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Physics

Monday 27 July

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Precision measurements of semleptonic decays $D^0 \to \pi^-\ell^+\nu_\ell$ and $D^+ \to \pi^0\ell^+\nu_\ell$ ($\ell =e,\mu$)

BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson et al. (+773 more)

The branching fractions of $D^0\to \pi^-e^+\nu_e$, $D^0\to \pi^-\mu^+\nu_\mu$, $D^+\to \pi^0e^+\nu_e$, and $D^+\to \pi^0\mu^+\nu_\mu$ are measured to be $(2.950\pm0.017_{\rm stat.}\pm 0.017_{\rm syst.})\times10^{-3}$, $(2.817\pm0.037_{\rm stat.}\pm 0.019_{\rm syst.})\times10^{-3}$, $(3.622\pm0.034_{\rm stat.}\pm 0.018_{\rm syst.})\times10^{-3}$, and $(3.507\pm0.043_{\rm stat.}\pm 0.026_{\rm syst.})\times10^{-3}$ using $e^+e^-$ collision data with an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb$^{-1}$ collected at the center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV with the BESIII detector. The partial decay rates of these four decays are measured with the best precision to date and their forward-backward asymmetries are determined for the first time. By performing a simultaneous fit to these results, the product of the hadronic transition form factor $f^{D\to\pi}_+(0)$ and the modulus of the $c\to d$ Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element $|V_{cd}|$ is given by $f^{D\to\pi}_+(0)|V_{cd}|=0.1425\pm0.0005_{\rm stat.}\pm0.0003_{\rm syst.}$. Taking the $|V_{cd}|$ provided by the standard model global fit and the $f^{D\to\pi}_+(0)$ calculated from the lattice quantum chromodynamics as input, we obtain $f^{D\to\pi}_+(0)=0.6339\pm0.0024_{\rm stat.}\pm0.0014_{\rm syst.}$ and $|V_{cd}|=0.2262\pm0.0008_{\rm stat.}\pm0.0005_{\rm syst.}\pm0.0018_{\rm LQCD.}$, respectively. The reported results have the best precision to date. We also search for the scalar current contribution in the $c\to d \ell^+\nu_{\ell}$ transition and determine Re$(C_S^\mu)=$ $0.022 \pm 0.023_{\rm stat.}\pm 0.003_{\rm syst.}$ and $|{\rm Im}(C_S^\mu)|=0.000 \pm $ $0.038_{\rm stat.} \pm 0.012_{\rm syst.}$. In addition, the lepton flavor universality is tested with the ratios of the decay rates between semimuonic and semielectronic decays in full and several $\ell^+\nu_\ell$ four-momentum transfer ranges.

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All authors BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, M. S. Anderson, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, D. Cabiati, H. Cai, M. H. Cai, X. Cai, A. Calcaterra, G. F. Cao, N. Cao, S. A. Cetin, X. Y. Chai, J. F. Chang, T. T. Chang, G. R. Che, Y. Z. Che, C. H. Chen, Chao Chen, G. Chen, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, S. M. Chen, T. Chen, W. Chen, X. R. Chen, X. T. Chen, X. Y. Chen, Y. B. Chen, Y. Q. Chen, Z. K. Chen, J. Cheng, L. N. Cheng, S. K. Choi, X. Chu, G. Cibinetto, F. Cossio, J. Cottee-Meldrum, H. L. Dai, J. P. Dai, X. C. Dai, A. Dbeyssi, R. E. de Boer, D. Dedovich, C. Q. Deng, Z. Y. Deng, A. Denig, I. Denisenko, M. Destefanis, F. De Mori, E. Di Fiore, X. X. Ding, Y. Ding, Y. X. Ding, J. Dong, L. Y. Dong, M. Y. Dong, X. Dong, Z. J. Dong, M. C. Du, S. X. Du, Shaoxu Du, X. L. Du, Y. Q. Du, Y. Y. Duan, Z. H. Duan, P. Egorov, G. F. Fan, J. J. Fan, K. X. Fan, Y. H. Fan, J. Fang, Jin Fang, S. S. Fang, W. X. Fang, Y. Q. Fang, L. Fava, F. Feldbauer, G. Felici, C. Q. Feng, J. H. Feng, Q. X. Feng, Y. T. Feng, M. Fritsch, C. D. Fu, J. L. Fu, Y. W. Fu, H. Gao, Xu Gao, Y. Gao, Y. N. Gao, Y. Y. Gao, Yunong Gao, Z. Gao, S. Garbolino, I. Garzia, L. Ge, P. T. Ge, Z. W. Ge, C. Geng, A. Gilman, K. Goetzen, J. Gollub, J. B. Gong, J. D. Gong, L. Gong, W. X. Gong, W. Gradl, M. Greco, M. D. Gu, M. H. Gu, C. Y. Guan, A. Q. Guo, H. Guo, J. N. Guo, L. B. Guo, M. J. Guo, R. P. Guo, X. Guo, Y. P. Guo, Z. Guo, A. Guskov, J. Gutierrez, J. Y. Han, T. T. Han, X. Han, F. Hanisch, K. D. Hao, X. Q. Hao, F. A. Harris, C. Z. He, K. K. He, K. L. He, F. H. Heinsius, C. H. Heinz, Y. K. Heng, C. Herold, P. C. Hong, G. Y. Hou, X. T. Hou, Y. R. Hou, Z. L. Hou, H. M. Hu, J. F. Hu, Q. P. Hu, S. L. Hu, T. Hu, Y. Hu, Y. X. Hu, Z. M. Hu, G. S. Huang, K. X. Huang, L. Q. Huang, P. Huang, X. T. Huang, Y. P. Huang, Y. S. Huang, T. Hussain, N. Hüsken, N. in der Wiesche, J. Jackson, Q. Ji, Q. P. Ji, W. Ji, X. B. Ji, X. L. Ji, Y. Y. Ji, L. K. Jia, X. Q. Jia, D. Jiang, S. J. Jiang, X. S. Jiang, Y. Jiang, J. B. Jiao, J. K. Jiao, Z. Jiao, L. C. L. Jin, S. Jin, Y. Jin, M. Q. Jing, X. M. Jing, T. Johansson, S. Kabana, X. L. Kang, X. S. Kang, B. C. Ke, V. Khachatryan, A. Khoukaz, O. B. Kolcu, B. Kopf, L. Kröger, L. Krümmel, Y. Y. Kuang, X. Kui, N. Kumar, A. Kupsc, W. Kühn, Q. Lan, W. N. Lan, T. T. Lei, M. Lellmann, T. Lenz, C. Li, C. H. Li, C. K. Li, Chunkai Li, Cong Li, D. M. Li, F. Li, G. Li, H. B. Li, H. J. Li, H. L. Li, H. N. Li, H. P. Li, Hui Li, J. N. Li, J. S. Li, J. W. Li, K. Li, K. L. Li, L. J. Li, L. K. Li, Lei Li, M. H. Li, M. R. Li, M. T. Li, P. L. Li, P. R. Li, Q. M. Li, Q. X. Li, R. Li, S. Li, S. X. Li, S. Y. Li, Shanshan Li, T. Li, T. Y. Li, W. D. Li, W. G. Li, X. Li, X. H. Li, X. K. Li, X. L. Li, X. Y. Li, X. Z. Li, Y. Li, Y. H. Li, Y. B. Li, Y. C. Li, Y. G. Li, Y. P. Li, Z. H. Li, Z. J. Li, Z. L. Li, Z. X. Li, Z. Y. Li, C. Liang, H. Liang, Y. F. Liang, Y. T. Liang, Z. Z. Liang, G. R. Liao, L. B. Liao, M. H. Liao, Y. P. Liao, J. Libby, A. Limphirat, C. C. Lin, C. X. Lin, D. X. Lin, T. Lin, B. J. Liu, B. X. Liu, C. Liu, C. X. Liu, F. Liu, F. H. Liu, Feng Liu, G. M. Liu, H. Liu, H. B. Liu, H. M. Liu, Huihui Liu, J. B. Liu, J. J. Liu, K. Liu, K. Y. Liu, Ke Liu, Kun Liu, L. Liu, L. C. Liu, Lu Liu, M. H. Liu, P. L. Liu, Q. Liu, S. B. Liu, T. Liu, W. M. Liu, W. T. Liu, X. Liu, X. K. Liu, X. L. Liu, X. P. Liu, X. T. Liu, X. Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. B. Liu, Yi Liu, Z. A. Liu, Z. D. Liu, Z. L. Liu, Z. Q. Liu, Z. X. Liu, Z. Y. Liu, X. C. Lou, H. J. Lu, J. G. Lu, X. L. Lu, Y. Lu, Y. H. Lu, Y. P. Lu, Z. H. Lu, C. L. Luo, J. R. Luo, J. S. Luo, M. X. Luo, T. Luo, X. L. Luo, Z. Y. Lv, X. R. Lyu, Y. F. Lyu, Y. H. Lyu, F. C. Ma, H. L. Ma, Heng Ma, J. L. Ma, L. L. Ma, L. R. Ma, Q. M. Ma, R. Q. Ma, R. Y. Ma, T. Ma, X. T. Ma, X. Y. Ma, F. E. Maas, I. MacKay, M. Maggiora, S. Maity, S. Malde, L. M. Mansur, Y. J. Mao, Z. P. Mao, S. Marcello, A. Marshall, F. M. Melendi, Y. H. Meng, Z. X. Meng, G. Mezzadri, H. Miao, T. J. Min, R. E. Mitchell, X. H. Mo, A. F. Mohammad, B. Moses, N. Yu. Muchnoi, J. Muskalla, Y. Nefedov, F. Nerling, H. Neuwirth, Z. Ning, S. Nisar, Q. L. Niu, W. D. Niu, Y. Niu, C. Normand, S. L. Olsen, Q. Ouyang, I. V. Ovtin, S. Pacetti, Y. Pan, C. Y. Pang, A. Pathak, Y. P. Pei, M. Pelizaeus, G. L. Peng, H. P. Peng, X. J. Peng, Y. Y. Peng, K. Peters, K. Petridis, J. L. Ping, R. G. Ping, S. Plura, V. Prasad, L. Pöpping, F. Z. Qi, H. R. Qi, S. Qian, W. B. Qian, C. F. Qiao, J. H. Qiao, J. J. Qin, J. L. Qin, L. Q. Qin, L. Y. Qin, P. B. Qin, X. P. Qin, X. S. Qin, Z. H. Qin, J. F. Qiu, Z. H. Qu, J. Rademacker, K. Ravindran, C. F. Redmer, A. Rivetti, M. Rolo, G. Rong, S. S. Rong, F. Rosini, Ch. Rosner, M. Q. Ruan, W. R. Ruangyoo, N. Salone, A. Sarantsev, Y. Schelhaas, M. Schernau, K. Schoenning, M. Scodeggio, W. Shan, X. Y. Shan, Z. J. Shang, J. F. Shangguan, L. G. Shao, M. Shao, C. P. Shen, H. F. Shen, W. H. Shen, X. Y. Shen, B. A. Shi, Ch. Y. Shi, H. Shi, J. L. Shi, J. Y. Shi, M. H. Shi, S. Shi, S. Y. Shi, X. Shi, H. L. Song, J. J. Song, M. H. Song, T. Z. Song, W. M. Song, Y. X. Song, Zirong Song, S. Sosio, S. Spataro, S. Stansilaus, F. Stieler, M. Stolte, S. S Su, G. B. Sun, G. X. Sun, H. Sun, H. K. Sun, J. F. Sun, K. Sun, L. Sun, R. Sun, S. S. Sun, T. Sun, W. Y. Sun, Y. C. Sun, Y. H. Sun, Y. J. Sun, Y. Z. Sun, Z. Q. Sun, Z. T. Sun, H. Tabaharizato, N. T. Tagsinsit, C. J. Tang, G. Y. Tang, J. Tang, J. J. Tang, L. F. Tang, Y. A. Tang, Z. H. Tang, L. Y. Tao, M. Tat, J. X. Teng, J. Y. Tian, W. H. Tian, Y. Tian, Z. F. Tian, K. Yu. Todyshev, I. Uman, E. van der Smagt, B. Wang, Bin Wang, Bo Wang, C. Wang, Chao Wang, Cong Wang, D. Y. Wang, F. K. Wang, H. J. Wang, H. R. Wang, J. Wang, J. H. Wang, J. J. Wang, J. P. Wang, K. Wang, L. L. Wang, L. W. Wang, M. Wang, Mi Wang, N. Y. Wang, P. Wang, S. Wang, Shun Wang, T. Wang, W. Wang, W. P. Wang, X. F. Wang, X. L. Wang, X. N. Wang, Xin Wang, Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. F. Wang, Y. H. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. L. Wang, Y. N. Wang, Yanning Wang, Yaqian Wang, Yi Wang, Yuan Wang, Z. Wang, Z. L. Wang, Z. Q. Wang, Z. Y. Wang, Zhi Wang, Ziyi Wang, D. Wei, D. H. Wei, D. J. Wei, H. R. Wei, F. Weidner, H. R. Wen, S. P. Wen, U. Wiedner, G. Wilkinson, J. F. Wu, L. H. Wu, L. J. Wu, Lianjie Wu, S. G. Wu, S. M. Wu, X. W. Wu, Z. Wu, H. L. Xia, L. Xia, B. H. Xiang, D. Xiao, G. Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, Y. L. Xiao, Z. J. Xiao, C. Xie, K. J. Xie, Y. Xie, Y. G. Xie, Y. H. Xie, Z. P. Xie, T. Y. Xing, D. B. Xiong, G. F. Xu, H. Y. Xu, Q. J. Xu, Q. N. Xu, T. D. Xu, X. P. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. C. Xu, Z. S. Xu, F. Yan, L. Yan, W. B. Yan, W. C. Yan, W. H. Yan, W. P. Yan, X. Q. Yan, Y. Y. Yan, H. J. Yang, H. L. Yang, H. X. Yang, J. H. Yang, L. Y. Yang, R. J. Yang, X. Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. G. Yang, Y. H. Yang, Y. M. Yang, Y. Q. Yang, Y. Z. Yang, Youhua Yang, Z. Y. Yang, W. J. Yao, Z. P. Yao, M. Ye, M. H. Ye, Z. J. Ye, K. Yi, Junhao Yin, Qiqin Yin, Z. Y. You, B. X. Yu, C. X. Yu, G. Yu, J. S. Yu, L. W. Yu, T. Yu, X. D. Yu, Y. C. Yu, Yongchao Yu, C. Z. Yuan, H. Yuan, J. Yuan, Jie Yuan, L. Yuan, M. K. Yuan, S. H. Yuan, Y. Yuan, C. X. Yue, Ying Yue, A. A. Zafar, F. R. Zeng, S. H. Zeng, X. Zeng, Y. J. Zeng, Yujie Zeng, Y. C. Zhai, Y. H. Zhan, B. L. Zhang, B. X. Zhang, D. H. Zhang, G. Y. Zhang, Gengyuan Zhang, H. Zhang, H. C. Zhang, H. H. Zhang, H. L. Zhang, H. Q. Zhang, H. R. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, Han Zhang, J. Zhang, J. J. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. Q. Zhang, J. S. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, J. X. Zhang, J. Y. Zhang, J. Z. Zhang, Jianyu Zhang, Jin Zhang, Jiyuan Zhang, L. M. Zhang, Lei Zhang, N. Zhang, P. Zhang, Q. Zhang, Q. Y. Zhang, Q. Z. Zhang, R. Y. Zhang, S. H. Zhang, S. N. Zhang, Shulei Zhang, X. M. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. T. Zhang, Y. H. Zhang, Y. P. Zhang, Yao Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yu Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. D. Zhang, Z. H. Zhang, Z. L. Zhang, Z. X. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, Zh. Zh. Zhang, Zhilong Zhang, Ziyang Zhang, Ziyu Zhang, G. Zhao, J.-P. Zhao, J. Y. Zhao, J. Z. Zhao, L. Zhao, Lei Zhao, M. G. Zhao, R. P. Zhao, S. J. Zhao, Y. B. Zhao, Y. L. Zhao, Y. P. Zhao, Y. X. Zhao, Z. G. Zhao, A. Zhemchugov, B. Zheng, B. M. Zheng, J. P. Zheng, W. J. Zheng, W. Q. Zheng, X. R. Zheng, Y. H. Zheng, B. Zhong, C. Zhong, X. Zhong, H. Zhou, J. Q. Zhou, S. Zhou, X. Zhou, X. K. Zhou, X. R. Zhou, X. Y. Zhou, Y. X. Zhou, Y. Z. Zhou, A. N. Zhu, J. Zhu, K. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, K. S. Zhu, L. X. Zhu, Lin Zhu, S. H. Zhu, T. J. Zhu, W. D. Zhu, W. J. Zhu, W. Z. Zhu, Y. C. Zhu, Z. A. Zhu, X. Y. Zhuang, M. Zhuge, J. H. Zou, J. Zu

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Electromagnetic form factors of singly charmed baryons $\Sigma_c$ and $\Lambda_c$ in a covariant quark-diquark model

Ye Cao, Cheng Chen, Dongyan Fu et al. (+1 more)

We present a systematic study of the spacelike electromagnetic form factors of the ground-state singly charmed baryons, $\Sigma_c$ ($\Sigma_c^{++},\Sigma_c^+,\Sigma_c^0$) and $\Lambda_c^+$, within a covariant quark-diquark model. Based on this framework, we obtain their magnetic moments as well as electric charge and magnetic moment radii. Such observables are important to understand the internal structure and the inner dynamics of these heavy baryon states. Our theoretical calculations are in qualitative agreement with available lattice QCD results of $\Sigma_c^{++}$ and $\Sigma_c^0$ baryons. We also discuss the mechanism behind the dependence of the numerical results on the charm quark and light diquark. A key finding is that the electric form factors of the singly charmed baryons fall off much more slowly with momentum transfer $Q^2$ than that of the proton, indicating a more compact electric charge distribution, which is attributed to the heavy charm quark acting as a localized core. More importantly, we observe a striking difference in the magnetic structure: while the magnetic form factors of $\Sigma_c$ are dominated by the light axial-vector diquark, those of $\Lambda_c^+$ are unexpectedly governed by the charm quark due to the vanishing contribution of the scalar diquark. This highlights the decisive role of the light-diquark spin configuration in determining the magnetic properties. Finally, using an empirical asymptotic relation connecting the spacelike and timelike regions, we predict the total cross section for $e^+e^-\to\Sigma_c\bar{\Sigma}_c$. Our findings can be tested at existing facilities including the BESIII, Belle II and LHCb, as well as the proposed Super Tau-Charm Facility.

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All authors Ye Cao, Cheng Chen, Dongyan Fu, Ju-Jun Xie

Optics

Non-Centrosymmetric $\gamma$-Phase GaS Nanobelts for On-Chip Nonlinear Photonic Applications

Yukihiro Endo, Masato Takiguchi, Yoshiaki Sekine et al. (+2 more)

Second-order nonlinear optical processes in van der Waals (vdW) semiconductors offer a compelling route toward compact, integrable photon-conversion platforms. Among III-VI vdW semiconductors, GaS is particularly attractive owing to its wide bandgap suppressing two-photon absorption under near-infrared laser excitation. However, bulk GaS typically crystallizes in the centrosymmetric $\beta$ phase, which eliminates second-order nonlinearity and severely limits its application in nonlinear photonics. Here, we demonstrate that GaS nanobelts synthesized via self-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid growth predominantly crystallize in non-centrosymmetric $\gamma$-phase stacking. This behavior originates from edge-selective growth kinetics at the Ga catalyst interface, which stabilizes the $\gamma$ phase and enables deterministic in-plane dipole moment alignment. The GaS nanobelts exhibit strong second-harmonic generation (SHG) with intensities comparable to those of GaSe, a widely used nonlinear optical material. Furthermore, we integrate the nanobelts onto SiN waveguides and demonstrate efficient on-chip SHG and sum-frequency generation. These results establish $\gamma$-GaS nanobelts as a transferable one-dimensional nonlinear materials well suited for on-chip photonic integration and indicate their strong potential for nonlinear optical applications.

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All authors Yukihiro Endo, Masato Takiguchi, Yoshiaki Sekine, Hisashi Sumikura, Yoshitaka Taniyasu

Pattern Formation and Solitons

Localized patterns and dispersive structures in two-dimensional Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattices

Su Yang and Wenrong Sun

In this paper, we study an analog of the scalar two-dimensional Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) lattice. In particular, a variety of dispersive wave structures and localized patterns are numerically identified in the numerical simulations of the FPU lattice, but, to the best of our knowledge, all of these particular wave structures do not admit analytical closed-form expressions. In order to resolve this issue, we perform a dimensional reduction and accordingly derive a modified KdV equation. Based on this reduction, we first take advantage of some of its exact localized solutions to model the associated wave patterns in the FPU lattice. In addition, we explore the two-dimensional generalization of the Riemann problems for the FPU lattice and the corresponding modified KdV reduction, whose evolution dynamics lead to the formation of multiple composite dispersive structures. Moreover, we propose and rigorously derive the KPII limit of the FPU lattice and investigate their associated wedge problems. Finally, all these relevant numerical dynamics are compared to examine the performance of these quasi-continuum long-wave asymptotic limits.

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Astrophysics of Galaxies

The effect of triaxial galaxy shapes on the dynamics of triple supermassive black holes in a cosmological context

Navonil Saha, Margarita Sobolenko, Peter Berczik et al. (+2 more)

The hierarchical nature of galaxy formation in the Lambda cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) cosmological framework model often leads to the presence of multiple supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the galactic nuclei. The timescale over which galaxies merge plays a crucial role in shaping the dynamical evolution and the merger dynamics of their central SMBHs. While binary SMBH evolution has been extensively studied, the long-term dynamics of triple SMBH systems, especially in realistic, nonspherical galactic potentials, still remain less understood. In this work, we investigated the role of triaxiality in shaping the dynamical evolution of three SMBH triple systems taken from the ROMULUS25 cosmological simulation embedded in triaxial stellar backgrounds to find common dynamical evolution patterns and estimate typical coalescence times using high-resolution gravitodynamical $\textit{N}$-body simulations. We explored a range of orbital configurations and host galaxy shapes with initial conditions from the ROMULUS25 data and tracked the orbital evolution from the galactic inspiral to the formation of hard binaries at sub-parsec separations and used the observed hardening rates to estimate the time of coalescence. In all cases, the two heaviest black holes form an efficiently hardening binary, which merges within the Hubble time, while the third black hole (BH) either forms a stable hierarchical triple system with the heavier binary or remains on a wide galactic orbit. Finally, we analyzed the triaxiality of the galactic remnant from our simulations and conclude that the initial triaxial shape of the galaxies does not significantly change the final dynamical outcome of the triple systems.

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All authors Navonil Saha, Margarita Sobolenko, Peter Berczik, Andreas Just, Fazeel Mahmood Khan

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.SP

Corner contributions to Neumann jump determinants: three model calculations and a BFK conjecture

Victor Kalvin

We formulate a local corner-factor conjecture for the determinant of the Neumann jump operator on a piecewise real-analytic cutting curve. For the mirror double of a simply connected geodesic polygon with interior angles $\pi\alpha_1,\ldots,\pi\alpha_N$, the conjectural determinant is \[ \Det_{\angle}'\cN = \frac{\length(\partial P)}2 \prod_{j=1}^N\alpha_j^{-1/2}. \] Here $\Det_{\angle}'$ denotes an intrinsic determinant, still to be constructed, that is required to satisfy a Burghelea–Friedlander–Kappeler gluing formula; only its quotient by $\length(\partial P)$ is purely angle-dependent. Three model calculations support the conjecture: a flat polygon and its double give $\frac12\prod_j\alpha_j^{-1/2}$; a spherical spindle split into congruent lunes gives $1/(2\alpha)$ for two angles $\pi\alpha$; and every spherical Coxeter triangle with angles $(\pi/p,\pi/q,\pi/r)$ gives $\frac12\sqrt{pqr}$, including $\sqrt2$ for the octant. The conjecture also reduces the Dirichlet determinant of a constant-curvature polygon to that of its closed double. Although the singular anomaly formula applies to the double in general, an explicit evaluation in nonzero curvature requires solving its uniformization problem. We discuss connections with the Neumann jump determinants in the work of Wiegmann–Zabrodin and Wang and with the recent Grunsky-operator approach to Coulomb gases on domains with corners.

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Instrumentation and Detectors

Leveraging Inexpensive Lab Tools for Hands-on RF Systems Course

B. Joel Gonzalez, Tom J. Zajdel and L. Richard Carley

As wireless technologies continue to develop and reshape our world, teaching students the fundamental building blocks of RF engineering is paramount. Relatively inexpensive lab equipment now makes teaching concepts such as the Internet-of-Things, beam steering, and MIMO accessible. A new course for students in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University aims to utilize affordable hardware to teach core concepts in RF systems design. This is accomplished through six laboratory exercises, culminating in a live demonstration of RF beam steering technology for students. The course can be run for less than $9,000 in one-time costs and is well-received by students as evidenced by survey data, with lab resources available in an open repository.

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Soft Condensed Matter

Growth and remodeling control shape memory in morphogenetic rods

Nicolas Romeo, David B. Brückner and Noah P. Mitchell

Mechanical instabilities provide a general design principle for shaping developing organs and engineering soft materials. However, in slender structures, simple elastic buckling tends to erase rather than preserve shape complexity: structures relax to the simplest possible shape, erasing finer detail. Living systems nonetheless build complex, reproducible morphologies from continually remodeling material, while remaining robust to noise arising across scales. Using analytical theory and numerical simulations of a minimal model of growing visco-elasto-plastic rods, we show that remodeling plays two opposing roles: At low plasticity, patterns coarsen through elastic relaxation, while high plasticity converts fluctuations into geometric disorder. This sets a trade-off between shape complexity and reproducibility with an optimal intermediate plasticity, which protects initial patterns. Growth breaks this trade-off by suppressing both failure modes, enabling complex shapes to be reproducibly generated. Our results identify remodeling and growth rates as two knobs governing whether an encoded pattern is remembered, degraded, or transformed.

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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Predicted Ejecta Dynamics and Observability of the 2026 Falcon 9 Upper Stage Lunar Impact

William Jo, David B. Goldstein, Philip L. Varghese et al. (+3 more)

On Aug. 5 at 06:34 UTC, a Falcon 9 upper stage (~3,900 kg) will strike the lunar surface at 2.43 km/s, yielding a potentially visible debris plume. We present a study of the expected impact dynamics and resulting possibly observable debris field. The debris plume should reach roughly 15 to 20 km in altitude for the ejecta curtain and 75 to 100 km for the central ejecta spike, extend 183 km laterally from the impact point near the sunlit limb, and yield a peak dust column density above 10 km altitude of 6.08*10^7 m^-2. Simulated I/F exceeds dark-sky background brightness by several orders of magnitude for the first few minutes after impact, reaching I/F = 1.27*10^-3 at the earliest resolved time (t = 5 s). Above 10 km, peak I/F reaches 1.33*10^-5, still several orders of magnitude brighter than the dark sky.

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All authors William Jo, David B. Goldstein, Philip L. Varghese, Laurence M. Trafton, Jordan K. Steckloff, Arnaud Mahieux

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Cross-listed from math.ST

Expected number density of critical points of smooth Gaussian random fields in arbitrary dimensions

Satoshi Kuriki, Takahiko Matsubara and Satoshi Iso

We obtain explicit formulas for the expected number and height distribution of critical points of smooth isotropic Gaussian random fields on $\mathbb{R}^d$. The expected number density formula is expressed in terms of at most one-dimensional integrals, regardless of the dimension $d$. To obtain the formulas, we provide a variant of de Bruijn's theorem, as well as Weierstrass' convolution formula with a Gaussian random variable and its inversion.

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Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Cross-listed from cs.ET

Autonomous Physical Computation: A Categorical Closure Criterion for Physical and Neuromorphic Reservoirs

Nima Dehghani

Physical reservoirs, neuromorphic devices, and wave-mediated systems often possess memory, feedback, and rich state-dependent dynamics, but these properties do not by themselves establish autonomous computation. Here we develop a closure criterion for autonomous physical computation, motivated by the wave–particle walker. We formulate the walker as a stroboscopic reservoir with state, where the wave field stores an exponentially decaying trace of previous droplet impacts and guides future motion through local slope coupling. This model separates physical writing, storage, reading, feedback, and externally triggered erasure. We then define computation as robust coarse-grained transition preservation: a physical map implements an abstract transition only when a coarse-graining satisfies compositionality, with abstract states realized by separated physical basins and transitions stable under noise. Autonomous physical computation requires a further closure condition: an internal physical readout state must select the next physical operation. This criterion classifies the wave–particle walker as a wave-memory machine with genuine Turing-like primitives, but not as a closed autonomous physical computer, because the erasing phase shift is externally imposed. The framework turns this distinction into a design principle: memory becomes autonomous computation when physical readout basins are coupled back to operation selection.

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Sunday 26 July

Mathematical Physics

Heterogeneous Anisotropic Kac Limits on Rectifiable Resolved Cut Spaces

Sai Peng

Ambient convergence does not determine a nonlocal energy on a cut body: a cut has zero volume, but a microscopic bond retains which labelled bank its path crosses. We give a direct measure-theoretic resolution of this information and prove the corresponding sharp-interface Gamma-limit. The cut may be a finite or countable family of Borel, countably rectifiable hypersurfaces with finite total surface mass, measurable approximate normals, and measurable binary bank data. No closedness, positive reach, finite atlas, curvature bound, angle condition, or regularity of the branch set is assumed. For heterogeneous Kac interactions generated by a uniformly spanning family of possibly noncommuting flows, the limit is the resolved anisotropic variation plus the outer boundary contact and one coefficient-one contact on each bank. The Gamma-functional contains no compulsory lower-dimensional term where a crack approaches the boundary; constant recovery creates no concentration there. The proof combines an exact spacetime area formula for flow crossings, a one-dimensional split-extension lower bound, and ordered-flow compactness. We also remove compact radial support. A finite first moment yields the same local Griffith functional; at the power-law threshold the limits separate into local, logarithmically renormalized local, and genuinely fractional regimes. Smooth slit and junction detectors are recovered as uniformly equivalent realizations of the direct crossing rule.

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General Physics

Noether's theorems for first and second order field theories in flat spacetimes

Mark Robert Baker

Technical derivations of the Noether identity (that is, showing and explaining all steps using methods of the calculus of variations), as well as of Noether's first and second theorems, are typically presented in explicit detail in the mathematics literature for scalar functions with first order derivatives in the action. This presentation has drawbacks for physicists wishing to learn these techniques to apply to physical field theories that have higher rank tensor fields (potentials) or higher orders of derivatives in the action. Motivated by this, and heavily influenced by the calculus of variations presentation of Gelfand and Fomin, we detail complete derivations of the Noether identity and Noether's theorems for first and second order field theories with tensor fields of arbitrary rank in flat (e.g., Minkowski) spacetimes, showing all steps explicitly. We then give some physical examples of how to apply the first and second theorems to field theories in physics, and detail the origin of conventional spacetime symmetries from the Killing and conformal Killing equations. We conclude by briefly reviewing the many areas of physics where the theorems have been discussed and applied.

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General Physics

$f(T,\mathcal{L}_m)$ Cosmology Embedded in a Viscous Barotropic Fluid

Suraj Kumar Behera, Raja Solanki and Pratik P. Ray

We examine the cosmological dynamics of a viscous fluid within the framework of $f(T,\mathcal{L}_m)$ gravity by using a barotropic equation of state for cosmic fluid. The modified Friedmann equations are used to construct an analytical Hubble model. Then $H(z)$, Pantheon+SH0ES, DESI DR II BAO, and Cosmic Microwave Background datasets are used in a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis to constrain its free parameters. Physically viable estimations of the Hubble constant and barotropic equation of state parameter are given by the obtained best-fit values. Based on the constrained parameters, we examine the redshift dependence of deceleration parameter, effective equation of state, dark energy equation of state, the effective pressure and viscous pressure quantities. While the deceleration parameter reveals how the universe evolved from an initially decelerating state to its present accelerating expansion, both equation of state parameters persist in the quintessence regime in the late epoch. Moreover, throughout the cosmic evolution, the viscous and effective pressures stay negative. The observational viability of the suggested viscous $f(T,\mathcal{L}_m)$ cosmological model is supported by the estimated Hubble constant, whose values agree well with the results from independent cosmological observations.

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Physics and Society

Role differentiation as ignition of a collective information engine: Structuration in Agent Populations

Maximilian Puelma Touzel

Informational active matter shows how measurement-informed decisions produce collective order, so far in systems that reach consensus. We design collective information engines structured by differentiation instead, and construct a minimal instance using anti-coordination games where differentiated role information has value. Within many coexisting games, agents infer their role from a noisy social signal grounded in a persistent identity, and role-following action feeds back into that signal, which shapes the incentive to follow roles. Resources accrued through coordinated role-play combine with identity variability to reinforce the schemas that generated them. The model thereby operationalizes Sewell's duality of schemas and resources in Structuration, a resolution to structure–agency debates across social science. The engine ignites when a social loop gain—the product of identity persistence, cognitive capacity, channel fidelity, and schema strength—exceeds one. For a repertoire of such schemas, roles emerge with increasing gain in a bifurcation cascade whose functional form is fixed by the repertoire's eigenvalue spectrum, ranging from monitorable logarithmic sequences to avalanches that arrive without warning. Resource accumulation supplies the fitness of a replicator dynamics on schema strengths, which selects the cascade type endogenously. Subcritical identity covariance reveals that type before onset, enabling early detection, while feedback channel parameters bias which type is selected. Platform design then becomes a control lever to throttle emergent coordination. This theory grounds distributional AGI takeoff in a mechanism and provides a monitor-based solution. Joining game theory, collective dynamics, and information engines, we open a route to an information thermodynamics of agent populations.

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Physics and Society · Cross-listed from cs.CY

Can AI-Assisted Inquiry Enhance Students' Decision-Making Skills in Socio-Scientific Issues? A Three-Group Experimental Study on Climate Change

Dimitrios Gousopoulos

Climate change is a socio-scientific issue: it rests on science but cannot be settled by science, because any serious response forces people to weigh costs, values, and competing interests under uncertainty. Helping students make such decisions well is a central aim of science education, and the arrival of generative artificial intelligence raises a sharp question: does a conversational AI partner deepen students' reasoning, or simply do the thinking for them? This study tested whether AI-assisted inquiry improves secondary students' decision-making about climate change. Using a pretest-posttest design with three groups (AI-assisted inquiry, inquiry without AI, and traditional instruction; 270 students, 90 per group), reasoning was assessed across seven decision-making steps, from defining the problem to monitoring with adaptive management, using a four-level analytic rubric scored through content analysis with high inter-coder agreement. All three groups began at comparable, mostly low levels and all improved, but the gains differed sharply. The AI-assisted group improved most, ahead of inquiry-only and of traditional instruction. Between-group effect sizes on gains were large for AI-assisted versus traditional instruction and moderate-to-large for AI-assisted versus inquiry-only, with the clearest advantages on stakeholder engagement, alternatives, implementation, and monitoring. Within the AI group, the number of times students checked the AI's claims against the sources predicted their gains, and no student was flagged for over-reliance. The findings suggest that AI helps most when it is designed to question rather than to answer, and that the inquiry it is embedded in carries much of the benefit.

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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Sharp Tangential NEC Minimization and Israel Surface Layers in Schwarzschild Mass Interpolations

Changsun Choi and Ryan E. Grady

We study static, spherically symmetric metrics in Schwarzschild gauge whose mass function increases smoothly from $M_1$ to $M_2>M_1$ across an annulus $[R_1,R_2]$ outside the larger Schwarzschild radius. An elementary obstruction shows that tangential NEC violation is unavoidable in this class. This reduces the physical question to a quantitative one: what is the least possible violation, and what geometry is selected by near-minimization? We first determine the exact $L^1$-relaxation of the resulting nonlocal weighted positive-variation functional and solve the relaxed problem explicitly. Its unique minimizer is a normalized box profile, which yields the infimum of violations: the relaxed minimum is attained, while the smooth infimum is not. An exact deficit decomposition yields sharp quantitative stability, with a square-root rate at a nondegenerate critical optimizer and a linear rate at a strict constrained boundary optimizer; the same rates control the mass function and metric coefficients. We identify a variational phase transition between these regimes and prove reciprocal-width divergence in the thin-annulus limit. Every smooth minimizing sequence converges to one locally Lipschitz metric with a constant-density $p=-\rho$ bulk and two timelike surface layers, its Einstein tensors converge distributionally, and the singular terms agree with the Israel surface stress tensors. The negative tangential null energy concentrates on the inner layer, whose integrated negative pressure equals the sharp variational cost.

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Quantum Physics · Cross-listed from eess.IV

Fast Trainable Multilinear Bases for Image Compression

Shiwen An, Zhongyi Ni, Huanhai Zhou et al. (+1 more)

The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), and their block-wise variants underpin most deployed image and video codecs. Their effectiveness rests on three properties: their runtime is near-linear (up to a polylogarithmic factor) in the image size, they are exactly invertible, and they carry few to no parameters. We generalize these transforms to dataset-adaptive isometric multilinear bases that keep all three properties at the cost of a polylogarithmic number of parameters, by parameterizing each basis as an isometric tensor network, inspired by quantum many-body theory, and training one shared basis per image dataset with Riemannian optimization. Because the family contains the DFT and the DCT-IV (a variant of the DCT) as exact points, training can start from these transforms, and it improves on its starting point at the compression level it is trained for. We evaluate the bases on natural photographs and line drawings. On photographs, which the cosine basis already fits well, the best trained basis leads the DCT only under aggressive truncation. On Quick Draw line drawings, under a common codec at matched quality, the best trained basis stores each image in about 20% fewer bytes than the 8x8 block cosine transform of the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) format, not counting the one-off storage of the basis.

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All authors Shiwen An, Zhongyi Ni, Huanhai Zhou, Jin-Guo Liu

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Observational Constraints on Emergent Fractional Fractal Cosmology

Raheleh Jalalzadeh, Hooman Moradpour and Shahram Jalalzadeh

We constrain the Emergent Fractional Fractal (EFF) cosmological model through a joint likelihood analysis of recent cosmological observations at the background and perturbation levels. In this framework, an effective fractal dimension $d$ is introduced to parameterize possible fractional deviations from the standard cosmological model. We consider three combinations of datasets: (i) late-time (LT) observations including PantheonPlus Type Ia supernovae, $H(z)$ measurements, and growth-rate measurements $f\sigma_8$; (ii) LT combined with DESI DR2 BAO and Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN); and (iii) LT combined with DESI DR2 BAO and CMB distance priors. With the inclusion of CMB distance priors, the fractal dimension is constrained to $d = 2.0004^{+0.0006}_{-0.0003}$ at the $1\sigma$ confidence level. Model comparison using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) shows that the EFF and $\Lambda$CDM models fit the observational data equally well, while the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) favors the simpler $\Lambda$CDM model because of its smaller parameter space. These results show that current cosmological observations place strong constraints on fractal extensions of the standard cosmological framework and possible deviations from the $\Lambda$CDM model.

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Nuclear Theory

Prompt Fission Neutron Spectra of 233U(n, F), 235U(n, F), 239Pu(n, F) and 240Pu(n,F)

V.M. Maslov

The prompt fission neutron spectra of fuel and fertile nuclei are of key importance for the safety/efficiency of nuclear reactors, deployed or next generation either. The newly measured prompt fission neutron spectra and revisited prompt fission neutron spectra data for 235U(n,f), 239Pu(n,f) and 240Pu(n,f) reactions strongly discard the actual prompt fission neutron spectra evaluated data provided in available evaluated neutron data libraries. The reasons for that are rather diverse. The newly measured prompt fission neutron spectra are of double time of flight type. Rather wide range of the incident neutron energies, for which the outgoing prompt fission neutrons are lumped, complicates a lot the prompt fission neutron spectra measured data fits via physical modelling, especially after the onset of the (n,xnf) reactions. In most cases the measured prompt fission neutron spectra at discrete incident neutron energies up to 20 MeV, as well as those measured with double time of flight technique were considered not correlated and their consistent analyses were almost never tried upon with rare exceptions.

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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Sum-Rule-Preserving Non-Factorized Transition-GPD Tomography of $N\to\Delta(1232)$ Multipole Structure

R. M. Marinaro III

A sum-rule-preserving transition-GPD reconstruction is developed for the $N\to\Delta(1232)$ electromagnetic transition. The analysis uses published CLAS $\Delta(1232)$ data, including the magnetic multipole amplitude and the electric and scalar/Coulomb quadrupole ratios, together with low-$Q^2$ ratio-sector constraints. Magnetic, electric, and scalar/Coulomb transition amplitudes are derived and fitted with a common library of dipole, modified-dipole, $z$-expansion, and low-$Q^2$ motivated candidate forms. The fitted transition form factors define the empirical momentum-transfer normalization for a family of transition GPDs constructed to preserve the measured form-factor sum rule. Factorized, correlated non-factorized, Regge-like, and double-distribution-inspired profiles are transformed into impact-parameter space to obtain transverse densities, localization radii, higher transverse-shape moments, and multipole-resolved radial kernels. The factorized baseline yields little genuine $x$-dependent transverse localization, while the non-factorized profiles generate distinct $x$-dependent spatial structures under the same empirical normalization. The magnetic channel provides the most stable tomography benchmark, whereas the electric and scalar/Coulomb sectors show stronger profile sensitivity. The results demonstrate that non-factorized transition-GPD tomography can extend the factorized amplitude-to-space approach while keeping the connection to measured $N\to\Delta(1232)$ transition form factors.

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Quantum Physics

Topology-dependent relativistic degradation of multipartite entanglement

Shu-Min Wu, Si-Han Shang, Xu Han et al. (+2 more)

The influence of relativistic motion on quantum entanglement is commonly attributed to acceleration-induced thermal noise. Here we show that, for asymmetric multipartite states, the topology of entanglement can become equally important. Considering a three-qubit Star state in the Unruh-DeWitt detector framework, we compare two inequivalent acceleration configurations in which either the central or a peripheral qubit undergoes uniform acceleration. We demonstrate that these physically equivalent accelerations lead to qualitatively different entanglement dynamics: acceleration of a peripheral qubit induces a revival of one-tangle that is absent when the central qubit accelerates, whereas genuine tripartite entanglement decays monotonically but with markedly different robustness. Our results uncover a topology-dependent mechanism for relativistic entanglement degradation, showing that the response of multipartite quantum correlations is determined jointly by Unruh thermalization and the structural role of the accelerated subsystem. This work identifies asymmetric quantum networks as a distinct platform for controlling relativistic quantum resources.

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All authors Shu-Min Wu, Si-Han Shang, Xu Han, Hui-Chen Yang, Qianqian Liu

Plasma Physics

Spacecraft heat shield study in the DIII-D tokamak

Dmitri M. Orlov, Evdokiya G. Kostadinova, Igor Bykov et al. (+33 more)

We report a new experimental platform developed at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility to investigate carbon ablation and spallation under extreme heat fluxes relevant to fusion plasma-facing components and high-enthalpy atmospheric entry. Carbon samples were exposed to parallel heat fluxes of $30$–$40~\mathrm{MW\,m^{-2}}$ in the scrape-off layer using two complementary approaches: stationary carbon rods inserted near the divertor strike point and slow-launch carbon pellets injected vertically into the edge and core plasma. Pellets penetrating the core experienced heat fluxes approximately an order of magnitude higher. The conditions reproduce key aspects of the shock-layer environment encountered by the Galileo probe during entry into Jupiter's atmosphere. Fast visible imaging, divertor spectroscopy, infrared thermography, CO$_2$ interferometry, and post-exposure profilometry provided measurements of ablation rates, surface recession, and temperature evolution. Measured mass-loss rates of $(1$–$3)\times10^{-2}~\mathrm{g\,cm^{-2}\,s^{-1}}$ agree with semi-empirical aerospace ablation models, while wedge-shaped rods exhibited greater ablation than cylindrical and concave samples. UEDGE-DUSTT simulations incorporating parallel plasma flows, ${\bf j}\times{\bf B}$ forces, and ablation-cloud shielding reproduce the measured pellet trajectories and ablation timescales. These results establish tokamak plasma as a high-heat-flux environment for validating carbon ablation models and studying material response and impurity dynamics in reactor-relevant divertor plasmas.

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All authors Dmitri M. Orlov, Evdokiya G. Kostadinova, Igor Bykov, Dmitri L. Rudakov, Roman Smirnov, Jayson Barr, Gabrielle Bladon, Alessandro Bortolon, Justin Burzachiello, Lane Carlsson, Colin Chrystal, Jason Escalera, Jessica Eskew, Graeson Griffin, Michael O. Hanson, Georg Herdrich, Jeffrey Herfindal, Al Hyatt, Truell Hyde, Charles Lasnier, Claudio Marini, Lorin Matthews, Adam McLean, Christopher A. Mehta, Renato Perillo, Jens Schmidt, Filipo Scotti, Zola Spence, Hadith Taheri, Michael van Zeeland, Caitlyn Villareal, Huiqian Wang, Robert Wilcox, Theresa Wilks, Nandini Yadav, Daniel Zubovic

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

On the orbital eccentricities of primordial black hole binaries inside and outside of dark matter halos

Muhsin Aljaf and Ilias Cholis

Primordial black hole (PBH) binaries in the stellar mass range may still contribute a fraction of the detectable compact object binaries by LIGO and future GW observatories. PBH binaries at formation typically have very high eccentricities. In this paper, we study the eccentricity of stellar mass range PBH binaries from all formation channels and account for all evolutionary pathways. We simulate large samples of PBH binaries, tracking their full orbital evolution up to their merger or to the present day. For those that merge, we compute their GW strain, detectability, and eccentricity distributions for LISA, DECIGO, ET, CE, and aLIGO. We find that PBH binaries that evolve in isolation completely circularize by the time their GWs enter any GW band except for LISA's, where residual eccentricities of order $O(10^{-2})$ can exist. Binaries that become part of dark matter halos can have multiple binary-single interactions with other PBHs, especially if they reside in the more dense environments among them and can have higher eccentricities even at their late inspiral phase, probed by the GW observatories. Considering the current limits on the abundance of stellar mass range PBHs, we predict that LISA and DECIGO together would be able to probe $O(10^2)$ such binaries with $e>0.01$. If these future GW observatories in space can exclude such eccentric binaries, then limits on the PBH abundance can be improved by an order of magnitude.

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Materials Science

Harnessing X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Data through Multimodal Mining of Battery Literature

Tanjin He, Aikaterini Vriza, Logan Ward et al. (+7 more)

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is central to understanding the local electronic and atomic structure of materials, yet most published spectra remain inaccessible to data-driven analysis because they are embedded in figures and described through fragmented textual context in the literature. Here, we use multimodal (image and text) literature mining to transform this dispersed knowledge into an AI-ready experimental data resource. We developed a scalable spectroscopy data digitization pipeline that identifies XAS figures in full-text articles, digitizes spectral curves, and links each spectrum to accompanying metadata on the measured edge and material. Applying this pipeline to the battery literature produced an open dataset of 13,740 XAS spectra, spanning 66 absorbing elements and diverse battery chemistries, with expert validation confirming accurate extraction of spectral and metadata information. By converting literature-embedded spectra into structured numerical data, this dataset provides a foundation for large-scale XAS analysis, cross-laboratory comparison, high-throughput characterization, and autonomous discovery of advanced materials.

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All authors Tanjin He, Aikaterini Vriza, Logan Ward, Xu Huang, Yiming Chen, Anubhav Jain, Gerbrand Ceder, Rajeev S. Assary, Ian T. Foster, Maria K. Y. Chan

Mathematical Physics

A phase transition for the hard sphere model on the hyperbolic plane

Lewis Bowen, Marcus Michelen and Will Perkins

The hard sphere model is a classical model from statistical physics in which particles are represented by equal-sized spheres. Longstanding predictions from the physics literature indicate that in $\mathbb{R}^2$ and $\mathbb{R}^3$ the system undergoes a phase transition, but it remains a major open problem to confirm this. We prove the existence of a phase transition for this model in the hyperbolic plane.

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Quantum Physics

Entanglement transitions and multifractality in monitored free-fermions with random long-range hopping

Bo Fan and Antonio M. García-García

We study the entanglement dynamics of a one-dimensional chain of monitored non-interacting complex fermions with random power-law hopping characterized by a decay exponent $\alpha$. For $\alpha \lesssim 1$, in stark contrast with the case of hopping to nearest neighbors, the scaling of the entanglement entropy (EE) of the steady state with system size $L$ is faster than logarithmic for any monitoring or disorder strength and it tends towards a linear (volume-law) scaling for sufficiently small $\alpha \lesssim 1/2$. For $\alpha > 3/2$, the EE is in the area-law phase, namely, no scaling with $L$, for any monitoring strength. For $1 < \alpha \lesssim 3/2$, we identify an $\alpha$-dependent measurement-induced phase transition (MIPT) at a critical value of the monitoring strength separating the mentioned area-law and sub-volume-law phases. At this critical point, the EE scales logarithmically with system size, and the density-density correlation function, closely related to the EE, exhibits multifractal features. These results highlight the importance of superdiffusive classical hopping in the entanglement dynamic of quantum many-body systems and also help differentiate its role with respect to conventional sources of entanglement such as genuine quantum non-locality.

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Optics

Dispersion models describing coupled systems in doped crystals. II. Infrared phonon excitations in GaAs single crystals and phonon-plasmon coupling in Zn-doped GaAs

Daniel Franta, Beata Hroncova, Mihai-George Muresan et al. (+1 more)

We present a temperature-dependent infrared study of intrinsic and Zn-doped GaAs within a generalized dispersion framework describing coupled phonon and free-carrier excitations. Reflectance, transmittance, and ellipsometric data measured from 300 to 440 K are fitted simultaneously using Gaussian-broadened distributions for single-phonon modes and triangle-delta-triangle representations for multiphonon absorption bands. The formalism provides a self-consistent description of lattice and carrier contributions to the dielectric response and reproduces the evolution of phonon-plasmon coupling with doping and temperature. In heavily doped samples, a pronounced Fano-type asymmetry of the TO-phonon resonance is observed and attributed to interference between phonon excitations and the Drude background of light and heavy holes. The resulting optical constants remain physically consistent across the far- and mid-infrared range and demonstrate the applicability of the framework to coupled bound and free excitations in doped semiconductors. The approach provides a quantitative tool for modeling infrared optical properties of GaAs and related photonic materials.

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All authors Daniel Franta, Beata Hroncova, Mihai-George Muresan, Stefan Zollner

Mathematical Physics

Localization of quantum systems at Liouville tori

Ood Shabtai

We consider a collection of pairwise commuting quantum observables in the setting of Berezin–Toeplitz quantization of a closed Kähler manifold and assume that the Arnold–Liouville theorem applies to their principal symbols. We use joint eigensections of these observables to define isometric embeddings of the quantum spaces into $L^2(\Lambda_{a_0})$, where $\Lambda_{a_0}$ is a fixed Liouville torus. These embeddings allow a broad class of quantum observables, including some defined by discontinuous functions, to be realized as sequences of operators on $L^2(\Lambda_{a_0})$ that converge strongly to multiplication operators. We discuss the spectral implications of this convergence and give applications to contractions of Lie algebra representations and to pairs of spectral projections of quantum observables.

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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

The Higgs boson decay $h \rightarrow bs$ in the NB-LSSM

Cai Guo, Xing-Xing Dong, Zhan Cao et al. (+3 more)

Within the framework of the next to minimum B-L supersymmetric model (NB-LSSM), we investigate the flavor transition process $\bar B\rightarrow X_s\gamma$. Building upon this foundation, we further discuss the Higgs decay process $h \to bs$ under the constraint from the $\bar B\rightarrow X_s\gamma$ process. Our study reveals that the branching ratio of $h \to bs$ can significantly deviate from the Standard Model (SM) expectation, depending on the values of the new parameters introduced in the model. This finding highlights the modulation of new physics parameters on the Higgs flavor-violating decay and provides important theoretical grounds for exploring new physics beyond the SM through flavor observables.

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All authors Cai Guo, Xing-Xing Dong, Zhan Cao, Song Gao, Shu-Min Zhao, Tai-Fu Feng