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Physics

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Thursday 6 August

Atomic Physics

A platform for nuclear symmetry-violation searches with laser-coolable molecules carrying spinful nuclei

Tatsam Garg, Jakob Weiß, Tesse Tiemens et al. (+3 more)

Cold heavy molecules are promising systems for exploring nuclear $\mathcal{P}$- and $\mathcal{CP}$-violating phenomena in search of new physics beyond the Standard Model. However, most proposed experimental strategies and their early realizations to date have been limited to proof-of-principle molecular species with effectively spin-zero nuclei that are not sensitive to nuclear symmetry-violating phenomena. Here, we introduce a comprehensive experimental toolbox that integrates cooling, trapping, coherent state manipulation, and a complete precision-measurement protocol that is applicable to molecules carrying relevant nuclear spins. Using ${}^{137}$Ba${}^{19}$F and nuclear-spin-dependent parity violation (NSD-PV) as representative species and benchmark application, respectively, our approach achieves a projected statistical sensitivity roughly two orders of magnitude beyond comparable molecular beams by combining techniques already demonstrated individually in current experiments. This level of precision could provide realistic experimental access not only to the enhanced NSD-PV signals arising from the heavy ${}^{137}$Ba nucleus within this molecule but also to the contributions from the lighter ${}^{19}$F nucleus, bringing direct benchmarks of nuclear ab initio theory within reach. We further identify a candidate magic wavelength as a route to second-scale rotational coherence in future experiments. The techniques developed here can be transferred to measurements of nuclear Schiff and magnetic quadrupole moments in molecules containing deformed nuclei, establishing a general platform for laboratory searches for nuclear symmetry violations.
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All authors Tatsam Garg, Jakob Weiß, Tesse Tiemens, Charly Beulenkamp, Andreas Schindewolf, Tim Langen

Optics

Pulse-Duration Control of Subcycle Multiband Electron Dynamics Extends the High-Harmonic Cutoff in a Light-Driven Insulator

Hortense Allegre, Simon V. B. Jensen, Joseph J. Broughton et al. (+7 more)

We demonstrate pathway-selective control of extreme-ultraviolet high-harmonic generation by jointly tuning laser pulse duration ($5$ - $29$ fs) and intensity ($0.8$ - $74$ TW/cm$^2$). Many-cycle pulses at moderate intensities, $\sim 6$ TW/cm$^2$, promote cumulative carrier transfer over successive optical cycles, progressively accessing higher conduction bands. In contrast, few-cycle, high-intensity, $\sim 22$ TW/cm$^2$, pulses drive subcycle multiband dynamics that reach $25$ - $50$ eV photon energies before decoherence can suppress coherent emission. These results reveal pulse duration and intensity as decisive control knobs for high-harmonic emission, opening a route to band-structure-guided pulse design for higher energy extreme-ultraviolet light sources.
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All authors Hortense Allegre, Simon V. B. Jensen, Joseph J. Broughton, Tim Klee, Yan Li, Jon P. Marangos, Nicolas Tancogne-Dejean, Angel Rubio, John W. G. Tisch, Mary R. Matthews

Physics Education

The Local Sky as an Introductory Solar System Astronomy Laboratory Using Smart-Telescopes

Roger M. Hart

Portable smart telescopes can make introductory astronomy more observational, quantitative, and locally grounded by allowing students to acquire, share, and analyze astronomical images within a single class period. This article presents an eight-laboratory sequence for introductory Solar System astronomy using the Seestar S50 smart telescope and archived or student-collected images. The sequence begins with a galaxy-size investigation that introduces pixel scale, angular size, physical size, proportional reasoning, and measurement uncertainty before students apply the same image-to-evidence approach to Solar System objects. Subsequent activities examine the positions and apparent motion of Jupiter's Galilean moons, comparative planetology and telescope limitations, the apparent sizes of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, lunar phase and angular diameter, relative lunar surface history through crater-density comparisons, single-session solar activity, and multi-day sunspot tracking to estimate solar rotation. Each investigation follows a 5E-informed structure and produces a focused student product, such as a measurement table, graph, comparison chart, or claim-evidence-reasoning statement. Throughout the sequence, students must define transparent measurement rules, distinguish direct observations from interpretations, and evaluate how image scale, illumination, exposure, seeing, target visibility, and boundary selection constrain their conclusions. The activities are designed for high-school, dual-enrollment, community-college, and introductory university astronomy courses and may be implemented with live observations or prepared image sets when weather, scheduling, or local observing conditions prevent data collection.
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Quantum Physics

Master equation for systems interacting with linearized gravity

Oliviero Angeli, Anirudh Gundhi and Angelo Bassi

We investigate the open quantum dynamics of a system of two masses interacting with an environment of linearized gravitational waves. We formulate the analysis in terms of the observable proper distance between the two masses, and show that the canonical variables obtained from the standard Lagrangian, expressed in terms of the Fermi normal coordinates, are not suitable for an effective description of the system. We resolve this issue through a unitary transformation that provides a physically meaningful system–environment decomposition and derive the master equation to leading order in $G$. Its dissipative sector reproduces the classical energy loss due to gravitational-wave emission, while the noisy contributions suppress coherences between states with different mass quadrupole, or effectively, different proper separations. In the regime where the proper distance can be described by considering small quantum fluctuations around an average distance $l_0$, the dynamics reduces to a Caldeira–Leggett-type equation, with a decoherence rate dependent on the baseline length $l_0$.
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Quantum Physics

Hadamard sensing channel: deterministic artifact suppression for quantum sensors

Weibin Ni and Lei Sun

Dynamical decoupling sequences are essential for nanoscale quantum sensing, but the finite duration of microwave pulses generates spurious responses. While phase randomization (PR) protocol can suppress these artifacts, they rely on probabilistic averaging. This introduces an inherent statistical variance that demands excessive sequence lengths and stringent hardware capabilities for true random phase generation. Here, we propose Hadamard sensing channel (HSC), a deterministic phase-design framework based on Hadamard matrices. HSC completely eliminates the statistical variance of PR by exactly and deterministically canceling spurious signals using a finite set of orthogonal phase patterns. Simulations confirm that HSC matches the ideal suppression of PR but exhibits superior robustness against control errors. HSC offers a mathematically exact and hardware-friendly solution for reliable high-resolution nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance.
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Materials Science

Calculations of the Krypton Phase Diagram and Novel Plasticity

Marcin Kirsz, Asuka Iwasaki and Graeme John Ackland

The phase diagram for Kr, as represented by the Tadah! two-body potential is shown to have face-centred cubic (fcc), hexahonal close packed (hcp), and body centred cubic (bcc) regions. It has been assembled by combining several methods: direct liquid–solid coexistence for the melt lines, Gibbs–Helmholtz integration and Clapeyron slopes for the bcc–fcc line, slab coexistence for the liquid–gas line, static zero-temperature relaxations for the crystals, and the quasiharmonic approximation for the low-temperature fcc–hcp windows. The bcc phase contains highly mobile “greedy snake" defects, which suggests a reinterpretation of the melt-curve data: the anomaly observed may be due to the speckle method detecting the bcc-fcc boundary, not the melt curve. While pair potentials have limitations, comparison with a foundation MACE model shows that a more flexible machine-learned model does not necessarily improve matters if inappropriately trained.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Spinning Particle Dynamics and Observational Redshift around an Asymptotically Flat Symmergent Black Hole

Beyhan Puliçe and Ali Övgün

We investigate timelike particle dynamics, collision energetics, and photon frequency shifts in the perturbative variable-scalar curvature branch of asymptotically flat symmergent gravity. The low-energy vacuum action contains an $R^{2}$ correction whose coefficient is set by the boson–fermion imbalance of the underlying quantum field theory. At linear order, the exterior geometry is conformal to Schwarzschild spacetime through a radial mode satisfying a linear equation. We retain an independent boundary-condition-dependent amplitude and restrict the analysis to the perturbative domain. The two signs of the symmergent parameter $\gamma$ yield distinct profiles: $\gamma>0$ gives a Yukawa-suppressed deformation, whereas $\gamma<0$ produces an oscillatory inverse-radius deformation. We derive radial equations, effective potentials, circular-orbit and marginal-stability conditions for neutral, electrically charged, and spinning massive particles. Charged particles are treated in the test-field approximation, while spinning particles obey the Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations with the Tulczyjew condition. We also compute the center-of-mass energy of neutral-particle collisions and the frequency shifts of photons emitted tangentially by circular geodesic sources and detected by a static observer at infinity. The redshift and blueshift factors satisfy $(1+z_{+})(1+z_{-})=1/A(r_e)$, directly linking their product to the lapse function at emission. The $\gamma>0$ branch yields smooth, short-range deviations from Schwarzschild dynamics, whereas the $\gamma<0$ branch can generate oscillatory radial bands admitting circular-orbit solutions whose stability must be tested independently. These observables provide complementary probes of the variable-curvature sector, although their quantitative interpretation also depends on the deformation amplitude and, for the oscillatory branch, its phase.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Search for the charged lepton flavour violating decay $\eta'\to e\mu$

BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson et al. (+765 more)

Based on $(8998\pm40)\times10^6$ $J/\psi$ events collected in $e^+e^-$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 3.097$ GeV with the BESIII detector, we present a search for the charged lepton flavour violating decay $\eta'\to e\mu$ with $J/\psi\to\gamma\eta'$. No significant signal is observed, and an upper limit on its decay branching fraction is set to be $6.3\times10^{-7}$ at the 90% confidence level, improving the previous best result by nearly three orders of magnitude.
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All authors BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, M. S. Anderson, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, D. Cabiati, H. Cai, M. H. Cai, X. Cai, A. Calcaterra, G. F. Cao, N. Cao, S. A. Cetin, X. Y. Chai, J. F. Chang, T. T. Chang, G. R. Che, Y. Z. Che, C. H. Chen, Chao Chen, G. Chen, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, S. M. Chen, T. Chen, W. Chen, X. R. Chen, X. T. Chen, X. Y. Chen, Y. B. Chen, Y. Q. Chen, Z. K. Chen, J. Cheng, L. N. Cheng, S. K. Choi, X. Chu, G. Cibinetto, F. Cossio, J. Cottee-Meldrum, H. L. Dai, J. P. Dai, X. C. Dai, A. Dbeyssi, R. E. de Boer, D. Dedovich, C. Q. Deng, Z. Y. Deng, A. Denig, I. Denisenko, M. Destefanis, F. De Mori, E. Di Fiore, X. X. Ding, Y. Ding, Y. X. Ding, J. Dong, L. Y. Dong, M. Y. Dong, X. Dong, Z. J. Dong, M. C. Du, S. X. Du, Shaoxu Du, X. L. Du, Y. Q. Du, Y. Y. Duan, Z. H. Duan, P. Egorov, G. F. Fan, J. J. Fan, Y. H. Fan, J. Fang, Jin Fang, S. S. Fang, W. X. Fang, Y. Q. Fang, L. Fava, F. Feldbauer, G. Felici, C. Q. Feng, J. H. Feng, Q. X. Feng, Y. T. Feng, M. Fritsch, C. D. Fu, J. L. Fu, Y. W. Fu, H. Gao, Xu Gao, Y. Gao, Y. N. Gao, Y. Y. Gao, Yunong Gao, Z. Gao, S. Garbolino, I. Garzia, L. Ge, P. T. Ge, Z. W. Ge, C. Geng, A. Gilman, K. Goetzen, J. Gollub, J. B. Gong, J. D. Gong, L. Gong, W. X. Gong, W. Gradl, M. Greco, M. D. Gu, M. H. Gu, C. Y. Guan, A. Q. Guo, H. Guo, J. N. Guo, L. B. Guo, M. J. Guo, R. P. Guo, X. Guo, Y. P. Guo, Z. Guo, A. Guskov, J. Gutierrez, J. Y. Han, T. T. Han, X. Han, F. Hanisch, K. D. Hao, X. Q. Hao, F. A. Harris, C. Z. He, K. K. He, K. L. He, F. H. Heinsius, C. H. Heinz, Y. K. Heng, C. Herold, P. C. Hong, G. Y. Hou, X. T. Hou, Y. R. Hou, Z. L. Hou, H. M. Hu, J. F. Hu, Q. P. Hu, S. L. Hu, T. Hu, Y. Hu, Y. X. Hu, Z. M. Hu, G. S. Huang, K. X. Huang, L. Q. Huang, P. Huang, X. T. Huang, Y. P. Huang, Y. S. Huang, T. Hussain, N. H\üsken, N. in der Wiesche, J. Jackson, Q. Ji, Q. P. Ji, W. Ji, X. B. Ji, X. L. Ji, Y. Y. Ji, L. K. Jia, X. Q. Jia, D. Jiang, S. J. Jiang, X. S. Jiang, Y. Jiang, J. B. Jiao, J. K. Jiao, Z. Jiao, L. C. L. Jin, S. Jin, Y. Jin, M. Q. Jing, X. M. Jing, T. Johansson, S. Kabana, X. L. Kang, X. S. Kang, B. C. Ke, V. Khachatryan, A. Khoukaz, O. B. Kolcu, B. Kopf, L. Kr\öger, L. Kr\ümmel, Y. Y. Kuang, X. Kui, N. Kumar, A. Kupsc, W. K\ühn, Q. Lan, W. N. Lan, T. T. Lei, M. Lellmann, T. Lenz, C. Li, C. H. Li, C. K. Li, Chunkai Li, Cong Li, D. M. Li, F. Li, G. Li, H. B. Li, H. J. Li, H. L. Li, H. N. Li, H. P. Li, Hui Li, J. N. Li, J. S. Li, J. W. Li, K. Li, K. L. Li, L. J. Li, L. K. Li, Lei Li, M. H. Li, M. R. Li, M. T. Li, P. L. Li, P. R. Li, Q. M. Li, Q. X. Li, R. Li, S. Li, S. X. Li, S. Y. Li, Shanshan Li, T. Li, T. Y. Li, W. D. Li, W. G. Li, X. Li, X. H. Li, X. K. Li, X. L. Li, X. Y. Li, X. Z. Li, Y. Li, Y. H. Li, Y. B. Li, Y. C. Li, Y. G. Li, Y. P. Li, Z. H. Li, Z. J. Li, Z. L. Li, Z. X. Li, Z. Y. Li, C. Liang, H. Liang, Y. F. Liang, Y. T. Liang, Z. Z. Liang, G. R. Liao, L. B. Liao, M. H. Liao, Y. P. Liao, J. Libby, A. Limphirat, C. C. Lin, C. X. Lin, D. X. Lin, T. Lin, B. J. Liu, B. X. Liu, C. Liu, C. X. Liu, F. Liu, F. H. Liu, Feng Liu, G. M. Liu, H. Liu, H. B. Liu, H. M. Liu, Huihui Liu, J. B. Liu, J. J. Liu, K. Liu, K. Y. Liu, Ke Liu, Kun Liu, L. Liu, L. C. Liu, Lu Liu, M. H. Liu, P. L. Liu, Q. Liu, S. B. Liu, T. Liu, W. M. Liu, W. T. Liu, X. Liu, X. K. Liu, X. L. Liu, X. P. Liu, X. T. Liu, X. Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. B. Liu, Yi Liu, Z. A. Liu, Z. D. Liu, Z. L. Liu, Z. Q. Liu, Z. X. Liu, Z. Y. Liu, X. C. Lou, H. J. Lu, J. G. Lu, X. L. Lu, Y. Lu, Y. H. Lu, Y. P. Lu, Z. H. Lu, C. L. Luo, J. R. Luo, J. S. Luo, M. X. Luo, T. Luo, X. L. Luo, Z. Y. Lv, X. R. Lyu, Y. F. Lyu, Y. H. Lyu, F. C. Ma, H. L. Ma, Heng Ma, J. L. Ma, L. L. Ma, L. R. Ma, Q. M. Ma, R. Q. Ma, R. Y. Ma, T. Ma, X. T. Ma, X. Y. Ma, F. E. Maas, I. MacKay, M. Maggiora, S. Maity, S. Malde, L. M. Mansur, Y. J. Mao, Z. P. Mao, S. Marcello, A. Marshall, F. M. Melendi, Y. H. Meng, Z. X. Meng, G. Mezzadri, H. Miao, T. J. Min, R. E. Mitchell, X. H. Mo, B. Moses, N. Yu. Muchnoi, J. Muskalla, Y. Nefedov, F. Nerling, H. Neuwirth, Z. Ning, S. Nisar, Q. L. Niu, W. D. Niu, Y. Niu, C. Normand, S. L. Olsen, Q. Ouyang, I. V. Ovtin, S. Pacetti, Y. Pan, A. Pathak, Y. P. Pei, M. Pelizaeus, G. L. Peng, H. P. Peng, X. J. Peng, Y. Y. Peng, K. Peters, K. Petridis, J. L. Ping, R. G. Ping, S. Plura, V. Prasad, L. P\öpping, F. Z. Qi, H. R. Qi, S. Qian, W. B. Qian, C. F. Qiao, J. H. Qiao, J. J. Qin, J. L. Qin, L. Q. Qin, L. Y. Qin, P. B. Qin, X. P. Qin, X. S. Qin, Z. H. Qin, J. F. Qiu, Z. H. Qu, J. Rademacker, K. Ravindran, C. F. Redmer, A. Rivetti, M. Rolo, G. Rong, S. S. Rong, F. Rosini, Ch. Rosner, M. Q. Ruan, W. R. Ruangyoo, N. Salone, A. Sarantsev, Y. Schelhaas, M. Schernau, K. Schoenning, M. Scodeggio, W. Shan, X. Y. Shan, Z. J. Shang, J. F. Shangguan, L. G. Shao, M. Shao, C. P. Shen, H. F. Shen, W. H. Shen, X. Y. Shen, B. A. Shi, Ch. Y. Shi, H. Shi, J. L. Shi, J. Y. Shi, M. H. Shi, S. Y. Shi, X. Shi, H. L. Song, J. J. Song, M. H. Song, T. Z. Song, W. M. Song, Y. X. Song, Zirong Song, S. Sosio, S. Spataro, S. Stansilaus, F. Stieler, M. Stolte, S. S Su, G. B. Sun, G. X. Sun, H. Sun, H. K. Sun, J. F. Sun, K. Sun, L. Sun, R. Sun, S. S. Sun, T. Sun, W. Y. Sun, Y. C. Sun, Y. H. Sun, Y. J. Sun, Y. Z. Sun, Z. Q. Sun, Z. T. Sun, H. Tabaharizato, N. T. Tagsinsit, C. J. Tang, G. Y. Tang, J. Tang, J. J. Tang, L. F. Tang, Y. A. Tang, Z. H. Tang, L. Y. Tao, M. Tat, J. X. Teng, J. Y. Tian, W. H. Tian, Y. Tian, Z. F. Tian, K. Yu. Todyshev, I. Uman, E. van der Smagt, B. Wang, Bin Wang, Bo Wang, C. Wang, Chao Wang, Cong Wang, D. Y. Wang, F. K. Wang, H. J. Wang, H. R. Wang, J. Wang, J. J. Wang, J. P. Wang, K. Wang, L. L. Wang, L. W. Wang, M. Wang, Mi Wang, N. Y. Wang, P. Wang, S. Wang, Shun Wang, T. Wang, W. Wang, W. P. Wang, X. F. Wang, X. L. Wang, X. N. Wang, Xin Wang, Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. F. Wang, Y. H. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. L. Wang, Y. N. Wang, Yanning Wang, Yaqian Wang, Yi Wang, Yuan Wang, Z. Wang, Z. L. Wang, Z. Q. Wang, Z. Y. Wang, Zhi Wang, Ziyi Wang, D. Wei, D. H. Wei, D. J. Wei, H. R. Wei, F. Weidner, H. R. Wen, S. P. Wen, U. Wiedner, G. Wilkinson, J. F. Wu, L. H. Wu, L. J. Wu, Lianjie Wu, S. G. Wu, S. M. Wu, X. W. Wu, Z. Wu, H. L. Xia, L. Xia, B. H. Xiang, D. Xiao, G. Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, Y. L. Xiao, Z. J. Xiao, C. Xie, K. J. Xie, Y. Xie, Y. G. Xie, Y. H. Xie, Z. P. Xie, T. Y. Xing, D. B. Xiong, G. F. Xu, H. Y. Xu, Q. J. Xu, Q. N. Xu, T. D. Xu, X. P. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. C. Xu, Z. S. Xu, F. Yan, L. Yan, W. B. Yan, W. C. Yan, W. H. Yan, W. P. Yan, X. Q. Yan, Y. Y. Yan, H. J. Yang, H. L. Yang, H. X. Yang, J. H. Yang, R. J. Yang, X. Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. G. Yang, Y. H. Yang, Y. M. Yang, Y. Q. Yang, Y. Z. Yang, Youhua Yang, Z. Y. Yang, W. J. Yao, Z. P. Yao, M. Ye, M. H. Ye, Z. J. Ye, K. Yi, Junhao Yin, Z. Y. You, B. X. Yu, C. X. Yu, G. Yu, J. S. Yu, L. W. Yu, T. Yu, X. D. Yu, Y. C. Yu, Yongchao Yu, C. Z. Yuan, H. Yuan, J. Yuan, Jie Yuan, L. Yuan, M. K. Yuan, S. H. Yuan, Y. Yuan, C. X. Yue, Ying Yue, A. A. Zafar, F. R. Zeng, S. H. Zeng, X. Zeng, Y. J. Zeng, Yujie Zeng, Y. C. Zhai, Y. H. Zhan, B. L. Zhang, B. X. Zhang, D. H. Zhang, G. Y. Zhang, Gengyuan Zhang, H. Zhang, H. C. Zhang, H. H. Zhang, H. Q. Zhang, H. R. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, Han Zhang, J. Zhang, J. J. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. Q. Zhang, J. S. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, J. X. Zhang, J. Y. Zhang, J. Z. Zhang, Jianyu Zhang, Jin Zhang, Jiyuan Zhang, L. M. Zhang, Lei Zhang, N. Zhang, P. Zhang, Q. Zhang, Q. Y. Zhang, Q. Z. Zhang, R. Y. Zhang, S. H. Zhang, S. N. Zhang, Shulei Zhang, X. M. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. T. Zhang, Y. H. Zhang, Y. P. Zhang, Yao Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yu Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. D. Zhang, Z. H. Zhang, Z. L. Zhang, Z. X. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, Zh. Zh. Zhang, Zhilong Zhang, Ziyang Zhang, Ziyu Zhang, G. Zhao, J.-P. Zhao, J. Y. Zhao, J. Z. Zhao, L. Zhao, Lei Zhao, M. G. Zhao, R. P. Zhao, S. J. Zhao, Y. B. Zhao, Y. L. Zhao, Y. P. Zhao, Y. X. Zhao, Z. G. Zhao, A. Zhemchugov, B. Zheng, B. M. Zheng, J. P. Zheng, W. J. Zheng, W. Q. Zheng, X. R. Zheng, Y. H. Zheng, B. Zhong, C. Zhong, X. Zhong, H. Zhou, J. Q. Zhou, S. Zhou, X. Zhou, X. K. Zhou, X. R. Zhou, X. Y. Zhou, Y. X. Zhou, Y. Z. Zhou, A. N. Zhu, J. Zhu, K. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, K. S. Zhu, L. X. Zhu, Lin Zhu, S. H. Zhu, T. J. Zhu, W. D. Zhu, W. J. Zhu, W. Z. Zhu, Y. C. Zhu, Z. A. Zhu, X. Y. Zhuang, M. Zhuge, J. H. Zou, J. Zu

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

An Effective String Theory Toolbox for Quantum Hall Interfaces III: Open Worldsheets, Endpoint Conditions, and Branes

Ken K. W. Ma

A freely moving quantum Hall (QH) interface may end on a physical edge or topological boundary, but fixed-edge theory cannot determine what endpoint data make such a termination consistent. Here we formulate an open-worldsheet junction framework in which the embedding, material charge, anomaly flow, and topological boundary condition are organized together. The endpoint is specified by a geometric support and variational boundary data, together with condensable topological sectors and any outgoing channels required to absorb or continue the worldsheet flux. This construction extends the charge–shape relation to an interval and shows why a lone chiral Majorana cannot terminate on a finite-dimensional endpoint degree of freedom. It gives an operational definition of a QH brane and a systematic basis for endpoint and network theories of dynamical QH interfaces.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

An Effective String Theory Toolbox for Quantum Hall Interfaces II: Majorana Fermions on Fluctuating Moore-Read Worldsheets

Ken K. W. Ma

A Moore–Read interface carries a chiral Majorana mode on a boundary whose geometry may itself fluctuate. Fixed-edge theory does not determine how this neutral mode should be transported when the interface bends and moves, or how its dynamics couples to the fluctuating shape. Here we construct a spatially reparametrization-invariant Majorana theory on the nonrelativistic worldsheet of a freely moving interface. The changing line element fixes a universal half-density transport law, while additional curvature- and velocity-dependent couplings remain controlled by microscopic interface physics. The resulting framework identifies the Majorana stress tensor as the mediator between neutral and geometric dynamics and provides the neutral sector needed for effective theories of dynamical non-Abelian quantum Hall interfaces.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

An Effective String Theory Toolbox for Quantum Hall Interfaces I: Worldsheet Kinematics and Constraint Structure

Ken K. W. Ma

A freely moving quantum Hall interface is fundamentally different from an ordinary edge fixed by an external confining potential. Since a normal displacement changes the areas occupied by the adjacent incompressible phases, the interface geometry and charge dynamics cannot be treated as independent degrees of freedom. We formulate this problem for interfaces between Abelian quantum Hall phases using a spatially reparametrization-invariant worldsheet description, in which tangential motion is a relabeling of the interface while normal motion is physical. Starting from the two-sided Chern–Simons response, we derive the relation between normal charge transport and interface motion. We then introduce a relative-area construction, defined with respect to a material reference curve, that converts this velocity relation into an equal-time constraint linking the charged boundary sector to the interface shape. Combined with the folded $K$-matrix current algebra, this identifies the universal Hall kinematics of the moving interface while leaving its geometric energy and neutral dynamics dependent on microscopic interface physics. The resulting framework provides a systematic basis for effective theories of dynamical quantum Hall interfaces.
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Quantum Physics

Time-Dependent Hamiltonian Simulation with Optimal Query Complexity

Boyang Chen, Minbo Gao, Xinzhao Wang et al. (+1 more)

We give a query-optimal algorithm for simulating a general $n$-qubit time-dependent Hamiltonian $H(t)$ on $[0,T]$, assuming that $H$ is Lipschitz continuous and $\|H(t)\|\leq\alpha$. In the standard $\mathrm{HAM\mbox{-}T}$ access model, the algorithm approximates the time-ordered propagator $U_H(T)$ to error $\varepsilon$ using $$ O\left( \alpha T+\frac{\log(1/\varepsilon)} {\log(e+\log(1/\varepsilon)/(\alpha T))} \right) $$ $\mathrm{HAM\mbox{-}T}$ queries. This matches the known query lower bound for time-independent Hamiltonians, showing that time dependence incurs no asymptotic query overhead. Our method first constructs a one-query transducer that, given an auxiliary state, implements an approximation to $U_H(T)$ and returns the state unchanged. A weighted combination of circuits that apply the transducer different numbers of times makes the error caused by omitting this state decay factorially, yielding the stated optimal precision dependence. For time-independent Hamiltonians, the same method also gives a query-optimal alternative to qubitization.
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All authors Boyang Chen, Minbo Gao, Xinzhao Wang, Shuo Zhou

High Energy Physics (Theory)

AMSB in Truly Confining Gauge Theories

Riku Ishikawa, Hitoshi Murayama and Shota Saito

We study deformation of supersymmetric $t$-confining (truly confininig) gauge theories with small anomaly mediation of supersymmetry breaking. We identify breaking pattern of global symmetries in the theories. These results can be compared in priciple to lattice simulation of non-supersymmetric theories (except for one of the cases where the theory is pseudoreal and chiral).
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Fluid Dynamics

Wave scattering around a submerged vertical permeable breakwater

Jeongin Kim and Yong Sung Park

An analytical solution for a wave velocity field scattered by a submerged permeable vertical plate-type breakwater under the linear monochromatic wave is obtained and the applications of the solution are presented. The water has an infinite depth, and the flow is assumed to be incompressible, inviscid, and irrotational, which leads to the two-dimensional potential wave theory. The permeable breakwater vertically occupies a finite interval beneath the water surface and the water flows through the breakwater. The porous boundary condition is linear, but it couples the normal velocity on the plate to the discontinuity in the velocity potential across it, so that the scattering problem does not reduce directly to a Riemann-Hilbert problem of standard form. This is resolved by a perturbation expansion in a small dimensionless parameter representing the permeability. The solution is expanded up to the first order: the leading order gives the wave scattered by the impermeable breakwater through a homogeneous Riemann-Hilbert problem, and the first-order term gives the correction for the permeability through a nonhomogeneous Riemann-Hilbert problem. The far-field amplitudes follow in closed form up to a single Cauchy principal-value integral. The effects of wavelength, breakwater length, and breakwater permeability conditions on the reflection and transmission coefficients are discussed in detail as an illustrative example of the application of the solution. An exact energy identity is also derived; it verifies the first-order solution and yields a closed-form energy-consistency bound $\varepsilon_{\max}(kb)$ on the perturbation parameter, beyond which the truncated expansion ceases to conserve energy. The hydrodynamic load on the plate is obtained to the same order, and the leading-order results are verified against the closed-form solution of Evans for the impermeable plate.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

The Lunar Polar Icy Regolith and Possible Moonflows

Nick Gorkavyi, Oreste Reale and Harrison Schmitt

The Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) experiment, which created a crater 27 meters in size, showed that up to 6 percent water appear to be present in the permanently shadowed region (PSR) of Cabeus crater. Past independent theoretical analyses have concluded that some water molecules released elsewhere on the lunar surface can migrate to permanently shadowed areas. The estimated amount of ice, ice fragments, and other volatiles located in the polar regions in and beneath the regolith at depths of several meters may be still affected by significant uncertainties. Data from the Kaguya mission provide strong evidence for active plumes of water vapor erupting from polar regions outside the PSRs to heights of several km. These plumes appear to originate from subsurface ice located beneath the regolith surface at depths of approximately 20 cm. On the other hand, the polar highlands exhibit a relative deficit of craters larger than 25 meters, which may be caused by impact-melted ice lubricating regolith that flowed into initial crater depressions. At both the north and south poles of the Moon, signs of possible short-lived flows of liquid water-bearing material "moonflows" are presented in this work. Limited hydrous alteration of regolith ultra-fines to phyllosilicates may have occurred as these moonflows cooled.
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Fluid Dynamics

Magnetic Dynamo Driven by Inertial Waves

A. Mishra, G. Mamatsashvili, M. Le Bars et al. (+2 more)

We demonstrate, by studying precession-driven flows, that inertial wave hydrodynamic turbulence can drive a robust magnetic dynamo action. Motivated by the stronger damping of large-scale geostrophic vortices in rapidly rotating planetary and stellar interiors, we introduce a controlled damping of the vortices, which usually accompany inertial wave turbulence and feed on wave energy. It is shown that even a small vortex damping results in a significant increase of the growth rate of the dynamo due to inertial waves in the kinematic regime, allowing it to persist for magnetic Prandtl numbers as low as $Pm \sim 10^{-3}$ and Poincaré numbers $Po\sim 0.025$. These critical values of $Po$ and $Pm$ for the dynamo onset decrease with increasing Reynolds number. The onset and growth of the dynamo appear to correlate with the coherent fluctuations of kinetic helicity. Spectral analysis shows that magnetic energy growth is primarily due to inertial-wave-induced induction over a broad range of scales. These results establish inertial waves as an efficient mechanism for magnetic field amplification in rapidly rotating low-$Pm$ flows relevant to planetary and stellar interiors.
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All authors A. Mishra, G. Mamatsashvili, M. Le Bars, A. J. Barker, F. Stefani

Statistical Mechanics

Collective search-and-capture under competing assignment policies

Néstor Sepúlveda

We study a minimal lattice model of active search-and-capture in which persistent random walkers locate and irreversibly capture immobile targets through a finite-range, mutually exclusive assignment rule. We measure the collective completion time $T_c$ as a function of the walkers' reorientation rate $\alpha$ and the search radius $R$. The dependence $T_c(\alpha)$ is non-monotonic, with a minimum at intermediate persistence whose depth decreases as $R$ grows. Capture kinetics show that $T_c$ is not a typical capture time but is governed by the extreme, late-time tail of the capture process, while the bulk of targets are captured much earlier; this tail is controlled mainly by the free-exploration phase rather than by the final directed approach. We then compare the baseline single-round assignment rule with cascading reassignment and with maximum-cardinality matching on a candidate graph. The two greedy policies (single-round and cascading) agree at very small $R$, whereas maximum-cardinality matching already produces a strong speedup at moderate $R$: improved matching reduces $T_c$ by factors of several at large $R$, and by more than an order of magnitude at moderate $R$. Thus, in this collective, depletion-coupled search problem, the assignment policy can control the capture time more strongly than the walkers' persistence.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Quasinormal Modes of Gauss–Bonnet Black Holes via the Spectral Method: Scalar, Vector, and Tensor Perturbations

Davide Batic and Denys Dutykh

We present a unified study of scalar, vector, and tensor quasinormal modes (QNMs) of Schwarzschild black holes corrected by a Gauss–Bonnet (GB) term in higher dimensions. Using a high-precision Chebyshev spectral method, we map the QNM spectra across $D\in\{5,6,7,8,10,11,12,26\}$ well beyond the regime where sixth-order WKB and characteristic-integration techniques remain reliable. Across the three spin sectors, we find several robust signatures of higher-curvature dynamics: the appearance of overdamped purely imaginary modes, non-monotonic behaviour in the real parts of higher overtones, and a strong amplification of the dimensionless QNM frequencies in string-motivated dimensions. In the scalar and vector sectors, we uncover an exact isospectrality between the scalar monopole ($\ell=0$) and vector dipole ($\ell=1$) at vanishing GB coupling, and we provide an analytic proof based on a Darboux factorisation of the corresponding Hamiltonians. In the tensor sector, we obtain the first numerical confirmation of the long-predicted instability in six dimensions; its onset is sharply captured by the Cohn–Calogero bound and leads to the mass threshold $GM\leq 158.1\,\alpha^{3/2}$. No analogous instability is found for $D\geq 7$, and no tensor isospectrality occurs. Converting the dimensionless frequencies to physical units suggests that the amplified modes in higher dimensions may enter the sensitivity window of future space-based detectors such as DECIGO. The merged analysis provides a comprehensive benchmark for QNMs in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity and highlights the limitations of standard approximation schemes in the strong-coupling and high-overtone regimes.
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Accelerator Physics

Conceptual design of a mid-energy spin rotator for continuous-wave operation based on a compact multi-pi rosetta magnet

Volker Ziemann

Spin-rotators in the the few-MeV range require large trajectory deflection angles in order to change the spin direction appreciably. We describe a magnet system that accumulates adequately large bending angles in a small footprint and, at the same time, supports continuous-wave operation.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

A space of inference spaces in the space sciences - parametric Bayesian inference in astronomy, cosmology and particle physics

Johannes Buchner

A sample of parametric Bayesian inference applications from astronomy, cosmology and particle physics is studied, augmented by mock data sets and toy problems. The parameter spaces of these parametric physical models and their posterior distributions from analysing specific data are characterized by (1) the number of model parameters, (2) whether the posterior shape is similar to a Gaussian, (3) whether the posterior has light or heavy tails, (4) how small the posterior is compared to the prior, i.e., how informative the data are, (5) whether some parameters remain unconstrained while others are highly constrained, (6) whether the posterior has multiple, disconnected modes, and (7) whether the inference undergoes phase transitions. These axis define a parameter space of inference problems. We characterize each of the inference problems and observe that inference in astrophysics spans the entire parameter space, from low to high dimensionality, mono- to multi-modal, and a variety of complex distributions that range from uninformative to highly informative. Furthermore, the computational cost of the physical models can range from milliseconds to dozens of seconds. The collated sample of inference problems is proposed as a standard test bed for new samplers. For reproducibility and ease of use, a Docker compute image is provided.
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Quantum Physics

Balanced Routing for Symmetric Quantum Circuits

Samuel Punch

Mapping quantum programs to restricted physical chips requires SWAP operations, incurring depth and error penalties. In symmetric programs, this routing overhead breaks theoretical symmetry because identical logical roles experience unequal shuffling. While often attributed to hardware topology alone, we show this is a two-level phenomenon. A qubit patch's shape dictates if it can host a balanced assignment. When balance is possible, the actual imbalance is set by the logical-to-physical assignment, meaning a balanced assignment can distribute routing costs perfectly evenly at no extra depth. Through exhaustive search on a 57-qubit "heavy-hex" lattice, we prove these topological constraints. For a four-part ring, 108 of 124 connected patches admit a cost-free balanced assignment, with the 16 exceptions being star-shaped. For a six-part ring, cost-free balance is impossible on compact patches. For a fully connected four-part symmetry, balance is structurally impossible at any depth. Simulations using realistic error rates show that, relative to the worst-case concentrated assignment, balanced assignments reduce symmetry-breaking by 92.7% (95% CI [+89.8%, +95.3%]) for the raw metric and 87.0% (95% CI [+79.6%, +94.1%]) for the decoherence-corrected measure (p = 2.45 x 10^-32). Substrate error heterogeneity accounts for at most 10.8% of this effect. Notably, switching to the compiler's highest generic optimization level did not yield a statistically significant change in routing imbalance, highlighting the need for targeted symmetry-aware passes. When patch geometry permits, routing imbalance is a compiler choice rather than a hardware limitation. Thus, symmetry-aware assignment should be a primary objective for compiler optimization and chip design.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Integrable models of inflation beyond slow-roll

M. Bianchi, G. Dibitetto, J.F. Morales et al. (+1 more)

We propose a novel analytic approach to the study of multi-component FLRW cosmologies and their perturbations. The dynamics is triggered by a single scalar field with a scalar potential codifying the energy density and pressure of the multi-component fluid. This description unifies standard Big Bang cosmologies, models of inflation and dark energy under a unique framework. The key to integrability is to express the scalar potential in terms of the Hubble function $H(\phi)$ that plays the role of a fake superpotential, turning the dynamics into a first order problem, that may be analytically solved in a suitable time coordinate. In this framework, we propose integrable inflationary models with similar properties to the ones analysed in the literature and compatible with observations. Finally, we study scalar and tensor cosmological perturbations in each model by integrating Mukhanov-Sasaki equations via numerical and (semi-)analytic techniques. This allow us to compute the power spectrum, the spectral indices and the tensor-to-scalar ratio beyond the slow-roll approximation and compare our general results {against} the currently available observations and the theoretical predictions based on the slow-roll approximation.
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All authors M. Bianchi, G. Dibitetto, J.F. Morales, V. Zevola

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Radial spectra and dynamical signatures of excited boson stars

Chen-Hao Hao, Wen-Di Guo, Qin Tan et al. (+1 more)

We compute the lowest radial mode of spherically symmetric boson stars along equilibrium branches with a fixed number of radial nodes, considering both mini boson stars and quartically self-interacting models. By reformulating the pulsation equations in additive variables that remain regular at the zeros of the background scalar field, the eigenvalue problem can be integrated directly through the nodes of excited configurations. For all branches examined, the first zero of the constrained fundamental radial eigenvalue coincides, within numerical resolution, with the first simultaneous critical point of the Arnowitt–Deser–Misner (ADM) mass, Noether charge, and binding energy. We further evaluate the radial eigenvalue for the threshold models identified in nonlinear spherical evolutions of excited boson stars and find a simple empirical correlation with the node number and self-interaction strength. Our results provide a regular perturbative framework for excited boson stars and clarify the relation between constrained radial modes, equilibrium critical points, and nonlinear stability diagnostics.
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All authors Chen-Hao Hao, Wen-Di Guo, Qin Tan, Jieci Wang

Quantum Physics

Quantum framework for event graphs

R. P. Erickson

Graph representations of discrete events provide a natural foundation for machine-learning models of anomaly detection, yet also suggest a deeper quantum description in which graph structure gives rise to interacting quantum degrees of freedom. We develop a quantum framework based on a directed participant graph whose edges represent events connecting pairs of source and destination vertices. A line-graph transformation maps each event to a node of a bidirectional event graph, whose edges inherit relational information from the participant graph. Since event datasets are naturally organized as collections of event records, their raw attributes align directly with nodes of the event graph. A quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) is assigned to every node of the participant graph, with the collective Hilbert space of these QHOs providing a complete basis for representing quantum states. Every directed edge of the participant graph thereby acquires a Schwinger isospin arising from the two endpoint oscillators. Under the line-graph transformation, event-graph nodes correspond to observable isospins whose interactions through bidirectional edges provide a natural substrate for learning from event datasets, while quantum states associated with underlying participant nodes remain latent and inaccessible to direct observation. Within this framework we formulate a compact U(1) lattice gauge theory (LGT) on the event graph that leads to a Kogut-Susskind Hamiltonian (KSH) in the form of an XY-type spin model governing dynamics of sparse anomalous-event isospins, which we extend, for machine-learning purposes, to a four-state event space with explicit nominal energies and inter-sector couplings. The proposed framework establishes a mathematical foundation for quantum-inspired graph-based anomaly detection and provides a principled bridge between graph learning, LGT, and quantum information.
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Quantum Gases

Criteria for Feasible Monte Carlo Stochastic Simulations of Bosonic Markovian Open Quantum Dynamics

Toma Yoneya, Kazuya Fujimoto and Yuki Kawaguchi

The Monte Carlo sampling of the stochastic differential equations (SDEs) based on the quasiprobability distribution function, such as the Glauber–Sudarshan P, Wigner, and Husimi Q functions provides a powerful framework for investigating bosonic open quantum many-body dynamics described by the Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad (GKSL) equation, while considering the effects of quantum fluctuations beyond the mean-field approximation. However, the stochastic Monte Carlo simulation is possible only when the corresponding Fokker–Planck equation has a positive-semidefinite diffusion matrix, and the general conditions for the diffusion matrix to be positive semidefinite have remained unclear. In this work, starting from the path integral formulation, we first derive the sufficient conditions under which the diffusion matrix is positive semidefinite for an arbitrary Hamiltonian, jump operators, and choice of quasiprobability distribution functions. We also analytically derive the corresponding SDEs to be solved. We then investigate the dynamics of the GKSL equation in the thermodynamic limit and show that, depending on the form of the jump operators, the mean-field approximation may fail to describe the dynamics accurately, making stochastic Monte Carlo simulations indispensable. Furthermore, we derive the sufficient conditions under which the higher-order quantum fluctuation terms beyond the Fokker–Planck description vanish identically, even when the jump operators contain quadratic terms. Under these conditions, whenever the corresponding SDEs can be derived, the stochastic Monte Carlo simulation reproduces the exact dynamics. These results clarify the conditions under which the stochastic Monte Carlo simulations are both feasible and necessary for accurately describing the dynamics governed by the GKSL equation in phase space.
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Statistical Mechanics

Thermodynamic statistics of given names in USA and France

Klaus M. Frahm and Dima L. Shepelyansky

Using official government data sets of USA and France we analyze the occurrence/frequency/popularity distributions of given names on a time scale of more than 100 years. These distributions are characterized through the Lorenz and Pareto curves broadly used in the analysis of wealth inequality in the world. These curves remain stable during the considered time period with the Gini coefficient remaining in the narrow range 0.85-0.95. As for the case of wealth inequality, we show that the distributions of names are well described by the Rayleigh-Jeans (RJ) thermalization and condensation phenomenon well studied in various physical systems. The RJ thermalization results from two integrals of motion being analogous to energy and probability norm conservation in physical systems with energy states corresponding to popularity levels of names. Time correlations between names are also determined showing their stability until the middle of the twentieth century and a significant change after that.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Partition Functions of Hermitian and PT-Symmetric Oscillators from Integrable Models

Hongfei Shu and Jingjing Yang

We develop an ODE/IM-based formulation for the thermal partition function and the spectral zeta function of the homogeneous Hermitian and PT-symmetric oscillators. For both classes of systems, the quantization condition can be expressed using the counting function $a(E)$, which can be solved via the Destri-de Vega equation of the integrable model. We then express the partition function and spectral zeta function as contour integrals involving the counting function, thereby providing a direct bridge between quantum spectral functions and integrable models.
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Optics

Noise-driven pseudovorticity multipoles in self-focusing beams with quintic saturation

Chengbo Zhang and Xiaohui Gao

We investigate pseudovorticity generation in Gaussian beams undergoing self-focusing under amplitude and phase noise, using the cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Pseudovorticity, defined as the curl of the optical momentum flux, characterizes local rotational flow in the absence of phase singularities. Our numerical simulations show that thermal amplitude and phase noise induce a multipolar pseudovorticity pattern. Unlike the pure cubic case, where noise asymmetries are radiated away during collapse, the quintic saturation arrests collapse and traps the noise in the resulting soliton. Hence, pseudovorticity multipoles persist, oscillating at the focusing-refocusing period. These results suggest a potential pathway for controlling local optical torque through noise engineering.
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Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.FA

Quaternionic Quantum q-Oscillator and Unbounded Subnormal Operators

T. Prasad, K Krishnan and E. Shine Lal

In this note, we observe that the class of unbounded subnormal operators on quaternionic Hilbert spaces is a solution of quaternionic q-oscillator problem whose complex case is addressed by Szefraniec in [27]. We also address the connection of unbounded subnormal operators on quaternionic Hilbert spaces, quaternionic quantum harmonic q-oscillator and quaternionic quantum Economics using model theory of unbounded subnormal operators. Moreover, we study model theory for sub-2-normal operators on quaternionic Hilbert space.
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