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Tuesday 28 July

Materials Science

Facet-Dependent Electronic Properties and Interfacial Point Defect Interactions in WS$_2$/ZnO Heterostructures

Dedi Sutarma and Peter Kratzer

Aiming at two-dimensional materials for high-efficiency optoelectronics, WS$2$/ZnO heterostructures are computationally screened for their facet-dependent electronic properties and interfacial defect thermodynamics using first-principles hybrid functional calculations. Interface comparison identifies the non-polar ($10\overline{1}0$) $m$-plane as the optimal substrate facet, maintaining a direct 2.42~eV bandgap and a robust type-I band alignment. Isolated sulfur ($\mathrm{V_S}$) and interfacial oxygen ($\mathrm{V_O}$) vacancies introduce deep non-radiative recombination centers. Conversely, zinc vacancies ($\mathrm{V{Zn}}$) act as shallow acceptors near the valence band edge, contributing to unintentional $p$-type behavior. Analysis of defect pairs reveals that neutral vacancies cluster across the van der Waals gap due to favorable binding energies. Under $n$-type conditions, defects stabilize as charged species. Although inter-layer Coulomb repulsion weakens the binding energy of $(\mathrm{V_S} - \mathrm{V_{Zn}})''''$ pairs, their formation energy drops to 2.61~eV under anion-poor conditions, making the $-4$ cluster the most thermodynamically abundant defect pair at the interface. Furthermore, native $\mathrm{V_{Zn}}$ prevents the Fermi level rise typically induced by interstitial hydrogen ($\mathrm{H_i}$), distributing donated electrons into shallow acceptor states and preserving host band edge rigidity. These findings establish a microscopic framework for substrate selection and defect engineering in 2D/3D hybrid light-emitting diodes.
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Quantum Physics

Observable Estimation in the Absence of Classical Verification

Samantha V. Barron, Bradley Mitchell, Vinay Tripathi et al. (+45 more)

The predictive success of quantum mechanics underpins many areas of modern science, even as the exact simulation of large, interacting quantum systems remains beyond the reach of classical computation. This success has been enabled by the remarkable advancement of scalable numerical approximation methods, which often demonstrate practical accuracy despite the absence of formal guarantees. As quantum simulation pushes into regimes where these approximations struggle, a fundamental challenge arises: How can quantum outcomes be trusted when reliable classical benchmarks are unavailable? Here, we establish a framework for the independent validation of quantum estimates in this setting and present evidence that they provide the most credible result among several considered methods, in the absence of an immediately accessible ground-truth solution. We apply our framework to the semi-scrambling dynamics of a physical model that strains several leading classical simulation methods yet remains experimentally accessible, in part through our introduction of the operator Loschmidt echo. We systematically design a series of experiments using quantum heuristics that, taken together, test the underlying assumptions and provide strong confidence in the observable estimates obtained from the quantum computer. We then show how this framework can be extended to place accuracy bounds on quantum estimates via careful characterization and manipulation of the device noise, transforming the problem of validating the observable estimation to validating the noise model. These results establish a route towards trusted quantum computation for scientific discovery, independent of classical verification.
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All authors Samantha V. Barron, Bradley Mitchell, Vinay Tripathi, Francesco Grieco, Ilan Rosen, Francesca Pietracaprina, Davide Materia, Alireza Seif, Darvin Wanisch, Ramón L. Panadés-Barrueta, Ewout van den Berg, Jay-U Chung, Andrew Eddins, Sam Ferracin, Guillermo García-Pérez, John Goold, Luke C. G. Govia, Holger Haas, Ian Hincks, Jesse C. Hoke, Zoë Holmes, Su-un Lee, Youngseok Kim, Swarnadeep Majumder, Sabrina Maniscalco, Simone Montangero, Daniel Puzzuoli, Tomaž Prosen, James Raftery, Ricardo Rivera Cardoso, Max Rossmannek, Manuel Rudolph, Brendan Saxberg, Liran Shirizly, Karthik Siva, Joshua Skanes-Norman, Ilaria Siloi, Kevin C Smith, Boris Sokolov, Maika Takita, Yanting Teng, Mao Tian Tan, Joseph Tindall, Zoltán Zimborás, Matteo A.C. Rossi, Minh C. Tran, Sergei N. Filippov, Abhinav Kandala

Mathematical Physics

Accurate Computation of Activated Volume in Electromagnetic Heating

Hongyun Wang, Parthiv Seetharaman, Shannon E. Foley et al. (+1 more)

In electromagnetic heating and other applications, we need to compute the volume enclosed by an isosurface of the 3D temperature distribution that is numerically represented on a rectangular grid. This situation arises naturally when the temperature distribution is obtained by solving a partial differential equation numerically using a finite difference method. Given the temperature distribution on the 3D grid, the isosurface of a prescribed value is represented approximately by a triangulation, a collection of triangles with vertices on the grid lines. The vertices are determined by a linear interpolation to approximate the locations where the temperature is at the prescribed level. The region enclosed by the isosurface is approximated by that enclosed by the triangulation, which is a set of tetrahedrons. The enclosed volume is approximated by summing those of tetrahedrons. This volume approximation is analogous to approximating a curve using line segments and is limited in accuracy. In this study, we combine extrapolation with the triangulation approximation to develop a more accurate method for computing the volume enclosed by an isosurface of the 3D temperature distribution on a rectangular grid.
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All authors Hongyun Wang, Parthiv Seetharaman, Shannon E. Foley, Hong Zhou

Strongly Correlated Electrons

Superfluidity without charge order in the attractive Hubbard model on the kagome lattice

Xiaodong Jin, Yingping Mou and Rubem Mondaini

Using auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we study the zero-temperature attractive Hubbard model on the kagome lattice at various relevant electronic fillings. The low-energy physics at $2/3$-density is influenced by the Dirac point at the Fermi energy, wherein we unveil a superfluid transition at a critical attractive interaction $U_c/t=-4.58(3)$, which belongs to the chiral-XY universality class. This U(1) symmetry-breaking is not accompanied by charge order, even for substantially large interaction strengths, in a regime where a description in terms of hardcore bosons becomes increasingly suitable. An investigation of the latter shows that charge ordering at $1/3$-filling only occurs at interaction strengths much larger than those corresponding to the mapping to the original fermionic model. Additionally, for densities exhibiting van Hove singularities in the non-interacting density of states, our results show that any attractive interaction gives rise to superfluidity, yet again without charge ordering, contrary to recent studies employing mean-field theory.
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Materials Science

Accurate Prediction of the $\alpha \to \beta$ Phase Transformation Temperature in Tin via Full Anharmonic Treatment

Petr Šesták, Matous Mrovec and Martin Friák

Predicting the $\alpha \to \beta$ (grey-to-white) transition temperature in tin presents a longstanding challenge for atomistic simulations, with existing theoretical approaches over- or underestimating the experimental boundary (286 K) by up to several hundred Kelvin. In this work, we construct an Atomic Cluster Expansion (ACE) potential trained on density functional theory data to evaluate the finite-temperature free energies of both phases. Evaluated on the same potential energy surface, the quasi-harmonic approximation predicts a transformation temperature of 377 K, whereas full thermodynamic integration, which accounts for explicit vibrational anharmonicity, yields 288 K. This shift directly quantifies the explicit anharmonic free energy, which is substantial for metallic $\beta$-Sn but negligible for semiconducting $\alpha$-Sn. The anisotropic anharmonicity in $\beta$-Sn is corroborated by its excess heat capacity, temperature-driven renormalization of its vibrational spectrum, and deviations of its atomic forces and displacements from the harmonic reference. Our results demonstrate that capturing full lattice anharmonicity is essential for predicting the phase stability of tin, while the absolute transition temperature remains limited by the accuracy of the underlying 0 K energetics.
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Statistical Mechanics

Solvable Quantum Circuits with non-Markovian Influence Matrices

Samuel H. Pickering, Max McGinley, Bhavik Kumar et al. (+1 more)

Influence matrices encode the action exerted on local subsystems by the rest of an extended quantum many-body system during their evolution. Thus, knowledge of the influence matrix facilitates computationally efficient simulations of local dynamics. Here we propose a new systematic approach to generating quantum circuits with complex dynamics for which the influence matrices can be written down exactly. In contrast to previous frameworks of this kind, such as dual-unitary circuits, the resulting influence matrices are non-Markovian, exhibiting nontrivial temporal correlations. We explicitly construct a broad family of circuits of this kind, based on dressing free-fermion (matchgate) circuits with appropriately chosen interaction terms. We show that, contrary to previous solvable instances, these circuits produce patterns of correlations that closely resemble that of typical many-body systems. Our approach can be directly interpreted in terms of an error correction scheme where the terms breaking the solvability of the influence matrices play the role of errors.
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All authors Samuel H. Pickering, Max McGinley, Bhavik Kumar, Bruno Bertini

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

High-energy neutrino emission from the Milky Way

R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams et al. (+420 more)

The Milky Way hosts astrophysical objects that accelerate cosmic rays to energies beyond the reach of terrestrial particle accelerators. It remains a longstanding goal to locate the sites of these powerful Galactic engines and understand how cosmic rays propagate through the Galaxy, leading to the production of high-energy neutrinos. In this paper, we combine event morphologies characteristic of all three neutrino flavours and apply recent improvements in ice modelling, calibration and reconstruction to 12 years of IceCube data. With a predefined, global analysis we establish high-energy neutrino emission from the Galactic plane at 5.7 $\sigma$ significance. A further study shows that the inner region of the Galaxy is a prominent neutrino source, with 217 shower events with visible energy above 5 TeV compared with an expected background of 154.4 $\pm$ 4.1. These results herald a new era of Galactic multi-messenger astronomy, creating new opportunities to study cosmic-ray propagation and probe neutrino properties over kiloparsec distances.
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All authors R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J.M. Alameddine, S. Ali, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, S. Athanasiadou, S. N. Axani, R. Babu, X. Bai, A. Balagopal V., S. W. Barwick, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, P. Behrens, J. Beise, C. Bellenghi, S. Benkel, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, E. Blaufuss, L. Bloom, S. Blot, F. Bontempo, J. Y. Book Motzkin, C. Boscolo Meneguolo, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, J. Braun, B. Brinson, Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis, L. Brusa, R. T. Burley, D. Butterfield, K. Carloni, J. Carpio, N. Chau, Y. C. Chen, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, A. Chubarov, B. A. Clark, G.H. Collin, D. A. Coloma Borja, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, D. F. Cowen, C. De Clercq, J. J. DeLaunay, D. Delgado, T. Delmeulle, S. Deng, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, J. C. D'\iaz-Vélez, S. DiKerby, T. Ding, M. Dittmer, A. Domi, L. Draper, L. Dueser, D. Durnford, K. Dutta, M. A. DuVernois, T. Ehrhardt, L. Eidenschink, A. Eimer, C. Eldridge, P. Eller, E. Ellinger, D. Elsässer, R. Engel, H. Erpenbeck, W. Esmail, S. Eulig, J. Evans, P. A. Evenson, K. L. Fan, K. Fang, K. Farrag, A. Fattorini, A. R. Fazely, A. Fedynitch, N. Feigl, C. Finley, D. Fox, A. Franckowiak, S. Fukami, P. Fürst, J. Gallagher, E. Ganster, A. Garcia, M. Garcia, E. Genton, L. Gerhardt, A. Ghadimi, C. Glaser, T. Glüsenkamp, J. G. Gonzalez, S. Goswami, A. Granados, D. Grant, S. J. Gray, S. Griffin, S. Griswold, K. M. Groth, D. Guevel, C. Günther, P. Gutjahr, C. Ha, A. Hallgren, L. Halve, F. Halzen, L. Hamacher, M. Handt, K. Hanson, J. Hardin, A. A. Harnisch, P. Hatch, A. Haungs, J. Häu\ssler, K. Helbing, J. Hellrung, B. Henke, L. Hennig, F. Henningsen, L. Heuermann, R. Hewett, N. Heyer, S. Hickford, A. Hidvegi, C. Hill, G. C. Hill, R. Hmaid, K. D. Hoffman, A. Hollnagel, D. Hooper, S. Hori, K. Hoshina, M. Hostert, W. Hou, M. Hrywniak, T. Huber, K. Hultqvist, K. Hymon, A. Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, M. Jacquart, S. Jain, O. Janik, M. Jansson, M. Jin, N. Kamp, D. Kang, W. Kang, A. Kappes, L. Kardum, T. Karg, A. Karle, A. Katil, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, M. Khanal, A. Khatee Zathul, A. Kheirandish, T. Kim, H. Kimku, F. Kirchner, J. Kiryluk, C. Klein, S. R. Klein, Y. Kobayashi, S. Koch, A. Kochocki, R. Koirala, H. Kolanoski, T. Kontrimas, L. Köpke, C. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, P. Koundal, M. Kowalski, T. Kozynets, A. Kravka, N. Krieger, T. Krishnan, K. Kruiswijk, E. Krupczak, E. Kun, N. Kurahashi, C. Lagunas Gualda, L. Lallement Arnaud, M. J. Larson, F. Lauber, J. P. Lazar, K. Leonard DeHolton, A. Leszczyńska, C. Li, J. Liao, C. Lin, Q. R. Liu, Y. T. Liu, M. Liubarska, C. Love, L. Lu, F. Lucarelli, W. Luszczak, Y. Lyu, M. Macdonald, E. Magnus, Y. Makino, E. Manao, S. Mancina, A. Mand, I. C. Mariş, S. Marka, Z. Marka, L. Marten, I. Martinez-Soler, R. Maruyama, J. Mauro, F. Mayhew, F. McNally, K. Meagher, A. Medina, M. Meier, Y. Merckx, L. Merten, S. Minji, J. Mitchell, L. Molchany, S. Mondal, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Y. Morii, A. Mosbrugger, D. Mousadi, E. Moyaux, T. Mukherjee, M. Nakos, U. Naumann, R. Neshat, L. Neste, M. Neumann, H. Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, K. Noda, A. Noell, A. Novikov, A. Obertacke, V. O'Dell, A. Olivas, R. Orsoe, J. Osborn, E. O'Sullivan, B. Owens, V. Palusova, H. Pandya, A. Parenti, C. Parisel, N. Park, V. Parrish, E. N. Paudel, L. Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, T. Pernice, T. C. Petersen, J. Peterson, S. Pick, M. Plum, A. Pontén, V. Poojyam, B. Pries, R. Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, L. Pyras, C. Raab, J. Rack-Helleis, N. Rad, M. Ravn, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, A. Rehman, I. Reistroffer, E. Resconi, C. D. Rho, W. Rhode, L. Ricca, B. Riedel, A. Rifaie, E. J. Roberts, S. Rodan, M. Rongen, A. Rosted, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, L. Ruohan, D. Ryckbosch, J. Saffer, D. Salazar-Gallegos, P. Sampathkumar, A. Sandrock, G. Sanger-Johnson, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, P. Savina, M. Scarnera, M. Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, L. Schlickmann, B. Schlüter, F. Schlüter, N. Schmeisser, T. Schmidt, F. Schmitt, A. Scholz, F. G. Schröder, S. Schwirn, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, L. Seen, M. Seikh, S. Seunarine, P. A. Sevle Myhr, R. Shah, S. Shah, S. Shefali, N. Shimizu, B. Skrzypek, R. Snihur, J. Soedingrekso, D. Soldin, P. Soldin, G. Sommani, D. Song, C. Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, J. Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, T. Stezelberger, T. Stürwald, T. Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter-Antonyan, A. Terliuk, A. Thakuri, M. Thiesmeyer, W. G. Thompson, J. Thwaites, W. Tian, S. Tilav, K. Tollefson, J. A. Torres, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, K. Upshaw, A. Vaidyanathan, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Valverde, J. Vandenbroucke, T. Van Eeden, N. van Eijndhoven, L. Van Rootselaar, J. van Santen, J. Vara, F. Varsi, M. Velazquez, M. Venugopal, M. Vereecken, S. Vergara Carrasco, S. Verpoest, D. Veske, A. Vijai, J. Villarreal, C. Walck, A. Wang, E. H. S. Warrick, C. Weaver, A. Weindl, P. Weigel, J. Weldert, A. Y. Wen, C. Wendt, J. Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, D. R. Williams, L. Witthaus, J. Woodward, G. Wrede, X. W. Xu, J. P. Yanez, Y. Yao, E. Yildizci, S. Yoshida, F. Yu, S. Yu, T. Yuan, S. Yun-Cárcamo, A. Zander Jurowitzki, A. Zegarelli, S. Zhang, Z. Zhang, P. Zhelnin, P. Zilberman, C. Zilleruelo Cañas

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Volcanic Satellites and Ion Escape in the Magnetospheres of Ultra-Cool and Brown Dwarf Stars

A. F. Lanza and A. V. Oza

Radio emissions at gigahertz frequencies of ultra-cool dwarf and brown dwarf stars suggest the presence of radiation belts not unlike Jupiter's. We investigate the possibility that the inferred magnetospheric plasma at the primary star is sourced by an active planet or via ion escape modeled as a weak ionospheric outflow. We consider indirect methods to estimate the magnetospheric plasma mass flow from auroral radio emission and apply them to the ultra-cool dwarf LSR J1835+3259. We find that an ionospheric outflow on the order of $10^{5}$ kg s$^{-1}$ is a viable source if the ionospheric effective Pedersen conductance is lower than $\sim 0.003$ mho. On the other hand, a tidally-heated volcanic satellite with the same mass and radius as Io and an orbit with a semimajor axis lower than about $10$ stellar radii, whose eccentricity ($e \sim 10^{-3}$) is maintained by perturbations by other planets in the system, is found to be a viable source of magnetospheric plasma without strong limitations on the ionospheric conductance. The volcanic satellite scenario is also naturally in sync with the recent finding that ultra-cool dwarfs with distant substellar or stellar companions are remarkably more likely to be detected as radio emitters.
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2607.25964 · 28 Jul · 12 pages, 5 pages of Appendixes, 4 figures, 3 tables; accepted by A&A - changes from previous version: correction to the exponent of $f_{\rm w}$ in Eq. (A.9) and corresponding small changes in the Abstract, Tables 2 and 3, Sects. 3.2, 3.3, and 5. Our previous conclusion that ionospheric outflow is an unlikely plasma source to the magnetosphere of LSR J1835+3259 is reinforced

Abstract PDF $DWRF ×5$PLSM ×3$RDIO ×3$STAR ×3 +3

Materials Science

Stacking Polarity-Controlled Interlayer Photocarrier Dynamics in MoSe2/MoS2 Heterostructures

Gbenga S. Agunbiade, Ting Zheng and Hui Zhao

Control of interlayer photocarrier dynamics is central to optoelectronic applications of van der Waals heterostructures, yet deterministic and spatially uniform tuning strategies remain limited. Here we show that stacking polarity provides a global control parameter for photocarrier dynamics in MoSe$_2$/MoS$_2$ heterostructures. By comparing hexagonal (2H) and rhombohedral (3R) MoS$_2$ bilayers and engineering opposite interface terminations in 3R stacking, we resolve stacking-dependent interlayer charge-transfer dynamics using ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy. While charge transfer in the 2H heterostructure occurs faster than the experimental resolution, the 3R heterostructures show time-resolvable charge transfer that slows from $0.25$ to $0.37$~ps depending on stacking polarity. Furthermore, the interlayer exciton lifetime is tuned from $\sim$$40$ to $\sim$$170$~ps. These effects arise from stacking-induced layer polarization in 3R MoS$_2$, which modulates interfacial wavefunction overlap.
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Quantum Physics

Equi-Entropic Maps for Four-Partite Quantum States

Wojciech Bruzda and Zahra Raissi

Absolutely maximally entangled states represent a highly constrained form of multipartite entanglement and play an important role in quantum information theory. We investigate a weaker form of uniformity of entanglement for four-party systems of local dimension $d>2$ that requires the three balanced bipartitions to have equal but not necessarily maximal linear entropy. We introduce a linear map $\Xi$ that enforces exact equality of entropies under reshuffling and partial transposition. The transformation arises as the asymptotic limit of an iterative averaging procedure and admits a group-theoretic description in terms of permutations of tensor indices. For Haar-random unitary inputs, a leading-moment analysis supported by numerical simulations predicts highly entangled outputs whose common entropy approaches the maximal value as the local dimension grows. We characterize the algebraic structure, fixed points, and asymptotic behavior of this map and its relation to two-unitary matrices and orthogonal Latin squares.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Maximal $D=5$ trombone supergravity from M5-branes and $\mathrm{SU}(2)$-flavoured $\mathcal{N}=1$ class $\mathcal{S}$ operator spectra

Ritabrata Bhattacharya, Abhay Katyal and Oscar Varela

We recently presented a new $D=5$ $\mathcal{N}=8$ gauged supergravity involving the local trombone scaling symmetry. It arises by consistent truncation of M-theory on the internal space of the Maldacena-Núñez AdS$_5$ solution dual to the $\mathcal{N}=2$ four-dimensional superconformal field theory (SCFT) of class $\mathcal{S}$ associated to M5-branes wrapped on an unpunctured Riemann surface. Using exceptional generalised geometry/field theory, we extend that construction to show that the same $D=5$ $\mathcal{N}=8$ supergravity also arises by consistent truncation of $D=11$ supergravity on the family of $\mathcal{N}=1$ M5-brane-wrapped solutions of Bah-Beem-Bobev-Wecht, including the $\mathcal{N}=1$ Maldacena-Núñez (MN1) configuration. Then, using recently derived mass matrices, we compute universal sectors of the Kaluza-Klein spectrum on the MN1 solution. In general, this universal spectrum is only locally defined, and we give a prescription for extracting globally defined subsectors thereof. This globally defined universal Kaluza-Klein spectrum is dual to a universal sector of the light operator spectrum of the SU(2)-flavoured $\mathcal{N}=1$ class $\mathcal{S}$ SCFT dual to MN1.
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Chemical Physics

An Investigation into the Effect of Mobile Ions on the Steady State Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells

Matthew V. Cowley, Kjeld O. Jensen, Matthew J. Wolf et al. (+2 more)

In perovskite solar cells, the interplay between mobile ions and photo-excited charge carriers is complex,with recent studies suggesting mobile ions can be either beneficial or detrimental to cell efficiency depending on the cell properties. In this study we use drift diffusion modelling and factorial analysis to simulate 601 pairs of perovskite solar cells (1202 total cells) across a broad range of physically relevant materials parameters. In each pair of devices, one cell contains mobile ions that can move freely. The second paired cell is identical but has no mobile ions. This approach allows us to systematically investigate the impact of mobile ions on cell performance. We deconvolve the contributions of key cell parameters including ion density, recombination rate and band offsets, for n-i-p and p-i-n devices with both organic and inorganic contact layers. Importantly, we find that in efficient devices, mobile ions have only a small impact on steady-state performance.
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All authors Matthew V. Cowley, Kjeld O. Jensen, Matthew J. Wolf, Alison B. Walker, Petra J. Cameron

Quantum Physics

Sampling hard circuits with verifiably high fidelity

Simon Martiel, Jay-U Chung, Alireza Seif et al. (+9 more)

Sampling-based proposals are prominent candidates for demonstrating quantum computations beyond the reach of classical supercomputers. However, it has been difficult to combine their complexity-theoretic hardness with two capabilities needed for scalable quantum computing more generally: suppressing hardware errors, and verifying the quantum computation itself. Here we address both issues by introducing structured circuits, which, in addition to provable hardness guarantees, admit an encoding in a quantum code. This allows us to simultaneously reach high fidelities at high circuit depths, and to certify an experimental fidelity via the circuit structure and measurement of code syndromes. The resulting certificate is device dependent, but requires substantially weaker noise assumptions than existing fidelity proxy benchmarks. We demonstrate our proposal with a $64$-qubit, depth-$73$ Clifford circuit, doped with $314$ $T$ gates. We use a total of $76$ physical qubits to encode this computation in spacetime codes, effectively suppressing gate error rates by $10\times$ after syndrome post-selection, and yielding a state with a fidelity lower bound of $0.349$ with $95\%$ confidence. Our construction is a systematic method for promoting a stabilizer state to a magic state while keeping an error-detected fidelity certificate.
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All authors Simon Martiel, Jay-U Chung, Alireza Seif, Soumik Ghosh, Ian Hincks, Abhinav Deshpande, Hidetaka Manabe, Hanfeng Gu, Feng Pan, Bill Fefferman, Jay M. Gambetta, Ali Javadi-Abhari

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

CNN-Based Reanalysis of Optical Turbulence at the Canary Islands Observatories (OCAN)

Airam Salas, Begoña García-Lorenzo, Julio A. Castro-Almazán et al. (+1 more)

Atmospheric optical turbulence, caused by refractive-index fluctuations driven by wind and temperature inhomogeneities, is the primary source of image degradation in ground-based telescopes. Its vertical distribution, described by the refractive-index structure constant (Cn2(h)), determines essential parameters such as seeing, isoplanatic angle, and coherence time, which characterize astronomical sites and are also crucial for the design and performance of high-resolution instruments. The Observatorios de Canarias (OCAN), comprising the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos on La Palma and the Observatorio del Teide on Tenerife, have been extensively characterized through long-term Generalized SCIDAR campaigns. In total, the database comprises nearly 300 observing nights and hundreds of thousands of individual Cn2(h) profiles. We present a reanalysis of the OCAN database using deep-learning techniques. An end-to-end software framework was developed to ingest, preprocess, and transform the original turbulence measurements into standardized numerical representations suitable for machine-learning analysis. Temporal-vertical turbulence heatmaps are generated under multiple temporal configurations and enriched with seasonal information. These representations are processed by pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNN) used as frozen feature extractors to obtain compact deep embeddings. Unsupervised clustering is subsequently applied to identify latent atmospheric regimes within the dataset. The resulting clusters reveal coherent turbulence structures and offer a complementary perspective on atmospheric conditions at the Canary Islands observatories. This methodology provides new insights into turbulence variability at the Canary Islands sites and represents a novel approach to large-scale turbulence characterization using modern deep-learning techniques.
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All authors Airam Salas, Begoña García-Lorenzo, Julio A. Castro-Almazán, Gelys Trancho

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Orbital Motion and History of Sungrazing Comet C/2026 A1 (MAPS)

Zdenek Sekanina and Malgorzata Krolikowska

We report results of our extensive computations of the orbital motion of comet C/2026 A1, including its integration back to the fourth century and parallel integration of 1000 virtual clones. We focus on this Kreutz sungrazer's apparent association with the daylight comets in AD 363, recorded by Ammianus Marcellinus. We show that the derived time of the previous perihelion is strongly affected by erratic outgassing-driven nongravitational forces and depends on the chosen set of observations. We find that the previous perihelion was reached within about 1 sigma, or some +/-15 years, of AD 363 only when we use the observations up to 2026 February 9-12, the time of a major anomalous feature on the comet's light curve. We suggest that three bright dwarf sungrazers detected between 2026 March 31 and April 12 were almost certainly distant companions, offering evidence that C/2026 A1 was part of a larger object, which separated at perihelion in AD 363 from what appears to have been the ancestor of the Great March Comet of 1843 and then fragmented far from the Sun after aphelion. This scenario is supported by required orbital similarity and suggests that comet C/2026 A1 was member of Population I.
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Statistical Mechanics

Interacting hydrodynamic modes in spinless fermions with dephasing noise

Fabian H.L. Essler and Patrik Penc

We study the non-equilibrium dynamics of spinless fermions with dephasing noise in the framework of a many-particle Lindblad equation. Using a mapping to the exactly solvable one-dimensional Hubbard model with purely imaginary tunneling amplitude we analyze the Heisenberg-picture dynamics of operators quartic in fermions and determine their hydrodynamic projections. We construct the relevant diffusive eigenoperators explicitly and show that, in the quartic sector, they can be interpreted as interacting pairs of bilinear hydrodynamic modes. As a consequence, translationally invariant quartic operators generically exhibit non-vanishing diffusive late-time tails, unlike translationally invariant bilinears. Our results show that the hydrodynamic tails of microscopic operators cannot in general be inferred from symmetry constraints or coarse-grained fluctuating hydrodynamics alone; they also depend crucially on the spatial structure and effective size of the hydrodynamic eigenoperators.
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics

SC-Match: Scale-Space Matching with Context Consistency for Side-Scan Sonar Mapping

Can Lei, Rafael Garcia, Nuno Gracias et al. (+2 more)

Reliable estimation of spatial correspondences between overlapping side-scan sonar (SSS) measurements is essential for mapping, but acoustic appearance variations, weak seabed texture, repetitive patterns, and shadows make such correspondences sparse, unstable, and context-dependent. Scarce point-level annotations further limit sonar-specific training or fine-tuning of deep matching models. To this end, we propose SC-Match, a training-free scale-space matching framework with context-consistent correspondence refinement that adapts pretrained feature extraction and matching components to SSS observations without sonar-specific retraining. The framework improves correspondence reliability through scale-space representation and context-consistent refinement. For feature representation, a frozen extractor is applied to multiple observation scales, detector responses are calibrated according to the structure–texture tendency of the input SSS image, and score-aware cross-scale fusion is used to retain compact feature candidates. For correspondence refinement, adjacent local matching cases are used as neighboring contexts to verify stable fixed–moving relations and preserve non-conflicting complementary matches for alignment. Experiments on datasets acquired in different environments using different sonar platforms show that SC-Match provides more accurate correspondences and more consistent geometric alignment than representative pretrained methods, while maintaining stable behavior under unseen cross-platform acquisition conditions.
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All authors Can Lei, Rafael Garcia, Nuno Gracias, Hayat Rajani, Huigang Wang

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Probing the limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings via $ZZ\gamma$ production in the $\ell\ell\nu\nu\gamma$ channel at FCC-hh

A. Yilmaz, A. Senol, H. Denizli et al. (+2 more)

In this study, the sensitivity to anomalous quartic gauge couplings (aQGCs) is projected via $pp \rightarrow ZZ\gamma$ production in the 100 TeV proton-proton Future Circular Collider - hadron-hadron (FCC-hh) for an integrated luminosity of 30 ab$^{-1}$. The $\ell\ell\nu\nu\gamma$ final state under consideration consists of a same-flavor, opposite-sign lepton pair (electrons or muons) from one $Z$ boson, the invisible decay of the other $Z$ boson into neutrinos, and an accompanying photon. The FCC-hh detector response and its effects on the reconstructed objects are included through a realistic detector simulation. Three multivariate techniques are employed to separate the signal from the relevant SM backgrounds. Unitarity is preserved by a strict, operator-dependent bound on the total transverse mass ($M_T^{tot}$) of the system. The median expected significances are calculated within the Asimov approximation for one anomalous coupling varied at a time and for background systematic uncertainties between 0% and 10%. The highest separation power is obtained with the deep neural network method. The resulting 95% confidence level limits on $|f_{T0}/\Lambda^{4}|$, $|f_{T8}/\Lambda^{4}|$, $|f_{T9}/\Lambda^{4}|$ and $|f_{M2}/\Lambda^{4}|$ in the combined $e+\mu$ channel without systematic uncertainties are $2.83\times 10^{-3}$, $1.65\times 10^{-3}$, $3.81\times 10^{-3}$ and $8.97\times 10^{-3}$ TeV$^{-4}$, respectively. We have an order of magnitude improvement when compared to current LHC limits with the assumption of 5% systematic uncertainty.
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All authors A. Yilmaz, A. Senol, H. Denizli, I. Turk Cakir, O. Cakir

Astrophysics of Galaxies

The influence of dust destruction on gas cooling

S.A. Drozdov and M. P. Yudkevich

The observed dust abundance in the early Universe significantly exceeds the predictions of models assuming its efficient destruction at supernova shock wave fronts. We investigate the effect of dust on gas cooling behind the shock wave front, taking into account both dust cooling and thermal sputtering of dust grains for various interstellar dust models. Isochoric cooling of a gas element is considered for various initial temperatures (from $3\cdot 10^{5}$ K to $3\cdot 10^{7}$ K) and metallicities (from $10^{-2}$ Z$_{\odot}$ to 2 Z$_{\odot}$). It is shown that at metallicities below 0.1 Z$_{\odot}$, the effect of dust on gas cooling is negligible. The abundance of small grains in some models significantly accelerates cooling at temperatures below $10^{6}$ K, whereas large grains dominate cooling at high temperatures ($> 3\cdot 10^{6}$ K). For an initial temperature $T_{g,0} > 3\cdot 10^{6}$ K, less than 10% of the dust mass survives for some models of the initial size distribution. The maximum survival rate (up to 20% at $T_{g,0} = 3\cdot 10^{6}$ K and solar metallicity) is achieved for the model with the shallowest grain size distribution. The role of gas inhomogeneities is discussed: dust stripping from clouds by a shock wave can both decrease the cloud lifetime and contribute to the creation of dust tails, where the cooling of hot gas is accelerated, thereby increasing the dust survival rate.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Analytic backreaction of a scalar wig on a Schwarzschild black hole

Marco de Cesare, Manuel Del Piano and Carlos A. R. Herdeiro

We analytically determine the leading backreaction of a spherically symmetric massive complex scalar quasi-bound state (with mass $\mu$) on a Schwarzschild black hole with (initial) gravitational radius $r_0$. Working in the small-coupling regime, $r_0 \mu \ll 1$, we evaluate the stress-energy tensor of the fundamental scalar $s$-wave and solve the Einstein equations through quadratic order in its amplitude in ingoing Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates. We also determine the small-mass quasi-resonant frequency of the fundamental $s$-wave analytically by matched asymptotic expansions and validate it numerically using Leaver's method. Unlike steady-state treatments, the calculation retains the exponential decay of the quasi-bound state. We obtain explicit expressions for the metric perturbations and Misner-Sharp mass and derive the evolution of the future outer trapping horizon. The black-hole mass grows monotonically with the decaying horizon flux and saturates when the finite scalar cloud has been absorbed, with the decrease of the cloud mass exactly balancing the horizon growth at the perturbative order considered. We also determine the domain in which the scalar small-coupling approximation and the gravitational perturbative expansion are simultaneously valid.
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics

The Proudman Resonance Modified: Forced Waves in Shallow Water – the Suppression of Resonance by Nonlinearity

Chunyan Li

Storms and severe weather are often associated with atmospheric low-pressure systems. A moving low atmospheric pressure system produces storm surge that is dependent on the wave Froude number (F) or the ratio between the speed of the storm and the shallow water wave propagation speed. Proudman's resonance for such a problem goes to infinity at F=1. This work revisits the problem by presenting a nonlinear exact solution. The first order approximation goes back to Proudman's solution. The second order approximation provides a finite solution including at resonance. The solution shows that the nonlinear advection can significantly suppress the resonance. At resonance, although the solution is finite, it bifurcates into two branches, a condition linked to chaos in theoretical fluid dynamics and many nonlinear systems. Although Proudman's solution does not provide any limit to the atmospheric pressure system, it is not without any condition. The solution exists for all low-pressure systems but has only limited validity for a moving atmospheric high-pressure system induced forced waves: at low moving speed, the solution under a high-pressure system can exist for a range of high-pressure variability but quickly become invalid as the system's speed increases. The closer F is to 1 (resonance), the easier for the solution to be invalidated for a high-pressure system. This study also found that Proudman's solution is most accurate only under subcritical conditions with small low-pressure variability and has much larger error under supercritical conditions.
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Plasma Physics

Variational approach to Yukawa fluids. II. Instantaneous elastic moduli and sound velocities

S. A. Khrapak and A. G. Khrapak

The variational approach based on the Bogoliubov inequality using the fluid of hard spheres as a reference system is implemented to evaluate instantaneous shear, bulk and longitudinal elastic moduli, as well as related sound velocities of Yukawa fluids. The remarkable accuracy of this method is documented. In addition, we evaluate the adiabatic sound velocity from an appropriate equation of state and discuss its relation to the longitudinal and bulk sound velocities obtained from the corresponding instantaneous elastic moduli. The transition between weakly coupled and strongly coupled regimes is analyzed in detail.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

A systematic assessment of the short-term X-ray behaviour of the $\gamma$ Cas analogues

Robbie Webbe, Yaël Nazé and N. A. Webb

Context. Overall, $\gamma$ Cas analogues represent a class of OBe stars displaying bright and hard X-ray emission. This emission was recently determined to be the result of accretion onto a companion white dwarf (WD), which might possibly be a magnetic WD. Aims. We present a systematic review of the properties of $\gamma$ Cas analogues on short-term (kilosecond, ks) scales to further investigate the nature of the X-ray source. In particular, the presence of periodicities could be associated with the rotation of a magnetic WD. Methods. We generated the power spectra and a generalised Fourier algorithm. We applied an epoch folding method, along with Z2n approaches, to 131 X-ray detections of 26 $\gamma$ Cas analogues and two candidate sources. Results. We identified five sources ($\gamma$ Cas, $\zeta$ Tau, HD45314, V771 Sgr, and $\pi$ Aqr), with recurrent periodic variability (P $\sim$ 1.2-5.4 ks) across observations. Period values and pulsed fractions are consistent with those reported for intermediate polars. However, while similar periods are found in all exposures of an object, the exact period value or folded light curve shape can vary. We also identify another nine sources displaying periodicities that cannot be confirmed, as there was only one observation available for their analysis. In other cases, periodicities appear (at best) transient and/or marginally significant. Aperiodic variability could be fitted by a power law in 18 of the sources, while the power-law index always is $\sim$ 1, as observed in other accreting WDs. Conclusions. The global properties of the observed short-term X-ray variability of the $\gamma$ Cas analogues are consistent with those observed from other accreting WD systems.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons

Charge-6e superconductivity from doping SU(3) spin liquids

Yan-Qi Wang, Boran Zhou, Hui Yang et al. (+1 more)

We propose doping $SU(3)$-symmetric spin liquids as a route toward charge-$6e$ superconductivity. This generalizes the idea of constructing charge-$4e$ superconductivity from doped $SU(4)$-symmetric phases. As a concrete platform, we study a bilayer triangular-lattice Hubbard model with $SU(3)$ spin symmetry and interlayer antiferromagnetic exchange. Using complementary parton constructions, we analyze doped $\mathbb{Z}_3$ quantum spin liquid and $SU(3)$-related chiral spin liquids. Doping a $\mathbb{Z}_3$ quantum spin liquid can produce an orthogonal metal with a gauge invariant fermi surface of charge-$3e$ fermionic trions. Pairing these trions gives a time-reversal-symmetric charge-$6e$ superconductor. Doping Abelian $SU(3)_1$ and $SU(6)_1$ chiral spin liquids yields chiral charge-$6e$ superconductors with and without residual Abelian topological order, respectively. Doping a non-Abelian $SU(3)_2$ chiral spin liquid leads to a non-Abelian chiral charge-$6e$ superconductor intertwined with $SO(3)_{-3}$ topological order and supporting non-Abelian $h/(6e)$ superconducting vortices. We also identify several other phases, including $\mathbb{Z}_3$ orthogonal metal, quantum anomalous Hall (crystal) phases enriched by $\mathbb{Z}_3$ or $\mathbb{Z}_2$ topological order, $SU(3)$-breaking charge-$2e$ superconductors, composite fermi liquid coupled to non-Abelian gauge field, and descendant chiral spin liquids. Our results identify doped $SU(3)$ spin liquids as a natural setting where symmetry, fractionalization, and topology cooperate to produce charge-$6e$ superconductivity.
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All authors Yan-Qi Wang, Boran Zhou, Hui Yang, Zhi-Qiang Gao

Plasma Physics

Variational approach to Yukawa fluids. I. Thermodynamics

S. A. Khrapak and A. G. Khrapak

The excess energy, entropy, and pressure of a strongly coupled Yukawa fluid are calculated from the variational approach using the fluid of hard spheres as a reference system. As in the case of the one-component plasma, the Percus-Yevick virial entropy is appropriate for such calculations and delivers remarkable agreement with available results from molecular dynamics simulations. The agreement with the molecular-dynamics results is particularly impressive in the strongly coupled regime, making this approach a useful predictive tool when numerical data are scarce or not yet available. As an application of the variational approach, we estimate the location of the melting curve in the regime of sufficiently strong screening.
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Statistical Mechanics

Non-monotonic diffusion from nonequilibrium driving

Manish Patel, Ritwick Sarkar, Urna Basu et al. (+1 more)

The stochastic dynamics of interacting particles far from equilibrium remains a fundamental challenge in statistical physics. While reciprocal interactions often permit effective one-body descriptions, such reductions generally fail for nonreciprocal interactions, which are ubiquitous in driven and active systems. We develop a unified theoretical framework for interacting particles with reciprocal and nonreciprocal couplings, applicable to the principal classes of active matter, including run-and-tumble, active Brownian, and active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particles. As a minimal example, we study a passive particle driven by an active particle. On a periodic ring, we show analytically that the driven particle is always diffusive at long times, independent of the microscopic driving mechanism. Analytical predictions and numerical simulations reveal a nonmonotonic dependence of the effective diffusivity on the driving activity, giving rise to both enhanced and suppressed transport. Remarkably, the same behavior occurs in an equilibrium system driven out of equilibrium by coupling the driving particle to a higher local temperature. Our framework quantitatively captures both systems, identifies the common mechanism underlying the nonmonotonic transport, and establishes a unified description of transport under active and passive nonequilibrium driving.
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All authors Manish Patel, Ritwick Sarkar, Urna Basu, Debasish Chaudhuri

Quantum Physics

Effect-valued measurement models and contextuality

Samson Abramsky

We generalize the Abramsky–Brandenburger sheaf-theoretic treatment of contextuality by replacing probability distributions with distributions valued in a convex effect algebra \(A\). This yields a notion of \(A\)-valued measurement model encompassing probabilistic, deterministic, and quantum measurement structures within a single framework. States \(\sigma:A\to[0,1]\) induce ordinary empirical models, allowing observable behaviour to be viewed as arising from effect-valued measurement data. This leads to a distinction between internal contextuality of \(A\)-models and observable contextuality after state evaluation. We analyze the relationship between these notions and identify coherence conditions under which observable classical explanations assemble into internal ones. Using the ordered-vector-space representation of effect modules, we show that non-contextuality is characterized by feasibility of an associated cone program, generalizing the linear-programming formulation of contextuality in the probabilistic case. We also introduce an effect-valued contextual fraction and study its relation to observable contextuality witnesses. We show how cone duality leads to a notion of Bell witnesses for contextuality as a direct generalization of Bell inequalities. Finally, we analyze sharp realizability and uniform dilation for measurement models, clarifying the relationship between general POVMs and projective measurements, and show how resource-indexed effect structures induce graded monads generalizing the quantum monad.
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Quantum Physics

When Quantum States over Spacetime Have No Common Process

Jianqi Sheng

Determining whether observations across spacetime arise from one quantum process is central to causal inference and to consistent observer-relative descriptions. For quantum-state-over-spacetime (QSOST) data, this remains obstructed because causally agnostic interferometry compresses process matrices: every setting can appear physical although its hidden positive completions cannot be glued to a common parent. We formulate this as an inverse positive-lift problem and solve it exactly. Each positive-weight QSOST branch has a unique least positive lift, yielding a data-only common-parent criterion. We prove that settingwise realizability implies common-process realizability for every finite family if and only if the QSOST projection is injective on deterministic processes. Thus any normalized information loss can be exposed as a strict gluing failure. For bipartite qubits we identify a $63$-dimensional hidden fiber and construct definite-order separations, including a minimal two-setting, two-outcome example with exact noise threshold $\eta=1/\sqrt2$ and a sparse interferometric witness. Under explicit causal-access conditions, we also derive exact delayed fact-inference limits and identify the minimal environment; restoring full access removes only the pre–post gap. These results identify the boundary between spacetime tomography and global process composition, turning hidden process incompatibility into an experimentally testable phenomenon.
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Pattern Formation and Solitons

Blowup of Multi-Peaked Waveforms in the Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Schroedinger Model

S.Jon Chapman, M. Kavousanakis, E.G. Charalampidis et al. (+2 more)

In the present work, we explore the self-focusing and resulting collapse of two-dimensional waveforms involving multiple pulses in a nonlinear Schroedinger equation with a general power-law nonlinearity. We find that a wide range of multi-peaked states bifurcate from the critical threshold of the cubic nonlinearity, thus representing “bifurcations from infinity”, i.e., the relevant pulses start at infinite distance in the critical limit and draw nearer, as the nonlinearity exponent increases past that threshold. We identify the resulting “interacting particle system” as amounting to a force balance between the exponentially interacting tails (modulated by a suitable power law) and a linear phase-induced force. The equilibria emerging from this force balance are found to be in excellent agreement with the identified steady states of the partial differential equation. The spectral stability of multi-peaked configurations is analyzed, leading to the conclusion that all the relevant states are less stable than the single-peak collapsing solution whose stability was analyzed earlier. Indeed, we reveal both symmetry-breaking, as well as motion-inducing destabilizing dynamics, with the former ones among them being dominant and ultimately leading to a single dominant collapse spot. Moreover, we characterize systematically both the real and imaginary eigenvalues of multi-peaked configurations, partitioning them in groups of different sizes, described by powers of the solution's blowup rate G.
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All authors S.Jon Chapman, M. Kavousanakis, E.G. Charalampidis, I.G. Kevrekidis, P.G. Kevrekidis

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Cross-listed from q-bio.TO

Environmental and cell-cell signaling shape developmental trajectories across morphogenetic landscapes

J. Hareesh and Sitabhra Sinha

Despite the variability in gene regulation and environmental conditions, development of an organism occurs through a sequence of highly coordinated patterning processes. Cells integrate different signals to accurately infer their position in order to adopt an appropriate identity. Using a model of epigenetic landscape originally proposed by Waddington to describe cell-fate determination, we establish the critical role played by juxtacrine signaling between cells in determining tissue patterns. Subsequently we systematically coarse-grain the model at the tissue scale to map its patterning to transition between states in a binary spin model having a free energy landscape. We show that such landscapes serve as a powerful unifying framework for describing development of biological systems across distinct spatio-temporal scales.
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