Materials Science
Pressure-Induced Irreversible Disorder in $\beta^{\prime}$-Mn$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$: A High-Pressure X-ray Diffraction and Density-Functional Theory Study
Ana Melissa P. Brito, Neha Bura, Pablo Botella et al. (+7 more)
The high-pressure structural behavior of $\beta^\prime$-Mn$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$ was investigated using synchrotron X-ray diffraction up to 20 GPa combined with density-functional theory calculations. At ambient conditions, $\beta^\prime$-Mn$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$ crystallizes in a monoclinic structure that exhibits strongly anisotropic compression. The pressure dependence of the unit-
cell volume was described using a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state, and the principal axes of compressibility were determined. Above 14.1 GPa, significant broadening and weakening of the diffraction peaks are attributed to the onset of irreversible pressure-induced structural disorder associated with the loss of long-range crystallographic order. The disordered state persists after decompression to ambient pressure, demonstrating the irreversible nature of the transformation. The calculations accurately reproduce the experimental compressional behavior and provide insights into the microscopic structural
evolution under pressure. Compression is mainly accommodated through distortions of the Mn–O polyhedra, whereas the PO$_4$ tetrahedra behave as comparatively rigid units. Several initially penta-coordinated Mn sites progressively evolve toward octahedral coordination under compression, while selected MnO$_6$ polyhedra exhibit anomalous distortions and elastic softening preceding the onset of disorder. Elastic constant calculations further reveal that the crystalline phase becomes mechanically unstable near the experimentally observed transition pressure. The combined experimental and computational results suggest that the HP response of $\beta^\prime$-Mn$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$ is influenced by the interplay between framework complexity, anisotropic polyhedral compressibility, and elastic instability, providing new insight into pressure-induced structural degradation in structurally complex phosphate frameworks.
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All authors Ana Melissa P. Brito, Neha Bura, Pablo Botella, Robert Oliva, Alanna Khesley L. da Costa, Fabiana V. da Motta, Mauricio R. D. Bomio, Alfonso Munoz, Joao Elias Rodrigues, Daniel Errandonea
High Energy Physics (Experiment)
The calibration of large-radius jets using the Run 2 dataset with the ATLAS detector
ATLAS Collaboration
The ATLAS experiment has developed an extensive procedure based on Monte Carlo simulation and collision data to calibrate the response of large-radius jets. This paper describes the Run 2 calibration of large-radius jets reconstructed from Unified Flow Objects and groomed with the Soft Drop
algorithm, using data produced in
proton-
proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV. Results are presented for the Monte Carlo-based correction and for the in situ methods that are used to validate the jet energy and mass scales and their resolutions in collision data. The residual uncertainty on the jet energy and mass scales is close to 1% for transverse momenta up to 1 TeV and is 2-3% up to 2 TeV, enabling sensitive searches to beyond the Standard Model particles and precise Standard Model measurements with boosted objects.
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Chemical Physics
Bosonic Condensed Phase Real-time Dynamics from Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics
Yotam M. Y. Feldman, Sourav Karmakar, Sutirtha Paul et al. (+3 more)
We present a method for approximating real-time correlation functions and
quantum transport coefficients of bosonic condensed phases. The direct evaluation of
quantum real-time correlation functions in the path integral formulation is impossible due to a severe dynamical sign problem. Evaluating imaginary-time correlation functions and inverting them using analytic continuation is famously ill-posed. Ring
polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) provides an alternative approach resulting in accurate approximations for real-time correlation functions of condensed phases but neglects exchange effects. In this work, we develop a bosonic RPMD method, which is exact in the harmonic, short time, and high temperature limits. A critical enabling observation is that the Kubo-transformed correlation function for
bosons is real only when the correlated observables are symmetric under exchange. We
benchmark the method on harmonic and anharmonic model systems and then use it to directly obtain the Lieb-Liniger gas density-density real-time correlation functions at various temperatures and momentum transfers. This work enables the direct simulation of finite-temperature, real-time dynamics of large bosonic condensed phases using RPMD for the first time.
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All authors Yotam M. Y. Feldman, Sourav Karmakar, Sutirtha Paul, Jacob Higer, Adrian Del Maestro, Barak Hirshberg
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Cross-listed from cs.CL
AI's Capability in Assisting Scientific Research in Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology II: Project Planning and Proposal Evaluation
Jia Liu, Veena Krishnaraj, Kateryna Vovk et al. (+18 more)
We investigate how well large
language models (LLMs) can assist scientific project planning and proposal evaluation. One-page project plans were independently generated for eight expert-conceived research projects in physics, astrophysics, and cosmology by human researchers and three contemporary LLMs (ChatGPT, Claude, and DeepSeek; mid-2025 models, used with their default tool access). The resulting 32 proposals were blindly evaluated by four human reviewers and two newer frontier LLMs (Claude Opus 4.8 and ChatGPT Pro 5.5) using a four-aspect evaluation rubric. Reviewers were also asked to identify whether each proposal was written by a human or an AI. Human reviewers rated human- and AI-written proposals similarly overall, whereas both AI reviewers scored AI-written proposals about one point higher (on a five-point scale) than human-written proposals. Human reviewers correctly identified human- and AI-written proposals 72% and 79% of the time, respectively, while both AI reviewers correctly classified all 32 proposals (100%). These results suggest that current LLMs can produce project plans comparable to human-written ones in the eyes of human reviewers, but that AI reviewers show a systematic preference for AI-generated proposals. Our results suggest caution when deploying LLMs widely in proposal preparation and evaluation.
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All authors Jia Liu, Veena Krishnaraj, Kateryna Vovk, Kosuke Aizawa, Adrian E. Bayer, Linda Blot, Jessica Cowell, Suyog Garg, Jonathan Grée, Anamaria Hell, Ben Horowitz, Masaya Ichikawa, Kanyuni Iemoto, Keigo Kondo, Zacharie Lorsin, Kevin McCarthy, Jamie Robinson, Miguel Ruiz-Granda, Leander Thiele, Ievgen Vovk, Mingshen Zhou
Physics and Society
Does a rising tide lift all boats? A wealth exchange model on a dynamic network with economic growth
Gustavo L. Kohlrausch and Sebastian Gonçalves
Wealth inequality, although an age-old problem, has seen a substantial rise since the early XXI century. The distributions of wealth and income across countries follow a universal pattern, typically manifesting as a two-class division, which suggests that fundamental mechanisms underpin the emergence of these economic disparities.
Agent-based models, which allow the rules of interaction between economic
agents to be explicitly defined, are particularly well-suited for studying economic systems and analyzing their emergent properties. In this work, we examine a recently proposed dynamic complex network
agent-based model within the context of a growing economy. The model evolves via three alternating processes: independent
stochastic wealth growth of each
agent, wealth exchanges between connected
agents, and the rewiring of connections within the complex network. The wealth growth of each
agent is governed by a
stochastic process characterized by two parameters: a drift term $\mu$, representing economic growth, and
volatility $\sigma$, reflecting heterogeneity in productivity. We analyze the outcomes for various values of a social protection factor $f$, which favors the poorer
agent in each transaction. Higher values of $f$ amplify the effect of economic growth: while increasing $\mu$ reduces inequality, increasing $\sigma$ has the opposite effect. In this context, economic growth benefits the poorest
agents only when strong social protection is in place.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons
Scaling universal Fermi network toward ground states: A diffusion-Monte-Carlo assessment
Yu-Sheng Li, Saskia Poldmaa, Tzen Ong et al. (+4 more)
In this work, we show that
Fermi Sets—a provably universal neural network architecture for fermionic wavefunctions—can be systematically scaled up to find interacting ground states through energy minimization in a variational Monte Carlo framework. By further performing fixed-phase
diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) on the optimized neural network wavefunction, we demonstrate that as the network size increases, the variational energy systematically decreases while the energy improvement from DMC collapses monotonically to zero, indicating convergence to the ground state. We illustrate the scaling of
Fermi Sets accompanied by the DMC assessment for interacting electrons in jellium and in a
quantum dot under high
magnetic fields.
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All authors Yu-Sheng Li, Saskia Poldmaa, Tzen Ong, Ahmed Abouelkomsan, Tay-Rong Chang, Hsin Lin, Liang Fu
High Energy Physics (Experiment)
Observation of the electroweak production of $\gamma\gamma jj$ at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV in $140\ \text{fb}^{-1}$ of $pp$ collision data with the ATLAS detector
ATLAS Collaboration
This Letter presents the observation of the electroweak production of two isolated
photons in association with two jets together with measurements of the corresponding fiducial and differential cross sections. The analysis is performed using
proton-
proton collision data collected by ATLAS at the LHC at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV and with an integrated luminosity of 140 fb$^{-1}$. The electroweak production of two isolated
photons in association with two jets is observed with a significance of $6.2 \sigma $ and with a fiducial cross-section of $\sigma^{\mathrm{EW}}_{\mathrm{obs}}= 13.8^{+3.0}_{-2.6}\, \mathrm{fb}$, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction of $\sigma^{\mathrm{EW}}_{\mathrm{obs}}= 17.1^{+2.4}_{-2.4}\, \mathrm{fb}$. Differential cross-sections are measured as a function of various kinematical variables probing
photon and jet properties and compared with predictions. In addition, fiducial and differential cross-sections are reported for the combined QCD and electroweak production of two isolated
photons and two jets. The measurement is also interpreted in the context of an effective field theory, and limits are set on the Wilson coefficients of several dimension-8 operators parameterising anomalous quartic gauge couplings.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
A new look at old devils. II: New insights on classical radio galaxies from MeerKAT and uGMRT
Portia P. Legodi, Tiziana Venturi, Dharam V. Lal et al. (+3 more)
This paper presents a detailed morphological and spectral analysis of a sample of ten
radio galaxies observed with the MeerKAT in L-band ($856\, \text{-}\,1712\ \mathrm{MHz}$) and the upgraded
Giant Metrewave
Radio Telescope in Band-4 ($550\,\text{-}\,850\ \mathrm{MHz}$). Our main goals are to revisit the current classification scheme for classical
radio galaxies and study the properties of new
radio features in jets, lobes and hot spots, which are becoming increasingly numerous due to the sensitivity and imaging capabilities of current
radio interferometers, and suggest previous unexplored interaction mechanisms between the
radio plasma and the external medium. The sample from the 4C catalogue includes FR I, FR II, wide-angle and narrow-angle tailed sources as well as FR 0
radio galaxies from FR0CAT, with
redshifts ranging from $0.04\,\text{-}\,0.20$. The high angular resolution, $\sim4^{\prime\prime}\text{-}10^{\prime\prime}$ total intensity images are presented, revealing complex structures in the jets, lobes and hotspots of these sources. The integrated spectra of the sources, constructed using flux density measurements from our observations and archival data, reveal spectral breaks and slopes indicative of radiative ageing, with ages spanning $\sim40\,\text{-}\,242\ \mathrm{Myr}$. While the sample broadly confirms the classical FR classification as a useful first-order scheme, the substructures within the
radio emission of sources highlight the need for models that incorporate environmental complexity and episodic jet activity to fully describe
radio-
galaxy evolution.
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All authors Portia P. Legodi, Tiziana Venturi, Dharam V. Lal, Bernie Fanaroff, Oleg M. Smirnov, Simona Giacintucci
Quantum Physics
OmniQEC: discovering practical quantum error-correcting codes by an AI scientist
Ge Yan, Shanchuan Li, Pengyue Ma et al. (+5 more)
Quantum error correction (QEC) is indispensable for scalable fault-tolerant
quantum computing. However, discovering QEC codes that remain effective is challenging, as logical performance depends on the interplay between code structure, hardware, syndrome extraction, and decoding, which often impose competing requirements. Here we introduce OmniQEC, an efficient AI scientist for discovering QEC codes suited to deployment on modern
quantum processors. OmniQEC formulates QEC design as an iterative discovery process in which an orchestrator, implemented by advanced large
language models (LLMs), coordinates code generation, code-level screening, syndrome-extraction synthesis, and decoder-based
circuit evaluation. At its core, OmniQEC combines a self-evolving
reasoning mechanism with a slow–fast synergistic workflow: a fast loop explores candidates using inexpensive code-level proxies, whereas a slow loop performs physically grounded
circuit-level evaluation and feeds the resulting evidence back into the search. We evaluate OmniQEC across four qLDPC construction families, three LLM backends, and $14$ total-physical-
qubit budgets per backend. The discovered codes show steadily improving logical-error suppression with increasing physical-
qubit budgets and outperform the BB codes with $[\![72,12,6]\!]$ and $[\![144,12,12]\!]$ under complete-implementation budgets of 98 and 240 physical
qubits, respectively. The discovered codes are hardware-friendly and may be of independent interest for practical QEC implementation. These findings pave the way towards LLM-assisted QEC discovery grounded in physically informed code–
circuit–decoder co-design.
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All authors Ge Yan, Shanchuan Li, Pengyue Ma, Qixin Zhang, Pingchuan Ma, Jianping Wang, Min-Hsiu Hsieh, Yuxuan Du
Data Analysis and Statistics
A Two-Regime Statistical Framework for Wind-Power Distributions: From Wind-Speed Fluctuations to Turbine Control
S. Mitra, S. E. Lakhal, C. P. Connaughton et al. (+2 more)
Wind-power variability is a major challenge for the reliable integration of utility-scale wind energy into modern power systems. Although wind-speed statistics are often described by simple parametric distributions, translating these statistics into turbine-level power fluctuations is nontrivial because the relationship between wind speed and power is highly nonlinear and changes across different turbine operating regimes. Here, we develop a two-regime statistical framework for wind-power distributions. In the aerodynamic operating regime, between the cut-in and rated speeds, the turbine power follows an approximate cubic dependence on wind speed. Starting from a physically motivated Rician model for the wind-speed magnitude, we derive an analytical expression for the corresponding wind-power distribution using a nonlinear change of variables. In the control-dominated near-rated regime, where active blade-pitch and generator control regulate the turbine output, the aerodynamic transformation is no longer applicable. Instead, we characterize the power deficit relative to the rated power and show empirically that its continuous tail is well described by a bounded stretched-exponential distribution for both individual turbines and wind-farm ensembles. These results provide a physically interpretable statistical description of wind-power fluctuations across the full operational range of utility-scale wind turbines.
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All authors S. Mitra, S. E. Lakhal, C. P. Connaughton, J. E. Sardonia, M. M. Bandi
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
A Citizen Science Search for Compact Emission Line Nebulae
Bringfried Stecklum and Peter Bresseler
In recent years, citizen science became an integral part of astronomy. Numerous projects contribute to important studies by involving large communities. While these are getting quite some
attention, there are also individual efforts, which are nevertheless very valuable. Here, we report on results of a search for compact optical emission line nebulae, which are signposts of both young and evolved
stars. The increased brightness in red photometric bands due to the contribution of shock-excited emission lines has been used as a tracer when examining optical broadband surveys. With the help of public databases, we identified and characterized associated sources if possible. Most of them are young
stellar objects (YSOs).
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Optics
Calibration of scintillator-based X-ray detectors for broadband laser-driven X-ray radiation
Orsolya Morvai, Benoit Lefebvre, Marcel Lamač et al. (+8 more)
Laser-driven X-ray sources produce broadband radiation with substantial shot-to-shot fluctuations, requiring calibrated detector-response models for quantitative measurements of
photon fluence and spectral distribution. Scintillator-based flat-panel detectors, originally developed primarily for medical and industrial X-ray imaging, are increasingly being adopted for diagnostics of
laser-
plasma-based X-ray sources because they provide large-area, spatially resolved detection. We report the calibration of two complementary X-ray detector systems: a CsI:Tl-based flat-panel detector and a plastic-scintillator filter-stack spectrometer intended for spectral reconstruction. Both detectors were characterized using well-defined ISO 4037 N-series reference radiation qualities, providing controlled polychromatic X-ray fields for establishing their signal response and signal-to-fluence conversion.
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All authors Orsolya Morvai, Benoit Lefebvre, Marcel Lamač, Uddhab Chaulagain, Petr Odstrčil, Dominik Čap, Vojtěch Janota, Alfred Haavaan Mishi, Romain Caye, Jaroslav Nejdl, Antonia Morabito
Mathematical Physics
Mori-Zwanzig formalism: An existence proof for weak solutions of the orthogonal dynamics equation
Christoph Widder
In classical statistical physics, the Mori-Zwanzig projection operator technique is used to derive generalized Langevin equations for a random variable (observable). Standard derivations implicitly assume the existence of solutions to the so-called orthogonal dynamics equation as well as the validity of the variation of constants formula (Dyson identity). It was pointed out by Givon, Hald and Kupferman that the existence is a subtle issue for infinite-rank projections such as Zwanzig's projection [D. Givon, O. H. Hald, R. Kupferman, Israel Journal of Mathematics, 145 (221-241), 2005]. The authors proved the existence of weak solutions for Zwanzig's projection in the context of stationary
Hamiltonian systems. To this date, this is the only existence proof that allows for an infinite-rank projection, whereas the uniqueness and regularity remain open problems. In this article, we generalize the existence proof by Givon et al. to nonstationary non-
Hamiltonian systems whose time
evolution is given by a quasicontraction
semigroup. We establish growth bounds as well as the uniqueness for sufficiently regular solutions (if existent). Finally, we apply our results to Zwanzig's projection using the damped harmonic oscillator as an example.
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Nuclear Theory
Nuclear matter equation of state and astrophysics
Mateus Reinke Pelicer
Neutron-
star masses, radii, and inspiral
tidal deformabilities now provide quantitative constraints on the cold equation of state (\eos), favoring relatively soft matter around one to two times
nuclear saturation density and substantial stiffening at larger density. These bulk constraints, however, do not uniquely determine the microscopic composition of the
stellar core. Hyperons, deconfined
quarks, quarkyonic matter, and strong first-order phase transitions remain viable possibilities. This article summarizes the present multimessenger status and emphasizes the next challenge—a unified description of strongly interacting matter across catalyzed
neutron stars, binary mergers, and heavy-ion collisions. Recent results presented at SQM2026, including new constraints on hyperon interactions and advances in multidimensional equation-of-state modeling, highlight the complementary experimental and theoretical inputs required for this program. The MUSES Calculation Engine provides modular software infrastructure for connecting these inputs to astrophysical and heavy-ion applications.
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
From Heat Stress to Perception: Interpretable Data-Driven Models of Human Thermal Sensation
Abed Hammoud, Xinjie Huang, Qinqin Kong et al. (+2 more)
Heat stress indices are designed to quantify physiological thermal stress, but their relevance for inferring the thermal perception of individuals remains unclear. In this study, we show that thermal stress and thermal sensation often diverge, as evidenced by distinct global sensitivity patterns with respect to environmental drivers. Using thermal sensation vote survey data, we demonstrate that the dominant sensitivities of stress-based metrics do not align with those governing reported human thermal sensation. Given the multitude of globally-applicable thermal stress indices and the lack of comparable general thermal sensation metrics, we develop two complementary data-driven modeling frameworks for thermal sensation. First, we construct
polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) surrogates to represent thermal sensation as a function of meteorological variables, enabling efficient variance-based sensitivity analysis and explicit identification of influential inputs and interactions. Second, we develop multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifiers that capture the nonlinear and subjective nature of thermal perception, while achieving high predictive accuracy. The PCE models provide physically interpretable sensitivities that can explain the drivers of thermal sensation, while the MLPs offer flexible predictive capability suited to complex environments. We apply both modeling approaches at city- and continent-scales, revealing systematic differences in sensitivity structure and performance across climates. In particular, we find that the sensitivity of TSV-based models to the variability of meteorological conditions across geoclimatic zone encodes distinct dependencies on temperature, radiation, humidity, and wind that vary geographically, and are generally different from those of heat stress indices.
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All authors Abed Hammoud, Xinjie Huang, Qinqin Kong, Marialena Nikolopoulou, Elie Bou-Zeid
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Binary-induced mass increase and helium enrichment of the envelopes of Type~IIP supernova progenitors
Caroline Mannes, Norbert Langer and Andrea Ercolino
Binary interactions are expected to play a major role in shaping the progenitor population of core-collapse
supernovae, particularly in the era of deep, high-cadence transient surveys. Using ComBinE, a rapid binary population synthesis code combining tabulated
stellar structure models with physically motivated mass-transfer stability criteria, we find that ~40% of Type II
supernova progenitors at Milky Way
metallicity originate from mergers between a post-main-sequence
star and a main-sequence companion following unstable mass transfer. Compared to single-
star progenitors with the same helium-core mass, these merger products have more massive hydrogen-rich envelopes and broader envelope-mass distributions. Their envelopes are helium-enriched, with relative enhancements of up to 80% and helium mass fractions reaching 0.4. These differences are expected to affect Type IIP light curves and should be considered in future progenitor and explosion models. Constraining the merger-induced Type IIP fraction with facilities such as LSST, Roman, and the ELT will provide insights into binary
evolution physics.
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Other Condensed Matter
Topological Classification of Non-Normalizable Vector Fields
Philipp Gessler, Alessandro Pignedoli, Alexander Neuhaus et al. (+3 more)
Topological classification of physical vector fields conventionally relies on field normalization and homotopy-based invariants. However, when field amplitudes vanish, normalization becomes ill-defined, preventing a direct topological characterization. Here, we introduce a general framework for the topological classification of non-normalizable $n$-dimensional vector fields with compactifiable base spaces by transforming them into $(n+1)$-dimensional normalized vector fields. This construction extends homotopy-based classification to fields containing amplitude zeros. We explicitly demonstrate the approach for one-, two-, and three-dimensional non-normalized vector fields and derive the corresponding topological invariants. The resulting topological charges are robust under continuous deformations and can change only when the
embedding structure becomes singular. Our framework provides a unified route to the topological characterization of non-normalizable fields and opens the door to the study of topological phenomena in a broad range of systems, including
magnetic textures, ferroelectrics, electromagnetic fields, and wave systems.
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All authors Philipp Gessler, Alessandro Pignedoli, Alexander Neuhaus, Frank-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf, Maria Azhar, Karin Everschor-Sitte
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Exploring if a coronal dimming event can produce coronal hole-like properties
Adriana De-Sassi, Louise Harra, Krzysztof Barczynski et al. (+8 more)
Coronal dimmings, or transient coronal holes, are manifested as a sudden reduction in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray emission, often following
solar eruptions. We investigate whether a dimming event can produce coronal hole-like
plasma characteristics by comparing imaging and spectroscopic observations from
Solar Orbiter, Hinode, IRIS, and SDO prior and during the dimming. The SDO/AIA 193 Å emission intensity in the dimming region was reduced to the same level as the neighbouring coronal hole within 11 hours. The Doppler velocity measured with Fe XII (corona) decreased from $-0.34^{+0.37}_{-0.27}$ km/s towards a predominant upflow of $-3.2^{+0.4}_{-0.6}$ km/s. The first ionisation potential (FIP) bias was reduced towards photospheric values. We found an increase in the number of automatically detected EUV brightenings near the dimming boundary in SDO/AIA 193 Å which could be a sign of
magnetic reconnection. In the cooler SDO/AIA 171 Å or
Solar Orbiter HRI_EUV 174 Å channel, we did not observe such an increase. Coronal bright points (CBPs) appeared relatively unaffected by the formation of the dimming. The Mg II $k_3$ (chromosphere) Doppler velocities were unchanged, except for a small reduction in the dimming upflows in areas with weak
magnetic fields ($<20$ G). We find that the dimming only shows partial coronal hole-like properties; specifically, in the coronal emission lines and at temperatures of $>1$ MK. We suggest that this is due to the dimming resulting from
plasma depletion only at higher altitudes. Since the CBPs were not significantly impacted by the dimming, we used their
magnetic loop heights ($\sim 10$ Mm) as the lower limit to the dimming height. Our findings provide new insights into the atmospheric structure of coronal dimmings.
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All authors Adriana De-Sassi, Louise Harra, Krzysztof Barczynski, David H. Brooks, Lakshmi Pradeep Chitta, Ioannis Kontogiannis, Säm Krucker, Cristina H. Mandrini, Eric Priest, Alphonse C. Sterling, Yingjie Zhu
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Constraining the lives and times of exoplanets through evolutionary Bayesian retrievals
Harrison Nicholls, Tim Lichtenberg, Ben Riegler et al. (+2 more)
Static
retrieval frameworks are leading tools for interpreting
exoplanet observations, yet time-independent modelling leaves them prone to degeneracy and unable to resolve
exoplanets' histories. The compositions and structures of surveyed super-Earth and sub-Neptune sub-populations remain unclear, but are shaped by physics acting across Gyr timescales. Interpreting these
planets as static non-evolving snapshots allows multiple degenerate scenarios to explain their observed properties. We develop a generalised parameter
retrieval framework, built on asynchronous
Bayesian optimisation to efficiently dispatch a multi-physics forward-model, resolving
exoplanets' evolving properties from their initial magma ocean conditions to the present day. By building
Bayesian retrievals into the PROTEUS framework, sensitive coupled interior-atmosphere interactions are naturally resolved and interpretations are constrained to physically permissible scenarios. We test evolutionary
retrievals with three
exoplanet prototypes: a young sub-Neptune, an older super-Earth, and a warm terrestrial
planet - representative of the surveyed
exoplanet population. Evolutionary
retrieval jointly infers their mantle redox conditions, metallic core fractions, and early volatile inventories from spectroscopically accessible observables. Some scenarios remain subject to well-established degeneracies between core fractions and volatile budgets. Terrestrial-mass
exoplanets benefit from strong observable-parameter correlations that lift these degeneracies; we recover post-formation volatile inventories with <20 percent error.
Exoplanet science is primed for incoming JWST, PLATO, Roman, and ELT data - observations which necessitate careful interpretation. Adoption of time-evolved models lifts interpretive degeneracies, providing the means to understand the deep interiors and lifetime histories of worlds throughout our
galaxy.
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All authors Harrison Nicholls, Tim Lichtenberg, Ben Riegler, Robb Calder, Vincent Fortuin
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Form factors of the $\rho$-meson in chiral perturbation theory
Kakha Shamanauri, Jambul Gegelia, Ulf-G. Meißner et al. (+1 more)
We present the calculation of the electromagnetic form factors of the $\rho$-
meson at one loop in
Chiral Perturbation Theory. The power-counting-violating terms in the loop diagrams are subtracted by using infrared regularization, and the Ward identities are explicitly verified at the order considered. The results are compared to the recent calculations carried out in the framework of non-relativistic effective field theory.
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All authors Kakha Shamanauri, Jambul Gegelia, Ulf-G. Meißner, Akaki Rusetsky
Plasma Physics
Laser power transmission in space: Plasma-based power cell
Li Lin and Michael Keidar
Laser power beaming offers a route to space energy delivery, but
semiconductor laser photovoltaic receivers face thermalization, joule heat, and radiative recombination waste, etc. Here we propose a gas-phase
plasma power
cell that converts
vacuum-ultraviolet
photons into electrical output through xenon photoionization and magnetically biased charge separation. Particle-in-
cell Monte Carlo simulations of a low-pressure xenon chamber driven by a 58.4 nm pulsed
laser predict a steady-state
laser-to-electrical conversion efficiency of 82.25% at 2000 W/m2 average incident power. Energy accounting closes to 1%, with 7.52%
photon escape, 8.95% boundary loss, and 1.29% chamber-stored energy. Parameter scans over bias voltage,
magnetic field, and gas pressure identify
photon absorption and electron confinement as controlling design factors. These results are a proof-of-concept gas-phase receiver architecture for space
laser power beaming.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
General Relativistic Entropic Acceleration at the perturbation level: a CLASS implementation and first Boltzmann-code constraints
Simone D'Onofrio, Dong Ha Lee, Eleonora Di Valentino et al. (+1 more)
General Relativistic Entropic Acceleration (GREA) attributes the late-time acceleration of the Universe to the
entropy growth of the causal cosmological horizon, without a cosmological constant, with a phenomenology fixed by the single $\mathcal{O}(1)$ parameter $\alpha$. The model has so far been confronted with data only at the background level. We present its first implementation within an Einstein-Boltzmann solver: the GREA background is integrated directly into CLASS, while the entropic component is evolved as an effective fluid regulated by the parametrized-post-Friedmann scheme, giving access to the full CMB and matter power spectra. A Markov-chain Monte Carlo analysis with COBAYA against the full primary-CMB likelihoods, DESI DR2 BAO and Type Ia
supernovae constrains the coupling $\alpha \sim 1$, in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction, with a fit matching $\Lambda$CDM to within $|\Delta\chi^2| \lesssim 6$ despite the addition of a single free parameter. The equation of state inferred from the data agrees with binned, model-independent reconstructions and exhibits a second crossing of the phantom divide at $z \simeq 2$, a distinctive prediction of the thermodynamic dynamics rather than of an imposed parametrization.
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All authors Simone D'Onofrio, Dong Ha Lee, Eleonora Di Valentino, Juan García-Bellido
Data Analysis and Statistics
Rician Distribution as a Physically Interpretable Model for Wind-Speed Statistics
S. Mitra, S. E. Lakhal, C. P. Connaughton et al. (+2 more)
The statistics of atmospheric wind variations are commonly modeled using Gaussian or Weibull forms, which often trade physical interpretability against statistical accuracy, especially in the distribution tails. Here we derive a Rician distribution for wind speed from a simple physical model based on two orthogonal Gaussian velocity components with a non-zero mean in the preferred direction. Using wind-speed records from four geographically distinct wind farms, we show that the Rician model consistently outperforms the Gaussian model and remains competitive with the Weibull model. The same behavior persists when the data are partitioned into monthly windows, where the Rician parameters also provide a transparent description of seasonal and geographic variability, compared to Weibull parameters. In addition, the model naturally connects Gaussian-like and Weibull-like regimes through the Rician parameter ratio $\mu/\sigma$, making the Rician distribution a compact and physically interpretable two-parameter model for wind-speed statistics.
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All authors S. Mitra, S. E. Lakhal, C. P. Connaughton, J. E. Sardonia, M. M. Bandi
Astrophysics of Galaxies
Compiling the largest multiwavelength database of known changing-look AGN: Prospects in the Rubin era
Mariangella Camus and Swayamtrupta Panda
Changing-look active
galactic nuclei (CL-AGN) provide a direct way to study
accretion and spectral-state changes on timescales of months to years. Still, the known population remains scattered across heterogeneous literature samples. We present a compilation of a homogenized catalog of known CL-AGN and related candidates, designed as a traceable reference database for time-domain and multiwavelength studies. After coordinate homogenization, duplicate removal, and validation, the optical parent catalog contains 1,438 unique sources, including 987 spectroscopically confirmed CL-AGN and 451 candidate or photometrically selected systems. We augment the catalog with ancillary information from
radio/mm, infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray data sets using nway and survey-specific quality criteria. The resulting database includes 188 sources in the broad
radio layer, 9 RFC/VLBI compact-core matches, 16 sources with ALMA archival coverage, 1,353 infrared counterparts, 918 GALEX ultraviolet matches, and 576 X-ray counterparts. We also identify 9
Fermi-LAT candidate associations. Overall, 1,385 sources have at least one non-optical counterpart, and 75 have coverage across the four main ancillary regimes:
radio, infrared, ultraviolet, and X-ray. As a first application, we identify 70 confirmed CL-AGN within the LSST Wide–Fast–Deep footprint and 5 within the Rubin Deep Drilling Fields, and provide the up-to-date, ~116-day ugrizy Rubin lightcurve for SDSS J095902.76+021906.3 (z=0.34579) and discuss the early data inferences. This catalog is envisioned to be community-driven and provides a dynamic, expandable resource for target selection, population comparisons, and future Rubin-era CL-AGN studies.
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Quantum Physics
Bipartite Bound Information Exists
Jef Pauwels, Nicolas Gisin and Renato Renner
There exist bipartite
quantum states that cost
entanglement to create, yet from which no singlet can be distilled. This extreme irreversibility is known as bound
entanglement. A quarter-century ago, Gisin and Wolf asked whether classical information theory admits the same phenomenon. Are there correlations, shared by two parties and an eavesdropper, that cost secret bits to create, yet from which none can be distilled? This question is part of a broader program exploring the relation between
quantum and classical information theory. We answer it in the affirmative, providing a simple example, a distribution of two bits and a trit. Bound
entanglement thus has a classical counterpart, bound information. An even more direct correspondence was originally conjectured, namely that measuring purifications of bound-entangled states yields distributions with bound information. The very states that motivated the
conjecture, however, yield no bound information when measured in the standard basis, whereas suitable measurements of purifications of separable states do. The analogy between bound
entanglement and bound information thus lies in the accounting of resources, not in a correspondence between individual
quantum states and the classical probability distributions induced by measuring them.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Progenitor models of supernovae interacting with their binary companions
Andrea Ercolino
The appearance of nearly all core-collapse (CC)
supernovae (SNe) is largely affected by the interaction between their progenitors and a close binary companion. Using a comprehensive, state-of-the-art grid of single- and binary
stellar evolution models, the relative frequencies of SN types are predicted, as well as the distribution functions of their main properties. SNe that interact with nearby circumstellar material are included, namely those that explode during ongoing binary mass transfer, and are found to account for ~5% of all CCSNe, consistently with observations. The interaction between the newly born compact object and the companion is also investigated, which may produce observable signatures similar to those seen in SN2022jli. These SNe could account for between 3% and 27% of all H-poor CCSNe. These results will help develop strategies for identifying such
supernovae in past and future searches, which will help to constrain uncertain physics in single and binary
evolution models.
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Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.AP
Long-wave instability of periodic shear flows with constant magnetic field for the 2D resistive MHD equations
Roberto Feola, Luca Franzoi, Riccardo Montalto et al. (+1 more)
We investigate the long-wave linear stability and instability of the two-dimensional viscous, resistive Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations, in vorticity-current formulation, on the periodic domain ${\mathbb T}_\alpha\times {\mathbb T} = \Big( {\mathbb R}/(\frac{2 \pi}{\alpha} {\mathbb Z}) \times {\mathbb R}/(2 \pi {\mathbb Z}) \Big)$, around a periodic shear flow $(U(y),0)$ coupled with a constant background
magnetic field ${\bf b}=({\rm b}_1,{\rm b}_2)$. It is a non-trivial extension of a recent paper for the Navier-Stokes equations by Colombo, Dolce, Montalto & Ventura to the MHD setting in the spirit of the classical works of Kolmogorov, Meshalkin, Sinai and Yudovich. We establish explicit conditions on the shear flow profile $U(y)$ involving the viscosity $\nu$, the resistivity $\eta$ and the components of the background
magnetic field ${\bf b}$ to obtain linear long-wave stability and instability in the regime $\alpha\ll 1$. The proof combines a non-perturbative normal form transformation decoupling the zero
Fourier mode from the non-zero modes with sharp asymptotic expansions of the
eigenvalues bifurcating from the zero unperturbed
eigenvalue with respect to the parameter $\alpha$. As a dynamical consequence, we obtain a splitting of the phase space into unstable and stable subspaces, on which solutions grow or decay exponentially in Sobolev norm.
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All authors Roberto Feola, Luca Franzoi, Riccardo Montalto, Claudia Peña
Quantum Physics
Lowering the implementation barrier of neutral-atom quantum computing with agentic workflows
Constantin Dalyac, Alexandre Dauphin, Loïc Henriet et al. (+1 more)
Quantum computers are moving from research laboratories to industrial machines accessible via the cloud and integrated into high-performance computing facilities. However, translating theoretical
quantum protocols into hardware experiments remains a major bottleneck, requiring expertise across protocol design, compilation, simulation, and cloud execution. Here, we introduce an agentic workflow that automates this pipeline on neutral-atom
quantum processors (here two Pasqal QPUs available on the cloud) while keeping the researcher in the loop for critical validation. In three case studies from many-body physics and optimization, the
agent went from published paper or patent to a QPU campaign run overnight. In particular, human intervention was crucial to ensure scientific validity: the
agent selected an inadequate observable in one experiment and constructed a plausible but incorrect hardware diagnosis in another, with both failures detected only through domain-expert review. Finally, we use a second
agent to classify a corpus of 633 Rydberg-array arXiv papers and show that nearly half are implementable on present-day QPUs while identifying specific hardware upgrades needed for the rest. Together, these results demonstrate that agentic workflows provide a practical bridge between theoretical ideas and physical hardware, opening
quantum experimentation to a much broader scientific community.
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All authors Constantin Dalyac, Alexandre Dauphin, Loïc Henriet, Christophe Jurczak
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Curved momentum space and finite Landau spectrum in $\kappa$-Minkowski spacetime
Adrián Huamán Vargas and Vladislav Kupriyanov
We derive the $\kappa$-Poincaré Casimir from the de Sitter geometry of momentum space and employ it as the dynamical constraint governing charged particles within the framework of Poisson gauge theory. The resulting formalism is applied to scalar and
spin-$1/2$ particles in a constant
magnetic field. Within the semiclassical Poisson-gauge framework, exact energy spectra are obtained without expanding in the deformation parameter $1/\kappa$. On the positive-energy branch in bicrossproduct momentum coordinates, identifying these coordinates with the physical momenta entering the gauge coupling imposes an upper bound on their spatial magnitude. This bound leads to a finite number of admissible Landau-level indices and hence to a Highest Landau Level (HLL). In the fermionic case, the truncation is
spin dependent for the factorization adopted here, resulting in a polarized HLL. Possible implications of this ultraviolet truncation and the limitations of the framework are briefly discussed.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Shear interaction and acceleration of a corotating stream detected by Parker Solar Probe
Andrea Verdini, Simone Landi, Emanuele Papini et al. (+4 more)
Recent analysis of Parker
Solar Probe (PSP) and
Solar Orbiter data indicates that fluctuations energy is transferred to the bulk flow in fast streams of the
solar wind at heliocentric distances between 15 and 120 Rsun. To gain insight into this process, we analyze data collected during the inbound orbit of PSP in Encounter 10, when it is in approximate corotation with the Sun and an accelerating stream is detected between 25 and 45 Rsun. The geometry of the flow indicates that a neighboring very fast streams is colliding with the corotating stream, causing large-scale
magnetic field distortion, density enhancement, and acceleration. However, also deposition of fluctuations' energy can heat and do work on the
solar wind
plasma, resulting in a radial acceleration. We evaluate the energy lost by fluctuations via radial variation of conserved quantities in the corotating stream and find that it is almost equally partitioned into heating and work. While the heating is marginally consistent with the non-adiabatic decrease of
proton temperature, the work exerted on the wind is insufficient to account for the measured
solar wind acceleration. Although limited to this event, observations suggest that shear interaction is capable of accelerating slower streams within relatively short distances from the Sun, possibly leaving its imprint as large-scale density and
magnetic fluctuations.
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All authors Andrea Verdini, Simone Landi, Emanuele Papini, Luca Franci, Petr Hellinger, Roberto Livi, Orlando Romeo