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Physics

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Friday 17 July

Fluid Dynamics

Vortex formation around islands in random waves

Alex J. Vernon, Junyi Ye, Wenzhe Liu et al. (+2 more)

Wave vortices are fundamental topological features of interference fields, occurring at nodal points where the wave amplitude vanishes. A distinct class of vortices can instead form around it islands or `holes' in two-dimensional wavefields, where the wave intensity remains finite and may even peak at the boundary. In particular, such vortices occur in M2 ocean tides around New Zealand, Madagascar, Iceland, and Svalbard, yet the conditions governing their appearance have remained elusive. Here we develop a statistical theory of vortices around islands in random two-dimensional wavefields, with and without the Coriolis effect, and test it experimentally. We determine the probabilities of vortices with different topological charges as functions of island size and Coriolis parameter. We find that island-bound vortices emerge with unexpectedly high probability, approaching 50% in non-rotating systems and nearly 100% in rotating systems. Moreover, for a broad range of parameters, the presence of a subwavelength island dramatically enhances vortex formation compared with homogeneous random wavefields. Our results explain the formation of tidal vortices around ocean islands of particular sizes (~0.1 of the characteristic wavelength) and establish a general mechanism for generating localized high-intensity vortices around defects in diverse wave systems, from water waves to nanophotonic structures.
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All authors Alex J. Vernon, Junyi Ye, Wenzhe Liu, Lei Shi, Konstantin Y. Bliokh

Instrumentation and Detectors

Operation and performance of ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon time projection chamber

DUNE Collaboration: S. Abbaslu, F. Abd Alrahman, A. Abed Abud et al. (+1362 more)

ProtoDUNE-DP was the largest ever built Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) operating in Dual-Phase (DP) mode, with a liquid target and charge read-out placed in the gas. It had an active volume of $6\times6\times6$\,m$^3$ corresponding to an active mass of 300\,t (total LAr mass of 720\,t), constructed at the CERN Neutrino Platform and took data from 2019 to 2020 with cosmic muons. In ProtoDUNE-DP the electric drift field is oriented in the vertical direction, causing the electrons to drift vertically towards the anode at the top. The ionization charge is then extracted into the gaseous argon above the liquid surface, amplified by Townsend avalanches, and collected by the charge readout planes. The detector experienced significant technical problems affecting the long-term operation of the Charge Readout Planes, formed by the Large Electron Multipliers, but other critical segments demonstrated required performance including the delivery of -300 kV to the TPC cathode, verification of replaceable charge read-out electronics, and operation of the photon detection system. ProtoDUNE-DP experience resulted in improved designs of the Vertical Drift LArTPC.
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All authors DUNE Collaboration: S. Abbaslu, F. Abd Alrahman, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, L. P. Accorsi, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, K. Adhikari, C. Adriano, K. Agudelo-Jaramillo, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, L. Aliaga Soplin, A. Alqaisi, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, R. Amarinei, P. Amedo, E. P. M. Amorim, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti, M. P. Andrews, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, F. Anjarazafy, S. Ansarifard, D. Antic, A. Antonakis, A. Aranda-Fernandez, T. Araya-Santander, L. Arellano, E. Arrieta Diaz, M. A. Arroyave, M. Artero Pons, J. Asaadi, M. Ascencio, A. Ashkenazi, L. Asquith, E. Atkin, D. Auguste, A. Aurisano, V. Aushev, D. Autiero, D. Ávila Gómez, M. B. Azam, F. Azfar, J. J. Back, Y. Bae, I. Bagaturia, L. Bagby, H. Bagdu, R. Bajou, S. Balasubramanian, A. Balboni, P. Baldi, W. Baldini, J. Baldonedo, B. Baller, B. Bambah, F. Barao, D. Barbu, G. Barenboim, P. Barham Alzás, G. J. Barker, W. Barkhouse, E. Barlas Yucel, G. Barr, W. Barrett, D. Barrow, J. L. Barrow, A. Basharina-Freshville, A. Bashyal, V. Basque, M. Bassani, D. Basu, L. Bathe-Peters, J. G. Batista Sigolo, J.B.R. Battat, F. Battisti, J. Bautista, F. Bay, J. L. L. Bazo Alba, J. F. Beacom, E. Bechetoille, A. Beever, B. Behera, E. Belchior, B. Bell, G. Bell, L. Bellantoni, G. Bellettini, V. Bellini, O. Beltramello, C. Benitez Montiel, D. Benjamin, K. Benslama, F. Bento Neves, J. Berger, S. Berkman, J. Bermudez, J. Bernal, P. Bernardini, A. Bersani, E. Bertholet, E. Bertolini, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, A. Betancur Rodríguez, Y. Bezawada, A. T. Bezerra, A. Bhat, V. Bhatnagar, M. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhattacharjee, M. Bhattacharya, S. Bhuller, B. Bhuyan, S. Biagi, J. Bian, K. Biery, B. Bilki, A. Binau, M. Bishai, A. Blake, A. Blanchet, F. D. Blaszczyk, G. C. Blazey, E. Blucher, A. Bodek, B. Bogart, J. Boissevain, T. Bolton, L. Bomben, M. Bonesini, C. Bonilla-Diaz, A. Booth, F. Boran, C. Borden, R. Borges Merlo, D. Borodulina, N. Bostan, G. Botogoske, B. Bottino, R. Bouet, J. Boza, B. Brahma, D. Brailsford, F. Bramati, A. Branca, A. Brandt, J. Bremer, S. J. Brice, S. Brickner, V. Brio, C. Brizzolari, C. Bromberg, J. Brooke, A. Bross, G. Brunetti, M. B. Brunetti, N. Buchanan, H. Budd, J. Buergi, A. Bundock, D. Burgardt, S. Butchart, G. Caceres V., R. Calabrese, J. Calcutt, L. Calivers, S. Calvez, E. Calvo, A. Caminata, A. F. Camino, W. Campanelli, A. Campani, A. Campos Benitez, N. Canci, J. Capó, I. Caracas, D. Caratelli, D. Carber, G. Carini, M. F. Carneiro, P. Carniti, I. Caro Terrazas, H. Carranza, N. Carrara, L. Carroll, A. Carter, J. Carvalho Roberto, E. Casarejos, D. Casazza, J. F. Castaño Forero, F. A. Castaño, C. Castromonte, E. Catano-Mur, C. Cattadori, F. Cavalier, F. Cavanna, S. Centro, G. Cerati, C. Cerna, A. Cervelli, A. Cervera Villanueva, J. Chakrani, M. Chalifour, A. Chappell, A. Chatterjee, B. Chauhan, C. Chavez Barajas, H. Chen, M. Chen, W. C. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, D. Cherdack, S. S. Chhibra, C. Chi, F. Chiapponi, R. Chirco, N. Chitirasreemadam, K. Cho, S. Choate, G. Choi, D. Chokheli, P. S. Chong, O. Chow, B. Chowdhury, D. Christian, E. Church, M. F. Cicala, M. Cicerchia, V. Cicero, R. Ciolini, P. Clarke, G. Cline, A. G. Cocco, J. A. B. Coelho, J. Collazo, J. Collot, H. Combs, J. M. Conrad, L. Conti, T. Contreras, M. Convery, K. Conway, S. Copello, P. Cova, C. Cox, L. Cremonesi, J. I. Crespo-Anadón, M. Crisler, E. Cristaldo, J. Crnkovic, G. Crone, R. Cross, T. Cruz, A. Cudd, C. Cuesta, Y. Cui, F. Curciarello, D. Cussans, O. Dalager, W. Dallaway, R. D'Amico, H. da Motta, Z. A. Dar, R. Darby, L. Da Silva Peres, Q. David, G. S. Davies, S. Davini, J. Dawson, R. De Aguiar, K. H. De Barros, P. Debbins, M. P. Decowski, A. de Gouvêa, P. C. De Holanda, P. De Jong, P. Del Amo Sanchez, G. De Lauretis, A. Delbart, M. Delgado, A. Dell'Acqua, G. Delle Monache, N. Delmonte, P. De Lurgio, G. De Matteis, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, A. P. A. De Mendonca, D. M. DeMuth, S. Dennis, C. Densham, P. Denton, G. W. Deptuch, V. De Romeri, J. P. Detje, J. Devine, K. Dhanmeher, R. Dharmapalan, M. Dias, A. Diaz, J. S. Díaz, F. Díaz, F. Di Capua, A. Di Domenico, S. Di Domizio, S. Di Falco, D. Di Ferdinando, L. Di Giulio, P. Ding, L. Di Noto, E. Diociaiuti, G. Di Sciascio, C. Distefano, R. Di Stefano, R. Diurba, M. Diwan, Z. Djurcic, S. Dolan, M. Dolce, M. J. Dolinski, D. Domenici, S. Dominguez, S. Donati, S. Doran, S. Dos Santos Moreira, D. Douglas, T.A. Doyle, F. Drielsma, D. J. Drobner, D. Duchesneau, K. Duffy, K. Dugas, P. Dunne, S. Durando, B. Dutta, D. A. Dwyer, A. S. Dyshkant, S. Dytman, M. Eads, A. Earle, S. Edayath, D. Edmunds, J. Eisch, S. Elias, J. Ellis, W. Emark, P. Englezos, A. Ereditato, D. T. Ergonul, T. Erjavec, C. O. Escobar, G. Eurin, J. J. Evans, E. Ewart, A. C. Ezeribe, K. Fahey, A. Falcone, C. Fang, M. Fani', F. Fanomezana, D. Faragher, C. Farnese, Y. Farzan, J. Felix, Y. Feng, M. Ferreira da Silva, E. Fialova, L. Fields, P. Filip, A. Filkins, F. Filthaut, G. Fiorillo, M. Fiorini, N. F. Fiuza De Barros, S. Fogarty, W. Foreman, B. Fossing, J. Fowler, J. Franc, K. Francis, D. Franco, J. Franklin, J. Freeman, J. Fried, A. Friedland, S. Fuess, I. K. Furic, K. Furman, A. P. Furmanski, R. Gaba, A. Gabrielli, A. M. Gago, F. Galizzi, H. Gallagher, M. Galli, N. Gallice, V. Galymov, E. Gamberini, T. Gamble, R. Gan, R. Gandhi, S. Ganguly, F. Gao, S. Gao, A. Garcia, D. Garcia-Gamez, M. Á. García-Peris, V. Garcia Pol, F. Gardim, S. Gardiner, P. Gauzzi, G. Ge, N. Geffroy, B. Gelli, S. Gent, A. Ghosh, A. Ghosh, T. Giammaria, D. Gibin, I. Gil-Botella, A. Gioiosa, S. Giovannella, A. K. Giri, V. Giusti, D. Gnani, O. Gogota, S. Gollapinni, K. Gollwitzer, R. A. Gomes, L. S. Gomez Fajardo, D. Gonzalez-Diaz, J. Gonzalez-Santome, M. C. Goodman, S. Goswami, C. Gotti, J. Goudeau, C. Grace, E. Gramellini, R. Gran, P. Granger, C. Grant, D. R. Gratieri, P. Green, S. Greenberg, W. C. Griffith, A. Gruber, K. Grzelak, L. Gu, W. Gu, V. Guarino, M. Guarise, R. Guenette, M. Guerzoni, D. Guffanti, A. Guglielmi, F. Y. Guo, A. Gupta, V. Gupta, G. Gurung, D. Gutierrez, P. Guzowski, M. M. Guzzo, S. Gwon, A. Habig, R. Hafeji, L. Hagaman, A. Hahn, J. Hakenmüller, A. Hambardzumyan, T. Hamernik, P. Hamilton, J. Hancock, M. Handley, F. Happacher, B. Harris, D. A. Harris, L. Harris, A. L. Hart, J. Hartnell, T. Hartnett, T. Hasegawa, C. M. Hasnip, K. Hassinin, R. Hatcher, S. Hawkins, J. Hays, M. He, A. Heavey, K. M. Heeger, A. Heindel, J. Heise, K. Heller, P. Hellmuth, L. Henderson, A. Hergenhan, J. Hernández, M. A. Hernandez Morquecho, K. Herner, V. Hewes, A. Higuera, K. Hildebrandt, A. Himmel, E. Hinkle, L.R. Hirsch, J. Ho, J. Hoefken Zink, A. Holin, C. Hong, S. Horiuchi, G. A. Horton-Smith, R. Hosokawa, T. Houdy, B. Howard, I. Hristova, M. S. Hronek, Y. Hua, J. Huang, R.G. Huang, X. Huang, Z. Hulcher, A. Hussain, G. Iles, N. Ilic, A. M. Iliescu, R. Illingworth, F. Imamoglu, G. Ingratta, A. Ioannisian, M. Ismerio Oliveira, C.M. Jackson, A. Jacobi, V. Jain, C. James, E. James, W. Jang, B. Jargowsky, D. Jena, I. Jentz, C. Jiang, J. Jiang, A. Jipa, J. H. Jo, F. R. Joaquim, A. M. Johnson, W. Johnson, C. Jollet, M. Joshi, N. Jovancevic, M. Judah, C. K. Jung, K. Y. Jung, T. Junk, Y. Jwa, M. Kabirnezhad, A. C. Kaboth, I. Kadenko, O. Kalikulov, D. Kalra, M. Kandemir, S. Kar, C. Karagianni, G. Karagiorgi, G. Karaman, A. Karcher, Y. Karyotakis, S. P. Kasetti, L. Kashur, A. Kauther, N. Kazaryan, L. Ke, E. Kearns, P.T. Keener, A. Kelly, K.J. Kelly, R. Keloth, O. Kemularia, J. Kerby, Y. Kermaidic, W. Ketchum, S. H. Kettell, N. Khan, A. Khvedelidze, D. Kim, J. Kim, M. J. Kim, S. Kim, B. King, M. King, M. Kirby, A. Kish, J. Klein, J. Kleykamp, T. Kobilarcik, L. Koch, K. Koehler, L. W. Koerner, D. H. Koh, K. Kong, M. Kordosky, V. A. Kostelecký, I. Kotler, M. Kramer, F. Krennrich, T. Kroupova, S. Kubota, M. Kubu, V. A. Kudryavtsev, G. Kufatty, A. Kumar, J. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kumar, S. Kumaran, J. Kunzmann, P. Kunzé, V. Kus, T. Kutter, J. Kvasnicka, T. Labree, M. Lachat, T. Lackey, I. Lalău, A. Lambert, B. J. Land, C. E. Lane, N. Lane, K. Lang, M. Langstaff, F. Lanni, S. Lanzi, J. Larkin, P. Lasorak, D. Last, G. Laurenti, E. Lavaut, W. Lavrijsen, H. Lay, I. Lazanu, R. LaZur, M. Lazzaroni, S. Leardini, J. Learned, G. Lehmann Miotto, R. Lehnert, M. Leitner, H. Lemoine, D. Leon Silverio, L. M. Lepin, J.D. Lewis, J.-Y Li, S. W. Li, Y. Li, R. C. R. Lima, R. Lima, C. S. Lin, D. Lindebaum, S. Linden, A. Lister, B. R. Littlejohn, J. Liu, Y. Liu, M. Lkhagvadorj, S. Lockwitz, I. Lomidze, J.Lopez, I. López de Rego, N. López-March, A. Lopez Moreno, J. M. LoSecco, A. Lozano Sanchez, X.-G. Lu, K.B. Luk, X. Luo, G. Lupi, E. Luppi, A. A. Machado, P. Machado, C. T. Macias, J. R. Macier, L. F. B. Magalhães Rodrigues, S. Magill, C. Magueur, K. Mahn, A. Maio, N. Majeed, K. Majumdar, A. Malige, S. Mameli, M. Man, R. C. Mandujano, J. Maneira, S. Manly, K. Manolopoulos, M. Manrique Plata, S. Manthey Corchado, L. Manzanillas-Velez, E. Mao, M. Marchan, A. Marchionni, D. Marfatia, C. Mariani, J. Maricic, R. Marie, F. Marinho, A. D. Marino, T. Markiewicz, F. Das Chagas Marques, M. Marshak, C. M. Marshall, J. Marshall, J. Martin, M. Martin, L. Martina, J. Martín-Albo, D.A. Martinez Caicedo, M. Martinez-Casales, F. Martínez López, S. Martynenko, V. Mascagna, A. Mastbaum, M. Masud, F. Matichard, J. Matthews, C. Mauger, N. Mauri, K. Mavrokoridis, I. Mawby, T. McAskill, N. McConkey, B. McConnell, K. S. McFarland, C. McGivern, C. McGrew, A. McNab, C. McNulty, J. Mead, L. Meazza, V. C. N. Meddage, A. Medhi, M. Mehmood, B. Mehta, P. Mehta, F. Mei, P. Melas, L. Mellet, T. C. D. Melo, O. Mena, D. P. Méndez, A. Menegolli, G. Meng, A. Mengarelli, A. C. E. A. Mercuri, A. Meregaglia, G. Merino, M. D. Messier, S. Metallo, W. Metcalf, M. Mewes, H. Meyer, T. Miao, J. Micallef, A. Miccoli, G. Michna, R. Milincic, F. Miller, G. Miller, W. Miller, A. Minotti, L. Miralles Verge, C. Mironov, S. Miscetti, P. Mishra, S. R. Mishra, D. Mladenov, I. Mocioiu, A. Mogan, P. S. Mohan, R. Mohanta, T. A. Mohayai, N. Mokhov, J. Molina, L. Molina Bueno, E. Montagna, A. Montanari, C. Montanari, D. Montanari, D. Montanino, L. M. Montaño Zetina, M. Mooney, A. F. Moor, M. Moore, Z. Moore, B. Moreira, D. Moreno, G. Moreno-Granados, O. Moreno-Palacios, L. Morescalchi, A. Morita, E. Motuk, C. A. Moura, W. Mu, L. Mualem, J. Mueller, M. Muether, A. Muir, Y. Mukhamejanov, A. Mukhamejanova, E. Muldoon, M. Mulhearn, D. Munford, L. J. Munteanu, H. Muramatsu, J. Muraz, M. Murphy, T. Murphy, A. Mytilinaki, J. Nachtman, Y. Nagai, S. Nagu, H. Nam, D. Naples, S. Narita, J. Nava, D. Navas-Nicolás, A. Navrer-Agasson, N. Nayak, M. Nebot-Guinot, A. Nehm, J. K. Nelson, O. Neogi, J. Nesbit, M. Nessi, D. Newbold, M. Newcomer, D. Newmark, L. Nguyen, R. Nichol, F. J. Nicolas-Arnaldos, A. Nielsen, A. Nikolica, J. Nikolov, E. Niner, X. Ning, K. Nishimura, A. Norman, N. Noroozi, A. Norrick, F. Noto, P. Novella, A. Nowak, J. A. Nowak, M. Oberling, J. P. Ochoa-Ricoux, S. Oh, S.B. Oh, L. Olaya-Quemba, A. Olivier, T. Olson, Y. Onel, A. Oranday, G. P. Orebi Gann, A. I. R. Orimogunje, M. Osbiston, J. E. Ossa Sanchez, L. O'Sullivan, L. Otiniano Ormachea, L. Pagani, O. Palamara, S. Palestini, J. M. Paley, M. Pallavicini, C. Palomares, B. Pan, S. Pan, M. Panareo, P. Panda, V. Pandey, W. Panduro Vazquez, E. Pantic, V. Paolone, A. Papadopoulou, R. Papaleo, D. Papoulias, S. Paramesvaran, J. Park, J. Park, Y. Park, S. Parke, S. Parsa, M. Parvu, D. Pasciuto, S. Pascoli, L. Pasqualini, G. Patel, J. L. Paton, C. Patrick, L. Patrizii, R. B. Patterson, T. Patzak, A. Paudel, L. Paulucci, Z. Pavlovic, G. Pawloski, D. Payne, A. Peake, V. Pec, E. Pedreschi, L. Pelegrina-Gutiérrez, W. Pellico, E. Pennacchio, A. Penzo, O. L. G. Peres, Y. F. Perez Gonzalez, L. Pérez-Molina, C. Pernas, J. Perry, D. Pershey, G. Pessina, G. Petrillo, C. Petta, R. Petti, M. Pfaff, V. Pia, G. M. Piacentino, L. Pickering, G. Piemonti, L. Pierini, F. Pietropaolo, M. Pimenta Sampaio, V.L.Pimentel, G. Pinaroli, S. Pincha, J. Pinchault, K. Pitts, P. Plesniak, K. Pletcher, K. Plows, C. Pollack, F. Polleri, T. Pollmann, F. Pompa, X. Pons, N. Poonthottathil, F. Poppi, J. Porter, L. G. Porto Paixao, M. Pozzato, R. Pradhan, L. Prais, T. Prakash, M. Prest, D. Pugnere, D. Pullia, X. Qian, J. Quelin-Lechevranton, J. L. Raaf, V. Radeka, J. Rademacker, F. Raffaelli, A. Rafique, U. Rahaman, A. Rahe, S. Rajagopalan, M. Rajaoalisoa, I. Rakhno, L. Rakotondravohitra, M. A. Ralaikoto, L. Ralte, L. Ralte, M. A. Ramirez Delgado, B. Ramson, A. Rappoldi, G. Raselli, T. Rath, P. Ratoff, R. Raut, R. Ray, H. Razafinime, R. F. Razakamiandra, E. M. Rea, J. S. Real, B. Rebel, R. Rechenmacher, M. Reggiani-Guzzo, J. Reichenbacher, S. D. Reitzner, E. Renner, S. Repetto, S. Rescia, F. Resnati, J. V. Restrepo Laverde, C. Reynolds, S. Riboldi, C. Riccio, G. Riccobene, J. S. Ricol, M. Rigan, A. Rikalo, A. Ritchie-Yates, D. Rivera, A. Rivetti, A. Robert, E. Robles, A. Roche, M. Roda, D. Rodas Rodríguez, M. J. O. Rodrigues, J. Rodriguez Rondon, S. Rosauro-Alcaraz, P. Rosier, D. Ross, M. Rossella, M. Ross-Lonergan, N. Roy, P. Roy, C. Royon, C. Rubbia, A. Ruggeri, G. Ruiz Ferreira, K. Rushiya, B. Russell, E. Sabater Andres, S. Sacerdoti, N. Saduyev, D. Sagar, S. Saha, S. K. Sahoo, N. Sahu, S. Sakhiyev, P. Sala, N. Sallin, G. Salmoria, S. Samanta, M. C. Sanchez, A. Sánchez-Castillo, P. Sanchez-Lucas, D. A. Sanders, S. Sanfilippo, G. Santoni, D. Santoro, N. Saoulidou, P. Sapienza, I. Sarcevic, I. Sarra, C. Sauer, L. Sauer, G. Savage, V. Savinov, A. Scanu, A. Scaramelli, T. Schefke, H. Schellman, S. Schifano, P. Schlabach, D.W. Schmitz, A. W. Schneider, K. Scholberg, A. Schroeder, A. Schukraft, B. Schuld, S. Schwartz, A. Segade, H. Segal, E. Segreto, A. Selyunin, D. Senadheera, C. R. Senise, J. Sensenig, S.H. Seo, D. Seppela, M. H. Shaevitz, P. Shanahan, P. Sharma, R. Kumar, S. Sharma Poudel, K. Shaw, T. Shaw, J. Shen, C. Shepherd-Themistocleous, J. Shi, W. Shi, S. Shin, S. Shivakoti, A. Shmakov, I. Shoemaker, D. Shooltz, R. Shrock, M. Siden, J. Silber, L. Simard, J. Sinclair, G. Sinev, Jaydip Singh, J. Singh, L. Singh, P. Singh, V. Singh, S. Singh Chauhan, R. Sipos, C. Sironneau, G. Sirri, K. Siyeon, K. Skarpaas, J. Smedley, J. Smith, R. S. Smith-Jones, J. Smolik, M. Smy, M. Snape, E. L. Snider, P. Snopok, M. Soares Nunes, H. Sobel, M. Soderberg, H. Sogarwal, C. J. Solano Salinas, S. Söldner-Rembold, N. Solomey, V. Solovov, W. E. Sondheim, T. Sonius, M. Sorbara, M. Sorel, J. Soto-Oton, A. Sousa, K. Soustruznik, D. Souza Correia, F. Spinella, J. Spitz, N. J. C. Spooner, D. Stalder, M. Stancari, L. Stanco, J. Steenis, R. Stein, H. M. Steiner, A. F. Steklain Lisbôa, J. Stewart, B. Stillwell, J. Stock, T. Stokes, T. Strauss, L. Strigari, A. Stuart, W. Su, A. Surdo, L. Suter, A. Sutton, R. Svoboda, S. K. Swain, C. Sweeney, B. Szczerbinska, A. M. Szelc, A. Sztuc, A. Taffara, N. Talukdar, J. Tamara, H. A. Tanaka, S. Tang, N. Taniuchi, A. M. Tapia Casanova, A. Tapper, S. Tariq, E. Tatar, R. Tayloe, A. M. Teklu, K. Tellez Giron Flores, J. Tena Vidal, P. Tennessen, M. Tenti, K. Terao, F. Terranova, S. Teruel, G. Testera, A. Thea, S. Thomas, A. Thompson, C. Thorpe, M. Timalsina, S. C. Timm, E. Tiras, V. Tishchenko, S. Tiwari, N. Todorović, L. Tomassetti, A. Tonazzo, D. Torbunov, D. Torres Muñoz, M. Torti, M. Tortola, Y. Torun, N. Tosi, D. Totani, M. Toups, C. Touramanis, V. Trabattoni, D. Tran, P. Trevarrow, J. Trevor, E. Triller, S. Trilov, D. Trotta, W. H. Trzaska, Y. Tsai, Y.-T. Tsai, Z. Tsamalaidze, K. V. Tsang, N. Tsverava, S. Z. Tu, S. Tufanli, C. Tunnell, S. Turnberg, J. Turner, M. Tuzi, M. Tzanov, J. Ureña González, J. Urheim, T. Usher, H. Utaegbulam, S. Uzunyan, M. R. Vagins, P. Vahle, G. A. Valdiviesso, E. Valencia, R. Valentim da Costa Lima, Z. Vallari, E. Vallazza, J. W. F. Valle, R. Van Berg, D. V. Forero, P. Van Gemmeren, A. Vannozzi, M. Van Nuland-Troost, F. Varanini, N. Vaughan, K. Vaziri, A. Vázquez-Ramos, J. Vega, J. Vences, S. Ventura, A. Verdugo, M. Verzocchi, J. Vesic, K. Vetter, M. Vicenzi, H. Vieira de Souza, C. Vignoli, C. Vilela, E. Villa, S. Viola, B. Viren, G. V. Stenico, R. Vizarreta, A. P. Vizcaya Hernandez, S. Vlachos, G. Vorobyev, Q. Vuong, A. V. Waldron, L. Walker, H. Wallace, M. Wallach, J. Walsh, T. Walton, L. Wan, B. Wang, J. Wang, L. Wang, M.H.L.S. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, D. Warner, L. Warsame, M.O. Wascko, D. Waters, A. Watson, K. Wawrowska, A. Weber, C. M. Weber, M. Weber, H. Wei, A. Weinstein, S. Westerdale, M. Wetstein, Q. Weyrich, K. Whalen, A.J. White, L. H. Whitehead, D. Whittington, F. Wieler, J. Wilhelmi, M. J. Wilking, A. Wilkinson, C. Wilkinson, R. J. Wilson, P. Winter, J. Wolcott, J. Wolfs, T. Wongjirad, A. Wood, K. Wood, E. Worcester, M. Worcester, K. Wresilo, M. Wright, M. Wrobel, S. Wu, Z. Wu, J. Wyenberg, B. M. Wynne, Y. Xiao, Z. Xie, D. Xing, B. Yaeggy, A. Yahaya, N. Yahlali, E. Yandel, G. Yang, J. Yang, T. Yang, A. Yankelevich, L. Yates, U. Yevarouskaya, K. Yonehara, T. Young, B. Yu, H. Yu, J. Yu, K. Yu, X. Yu, W. Yuan, R. Zaki, J. Zalesak, L. Zambelli, B. Zamorano, A. Zani, L. Zazueta, G. P. Zeller, J. Zennamo, J. Zettlemoyer, K. Zeug, C. Zhang, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, L. Zhao, M. Zhao, K. Zhu, E. D. Zimmerman, S. Zucchelli, A. Zummo, V. Zutshi, R. Zwaska

Quantum Physics · Cross-listed from cs.PL

Causality in Pure Quantum Computation with Quantum Control

Kengo Hirata and Takeshi Tsukada

Indefinite causal order is a characteristic phenomenon in quantum computation, with examples including the quantum SWITCH and the OCB process. Not all such processes are believed to be physically realizable: while some implementations of the quantum SWITCH have been proposed, the OCB process is suspected to be unrealizable. This difference in realizability is commonly attributed to constraints imposed by physical causality. This paper studies such a causality issue in a higher-order setting, proposing a typed lambda calculus with quantum control and its categorical semantics. Our calculus extends pure quantum computation with higher-order functions and quantum conditional branching, and it is equipped with a type system based on intuitionistic BV logic to enforce causality. We also present a novel model that is closely related to the Caus construction, by which we prove that some physically-unrealizable processes are not definable in our language.
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Optics

Sub-microsecond conformational dynamics in an optical nanocavity

Heehun Sung, Sam C Scholten, Pavlina Sasheva et al. (+2 more)

Microsecond conformational changes underlie many protein functions, but ensemble averaging has been needed to observe them without labels. Single-shot measurements on individual proteins have had insufficient speed, while protein Brownian-motion has obscured signals. Here, we report a fibre-integrated silicon-photonic sensor that overcomes these barriers, resolving protein dynamics at sub-microsecond speeds in continuous single-shot measurements that can extend over minutes. This is achieved by combining far-sub-wavelength optical field confinement with high optical field uniformity that suppresses protein Brownian-motion by a factor of sixty. In single-shot measurements on ferritin molecules, we observe tens of thousands of transitions consistent with conformational fluctuations of the ferritin shell, resolving them over timescales as short as 400 ns. The ability to continuously monitor transitions over long times reveals switching kinetics, memory effects and molecular heterogeneity hidden in ensemble averages. This opens a new path to improved mechanistic understanding of protein function.
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All authors Heehun Sung, Sam C Scholten, Pavlina Sasheva, Igor Marinkovic, Warwick P Bowen

Pattern Formation and Solitons

Amplitude-Defect Mediated Transition to Partial Incoherence – From Experiment to Theory

Nicolas Thomé, Yukiteru Murakami, Yannick Schöhs et al. (+1 more)

Phase-only models have contributed significantly to the understanding of synchronization; however, they do not account for dynamical scenarios where amplitude dynamics matter. This study identifies an amplitude-mediated transition from complete frequency coherence to partial incoherence, observed both in an electrochemical silicon-etching experiment and within a population of globally coupled heterogeneous Stuart-Landau oscillators. Strong coupling introduces a bimodal-amplitude distribution from which the transition to partial incoherence is triggered by successive secondary Hopf bifurcations in low-amplitude oscillators. When these modulations cause oscillators to experience amplitude defects, the winding number changes, converting the secondary frequency into a new, oscillator-specific mean frequency. This mechanism results in a partially incoherent state, in which one amplitude group maintains frequency locking while another develops a dispersed frequency branch. These findings demonstrate that amplitude defects offer a pathway to incoherence that phase-only models cannot capture.
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All authors Nicolas Thomé, Yukiteru Murakami, Yannick Schöhs, Katharina Krischer

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Extending dynamical mass measurements: probing GI as a possible origin of mm-dust spirals

V. Pezzotta, S. Facchini, A. F. Izquierdo et al. (+7 more)

Constraining the total mass of protoplanetary disks is crucial to determine the availability of material for planet formation. Yet, providing accurate and precise measurements of the disk mass is challenging. Investigating the gas dynamics is a powerful, tracer-independent method to precisely characterize disk masses. By fitting the velocity rotation curves of different molecular tracers with an accurate model including the disk thermal stratification and self-gravity, we constrain the stellar masses, disk masses, and scale radii for the disks around HD 97048 and WaOph 6. We obtain $M_\star=2.226 ^{+0.054}_{-0.049}\ M_\odot$, $M_\mathrm{d}=0.3 ^{+0.055}_{-0.061}\ M_\odot$ and $R_\mathrm{c}=172 ^{+24}_{-14}$ au for HD 97048, and $M_\star=0.956\ ^{+0.006}_{-0.006}\ M_\odot$, $M_\mathrm{d}=0.21 ^{+0.045}_{-0.038}\ M_\odot$ and $R_\mathrm{c}=647 ^{+193}_{-155}$ au for WaOph 6. We also measure the corresponding gas-to-dust and disk-to-star mass ratios. We efficiently extend the dynamical method to characterize embedded sources exhibiting features of absorption, for which a careful analysis is required to avoid biases in the retrieved velocity profiles. We prove the importance of including a beam smearing correction to the curves: if not, this observational effect can systematically bias the velocity profiles, altering the disk mass estimates up to $\sim45\%$. We provide comprehensive estimates of the systematic uncertainties on the best-fit parameters by bootstrapping over both the retrieved geometry and 2D thermal structure of the two disks: the overall uncertainty on the disk masses is $\sim20\%$. Finally, we investigate the connection between disk stability and the appearance of spiral morphologies in the mm continuum emission, by comparing the Toomre parameter of all dynamically weighed disks to date, showing that disks with mm-dust spirals have systematically lower values of Q.
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All authors V. Pezzotta, S. Facchini, A. F. Izquierdo, G. Lodato, C. Longarini, J. Bae, M. Galloway-Sprietsma, C. Pinte, C. J. Law, T. Paneque-Carreño

Plasma Physics

Relativistic Scaling and Magnetization-Current Feedback in Stern Gerlach-Modified Pair-Plasma Reconnection: SpinPIC2D Validation and Nonlinear Regimes

K. Nykyri

We investigate the relativistic scaling and electromagnetic feedback of Stern–Gerlach (SG) force driven spin transport in pair-plasma reconnection with SpinPIC2D. The model advances relativistic proper momentum and magnetic BMT spin precession, applies the SG force, deposits spin magnetization, and includes $\mathbf J_M=\nabla\times\mathbf M$ in Ampere's law. In a weak-seed scan at fixed $\gamma_{\rm tr}=2$, the normalized global magnetic flux-growth remains near the classical control-run for $\Xi\le0.1$, is $0.016$ at $\Xi=0.4$, and reaches approximately $0.12$ and $0.25$ at $\Xi=0.7$ and 1, respectively over $3\le t/\tau_{\rm sp}\le7$. Because $\partial/\partial y=0$ in the 2.5-D geometry, the direct $y$-directed SG term vanishes and the enhancement is indirect: sheet-normal SG sorting restructures branch-resolved electron and positron velocity distributions which results in changes in pressure moments and generates a layered magnetization current. Along a fixed-$\chi_{\rm sim}$ family, increasing $\gamma_{\rm tr}$ reduces $\Xi$ and suppresses branch sorting, whereas the matched-control flux-growth enhancement remains positive for $\gamma_{\rm tr}=2,3,5$. Retuning $\chi_{\rm sim}$ to hold $\Xi=1$ does not preserve nonlinear similarity: both the coupling and $J_{M,y}$ increase with $\gamma_{\rm tr}$, and the $\gamma_{\rm tr}=5$ case develops a multi-X-line state. Thus $\Xi$ orders the onset of SG-modified reconnection, while the nonlinear response also depends on the absolute spin coupling and magnetization-current amplitude.
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Soft Condensed Matter

Property-dependent material times

Aude Y. Amari, Lorenzo Costigliola and Jeppe C. Dyre

We analyze simulations of physical aging following large temperature up-jumps from equilibrated, slowly relaxing states. Specifically, we consider up-jumps from temperatures T=0.43 and T=0.37 to T=0.48 in a binary Lennard-Jones mixture. The Tool-Narayanaswamy (TN) concept of a universal material time was recently shown to become less effective in rationalizing the aging response for such large jumps [Amari et al., Phys. Rev. E 113, 045411 (2026)]. Here, we investigate whether the performance of the TN formalism can be improved by assigning a separate material time to each observable. We examine the potential-energy time-autocorrelation function, the self-intermediate scattering function, and the time-dependent mean-square displacement. As part of this study, we perform a detailed analysis of the extent to which the triangular relation, a necessary condition for the existence of a material time, is satisfied. We find that, for all three properties, the best data collapse is obtained when each property is parameterized by its own material time. The degree of improvement varies considerably among the observables, however; it is most pronounced for the mean-square displacement.
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Computational Physics

Atomic Design Transformer: Scaffold-Conditioned 3D Molecule Generation with xTB-Verified Reinforcement Learning

Takao Kotani

We present an autoregressive 3D-molecule generator with SE(3)-invariant tokenization, the Atomic Design Transformer (ADT). ADT places atoms one at a time, autoregressively. SE(3) invariance is achieved by tokenization: each new atom's position is encoded in the local coordinate frame of a previously placed atom. The backbone is a plain causal transformer. The token stream fully specifies a 3D structure together with its chemical-bond graph G, without any bond-order assignment. The model emits heavy-atom skeletons; hydrogens are added by separate learned models before the xTB relaxation. To score generated molecules we introduce the xTB topology-preservation rate (XTP): the fraction of molecules for which an xTB GFN2 relaxation preserves G specified by the token stream. For XTP-accepted molecules we also report the relaxation energy and the root mean square of the atomic displacement (RMSD). We evaluate two ADT models. The first is ADT pretrained on the GEOM-Drugs $\le\!30$-heavy-atom dataset; we benchmark scaffold-conditioned 3D generation across seven drug-like scaffolds from the model. It reaches an XTP of ${\sim}55\%$ and a valid-molecule yield $N^{\mathrm{gen}}/N$ of ${\sim}53\%$, where $N^{\mathrm{gen}}/N$ is the fraction of samples that are distinct, topology-preserving, and RDKit-readable. The second model continues from the first by reinforcement learning against the verifiable xTB reward (RLVR), using no external molecules. RLVR raises XTP to ${\sim}98\%$ and $N^{\mathrm{gen}}/N$ to ${\sim}95\%$, while approximately preserving the GEOM-Drugs size and composition distributions. Finally, we present an Inverse-Kinematics Transformer that recovers XTP for large molecules, where discretization error accumulates. ADT thus enables direct 3D generation.
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2607.15918 · 17 Jul · 8 pages. Code and data: github.com/tkotani/ADT (v2.1), doi:10.5281/zenodo.20635985; one instruction to an AI coding agent regenerates the benzene row of Table 2 from the released checkpoint (~1 h on one GPU). v2: new title; RLVR model released as rlvr_E240direct.pt; scaffold frame caches corrected; all generation numbers re-tabulated with one public script; text revised

Abstract PDF $TRFM ×4$TOKN ×2$TOPO ×2$BNCH ×1 +1

Quantum Physics

Optimization of multistate STIRAP by pulse shaping

Julian K. Dimitrov and Nikolay V. Vitanov

We propose a pulse-shaping method for improving population transfer in multistate stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) with nearest-neighbour couplings only. The method extends the quasiparallel-eigenenergy approach, previously used for two- and three-state systems, to multistate chains without introducing additional shortcut fields. The pump and Stokes fields are shaped so that the eigenenergies closest to the dark state remain nearly parallel to it during the central part of the interaction, where nonadiabatic transitions are most likely to occur. We derive analytic prescriptions for the required pulse shapes and apply them to five-, seven-, and nine-state chains formed by magnetic sublevels of degenerate manifolds with angular momenta $J_g\rightarrow J_e=J_g$ and $J_g\rightarrow J_e=J_g-1$ driven by a pair of right- and left-circularly polarized pulses. Numerical simulations show that the optimized pulses can reduce the population transfer error by several orders of magnitude compared to standard Gaussian pulses. The same shapes also improve robustness against variations of the peak Rabi frequency, the single-photon detuning, and the multiphoton detuning. The comparison between the two angular-momentum families shows that the $J_g\rightarrow J_g$ chains are generally more favourable, because their Clebsch-Gordan coefficients keep the relevant bright-state gap larger in the region where the dark state changes most rapidly. Finally, simulations with spontaneous emission show that the optimized resonant pulses remain advantageous in the lossy regime as well.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Accelerating electrically charged ModMax black hole solutions in $F(R)$ gravity

B. Eslam Panah, N. Heidari and A. Rincón

Using the $C-$metric in the context of $F(R)$ gravity coupled with the ModMax nonlinear electromagnetic field (the $F(R)-$ModMax theory), we derive an exact black hole solution in a four-dimensional spacetime. We then examine how various parameters influence the behavior of accelerating ModMax black holes. Treating this black hole as a thermodynamic system, we calculate the Hawking temperature and entropy for the accelerating ModMax black holes within the framework of $F(R)$ gravity. Subsequently, we explore the impact of the parameters in $F(R)-$ModMax theory on the Hawking temperature and entropy. We also assess local stability by analyzing the heat capacity. Additionally, we investigate both the angular shadow and the shadow radius of an accelerating black hole in the context of $F(R)-$ModMax gravity.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

GW Microlensing: Degeneracy with Unlensed Precessing and Non-Spinning Gravitational-Wave Signals

Disha Hegde and Anupreeta More

With nearly 400 Gravitational Wave (GW) events detected by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network and many more expected, similarities between signals produced by different astrophysical effects can complicate template-based searches and parameter estimation. In particular, GW modulations from spin precession can resemble the beating pattern induced by microlensing from compact objects with masses of $10$-$10^5,M_\odot$. We investigate this degeneracy and assess whether machine learning can distinguish between these effects. We generate 20,000 simulated GW signals for each class with a network optimal signal-to-noise ratio above 20 and train a convolutional neural network on time-frequency (Q-transform) spectrograms. The classifier achieves up to 95% accuracy in Gaussian noise and 82% in real detector noise. We also study classification between microlensed (ML) and unlensed non-spinning (UN) signals, as well as between unlensed non-spinning (UN) and unlensed precessing (UP) signals. While distinguishing UN from UP remains difficult even in Gaussian noise, ML vs. UN classification reaches up to 80% accuracy in real noise. We identify the regions of parameter space where the classifier performs best and evaluate the ML-UN network on real GW events, finding that the model trained on Gaussian noise generalizes better than the one trained on real noise. This work presents the first low-latency machine-learning pipeline for distinguishing microlensed from unlensed non-spinning GW signals.
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Statistical Mechanics

Zigzag ordering, defects, and anomalous relaxation in antiferromagnetic Kuramoto lattices

Priyanka D. Bhoyar and Prashant M. Gade

We investigate the nonequilibrium ordering dynamics of coupled Kuramoto oscillators with negative nearest-neighbor coupling, which induces a zigzag antiferromagnetic ordering. In one dimension, the defect density exhibits anomalously slow coarsening, decaying as $(D(t)\sim t^{-1/4})$ before saturating at a system-size-dependent time $(t_c(N)\sim N^z)$ with (z=2). The local persistence probability follows a stretched-exponential form, $(P(t)\sim \exp(-c t^\alpha))$, with $(\alpha=1/4)$. These exponents are observed are independent of the magnitude of the coupling, which merely rescales the characteristic time scale. The equality $(\alpha=\delta=1/4)$ together with (z=2) is consistent with a distinct universality class. These results demonstrate that deterministic nonlinear dynamics and geometric frustration alone are sufficient to generate slow relaxation and anomalous scaling, without quenched disorder or stochastic noise. A continuum approximation and the corresponding coarse-grained partial differential equation provide a theoretical explanation for the observed anomalous exponents, while linear stability analysis accounts for the emergence of the zigzag ordered state. In two dimensions, geometric frustration inhibits complete ordering and gives rise to long-lived metastable domain-wall structures. An initial transient defect decay is observed before crossover and saturation. These results demonstrate how frustration and continuous phase variables can fundamentally modify coarsening dynamics and generate anomalously slow relaxation in deterministic many-body systems.
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Instrumentation and Detectors

Precision positioning in free-space optical communication systems via PID control tuned by RL

K. Prikhodko, S. Kuznetsov, S. Vorobey et al. (+3 more)

Accurate positioning of optical components is essential for maintaining beam alignment in free-space optical (FSO) communication systems. This work investigates reinforcement-learning-assisted tuning of cascaded position and velocity PID controllers for an optical deflector that moves the end of an optical fiber in the focal plane of an optical system. A Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) agent adjusts six PID coefficients through interaction with a physical experimental stand. The stand supports target-coordinate updates of up to $12$ kHz, while the agent and the controlled device are located approximately $200$ km apart and exchange data over UDP. After $5000$ training sessions, two fixed coefficient sets are selected and compared with a manually tuned baseline. For a pseudo-random target trajectory, the best RL-tuned set reduces the range of the radial positioning error from $119$ to $82$, corresponding to a $31\%$ reduction, and decreases its standard deviation from $15$ to $12$. For a constant zero target, the RL-tuned sets do not improve the radial error range. The results demonstrate the potential of DDPG for experimental PID tuning in dynamic positioning tasks and indicate the need for multi-regime optimization to achieve consistent performance under different operating conditions.
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All authors K. Prikhodko, S. Kuznetsov, S. Vorobey, A. Katanskiy, V. Balakirev, A. Reutov

Quantum Physics

Reconstruction of the noise correlation spectral density from the cavity emission in a two-qubit system

Nadine Lenke and Guido Burkard

A significant challenge in the field of large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation is the influence of noise. In addition to the influence of noise on individual qubits, the smaller additional effect of noise correlations is also of high significance because correlated errors pose a challenge for quantum error correction. We describe the dynamics of two cavity-coupled qubits that are subject to correlated noise, assuming that the qubits are affected by longitudinal noise and not coupled directly. We find that the cavity emission enables the characterization of the noise correlations and describe the cases of white noise, quasi-static noise, and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck noise. For a known frequency spectrum, the reconstruction of the noise correlation spectral density from the cavity emission is possible by averaging over many different noise realizations. We demonstrate that, in the case of white noise, the noise correlation effects scale with the fifth order of the cavity-qubit coupling constant and are thus strongly suppressed compared with the case of quasi-static noise, where they scale with the third order. Furthermore, we present a method for extracting the noise correlation spectral density from the cavity emission in the case where the underlying noise type remains unidentified. This can be achieved by applying the convolution theorem.
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Quantum Physics

Alleviating the Sparse Matrix Scaling Bottleneck in Adaptive VQE via Greedy Operator Commutativity Partitioning and High-Order Taylor State Evolution

Hermawan Kresno Dipojono

The Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) and its adaptive variants, such as ADAPT-VQE, are central to the study of strongly correlated quantum systems. However, the classical simulation of the ansatz growth process remains constrained by the exponential scaling of operator space and the associated computational cost of unitary evolution. We introduce the Greedy Operator Commutativity Partitioning (GOCP) framework, an analytical methodology designed to optimize both operator selection and state evolution. By reformulating complex unitary rotations as a chained sequence of fifth-order O(5) Taylor series expansions, GOCP bypasses the need for explicit matrix exponentiation, reducing the computational task to a sequence of sparse matrix-vector operations. We evaluate the performance of this framework across diverse molecular systems, including BeH2 and strongly correlated H2O geometries, utilizing both Jordan-Wigner and Bravyi-Kitaev mappings. Our results demonstrate that the GOCP framework maintains exceptional numerical fidelity-exceeding 1 - 10^-6 in state fidelity-while achieving sub-chemical accuracy in ground-state energy calculations. By enabling the simulation of operator manifolds exceeding 2.68 x 10^8 elements with high efficiency, this approach provides a scalable and rigorous pathway for exploring deep variational circuits in complex quantum many-body systems.
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Statistical Mechanics

Ultrametric organization of energy landscapes on random Erdős–Rényi graphs: topological origin of barrier hierarchy

A.P. Zubarev

In the present work, we investigate the hypothesis of the ultrametric organization of abstract energy landscapes defined on random Erdős–Rényi graphs. Within the proposed model, each vertex of the graph is assigned a random free energy uniformly distributed on a given interval, and the kinetics of the system is described by a Markov process with a Kramers transition rate matrix. Based on the spectral decomposition of this matrix, a kinetic metric between basins of attraction is constructed. Computational experiments for graphs with $V=5000$ vertices and $E=5000$ edges (average degree $\langle k\rangle=2.0$) demonstrate that this metric reveals a high degree of nontrivial ultrametricity, which monotonically increases from $\approx42\%$ at an energy interval width of $\Delta F=10$ kJ/mol to $\approx96\%$ at $\Delta F=1000$ kJ/mol. For a rigorous mathematical justification of this phenomenon, a limit theorem is formulated and proved, establishing that as the width of this interval tends to infinity, the logarithmic asymptotics of the proposed metric converges pointwise to the classical single-linkage ultrametric. The analysis of computational experiments shows that for finite values of the interval width, suboptimal paths and thermal fluctuations introduce corrections that violate the strong triangle inequality; however, in the regime of large energy fluctuations, their contribution is exponentially suppressed, and consequently the metric asymptotically acquires ultrametric properties. The obtained results indicate that the ultrametric organization of energy landscapes represents a universal asymptotic property of networks of arbitrary topology with a strongly rugged relief, which for sparse, locally tree-like graphs manifests itself already at moderate energy spreads.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

On dark sector scalar field theories driven by cosmological $c$-fields

Alex E. Bernardini and Orfeu Bertolami

The interplay of Hoyle-Narlikar (HN) creation field cosmology and scalar field models for the dark sector, including the generalized Chaplygin Gas (GCG), is investigated . Though originating from distinct theoretical frameworks, both the inclusion and the non-inclusion of the creation field degree of freedom (DoF) involve a scalar DoF, which addresses some of the limitations of the standard $\Lambda$CDM model. Using a Lagrangian scalar field formulation and the first-order Hamiltonian reconstruction method, the HN $c$-field dynamics is shown to be encompassed by the GCG equation of state through an equivalent modified scalar field theory. Late-time acceleration and stability of linear perturbations are derived within this unified description. Our results suggest that creation field cosmologies may be embedded in a broader class of scalar field models which encompasses subtle modifications to the Hubble expansion rate and related physical observables.
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Instrumentation and Detectors

Nuclotron internal target polarimeter for the measurements of the deuteron and proton beam polarization

I.S.Volkov, V.P.Ladygin, A.V.Averyanov et al. (+16 more)

Studies of spin-dependent effects at the Nuclotron/NICA accelerator complex at JINR require precise measurements of the deuteron and proton beam polarization. The vector polarization of the deuteron beam was measured at the energies of 200, 500, 550, and 650 MeV/nucleon by a detection system of scintillation counters placed at the Nuclotron internal target. Considering the deuteron beam as a beam of weakly bound protons and neutrons, the asymmetries of scattering of protons from deuterons on polyethylene and carbon targets were determined. The polarization of the polarized proton beam accelerated for the first time at the Nuclotron up to 500 MeV was also measured.
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All authors I.S.Volkov, V.P.Ladygin, A.V.Averyanov, E.V.Chernykh, D.Enache, Yu.V.Gurchin, A.Yu.Isupov, M.Janek, J.-T.Karachuk, D.O.Krivenkov, P.K.Kurilkin, A.N.Livanov, S.M.Piyadin, S.G.Reznikov, Ya.T.Skhomenko, A.A.Terekhin, A.V.Tishevsky, T.Uesaka, I.E.Vnukov

Astrophysics of Galaxies

The S-PLUS Fifth Data-Release: Over 4500 square degrees of the Southern Sky and a multicolor view of the Hydra and Antlia galaxy clusters

Erik Vinicius Rodrigues de Lima, Gustavo Bernhard Oliveira Schwarz, Fábio Rafael Herpich et al. (+55 more)

We present the 5th data release (DR5) of the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey (S-PLUS), covering 4592 square degrees across 2491 fields. Observations were conducted with the T80-South, a Brazilian robotic telescope equipped with the Javalambre 12-filter system, containing five broad- and seven narrowband filters. Data products feature FITS images and extensive catalogs containing fluxes, magnitudes, and shape parameters for over 113 million detections. In addition, several value-added catalogs are provided, offering photometric redshifts (photo-zs), object classifications, masks, and extinction coefficients. For the first time, this release includes coverage of 110 square degrees along the Galactic disk, facilitating new research into Galactic structure and stellar populations. The release also provides full coverage of the Hydra Supercluster and numerous other nearby clusters with improved data reduction and calibration, enhancing photo-z accuracy, which is vital for large-scale structure studies. A preliminary analysis of the Hydra and Antlia galaxy clusters up to $5 \times R_{200}$ yields an updated catalog of 1706 cluster members based on both spectroscopic and high-quality photo-zs. Our photometric data shows that both clusters have a similar proportion of galaxies with an H$\alpha$ excess relative to their clustercentric distance, though Hydra has a higher fraction near its center. Additionally, the spatial distribution of all objects in our sample highlights a bridge connecting both clusters. We verify that S-PLUS DR5 provides a solid foundation for future scientific investigations, ranging from Solar System studies to Cosmology.
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All authors Erik Vinicius Rodrigues de Lima, Gustavo Bernhard Oliveira Schwarz, Fábio Rafael Herpich, Felipe Almeida-Fernandes, Lilianne Nakazono, Eduardo Alberto Duarte Lacerda, André Santos, André Luiz Figueiredo, Luis Angel Gutiérrez-Soto, Marília Jobim Sartori, Marcos Antonio Fonseca-Faria, Maiara Sampaio Carvalho, Bárbara Cubillos Palma, Elismar Lösch, Gissel Pardo Montaguth, José Yuri Santos Silva, Liana Li, Marina Izabela, Natanael Magalhães Cardoso, Thais Santos-Silva, Paulo Afrânio Augusto Lopes, Pedro K. Humire, Roberta Vassallo Bordoni, Amanda Reis Lopes, Analía Viviana Smith Castelli, Ângela Cristina Krabbe, Augusto Damineli, Carlos Eduardo Ferreira Lopes, Ciria Lima-Dias, Clécio Roque de Bom, Daniela E. Olave-Rojas, Debasish Hazarika, Eduardo Telles, Erick Ghuron, Guilherme Limberg, Hélio Dotto Perottoni, Júlia Thainá-Batista, Laerte Sodré Jr., Lia Doubrawa, Marcelo Borges Fernandes, Murillo Marinello, Swayamtrupta Panda, Pierre Augusto Ré, Raimundo Lopes de Oliveira, Raquel Ruiz Valença, Ricardo Demarco, Roberto Cid-Fernandes, Rodrigo Facundo Haack, Sergio Torres-Flores, Stavros Akras, Timothy C. Beers, Vinicius M. Placco, Vitor Cernic, Victor Hugo Sasse, Antonio Kanaan, Tiago Ribeiro, William Schoennell, Cláudia Lúcia Mendes de Oliveira

Nuclear Theory

Spin and orbital scissors modes in $^{166}$Er

E.B. Balbutsev and I.V. Molodtsova

Recently, low-energy dipole excitations in $^{166}$Er were investigated via nuclear resonance fluorescence [T. Shizuma et al, Phys. Rev. C 113, 044325 (2026)]. The magnetic dipole strength associated with the nuclear scissors mode was extracted for excitation energies between 2.2 and 3.5 MeV. It was found that the $M1$ strength distribution is separated into two groups. We interpret this splitting as caused by the spin degrees of freedom instead of the nucleus nonaxiality suggested by authors.
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Quantum Physics

The statistical disturbance bound of quantum measurements

Ties-A. Ohst, Sebastian Schlösser and Roope Uola

Quantifying the disturbance caused by a quantum measurement typically requires detailed knowledge of the underlying measurement channel. In this work, we introduce a statistical disturbance bound, which connects the statistical properties of a quantum measurement to the state disturbance induced by any compatible measurement channel. Specifically, we show that the average fidelity between input and output with respect to an arbitrary ensemble of pure input states is fundamentally bounded in terms of the measurement, described as a positive operator-valued measure (POVM). We further develop the weighted state exclusion technique, which enables an experimental determination of the statistical disturbance bound without requiring explicit knowledge of the measurement effects. To see the advantages of our approach over existing information-disturbance relations, we show that our bound distinguishes between measurements with equivalent informativeness. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the weighted state exclusion technique can detect and quantify measurement-induced disturbance using state preparations that are insufficient for tomographic reconstruction of the measurement operators. Finally, we illustrate how disturbance bounds defined with respect to specific input ensembles can be used to bound an eavesdropper's guessing probability in a simple protocol for quantum randomness generation.
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Quantum Physics · Cross-listed from cs.PL

A Physically-Realisable Quantum Programming Language with Quantum-Controlled Quantum Channels

Kengo Hirata and Takeshi Tsukada

In contrast to a classical bit, which can only take the value $0$ or $1$, its quantum counterpart—a qubit—can exist in a superposition of $0$ and $1$. This is a superposition of data values, and it is then tempting to superpose programs as well. Indeed, a particular superposition of programs, known as the quantum SWITCH, has attracted considerable attention. A natural way to superpose programs is conditional branching on quantum data, and several studies have pursued this idea. However, there is a well-known semantic difficulty with this approach, and the fundamental question of whether the languages proposed in prior work can be physically realised remains open. This paper proposes a physically realisable quantum programming language with quantum branching over quantum channels. We first analyse the semantic difficulty from an implementation perspective and show that the difficulty is caused by arbitrariness in the implementation. We then design a language that is free from this arbitrariness. As expected from its implementation-oriented design, our language is physically realisable. We argue for this from two directions: first, we give a method for compiling programs into quantum circuits; and second, we show that our programs stay within the physically admissible range, namely, that they neither yield probabilities greater than one nor violate causal inequalities. The absence of such violations is established through the inclusion of our language in QC-QC, a notion of realisability studied in physics.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Photoelectrical readout and Ramsey interferometry of single shallowly implanted NV centers in diamond

Ilia Chuprina, Christoph Findler, Johannes Lang et al. (+2 more)

Photoelectrical readout of the electronic spin state of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is attracting significant interest due to the numerous advantages it possesses compared with conventional fluorescence readout. The higher charge carrier rate compared to the photon rate and the integration of the detection scheme on a chip can significantly advance quantum sensing and computing with color centers in diamond. Until now, photoelectric readout has been performed on ensembles of NV centers or single NV centers deep in ultrapure diamond substrates. However, many applications require the artificial creation and precise placement of shallow NV centers, and photoelectric detection of such centers has been challenging. Here we demonstrate photoelectrical readout and coherent control of the electronic spin of implanted shallow ($\sim$10 nm) NV centers buried by diamond overgrowth. The photoelectrically measured Ramsey $T_2^*$ agrees with conventional fluorescence readout and shows no measurable dependence on the readout photocurrent, for both shallow implanted and deep ingrown NV centers. We further find that overgrowth improves photoelectric readout by suppressing the background photocurrent. These results establish photoelectric readout as a viable route to chip-integrated, electrically detected nanoscale sensing and to spin registers based on engineered shallow NV centers.
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All authors Ilia Chuprina, Christoph Findler, Johannes Lang, Petr Siyushev, Fedor Jelezko

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Compressing radio interferometric visibility data into a probabilistic model using sparse Gaussian processes

Takafumi Tsukui

Next-generation radio interferometers will produce massive data volumes, making it impractical to store original visibility measurements and later combine observations in $uv$ spatial frequency space. Visibility measurements at similar $uv$ locations measure the same signal but different noise realizations. In principle, these measurements can therefore be compressed by storing only the inferred mean visibility and its uncertainty. We propose modeling the visibility with a sparse Gaussian process (GP) and storing the resulting compact probabilistic model rather than raw visibilities. Using simulated Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations, we demonstrate that the sparse GP is flexible enough to represent the visibilities and recover images with high fidelity. We estimate compression factors of $10^3-10^5$ for an 8-hour Square Kilometre Array (SKA)-Mid observation, with further gains expected by extending the GP input space to include the spectral axis. Beyond data compression, the model exploits correlations in $uv$ space, boosting the signal-to-noise ratio compared with independent grid averaging. Once trained, the model can predict visibility and its uncertainty at any desired $uv$ coordinates, allowing imaging with arbitrary fields of view and image resolutions. The model may also be incrementally updated with new observations while filtering outliers based on the prediction.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Solar Cycle Variation of the Distribution of Photospheric Magnetic Flux Features

Callan N. Noble, Clare E. Parnell and Thomas Neukirch

We use statistical tools to analyse data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager to determine the distribution of the magnetic flux of photospheric magnetic features and its variation over a full solar cycle. In particular, we use statistical figures of merit to test how well different types of probability density function represent the magnetic flux distribution inferred from the data and how their shape changes over the solar cycle. Our analysis shows that a double power law provides the best representation of the data over the full solar cycle and we present the dependence of the power law exponents on the phase of the solar cycle. The nature of the observed flux distributions at different times during the solar cycle is significant because it could be used to try and infer information about solar magnetic field generation mechanisms. We discuss potential implications of a double power law distribution for solar magnetic field generation.
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Plasma Physics

Surrogate modeling of drift-reduced Braginskii turbulence with resistivity-conditioned Koopman neural operators

Ameir Shaa, Kyungtak Lim, Long Shan Chan et al. (+1 more)

Machine-learning-driven surrogate operators are developed for three-dimensional, nonlinear, flux-driven simulations of boundary plasma turbulence based on the two-fluid drift-reduced Braginskii model. Resistivity-conditioned Koopman neural operators (KNOs) are trained on Global Braginskii Solver (GBS) simulations, spanning low- to high-resistivity regimes. Separate fieldwise models are constructed for plasma density, electron temperature, electric potential, and vorticity. Evaluation at a held-out resistivity shows that the surrogates reproduce key short-horizon statistical features, including strong one-step agreement, spectral trends, and reduced pressure-gradient diagnostics. Field-dependent limitations remain, with vorticity showing the largest discrepancies and autoregressive rollout progressively departing from the reference simulation. The results demonstrate that resistivity-conditioned fieldwise neural operators provide useful fast emulators for selected boundary-plasma turbulence diagnostics, while stable long-horizon dynamical closure remains unresolved.
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All authors Ameir Shaa, Kyungtak Lim, Long Shan Chan, Claude Guet

Quantum Physics

Maximal quantum leakage: operational interpretation and quantum channel analysis

Shuixin Xiao, Zijia Zhao, Jingge Zhu et al. (+1 more)

Maximal quantum leakage quantifies privacy against adversaries with arbitrary intentions. In this work, we prove that computing this leakage is equivalent to minimum-error quantum state discrimination with equal priors. This establishes a computable operational interpretation, addressing the previous difficulty in computing maximal quantum leakage. We further analyze the impact of collective measurements on multiple copies of a state, demonstrating that leakage increases monotonically with the number of copies, which leads to explicitly characterizing the maximal leakage in the asymptotic limit. Extending this framework to quantum channels, we develop an iterative algorithm for the jointly designing of input states and measurements. Numerical examples involving collective measurements and the maximal channel leakage demonstrate our theoretical findings.
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All authors Shuixin Xiao, Zijia Zhao, Jingge Zhu, Farhad Farokhi

Optics

Reconfigurable Nonlocal Light-Emitting Metalens Nanolasers via Bound States in the Continuum

Omar A. M. Abdelraouf

The development of on-chip, reconfigurable coherent light sources operating in the visible spectrum is critical for next-generation optical computing and high-speed data processing. Here, we demonstrate an all-optically tunable nanolaser based on a hybrid dielectric metasurface. The platform integrates a Rhodamine B (Rd B) dye gain medium with a Niobium Pentoxide (Nb2O5) metasurface supporting a high-Q Bound State in the Continuum (BIC) resonance. Active, non-volatile tuning is achieved by incorporating the low-loss phase change material (PCM) Antimony Trisulfide (Sb2S3). We demonstrate room-temperature lasing at 616 nm with Q-factor > 2050. A continuous-wave (CW) laser is utilized for the crystallization of the PCM, tuning the lasing emission to crystalline at 621 nm with Q-factor > 1454, while a near-infrared (NIR) ps-laser triggers its re-amorphization. This robust, thermally protected optical-only control scheme, combined with a phase-gradient metasurface design, realizes a coherent, nonlocal light-emitting metalens for simultaneous lasing wavelength tuning and wavefront control. This work provides a foundational demonstration of an all-optical tunable metalens-based nanolaser for applications in high-speed optical communication, neuromorphic photonics, dynamic holographic displays, and reconfigurable quantum light sources.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Standard Reconstruction Shifts the Optimal Input Scale for CNN-Based Density-Field Reconstruction

Koichiro Nakashima, Kiyotomo Ichiki and Atsushi J. Nishizawa

We investigate convolutional neural network (CNN) methods for reconstructing the high-redshift density field from late-time large-scale structure, focusing on how the physical scale of the CNN input changes when standard first-order reconstruction is applied beforehand. Using dark-matter-only $N$-body simulations, we compare three approaches: a single-input CNN, a dual-input CNN combining two physical scales, and a single-input CNN applied to the density field after standard reconstruction. We vary the physical side length of the input sub-box over $L_\mathrm{sub}\sim38$-$380~h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc}$ while keeping its numerical size fixed at $39^3$ voxels, allowing us to examine the trade-off between spatial context and resolution. For the CNN applied directly to the evolved density field, the reconstruction performs best at $L_\mathrm{sub}\sim150$-$200~h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc}$. After standard reconstruction, however, the preferred scale shifts to $L_\mathrm{sub}\sim38$-$114~h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc}$. The single-input CNN after standard reconstruction consistently outperforms both the single- and dual-input CNNs without standard reconstruction according to the normalized loss, density probability distribution, Kullback-Leibler divergence, residual field, and Fourier-space correlation. These results indicate that coherent large-scale displacements are more efficiently recovered by perturbative reconstruction, while the CNN is better suited to modelling the remaining quasi-linear and non-linear evolution on smaller scales. The preferred post-reconstruction input range includes the effective receptive scale of approximately $60~h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc}$ adopted in previous hybrid reconstruction studies. Our findings therefore support a physically motivated separation of scales between analytic and data-driven reconstruction and demonstrate the advantage of combining the two approaches.
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