Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems
Arithmetic Supports of Lax Difference Hierarchies
Sylvain Carpentier
We classify monic finite-band scalar difference operators with independent coefficients admitting infinitely many support-preserving flows. We prove that such operators are completely characterized by an arithmetic condition on their support: the exponents must form an arithmetic progression. Conversely, every arithmetic support gives rise to an infinite hierarchy of local Lax flows. As a consequence, finite-band scalar Lax hierarchies with independent coefficients are classified by three integers (N,p,m), corresponding respectively to the leading order, the common difference of the support, and the number of generators. This framework recovers several classical systems, including the Toda, Volterra, Narita–Itoh–Bogoyavlensky, and Blaszak-Marciniak
lattices, while simultaneously producing infinitely many additional examples. In particular, the support (-1,1,m) yields a scalar difference Lax representation of the Beffa-Wang hierarchy, and its Belov-Chaltikian reduction in the case m=2.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Equivariant Interpolations in Topological Holography
Jan Troost
We revisit equivariant Gromov-Witten theories on P1 and on P1 x C2. One can introduce three equivariant parameters associated to rotations of the sphere as well as the two planes. A number of points in the parameter space have known
holographic duals. These include the symmetric orbifold point dual to the AdS3 x S3 x C2 string theory at string scale radius of
curvature, the grand canonical Hurwitz theory and the product of two Kontsevich models. Within this framework, we discuss interpolations in the equivariant parameters. Firstly, we move between the small and large equivariant parameter regimes in Gromov-Witten theory on P1. At large equivariant parameter, the model is dominated by the pure topological
gravity theories at the two fixed points while at small equivariant parameter the theory is equivalent to the grand canonical Hurwitz theory. The deformation is a solvable analogue for the interpolation in the transposition coupling in the
moduli space of the AdS3/CFT2 duality. Moreover, we propose that the full equivariant correspondence between the Gromov-Witten theory on P1 x C2 and the symmetric orbifold of the equivariant plane can be embedded in string theory. On the boundary side of that correspondence, we analyze the scaling limit from the equivariant to the ordinary
cohomology ring for the
Hilbert scheme of points on the plane in terms of Jack symmetric
polynomials. We explicitly compute several structure constants of the equivariant
cohomology ring and point out their intriguing positivity and integrality properties.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
A comprehensive Gaia DR3 study of the open cluster NGC 6134: Bayesian distances, present-day mass function, mass segregation, and structural decomposition
Agus T. P. Jatmiko, Teduh Perhati, Dhimaz G. Ramadhan et al. (+7 more)
Open clusters are key laboratories for studying the formation and dynamical
evolution of
stellar populations. We present a comprehensive characterization of the intermediate-age open cluster NGC 6134 using
Gaia DR3 astrometry and photometry. Adopting the 890-member Hierarchical Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (HDBSCAN) membership catalog, we determine the cluster distance and individual member distances with the
Bayesian hierarchical code Kalkayotl under a King spatial prior, derive the fundamental parameters with the automated isochrone-fitting code ASteCA, quantify mass segregation, and decompose the projected spatial distribution into structural components. We obtain a
Bayesian cluster distance of $1070.8^{+21.0}_{-19.0}$ pc (mode and 68% credible interval), consistent with the ASteCA value ($d = 1064.4 \pm 15.2$ pc), with member distances peaking at $1071.2 \pm 2.5$ pc. ASteCA yields $\mathrm{[Fe/H]} = 0.08 \pm 0.06$, $\log(t) = 9.14 \pm 0.01$, and $A_\mathrm{V} = 1.03 \pm 0.05$ mag. The present-day mass function (PDMF) follows a broken power law with slopes $\Gamma_A = -2.10^{+0.10}_{-0.10}$ and $\Gamma_B = 1.59^{+0.14}_{-0.14}$ and break mass $M_c = 0.95^{+0.02}_{-0.02}\ M_\odot$, with a negative low-mass slope and a high-mass slope steeper than the canonical Salpeter value ($\Gamma = 1.35$), consistent with the preferential loss of the most massive
stars through
stellar evolution rather than with dynamical depletion. The observed mass segregation is consistent with an origin in long-term dynamical
evolution. The cluster comprises a core, a diffuse
halo, and a coherent plane-of-sky elongated feature that is unlikely to arise from noise based on a size-matched isotropic null test, and that lies beyond the radius at which masses are available. The observed main-sequence gap is closely linked to the cluster's binary fraction.
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All authors Agus T. P. Jatmiko, Teduh Perhati, Dhimaz G. Ramadhan, Muhammad Yusuf, Denny Mandey, Mochamad I. Arifyanto, Premana W. Premadi, Sahlan Ramadhan, Ferry Yap, Laksma Satya
Data Analysis and Statistics · Cross-listed from cs.SI
Discovery of connectivity-trainability trade-off of IQP circuits for Hamiltonian optimization
Quoc Chuong Nguyen, Dao Duy Tung and Vu Tuan Hai
Instantaneous
Quantum Polynomial-time (IQP)
circuits are promising candidates for near-term
quantum computing due to the conjectured classical hardness of their sampling task and their shallow, highly parallelizable structure. Despite extensive studies of their complexity-theoretic properties, the role of
circuit connectivity in their trainability as variational ansatze remains poorly understood. In this work, we present an investigation of IQP
circuits for
Hamiltonian optimization that traces a mechanistic chain linking
circuit connectivity,
entanglement generation, and gradient scaling: increasing connectivity drives the
circuit output toward Haar-like statistics and volume-law
entanglement, and this increase in
entanglement is consistently associated with an exponential decay of the gradient variance and degraded optimization performance, while sparser architectures retain stable gradients at the cost of global expressibility and
entanglement capacity. This connectivity-
entanglement-gradient mechanism produces a nontrivial connectivity-trainability trade-off, demonstrating that effective IQP-based
Hamiltonian optimization requires a balance between global expressibility and trainability rather than maximal expressivity alone. In particular, on our
benchmarks, a
circuit generating no
entanglement already matches the optimization performance of more highly connected
circuits, and a circular
topology retains
entanglement capacity while preserving trainability, making it a broadly effective choice among the architectures considered.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Low-mass X-ray binaries as a probe of Kerr-MOG black hole spacetime
Bakhodirkhon Saidov, Bakhtiyor Narzilloev, Ibrar Hussain et al. (+1 more)
We investigate the astrophysical implications of rotating black holes in modified
gravity by studying the Kerr-MOG spacetime and applying it to several
stellar-mass black hole candidates: A0620-00, H1743-322, XTE J1550-564, GRS1124-683, GRO J1655-40, and GRS1915+105. The Kerr-MOG geometry is characterized by the black hole mass, the
spin parameter $a$, and the modified
gravity parameter $\alpha$. We analyze how the presence of the MOG parameter modifies the spacetime structure and the location of the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO). Within the Novikov–Thorne
accretion disk model, we show that $\alpha$ significantly affects the radiative efficiency of
accretion disks and introduces a degeneracy between the
spin and the modified
gravity parameter. Using observational estimates of radiative efficiencies inferred from the continuum-fitting method, we constrain the allowed regions in the $(a,\alpha)$ parameter space for each source. We further examine the relativistic jet power using the Blandford–Znajek mechanism and compare the theoretical predictions with the observed transient jet energetics, considering two representative jet Lorentz factors, $\Gamma=2$ and $\Gamma=5$. By combining the constraints from the radiative efficiency and jet power, we identify regions where both observables can be simultaneously reproduced. For several sources significant overlap regions appear, while for the highly spinning source GRS1915+105 the compatibility occurs only within a narrow range of Kerr–MOG parameters. These results suggest that the Kerr–MOG spacetime can provide a viable framework for interpreting the observed properties of several black hole X-ray binaries.
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All authors Bakhodirkhon Saidov, Bakhtiyor Narzilloev, Ibrar Hussain, Bobomurat Ahmedov
Optics
Enhancing Speckle Metrology with Diffusion Denoising in Photon-Starved Regimes
Admir Bajraktarevic, Alexander C. Trowbridge, Saba N. Khan et al. (+3 more)
Laser speckle is a powerful tool for precision metrology that enables highly sensitive measurements of light sources and subtle environmental perturbations. Many applications require operation in
photon-limited regimes, for example when using low-power illumination or in spectral regions where sensitive detectors are unavailable. In these conditions, the structured speckle pattern that encodes the signal becomes challenging to disentangle from measurement noise, severely degrading performance. Here, we introduce a denoising framework to separate measurement noise from the underlying speckle structure in low-signal data. Using a hybrid pre-training and experimental fine-tuning strategy, the model is adapted using a small experimental
dataset and integrates directly with existing speckle metrology pipelines. Applied to femtometre-scale wavelength sensing using an integrating sphere, the approach reduces root-mean-square error in low-signal conditions by up to 72% and enables accurate reconstruction where conventional speckle metrology fails.
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All authors Admir Bajraktarevic, Alexander C. Trowbridge, Saba N. Khan, Anton van den Hengel, Graham D. Bruce, Kishan Dholakia
Optics
Precise one-dimensional nanochannels in transition metal dichalcogenides as building blocks for advanced nanophotonics
Abhay V. Agrawal, Wouter Holman, Betül Küçüköz et al. (+2 more)
Atomically sharp edges are essential for future high-index nanophotonic structures, yet conventional lithography and dry etching methods inevitably introduce edge roughness that limits optical confinement and reproducibility. Recently, anisotropic wet etching of multilayer van der Waals
crystals, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), has enabled crystallographically defined, atomically sharp zigzag edges, eliminating the edge-roughness problem. However, the process is intrinsically limited to confined geometries such as isolated triangular or hexagonal features dictated by
crystal stacking
symmetry. Here, we demonstrate a lithography-guided anisotropic etching framework that drives TMDs etching beyond isolated confined geometries by enforcing controlled interaction of neighboring etched nanoholes regions. In multilayer 2H-WS2, merging of anisotropic etch fronts enables sustained long-range propagation of zigzag facets, introducing a previously inaccessible 180-degree edge
alignment and a crystallographically defined design space combining 120-degree and 180-degree junctions. Using this approach, we fabricate extended nanophotonic structures with ultrasharp sidewalls, including sub-100-nm-gap one-dimensional gratings, waveguides, defect-engineered photonic cavities, angle programmed photonic
lattices, and diffractive zone plates. Back-focal-plane reflection spectroscopy of atomically sharp 1D periodic 2H-WS2 gratings demonstrates their photonic functionality, revealing
symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum (SP-BICs) and strong
exciton-
photon coupling in multilayer WS2. Finally, we fabricate ultrathin, ultranarrow, and ultralong nanoribbons with record-high aspect ratios. Together, these results demonstrate edge merging as a generic route to fabricate edge-defined, atomically sharp nanophotonic and nanoelectronic architectures in layered van der Waals platforms.
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All authors Abhay V. Agrawal, Wouter Holman, Betül Küçüköz, Tomasz J. Antosiewicz, Timur O. Shegai
Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.SG
Brane quantization of $A_n$-resolutions
Yat-Hin Suen and Yutung Yau
We extend the study of brane quantization via SYZ mirror
symmetry to the setting of singular fibers, building on recent joint work with Chan, Leung, and Li in the semi-flat case. We consider a crepant resolution $X\to\mathbb{C}^2/\mathbb{Z}_{n+1}$ of the $A_n$-singularity, whose mirror $\check{X}$ is also realized as a resolution of $\mathbb{C}^2/\mathbb{Z}_{n+1}$. For each level $k\in\mathbb{Z}_{>0}$, we construct a space filling coisotropic A-brane $\mathcal{B}_{cc}^{(k)}$ of $(X,k\omega)$ and determine its mirror B-brane $\check{\mathcal{B}}_{cc}^{(k)}$ via fiberwise
geometric quantization. We then define the endomorphism
algebra $Hom_A(\mathcal{B}_{cc}^{(k)},\mathcal{B}_{cc}^{(k)})$ by gluing analytic
quantum tori using wall-crossing formulas and establish a mirror isomorphism $Hom_A(\mathcal{B}_{cc}^{(k)},\mathcal{B}_{cc}^{(k)})\cong Hom_B(\check{\mathcal{B}}_{cc}^{(k)},\check{\mathcal{B}}_{cc}^{(k)})$.
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Atomic Physics
Doppler-enhanced superheterodyne Rydberg microwave receiver
Yuwen Yin, Ruimin Chen, Shibing Ji et al. (+7 more)
We report the enhanced sensitivity of the Rydberg microwave (MW) receiver by exploiting the Doppler effect in a vapor
cell. A two-
photon Rydberg ladder scheme is implemented via the co-propagation of probe and coupling
lasers, which enhances the Doppler effect. When an MW field is applied, microwave dressing modifies the velocity-dependent resonance condition, enabling stronger contributions from atoms with non-zero velocities and leading to an enhancement of the EIT transmission. Based on this mechanism, we achieve a sensitivity of $35.1\ \mathrm{nV\ cm^{-1}\ Hz^{-1/2}}$ using the heterodyne technique, which is 1.5 times better than that obtained in the counter-propagating configuration. Meanwhile, the required local oscillator (LO) field is reduced by a factor of 17.6 compared with the counter-propagating configuration, which is advantageous for applications requiring minimal radiation and low power consumption. Moreover, the co-propagating configuration is more amenable to integration or portable sensing platforms because multiple
laser fields can be delivered through a single optical fiber.
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All authors Yuwen Yin, Ruimin Chen, Shibing Ji, Jinlian Hu, Shaofeng Wang, Yunhui He, Jingxu Bai, Xiao-Qiang Shao, Yuechun Jiao, Jianming Zhao
Chemical Physics · Cross-listed from q-bio.MN
Hierarchical models for large chemical reaction networks
J. Unterberger, U. Herbach and R. Cellier
The quest for the origin of life, especially in the metabolism-first scenario inspired by the celebrated Miller-Urey experiment, has triggered a research program dedicated to studying the emergence of complex dynamical behaviors in large chemical mixtures. Though autocatalysis, understood as the capacity of a reaction network to grow exponentially, has been recognized as a potential driver of instability and multistability, no quantitative theory has yet emerged, partly because of the lack of available kinetic data. We introduce a computational tool for large chemical reaction networks based on a scale-splitting
algorithm inspired by Wilson's renormalization group. We focus on dilute regimes, where species of interest have low concentration, non-unimolecular reactions may be neglected, and the dynamics is close to linear. Depending on parameter thresholds, such networks can exhibit autocatalytic behavior. Our
algorithm takes as input a network structure and outputs (1) a simplified effective graph containing the dominant reaction pathways, obtained through recursive coarse-graining; and (2) analytical formulas for the dynamics in terms of kinetic rates, called hierarchical formulas. These formulas are approximate but interpretable, accurate when scale separation is effective, and provide a reliable multiscale description of the dynamics. Their domains of validity define kinetic phases, each typically associated with a distinct pattern of chemical composition. We show on a simple example that this approach enables fast and reliable inference of kinetic rates from concentration time series. Hierarchical formulas have been implemented as a Python package and are illustrated on a simplified model of the formose reaction.
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Quantum Physics
Monitoring Beam Splitter Entanglement using Quantumness
Hua-Li Chen, Hsien-Yi Hsieh, Chien-Ming Wu et al. (+2 more)
We report on an experiment in which two independent squeezed
vacuum states get entangled by mixing them with a balanced beam splitter. We follow standard practice and use an inseparability criterion to quantify their
entanglement. However, this only allows us to witness the
entanglement, but not to determine the deleterious effects of experimental imperfections due to the beam splitter mixing and the associated mode-mismatch and detection imperfections. We therefore introduce an alternative framework suitable for continuous variable systems using the states' quantumness, $\Xi$. We show that, under ideal circumstances, $\Xi$ is a conserved quantity under beam mixing. This allows us to
benchmark the experiment's performance by comparing the states' quantumness $\Xi$ after the beam splitter mixing with $\Xi$ before. Such a comparison is not possible with
entanglement witnesses, as the input states are unentangled. This highlights the main strength of our approach: its ability to generally quantify the quantumness of multi-mode continuous variable states and use this to probe different stages in an experiment.
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All authors Hua-Li Chen, Hsien-Yi Hsieh, Chien-Ming Wu, Ole Steuernagel, Ray-Kuang Lee
Statistical Mechanics
Evaluating the solution performance of the augmented Lagrangian function on Ising machines
Shunsuke Awai, Takuro Itoh, Keita Takahashi et al. (+2 more)
We apply the augmented Lagrangian function (ALF) as a formulation for Ising machines and evaluate its performance by time-to-epsilon (\mathrm{TT\varepsilon}). The ALF has been well studied in continuous optimization for its numerical stability and convergence, and its advantage over the penalty function formulation is demonstrated here through the following results. Using the quadratic knapsack problem as a
benchmark, we examine the dependence of \mathrm{TT\varepsilon} on the hyperparameters \mu and \lambda. The augmented Lagrangian formulation reduces \mathrm{TT\varepsilon} by roughly an order of magnitude compared with the penalty function formulation, keeping \mu small while obtaining feasible solutions and, for representative parameter settings, reaching high-precision solutions earlier in the search. These findings indicate that the augmented Lagrangian function is a promising formulation for improving the solution performance of Ising machines.
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All authors Shunsuke Awai, Takuro Itoh, Keita Takahashi, Kotaro Tanahashi, Shu Tanaka
Materials Science
One-dimensional self-organization of water molecules in proton conducting Andersson-Wadsley titanates
Mathilde Arnaud, Guillaume Benas, Narimane Meziani et al. (+13 more)
Layered alkali titanates with M 2 Ti 2 O 5 chemical formula (MTO, M=K,Rb) belonging to the Andersson-Wadsley perovskite family spontaneously incorporate water to form MTO.(H 2 O) x compounds, which exhibit superionic conductivity. At very low hydration x, scanning electron microscopy evidences one-dimensional heterogeneous patterns oriented along ___ b that are arranged in an orderly manner. At higher hydration, the material is observed to spontaneously exfoliate by creating (001) surfaces. Simulations carried out using Density Functional Theory reveal an ordered arrangement of the guest water molecules in Rb 2 Ti 2 O 5 , with strong hydrogen bonds between the water molecules and the apical oxygen of the host
crystal. At low hydration x, the water molecules form self-organized one dimensional (1D) double chains along ___ b. Further increase of the water content leads to the creation of hydrated (001)-surfaces that are made of densely packed water chains in agreement with the infrared spectroscopy measurements. Rb 2 Ti 2 O 5 exhibits highly anisotropic
proton conductivity, with respect to the
crystal orientation, with super-ionic conductivity along ___ b reaching 3 mS/cm at room temperature after hydration. The combined observations and simulations suggest that these water chains are thus at the root of fast
proton conduction, which is likely powered by a Grotthuss-like mechanism.
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All authors Mathilde Arnaud, Guillaume Benas, Narimane Meziani, Armel Descamps-Mandine, Claudie Josse, Sophia Akkari, Thierry Douillard, Sofia de Sousa Coutinho, Mélanie de Vos, Stéphane Holé, Gwenaëlle Rousse, Rémi Federicci, Sylvain Franger, Paola Giura, Fabio Finocchi, Brigitte Leridon
Quantum Physics
Ground-State Energy Solutions of the Lithium Atom: Zeroth-, First-, and Second-Order Perturbation Theory and the Variational Method
Afraa Mahboubi, Büşra Gökçe Zolmaz, Devrim Karayer et al. (+3 more)
In this work, the ground-state energy of the lithium atom is systematically investigated using both time-independent perturbation theory and the variational method to provide a comprehensive pedagogical analysis of many-body atomic systems. The unperturbed
Hamiltonian is initially constructed by neglecting electron-electron interactions, treating the system as three independent hydrogen-like electrons to yield a zeroth-order energy baseline of -275.51 eV. The antisymmetric fermionic nature of the exact wave function is rigorously enforced through the Slater determinant formalism. First-order perturbation theory is applied to evaluate static inter-electronic repulsion using exact Coulomb and exchange integrals, refining the energy state to -192.01 eV. To account for dynamical electronic correlation, second-order perturbation theory is computed numerically for virtual single-electron s-orbital transitions, leading to a total perturbative energy of -196.36 eV. A brief discussion of two-electron excitations is also included to encapsulate further physical realism within the framework. Furthermore, a non-orthogonal two-parameter variational approach is employed to model the shell-specific shielding effect. By optimizing the effective
nuclear charges, the variational method establishes a superior upper bound energy of -201.187 eV. The results of both methods are comprehensively contrasted against each other and the reference baseline to provide critical insights into the nature of electron correlation and screening in multi-electron atoms.
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All authors Afraa Mahboubi, Büşra Gökçe Zolmaz, Devrim Karayer, Handenur Şay, Oğuzhan Kaya, Abdulkadir Senol
Materials Science
Nonradiative Multiphonon Model of Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy: Beyond Henry-Lang Model
Menglin Huang, Shanshan Wang, Junjie Zhou et al. (+2 more)
Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) is a key experimental method for defect characterization, yet its analysis remains controversial, and the two widely used models developed by Henry and Lang are conflicting. We show that the Henry-Lang model is valid only under the Condon approximation, as well as high-temperature and strong electron-
phonon coupling approximations, which cause incorrect temperature dependence of carrier emission and capture. Here we develop a rigorous nonradiative multiphonon (NMP) model, and demonstrate that the temperature dependence is governed predominantly by effective
phonons with large
phonon wavefunction overlap and high thermal occupation. The effective
phonons are strongly correlated with
lattice relaxation.The neglect of this correlation in existing DLTS models introduces substantial errors when they are used to fit DLTS-measured emission rates. Our comparison for 21 different defects in 12
semiconductors, including Si, SiC and Ga$_2$O$_3$, shows that the Henry-Lang model gives a completely different temperature dependence of carrier capture cross section from that obtained using the rigorous NMP model, with errors reaching up to six orders of magnitude at room temperature. Our study highlights the necessity of revisiting previous DLTS analysis studies using the rigorous NMP model.
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All authors Menglin Huang, Shanshan Wang, Junjie Zhou, Xinjing Guo, Shiyou Chen
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Addressing the lightest $S$-wave strange $K_0^*(700)/\kappa$ resonance in four-body semileptonic $\bar{B}_s^0 \to K^0\pi^+ \ell^-\bar{\nu}_\ell$ decays
Dong Huang, Sheng-Bo Wu, Fang-Ping Peng et al. (+2 more)
As the lightest strange scalar resonance, $K_0^*(700)$ (also called $\kappa$) has a large width and resides close to the $K\pi$ threshold, leading to a longstanding debate about its internal structure. Within the framework of the conventional
quark-antiquark ($q\bar{q}$) picture, this paper attempts to research the behaviors of $K_0^*(700)$ resonance in the four-body final state decays. Firstly, we investigates the $K_0^*(700)$ resonance one twist-2 and two twist-3 light-cone distribution amplitudes (LCDAs), i.e. $\phi_{2;K_0^*(700)}(x, \mu)$ and $\phi_{3;K_0^*(700)}^{p;\sigma}(x, \mu)$ by constructing light-cone harmonic oscillator model. For the longitudinal distribution characteristics of the twist-2 LCDA, two typical parametrization schemes, i.e. $\varphi_{2;K_0^*(700)}^{\rm (S1)}(x)$ and $\varphi_{2;K_0^*(700)}^{\rm (S2)}(x)$, are adopted in this paper. Meanwhile, it has enriched theoretical predictions for the first ten-order LCDAs $\xi$-moments. Subsequently, we apply the QCD light-cone sum rules approach to compute the $\bar B_s^0 \to K_0^*(700)$ transition form factors (TFFs) $f_\pm^{\bar B_s^0 K_0^*(700)}(q^2)$ and $f_{\rm T}^{\bar B_s^0 K_0^*(700)}(q^2)$ by taking into account the perturbative $\mathcal{O}(\alpha_s)$ corrections to the twist-2 LCDAs terms. By using the simplified series expansion parameterization, these TFFs are extrapolated over the full physical region. Then, we calculate the differential decay widths and branching fractions for four-body semileptonic decay $\bar{B}_s^0 \to K^0\pi^+ \ell^-\bar{\nu}_\ell$ with $\ell= (e, \mu, \tau)$ via the $S$-wave $K_0^*(700)$ resonance, respectively. We expect that the obtained prediction results will provide valuable insights for future experiments and theoretical research.
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All authors Dong Huang, Sheng-Bo Wu, Fang-Ping Peng, Long Zeng, Hai-Bing Fu
Lattice Field Theory
One-Loop Renormalization of the Improved Energy-Momentum Tensor in Lattice QCD
Mushtaq Loan and Nasser Demir
We present the one-loop renormalization of the improved gluonic energy-momentum tensor (EMT) by employing a three-loop-improved clover discretization of the field-strength tensor in pure SU(3)
lattice gauge theory. The renormalization factor is extracted by matching the amputated two-
gluon matrix element of the
lattice energy-momentum tensor to the continuum MSbar scheme. The one-loop contribution is separated into sail, operator-tadpole, and external-leg corrections, each expressed in terms of a minimal set of scalar Brillouin-zone integrals to obtain the explicit expression for the finite
lattice coefficient B_lat(u_0) and the multiplicative renormalization factor Z_T(u_0) associated with the traceless
spin-2 component of the energy-momentum tensor. A key result, obtained in this framework, is the clear distinction between two sectors: the
spin-2 sector, governed by Z_T, and the scalar trace sector, which encompasses the Yang-Mills trace anomaly. The trace is determined by the scalar operator F_{\rho\sigma}F_{\rho\sigma} and the Yang-Mills beta function, rather than by the
spin-2 renormalization factor. The renormalized EMT modifies the normalization and short-distance behaviour of energy-density correlators through both traceless and scalar-channel contributions. Comparison with existing
lattice thermodynamic data demonstrates that the improved operator accurately reproduces the expected temperature dependence of the trace anomaly and offers a systematically improvable framework for investigating the equation of state,
gluon condensate, and transport coefficients in
lattice QCD.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Late-Time Oscillating Quintessence in Light of DESI
Jun-Qian Jiang, Mustafa A. Amin and Arman Shafieloo
Recent DESI
baryon acoustic oscillation measurements, especially when combined with Type Ia
supernova and CMB data, sharpen the case for possible low-
redshift dynamics in the dark energy sector. We study a simple and physically transparent realization of such dynamics: a quintessence field that is Hubble frozen for most of
cosmic history and starts to oscillate around its minimum recently (at a
redshift $z\approx 0.1$). This late onset of oscillations can occur in a broad class of models where the quintessence potentials have a shallow slope away from the minimum and steepen near it. This class of models can improve the fit relative to $\Lambda$CDM, with $\Delta\chi^2\simeq -9$, while remaining competitive with common phenomenological dark energy parameterizations with the same number of parameters. The preference is driven mainly by the background expansion history, and near the best-fit region the resonant growth of quintessence perturbations and the associated Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) contribution remain small. More precise low-
redshift distance measurements, together with late-time probes such as the ISW effect and
lensing, may help distinguish this oscillating quintessence scenario from other forms of late-time dark energy dynamics.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Nonlinear Stability of Kerr-Sen Black Holes in Merging Binaries
Andrew Carroll, Eric W. Hirschmann, Hyun Lim et al. (+3 more)
We investigate the stability of Kerr-Sen black holes, which arise in Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton-
axion theory. Within a numerical relativity framework, we perform head-on binary black hole simulations with approximate initial data across a portion of the parameter space. We find that for nontrivial electric charge, a dilaton field persists through merger and that in the presence of
spin, the remnant will also retain an
axion field. The persistence of these fields for long times after merger strongly suggests the stability of these black holes within this alternative
gravity theory. We further test whether initially unscalarized black holes will acquire hair in the presence of a scalar background. We find that black holes immersed in such a background retain scalar hair. Furthermore, we find that even initially unscalarized Kerr-Newman black holes will scalarize and remain scalarized throughout the
evolution.
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All authors Andrew Carroll, Eric W. Hirschmann, Hyun Lim, David Neilsen, David F. Van Komen, Sebastian Vander Ploeg Fallon
Astrophysics of Galaxies
Jet-ISM Interaction and Multi-channel AGN Feedback in the Post-merger Galaxy 4C+29.30
Xiao Cao, Junfeng Wang, Yan-Mei Chen et al. (+5 more)
4C+29.30 is a post-merger
galaxy hosting a rejuvenated active
galactic nucleus (AGN) with a complex multi-scale
radio morphology, making it an ideal laboratory to study the interplay between different AGN feedback modes. We present a multi-wavelength analysis combining optical integral field spectroscopy (SDSS/MaNGA and CFHT/SITELLE) with
radio continuum imaging (VLASS) to map the ionized gas kinematics and ionization structure across the
galaxy. We uncover a
galaxy-scale, biconical ionized gas
outflow whose axis is misaligned by $\sim$26$^\circ$ from the
radio jet. This
outflow, characterized by broad line widths and Seyfert-like ionization, is mostly consistent with a radiatively driven wind from the central supermassive black hole, which is accreting at a relatively high Eddington ratio ($L_{\mathrm{bol}}/L_{\mathrm{Edd}} \gtrsim 0.1$). In contrast, the northern
radio lobe clearly drives localized gas acceleration and increased velocity dispersion, indicative of jet-driven shocks interacting with the interstellar medium, consistent with previous X-ray findings. The coexistence of a radiatively driven
galactic-scale
outflow and a distinct, misaligned
radio jet demonstrates that multiple AGN feedback channels can operate simultaneously within the same system, providing new evidence for the concurrent action of radiative and mechanical feedback.
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All authors Xiao Cao, Junfeng Wang, Yan-Mei Chen, Min Bao, Xiaoyu Xu, Chunyi Zhang, Taotao Fang, Jianfeng Wu
Quantum Physics
From Spectral Singularities to Multipartite Entanglement Scaling at Higher-Order Exceptional Points
Chunlai Yang, Shuheng Liu, Xinyao Huang et al. (+2 more)
Exceptional points (EPs) are non-Hermitian spectral singularities exhibiting fractional-power responses, yet their implications for multipartite
entanglement of interacting
quantum many-body systems remain largely unexplored. Here we develop a general framework that links higher-order non-Hermitian degeneracies to the scaling behavior of genuine multipartite
entanglement in interacting identical-
qubit systems. Permutation
symmetry of the identical
qubits decomposes the exponentially large
Hilbert space into independent irreducible-representation sectors, thereby constraining the maximal EP order of $N$
qubits to $N+1$ rather than $2^N$. Near an $n$th-order EP, genuine multipartite
entanglement inherits the spectral response and generically exhibits a fractional-power scaling under weak perturbations. Explicit examples show that conventional two-body interactions support third- and fourth-order EPs with the corresponding
entanglement responses, whereas higher-order EPs with genuine multipartite-entangled coalesced states require additional independent interaction channels, such as three-body interactions. Our results establish a fundamental connection among non-Hermitian degeneracies, multipartite
entanglement, and
symmetry, extending higher-order EP physics from spectral singularities to genuine many-body
quantum correlations.
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All authors Chunlai Yang, Shuheng Liu, Xinyao Huang, Kaiye Shi, Qiongyi He
Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Band offsets and stability of WSe$_2$/RuCl$_3$ van der Waals charge-transfer contacts
Thomas S. Nielsen, Edvard Solbrekken, Christian Overby et al. (+7 more)
The layered Mott
insulator $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$ induces degenerate hole-doping in two-dimensional
semiconductors due to its large electron affinity, making it a promising charge-transfer material for establishing ohmic contacts in electronic devices. In order to assess the applicability and guide the design of devices incorporating RuCl$_3$ it is critical to determine the electronic structure and robustness of the band offsets that underpin the transport properties of
semiconductors in contact with RuCl$_3$. Here, we apply micro-focused angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to determine the electronic structure of single-layer WSe$_2$ contacted to RuCl$_3$ on hexagonal boron nitride substrates. We find that formation of a functioning WSe$_2$/RuCl$_3$ contact leads to a valence band shift of $(0.68 \pm 0.05)$ eV towards the
Fermi energy in WSe$_2$. The charge transfer effect is challenging to observe as it depends sensitively on fabrication conditions such as solvent exposure, quality of interface encapsulation and heating of RuCl$_3$, imposing strict requirements on device design to attain high-quality contacts.
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All authors Thomas S. Nielsen, Edvard Solbrekken, Christian Overby, Christian V-B. Fokdal, Alfred J. H. Jones, Zhihao Jiang, Chakradhar Sahoo, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Søren Ulstrup
Computational Physics · Cross-listed from math.NA
Dynamical low-rank methods for the Wigner equation I: separable difference potential
Sihong Shao and Yuehan Shao
Recent advances in dynamical low-rank approximation (DLRA) have demonstrated its effectiveness in high-dimensional simulations. However, existing DLRA
algorithms still face significant challenges when handling systems that involve complex collision terms, including the pseudo-differential operator (${\rm \Psi}$) in the Wigner equation, a representative operator characterized by nonlocality. It is deserving to carry out a series of works to develop the DLRA
algorithms for solving the Wigner equation. As the first step in this series of works, we propose an efficient DLRA
algorithm for the Wigner equation, using a separable decomposition of the difference potential. We combine this separable assumption with two often-used truncations of ${\rm \Psi}$, namely $\mathcal{K}$-truncation and $\mathcal{Y}$-truncation, to obtain a kind of separated representation of ${\rm \Psi}$. Complexity analysis and several challenging experiments, including harmonic oscillators, Gaussian barrier scattering, electron-electron scattering, and a Helium-like system, all of which satisfy the separable assumption, confirm that the proposed DLRA
algorithm has significant advantages, achieving a reduction in computational effort by one to two orders of magnitude in both runtime and
memory requirements compared to the full-grid approach. It is worth noting that, even in the absence of a predetermined low-rank structure for the solution, DLRA can still serve as a numerical scheme that balances efficiency and accuracy.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Rare Radiative Decays of Z boson into S- and P-wave Charmonium within the Bethe-Salpeter Model
Asif Ali, Yi-Jie Li, Guang-Zhi Xu et al. (+1 more)
We employ the Bethe-Salpeter (BS) model to investigate radiative decays of the Z
boson into charmonium. Within the instantaneous approximation of the BS equation, we analyze the relevant decay channels for S-wave charmonium states ($\psi(nS)$, $\eta_{c}(nS)$, $n=1,2,3$) and P-wave charmonium states ($\chi_{c0}(mP)$, $\chi_{c1}(mP)$, $h_{c}(mP)$, $m=1,2$). We compute all branching fractions using leading-order Feynman diagrams. For the $J/\psi$ channel, our BS calculations suggest that prior theoretical results were likely underestimated, making our prediction more promising for future experimental measurements.
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All authors Asif Ali, Yi-Jie Li, Guang-Zhi Xu, Kui-Yong Liu
Quantum Physics
Initial-state-dependent dephasing effect in non-Hermitian Su-Schrieffer-Heeger models
Tao Min and Junjie Liu
Understanding the dynamical
evolution of non-Hermitian systems under external dissipation is essential for devising realistic non-Hermitian
quantum devices that surpass the capabilities of their Hermitian counterparts. Dephasing, a major realistic dissipation, has an impact on non-Hermitian systems that remains largely unexplored. Here, we focus on finite-sized non-Hermitian Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH)
lattice models with alternating gain and loss in real space and examine the dynamical
evolution of the trace distance under pure dephasing. By tuning system parameters, this model supports phases with either parity-time or anti-parity-time
symmetries, enabling us to explore the dephasing effect across different non-Hermitian
symmetry regimes within a single platform. While the trace distance exhibits distinct dynamical behaviors across the different phases in the absence of dephasing, its response to dephasing is largely
symmetry-independent but instead initial-state dependent. By varying the initial states, we find that dephasing affects the trace distance in two qualitatively different ways. For initial states that differ only in their coherences, dephasing accelerates the decay of the trace distance, destroying the phase information in much the same way as in Hermitian systems. In contrast, for initial states that differ only in their populations, strong dephasing can partially or completely stabilize the trace distance over a wide transient regime before its eventual decay. We attribute these metastable stabilization phenomena to the alternating gain and loss in the system and confirm their absence in Hermitian counterparts. Our findings reveal the intricate dynamical response of non-Hermitian SSH models to dephasing, thereby facilitating their potential applications.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Widefield Spectroscopic Telescope (WST): coating strategy to achieve high optical throughput
Benoit Sassolas, Matthieu Coulon, Christophe Michel et al. (+4 more)
The Wide-field Spectroscopic
Telescope (WST) is a 12-m class facility designed for simultaneous wide-field multi-object and integral-field spectroscopy across 370-1600 nm, targeting a throughput above 83% its wide-field focus and 76% at its integral field one. Its 13 mirrors and 5 lenses require optimized coatings balancing feasibility, operational needs, and long-term durability. Large mirrors (>2 m) may use enhanced metallic coatings, such as the protected-silver solution from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, achieving over 90% reflectivity in UV and above 99% in NIR. Smaller mirrors would use Nb2O5/SiO2 dielectric stacks, offering 99% reflectivity, tunable spectral response, and excellent stability. Coating the large lenses (up to 1.6 m) is challenging due to the ultra-broadband range, traditional multilayer antireflective coatings show limitations from manufacturing and incidence-angle effects. Graded-index AR coatings are being explored for superior performance across broad wavelengths and angles.
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All authors Benoit Sassolas, Matthieu Coulon, Christophe Michel, Laurent Pinard, Roland Bacon, Corentin Cudennec, Philippe Dierickx
Optics
Source coherence orchestrates nonlinear random wave revivals
Yanlin Bai, Tianyu Cao, Pujuan Ma et al. (+4 more)
We demonstrate that the Talbot length of periodic wave packets, long believed to be solely determined by their periodicity, is strongly affected by the source coherence in the nonlinear propagation regime. We reveal that reducing the source coherence – and consequently the speckle size of a periodic field – shortens the Talbot length and significantly improves the quality of the recurrent Talbot images, despite a fixed source periodicity. This effect arises from coherence-mediated nonlinear mode coupling, which alters a phase synchronization condition undergirding the wave packet revivals. Our findings expose a hidden role of coherence in governing Talbot revivals of random waves in the nonlinear regime, crucially informing the understanding and application of the Talbot effect in realistic media.
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All authors Yanlin Bai, Tianyu Cao, Pujuan Ma, Xin Liu, Yangjian Cai, Sergey A. Ponomarenko, Chunhao Liang
Quantum Physics
Low Spatial Cost CCZ Magic State Factory
Sungyeon Kook, Yujin Kang, Ilkwon Sohn et al. (+1 more)
We propose a design framework for reconstructing gate-based magic state
distillation protocols as compact joint-measurement architectures implementable with the surface code. The goal is to reduce the surface-code resource cost of a magic state factory while preserving the logical function and error-detection structure of the
distillation protocol. We construct a reduced architecture for implementing an eight-to-three CCZ
distillation protocol using smaller surface-code patches. The proposed factory preserves the single-fault-detection property and the leading-order error suppression of the protocol, while producing CCZ magic states with lower spatial cost than the design of Gidney and Fowler. The proposed design perspective can also be applied to T-state factories and other multiqubit non-Clifford resource-state factories. Our approach provides a framework for extending the design space of surface-code magic state factories beyond a single CCZ layout optimization.
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All authors Sungyeon Kook, Yujin Kang, Ilkwon Sohn, Jun Heo
Astrophysics of Galaxies
A First Measurement of Circumgalactic Dust Reddening from Only 4.6 deg$^2$ of the Rubin Observatory's Data Preview 1
John Franklin Crenshaw, Matthew McQuinn and Jessica K. Werk
We present the first measurement of circumgalactic
dust reddening from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, using only 4.6 deg$^2$ of ComCam Data Preview 1 — roughly $0.03\%$ of the final LSST footprint. Using photometric
redshifts, we stack background-
galaxy colors around foreground-
galaxy positions and detect a chromatic reddening profile from $r_\perp \simeq 10$ kpc to $1$ Mpc. Interpreting average $E(g-z)$ with a Milky Way extinction curve, we find $A_V = (1.3 \pm 0.4) \times 10^{-1} (r_\perp / 20 \mathrm{kpc})^{-1.8 \pm 0.4}$ within $120$ kpc. The amplitude and radial dependence agree with earlier Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), KiDS, and Dark Energy Survey (DES) results despite the $\sim1000\times$ smaller survey area and a foreground sample extending 3–6 mag fainter and 1–2 dex lower in
stellar mass. The innermost 10–15 kpc bin reaches $A_V \simeq 0.3$ mag, comparable to high-latitude extinction through the Milky Way disk near the
solar circle; the steep power-law slope implies a
dust distribution that does not simply trace the
halo-gas profile. Splitting by rest-frame $g-r$ shows stronger extinction around red foreground
galaxies (rest-frame $g-r > 0.5$), although the blue subsample is too noisy to establish a significant color dependence. This red sample, with median
halo mass $5 \times 10^{11} M_\odot$, shows substantially more reddening within 50 kpc than previously measured around more massive LRGs and implies a
dust-to-
stellar-mass ratio of $\sim 2\%$, nearly saturating the
dust budget allowed by
stellar metal yields. These pathfinder data demonstrate LSST's promise for high-precision
galaxy–
dust measurements across
galaxy mass, environment, and
redshift.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
Dual-disk galaxies and thermal states of circumgalactic medium
Masafumi Noguchi
Disk
galaxies often have dual-disk structures composed of thin disks and thick disks. Recent observations reveal that such duality is ubiquitous across broad
galaxy mass and
cosmic time. It is suggested that more massive
galaxies have smaller mass fractions of thick disks and undergo a transition from thick (or single) disk states to dual-disk states at earlier times. Previous studies suggest that the circumgalactic medium (CGM) in
halos above the critical mass is heated by the development of stable shocks and feedback from active
galactic nuclei. It has been argued that this thermal change of the CGM causes the transition of the
accretion of CGM from the fast cold mode to the slow hot mode driven by the radiative cooling of heated CGM. We consider here the hypothesis that the cold and hot modes promote the formation of thick and thin disks, respectively. Previous theoretical studies showed that this hypothesis explains the age and chemical bimodality of the Milky Way disk as well as the mass dependence of disk duality observed for local
galaxies. Using simple
galaxy evolution models, we show that this hypothesis also reproduces the thick-to-thin disk mass ratios observed for high-
redshift galaxies up to $z=2$. Earlier transition to dual disks in more massive
galaxies is explained as the outcome of earlier crossing of the critical
halo mass by more massive
halos. The caveat here is that this interpretation is not applicable to bulge-dominated
galaxies at the high-mass end because present models do not include
galaxy mergers, which likely act as the primary route to bulge formation. It should also be noted that the link between the disk duality and gas
accretion modes may be indirect and multiple processes may transform accreted material into different types of disks in real
galaxies.
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