu, S. Liu, F. 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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Pressure profile bounds from relaxing the TOV equation

Christopher Simmonds and Matt Visser

We develop several new and quite general bounds on the internal pressure profiles of general relativistic perfect fluid spheres — based on various ways of relaxing the TOV system of ODEs to obtain several distinct differential inequalities. There is, as usual, a trade-off between strength of the bound, weakness of the input assumptions, and tractability of the analysis. Specifically we shall develop several straightforward but nontrivial bounds that variously depend only on the positivity of density, the boundedness of density, the monotonicity of density, or the monotonicity of the average density. We shall carefully place these new bounds within the historical framework of previous efforts in this regard, and explore the ways in which they are inter-related.

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