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Physics

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Friday 12 June

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Optimal marked statistics from the Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structure

Marco Marinucci, Michele Liguori, Federico Semenzato et al. (+1 more)

We present a simple and robust framework to assess the information content of the power spectrum of a marked density field within the Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structure, providing a physically motivated regime of validity of perturbation theory for such fields. We optimize the choice of mark to maximize the constraining power on cosmological parameters, focusing on the resulting reduction of parameter uncertainties. After marginalizing over the small-scale counterterms, we find improvements in the parameter error bars by a factor of approximately $1.30$-$2.3$, $1.3$-$8.3$, and $1.2$-$2.5$ for $\Omega_m$, $\sigma_8$, and $h$, respectively, depending on redshift and smoothing scale. The optimized mark exhibits a simple functional form, for which we provide a physical interpretation in terms of its response to the underlying density field. These results demonstrate the potential of marked statistics as a tool to extract additional cosmological information beyond standard two-point analyses and open a pathway for further exploration of nonlinear transformations of the density field.
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All authors Marco Marinucci, Michele Liguori, Federico Semenzato, Benjamin D. Wandelt

Physics and Society

Wealth Inequality and Planetary Boundaries in a Stylized Agent-Based Model

Thomas Valade, Michael Benzaquen, Matthieu Cristelli et al. (+2 more)

At the intersection of rising wealth inequality and intensifying environmental pressures, we investigate a reverse causal relationship that has received comparatively little attention: wealth inequality may not only be a consequence of environmental crises, but also act as a structural obstacle to the ecological transition itself. We develop a stylized agent-based model in which heterogeneous agents, whose initial wealth follows a Pareto distribution, allocate their income between either a Brown or a Green sector through a utility function. The function is designed to capture the trade-off between short-term returns and exposure to long-term systemic risks. A central ingredient is that wealthier agents perceive themselves as less vulnerable to environmental shocks, thereby reducing the amount of resources available for the transition. We show that, beyond inequality thresholds compatible with those observed in most developed countries, the economy remains locked in a Brown regime, even when a substantial share of agents is sensitive to externalities. We then assess a set of stylized fiscal policies (basic income, carbon taxation, Green incentives, and a combined scheme) and find that their effectiveness depends strongly on the inequality regime and on the regressivity embedded in the fiscal mechanism, revealing multidimensional trade-offs between transition speed, cumulative environmental destruction, growth, and fiscal pressure.
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All authors Thomas Valade, Michael Benzaquen, Matthieu Cristelli, Stanislao Gualdi, Pierre Lenders

Chemical Physics

Thermal feedback as a kinetic control mechanism in reaction-diffusion pattern formation

Sudip Dutta and Pushpita Ghosh

Pattern formation in reaction-diffusion systems is traditionally analyzed under isothermal assumptions, overlooking the dynamical role of temperature in systems where reactions generate and dissipate heat. Here, we investigate non-isothermal reaction-diffusion dynamics by coupling activator-inhibitor kinetics to a dynamically evolving temperature field that modulates reaction rates through Arrhenius-type dependencies. This coupling introduces an additional feedback mechanism that influences stability and pattern selection. Through analytical and numerical analysis of the Cholrine dioxide-Iodine-Malonic acid (CDIMA) and Schnakenberg models, we demonstrate that thermal feedback modifies dispersion relations by enhancing instability growth rates and shifting pattern selection toward shorter wavelengths. Beyond these intrinsic effects, we identify a boundary-mediated mechanism in which thermal constraints qualitatively alter global dynamics. In particular, fixed-temperature boundaries induce nonstationary behavior in the CDIMA system, whereas the Schnakenberg model exhibits robust stationary patterns. These results establish thermal-kinetic coupling as a general mechanism for controlling pattern formation and highlight the role of boundary-mediated heat exchange as a tunable parameter for spatiotemporal organization.
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Statistical Mechanics

Thermodynamic Bounds from Otto–Villani Functional Inequalities

Andrea Auconi

The dissipation in the relaxation of an ensemble of conservative stochastic systems towards the equilibrium steady state is quantified by the free energy difference. Functional inequalities within the framework of [F. Otto and C. Villani, J. Funct. Anal. 173, 361 (2000)] are here revisited which connect the free energy dynamics and optimal transport, offering a geometric perspective on the instantaneous speed of relaxation in the presence of potential barriers. These are illustrated with numerical relaxation experiments on Landau-Ginzburg potentials. The same inequalities hold for relaxation toward nonequilibrium steady states once the potential is replaced by the pseudo-potential defined by the stationary density.
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Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.NA

Mathematical Modeling of Salt Precipitation and Multi-Phase Flow in High Enthalpy Fractured Geothermal Systems

Micheal B. Oguntola, Omar Duran, Eirik Keilegavlen et al. (+1 more)

Simulating high-enthalpy fractured geothermal reservoirs is challenging due to the complex coupled processes of non-isothermal, multiphase, multicomponent flow, strongly nonlinear thermodynamics, and the dominant role of fractures. These complexities are amplified by mineral scaling, such as halite precipitation, which can impair reservoir permeability and well productivity. To address this, we present a new compositional flow model based on a persistent set of primary variables (pressure, enthalpy, and overall salt mass fraction). The formulation naturally handles phase transitions without manual switching, enhancing numerical stability. The model integrates a discrete fracture-matrix approach and employs an efficient, robust correlation-based phase-behaviour linearisation of saltwater thermodynamics, replacing expensive on-the-fly phase separation calculations. It incorporates the Kozeny-Carman relation to dynamically model porosity and permeability reduction from halite precipitation. Implemented in the open-source PorePy framework, the model is verified through a 1D salt dissolution benchmark against the established closed-source simulator CSMP++, showing strong agreement across geothermal conditions involving transitions between single- and multi-phase regions. Application to a 2D halite-saturated fractured reservoir with injection and production demonstrates the model's capability to predict halite precipitation patterns and their impact on permeability damage and energy recovery. Numerical results further show the model's value in predicting operational challenges such as wellbore blockage and the role of fracture connectivity. The model thus provides an open-source numerical tool for analysing complex heat and mass transport with mineral scaling in high-enthalpy fractured geothermal systems.
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All authors Micheal B. Oguntola, Omar Duran, Eirik Keilegavlen, Inga Berre

Medical Physics

iGLU 5.0: A Novel, Non-invasive and Intelligent HbA1c Measurement Device using Glucose values and Physiological Parameter for Smart Healthcare

Prateek Jain, Amit M. Joshi and Saraju P. Mohanty

The laboratory test process of HbA1c measurement is a time-consuming and invasive method. The HbA1c parameter is the most important feature to predict the level of diabetes. Although invasive methods are irritating in the case of frequent measurements. Moreover, HbA1c measurement is only possible at the diagnostic centre, followed by medical protocol. Hence, it is still challenging to measure the HbA1c frequently at remote locations, where diagnostic centres are not easily available. Therefore, an intelligent and new non-invasive HbA1c measurement system, iGLU 5.0, is proposed for instant diagnosis of the HbA1c value without prior measurement setup. The proposed measurement device is based on optical spectroscopy for the collection of glucose values in different formats. The glucose values have been collected in fasting, postprandial, and random formats. The glucose value has also been collected using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), along with the average blood pressure value, correspondingly. These four formats of glucose values, along with blood pressure, were used to predict the estimated average glucose (eAG) using an optimized prediction model. Further, the predicted average glucose is converted into an HbA1c value using a standard formula. The eAG prediction models have been trained and validated using 2000 samples of healthy, prediabetic and diabetic people to analyze the optimized prediction model. 94% and 96% accuracy have been examined during training and cross-validation of optimized DNN model, respectively. A 0.3 mean absolute difference has been identified from predicted HbA1c values using the proposed DNN model. The novel non-invasive HbA1c prediction system is useful for instant diagnosis without irritation for smart healthcare.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Unavoidable Loop-Induced Quintessence – Higgs Mixing and Its Phenomenological Consequences

Zurab Kepuladze

We investigate a class of quintessence models in which the dark-energy scalar field interacts with sterile neutrinos responsible for neutrino mass generation through the seesaw mechanism. Radiative corrections involving sterile neutrinos induce Higgs-quintessence mixing and provide an effective portal between quintessence and Standard Model particles. We calculate the corresponding one-loop mixing amplitude and show that its structure depends on the relation between the characteristic momentum transfer and the sterile-neutrino mass. In the low-momentum regime the mixing is effectively kinetic, while at high energies it acquires a mass-mixing form. A notable result is that the overall suppression of the induced mixing is governed by the physical neutrino mass scale, leading to a predictive relation between neutrino properties and Higgs-quintessence interactions. The resulting loop-induced effects are found to be suppressed by factors comparable to those controlling the tree-level quintessence-neutrino interaction. The induced mixing generates effective couplings of quintessence to Standard Model fermions and gauge bosons, leading to modified Higgs, W and Z boson processes and opening decay channels for the quintessence field, which may prove to be cosmologically important. While the corresponding effects remain well below current experimental sensitivities in the minimal heavy-seesaw scenario, the framework establishes a direct connection between dark-energy dynamics, neutrino mass generation and Higgs-sector phenomenology and provides a basis for studying scenarios with lighter sterile neutrino states where observable effects may be enhanced.
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Soft Condensed Matter

Thinning-by-spinning: shear rheology of dense chiral fluids

Lucio Mauro Carenza, Giuseppe Gonnella, Demian Levis et al. (+1 more)

We investigate the linear and nonlinear rheology of dense chiral fluids composed of self-spinning particles under external shear. Using particle-based simulations of a two-dimensional Lennard-Jones model with transverse interactions, we show that chirality acts as an intrinsic source of fluctuations and shear. In the solid regime, spinning fluidizes the system, weakening hexatic order. In the liquid regime, the viscosity is quantitatively described by a Green-Kubo relation upon replacing the temperature by a chirality-dependent effective temperature. Beyond linear response, flow curves collapse when expressed in terms of the ratio between imposed shear and spinning rates, revealing a thinning-by-spinning mechanism. At large forcing, this correspondence breaks down and a pronounced handedness asymmetry emerges: when transverse interactions oppose the imposed shear, stresses relax through the formation of string-like flow channels. Our results identify chirality as a generic mechanism for fluidization and provide a unified framework for understanding the rheology of dense chiral suspensions.
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All authors Lucio Mauro Carenza, Giuseppe Gonnella, Demian Levis, Giuseppe Negro

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

On Compositeness of $D_{s0}^*(2317)$ and its decay to $D_s\pi^0$

Yu-Hui Zhou, Xiu-Li Gao, Bin Wu et al. (+2 more)

We demonstrate that the $D_{s0}^{*}(2317)$ can be described as a bound-state pole arising from the coupling between a discrete $c\bar{s}(1^3P_0)$ state and the $DK$ continuum state in the Lee-Friedrichs model. The elementariness and compositeness of the $D_{s0}^{*}(2317)$ are determined to be about $Z:X\approx 51.1 \%:48.9\%$, indicating a nearly equal admixture of compact quark-model state and hadronic molecular components. The decay width of $D_{s0}^{*}(2317)\rightarrow D_s^{+}\pi^0$ is evaluated within the quark rearrangement framework. The transition $c\bar{s}(1^3P_0)\rightarrow D_s\pi^0$ proceeds via the OZI-allowed $c\bar{s}(1^3P_0)-D_s\eta$ coupling followed by $\eta-\pi^0$ mixing, which serves as the primary source of isospin violation in this channel. The coupling between $DK$ and $D_s\pi^0$ is computed in a quark rearrangement model, where the isospin violation effect originates from the mass difference between the $D^0K^+$ and $D^+K^0$ thresholds. The parameters of the scheme shares the same ones with those of the underlying potential model and only the vacuum production strength is adjusted to reproduce the physical $D_{s0}^{*}(2317)$ mass. This calculation may shed more insight to the nature of exotic $D_{s0}^{*}(2317)$ state and its isospin-breaking decay properties.
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All authors Yu-Hui Zhou, Xiu-Li Gao, Bin Wu, Jun-Xi Cui, Zhi-Yong Zhou

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Light-front transverse profiles of scalar and spin-two chromoelectric EMT responses in near-threshold charmonium probes

Arkadiy I. Syamtomov

I construct light-front transverse profile functions for the scalar and spin-two chromoelectric energy-momentum-tensor responses selected by compact-charmonium probes of the proton. The scalar branch is the anomaly and sigma amplitude, while the spin-two branch contains the gravitational combination $3B_i(t)-D_i(t)=6J_i(t)-3A_i(t)-D_i(t)$ rather than $A_i(t)$ alone. In the Drell-Yan frame, these two amplitudes define normalized transverse response profiles whose integrated ratio reproduces the forward light-front spin-two/scalar strength, while the finite transverse-distance behavior is sensitive to the relative scalar and gravitational slopes. The construction gives a spatial representation of the chromoelectric EMT projection without interpreting a measured near-threshold slope as a model-independent static three-dimensional mass radius.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Testing varying coupling constants through multi-Higgs production at the LHC

Ulf Danielsson, Rikard Enberg, Gunnar Ingelman et al. (+3 more)

We propose the One Scalar Theory (1ST), a minimalist framework where a single real singlet scalar field mediates the dynamical generation of the Higgs self-coupling and the top Yukawa coupling. Unlike generic portal models, the 1ST removes parametric freedom by locking production and decay modes to a single fundamental scale $\Lambda_0$, rendering the framework highly predictive with unique experimental signals. We demonstrate that the collider phenomenology is partitioned by the $2m_t$ kinematic threshold into di-Higgs and di-top resonance regimes. By recasting current ATLAS data, we set lower bounds on $\Lambda_0$ at the TeV scale and show that the High-Luminosity LHC will probe this scale up to $4$ TeV, providing a definitive test for the dynamical origin of the electroweak sector.
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All authors Ulf Danielsson, Rikard Enberg, Gunnar Ingelman, Soumyadip Kundu, Tanumoy Mandal, Subhadip Mitra

Plasma Physics

PIConGPU modeling of nanoplasma formation in helium nanodroplets irradiated by intense femtosecond laser pulses

Cristian Medina, Klaus Steiniger, Brian Edward Marre et al. (+14 more)

Helium nanodroplets provide a unique and versatile platform for investigating strong-field-driven nanoplasma dynamics. In this work, we present large-scale, GPU-accelerated particle-in-cell simulations using PIConGPU to study the interaction of pure helium nanodroplets containing up to $10^{6}$ atoms with intense near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses, and compare the results with single-shot velocity-map electron imaging and ion measurements. The simulations describe the plasma evolution from the first ionization events to collective electron motion, nanoplasma formation, and early expansion. We show that the calculated electron and ion observables reproduce the main features of the measured spectra in systems with similar cluster sizes and laser intensities. Our results demonstrate that PIConGPU captures the essential physics of nanoplasma formation previously addressed mainly with molecular-dynamics or TDDFT approaches, while remaining computationally efficient and applicable to much larger systems. This establishes PIConGPU as a powerful and scalable tool for connecting nanoplasma theory with experimentally accessible observables.
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All authors Cristian Medina, Klaus Steiniger, Brian Edward Marre, Marcel Mudrich, Asbjørn Ø. Lægdsmand, SivaRama Krishnan, Keshav Sishodia, Martin Albrecht, Eva Klimešová, Maria Krikunova, Jakob Andreasson, Weiyu Zhang, Deepthy Mootheril, Nikolas Rapp, Serge A. Krasnokutski, Robert Moshammer, Thomas Pfeifer.

Optics

Compact Photonic Fibre-based Deformation Sensor Fabricated by Two-Photon Polymerization

Vladimir Osipov, Ayman El-Tamer, Ulf Hinze et al. (+2 more)

We have demonstrated that compact deformation sensors with heights and widths of about 100 micrometers can be fabricated by two-photon polymerization, using commercially available optical ferrules with embedded 125 micrometers-diameter optical fibers as the basic platform and the commercial photopolymers OrmoComp and FemtoBond as the fabrication materials.
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All authors Vladimir Osipov, Ayman El-Tamer, Ulf Hinze, Alexander Dulebo, David J. Webb

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Small x dynamics of the unpolarised color dipole gluon TMD PDFs for all transverse momenta

Mariyah Siddiqah, Nahid Vasim and Mushood Nabi

A general solution of the Balitsky Kovchegov (BK) equation well describes the partonic behavior within the saturation regime and beyond this limit. This solution can potentially define the unpolarized color dipole gluon transverse momentum dependent (TMD) distribution in the small x regime for full k perp range. In this work, we Fourier-Bessel transform this general S matrix of the BK equation and, within the leading logarithmic approximation, obtain a closed form expression of unpolarised Gluon TMD. The distribution exhibits a smooth and well behaved k perp dependence from low to high transverse momenta. Numerical evaluation for different values of x accessible at the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), shows a characteristic inversion of the x ordering at the saturation scale. The result is in close agreement with the behavior observed in the unintegrated color dipole gluon distribution computed within the Bartels Golec Biernat Kowalski (BGK) model, suggesting that this feature is a model independent signature of gluon saturation.
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Optics

Characterization of Rocking Block Behaviors with Classical and Alternative Restitution Models

Fernando Gaibor E., Alexander López and Esther D. Gutiérrez

This work investigates how restitution modeling affects the dynamics of rocking blocks subjected to harmonic excitation. While several studies have reported discrepancies between experimentally observed impact behavior and the predictions obtained using the classical Housner restitution coefficient, the implications of adopting alternative restitution formulations on the global dynamics of rocking systems remain largely unexplored. The system is formulated as a hybrid non-smooth dynamical model and analyzed through bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponents, and basins of attraction for different slenderness ratios. By comparing the classical restitution model proposed by Housner with the alternative formulation of Mao et al., we show that the choice of restitution model strongly influences the predicted system response. The alternative formulation leads to an earlier onset and greater prevalence of complex oscillations, as well as changes in the type, stability, and accessibility of attractors compared to the classical model. However, as the slenderness ratio increases, the dynamical features produced by both formulations progressively converge, indicating a reduced sensitivity to the restitution model for taller blocks. These results provide a dynamical perspective on why alternative restitution formulations, which predict impact responses closer to experimental observations, can produce markedly different behaviors from those obtained using the classical Housner model.
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Fluid Dynamics

Surface-tension calibration for N-phase mixtures

M.F.P. ten Eikelder and A. Brunk

Diffuse-interface (phase-field) models are a widely used framework for interfacial dynamics in complex fluids, in which sharp interfaces are replaced by smooth transition layers and interfacial forces follow from a free-energy functional. In these models, surface tensions and diffuse thicknesses are not prescribed directly but are encoded implicitly by the bulk multiwell potential and the gradient-energy term through one-dimensional equilibrium profiles. While this link is classical in the binary Cahn–Hilliard setting, calibrating multiphase models is substantially more delicate because multiple pairwise surface tensions must be matched simultaneously and the relevant equilibrium paths are constrained by the Gibbs simplex. The practical problem is therefore: given a chosen bulk potential and a set of target pairwise surface tensions, determine gradient-energy coefficients that reproduce these targets in the full multiphase model. Here we present a thermodynamically consistent calibration procedure for N-phase diffuse-interface free energies of Cahn–Hilliard type. The method determines a symmetric capillary matrix that matches prescribed pairwise surface tensions through the model's equilibrium profiles. We further introduce a rescaling strategy that adjusts diffuse interface widths to mesh-resolvable values while preserving the calibrated surface tensions. The resulting calibrated free-energy closure can be incorporated directly into N-phase mixture simulations, and we demonstrate this by applying it to N-phase Navier–Stokes–Cahn–Hilliard flows.
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Statistical Mechanics

Thermodynamic Framework for $q$-Affinity

Dani Rodríguez-Castellanos and Petr Jizba

We develop a thermodynamic framework for non-equilibrium affinities based on generalized entropies. In particular, we extend the classical concept of De Donder by introducing $q$-affinities associated with Rényi and Tsallis entropies. This in turn allows us to generalize thermodynamic driving forces to systems with long-range interactions and/or strong correlations. For Rényi entropy, we build on a thermodynamic interpretation due to Baez, where the entropy is expressed through finite differences of the Helmholtz free energy at two temperatures. This leads to a generalized thermodynamic potential whose derivative with respect to a reaction coordinate defines the Rényi $q$-affinity. The resulting expression admits a representation in terms of exponential work averages, establishing a connection to Jarzynski-type fluctuation relations. For Tsallis entropy, we consider Markov jump processes using a master-equation-based approach. We derive a $q$-deformed entropy balance law and obtain an explicit expression for the Tsallis entropy production rate, proving its non-negativity and thus recovering a generalized second-law structure. This allows to identify a local stochastic $q$-affinity with the generalized thermodynamic force entering the entropy production rate.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Characterization of white-light enhancements under umbral conditions in one-dimensional simulations of solar flares

Sascha Ornig and Mats Carlsson

Solar flares with signatures in the optical continuum (white light, WL) pose a challenge to the standard flare model and to solar flare simulations. In particular, simulations are so far not able to convincingly reproduce observed WL enhancements. We investigate the effect of different electron beams on an umbral atmosphere and what the differences and similarities to the quiet-Sun response are. We characterized WL emission in one-dimensional simulations of solar flares using the radiation hydrodynamics code RADYN. We used a similar setup as the F-CHROMA grid, but with a starting atmosphere describing umbral conditions. We investigated the influence of different temporal profiles of an electron beam on this umbral atmosphere. Our simulations show maximum WL increases between 40 and 335%, which is comparable to observed values. The reduced umbral background is the main reason for these large increases. We identify hydrogen recombination in an optically thin chromosphere as the dominant process responsible for the increases, with the radiation from the heated photosphere becoming substantial in the later stages due to the longer timescale of the cooling of the photosphere compared to hydrogen recombination in the chromosphere. Shorter, more intense beams (i.e., beams with a higher maximum energy flux) lead to a faster and more dramatic atmospheric evolution. Such beams also cause larger WL enhancements due to a higher electron density in the relevant layers. Both the Balmer ratio and the Paschen ratio are substantially higher in our simulations compared to simulations with a quiet-Sun atmosphere. The detectability and amplitude of WL enhancements depends on the spectral and temporal structure of the electron beam as well as the underlying background radiation. The combination of a short, intense beam and an umbral atmosphere provides an excellent seed for substantial WL enhancements.
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History and Philosophy of Physics

The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly – Living with Priors in Bayesian confirmation

Niels Linnemann and Christian Wüthrich

Bayesian confirmation faces a classic problem: where do initial priors come from? In cases with abundant data and repeated updating, different priors tend to converge to the same posterior. However, in frontier research this convergence often fails, and confirmation remains sensitive to priors. We examine how physics practice in the case of gravitational wave research deals with such cases and, normatively, when prior sensitivity should be regarded as epistemically problematic. We offer a practice-based account of the prior problem, so far absent from the philosophical literature on Bayesianism. One upshot is a clearer diagnosis of so-called 'analogue confirmation'.
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Applied Physics

Microscaled Tunable Magnonic RF Phase Shifters

Johannes Greil, Antonio Angotti, Felix Kohl et al. (+11 more)

Tunable, microscopic, and energy-efficient solutions for radio-frequency (RF) signal manipulation in the GHz regime are a key technology for efficient communication and sensing applications. Spin waves offer micrometer wavelengths at GHz frequencies, combined with strong magnetic-field tunability, making them inherently well-suited for tunable analog signal processing. Here, we demonstrate a novel concept: a micron-scale tunable RF phase shifter based on the wavelength shift of propagating spin waves. High energy efficiency is achieved by using the stray field of a micromagnet on a piezoelectrically actuated MEMS cantilever to locally induce this shift. The device shows a phase shift of more than 360{\deg} at a center frequency of 6.1 GHz using a phase-shifting area of less than 0.02mm$^2$. By changing the magnetic bias field, its functionality is experimentally confirmed over a range of center frequencies from 3 GHz to 8.2 GHz, and simulations show its applicability up to 14 GHz. A system-level characterization of an embedded device version demonstrates the qualification of magnonic phase shifters for highly integrated RF systems.
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All authors Johannes Greil, Antonio Angotti, Felix Kohl, Ádám Papp, Matthias Wagner, Maria Cocconcelli, Andrea Del Giacco, Dieter Ferling, Björn Heinz, Federico Maspero, György Csaba, Riccardo Bertacco, Markus Becherer, Philipp Pirro

Materials Science

Pronounced in-plane anomalous Hall effect with vanishing out-of-plane response in Cr1.2Te2

Wenzhi Peng, Zheng Liu, ShaSha Wang et al. (+8 more)

We report an unconventional anomalous Hall regime in the van der Waals ferromagnet Cr1.2Te2, in which the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) is present for in-plane magnetization but absent for out-of-plane magnetization. In this purely in-plane regime, the anomalous Hall signal exhibits a threefold angular dependence during both in-plane and out-of-plane rotations of the magnetization, which cannot be accounted for by the conventional dipolar contribution but instead requires an octupolar contribution. Although the octupolar term qualitatively captures the observed behavior, the experimentally extracted octupole differs quantitatively from first-principles calculations based solely on the intrinsic Berry-curvature mechanism, indicating an essential role for extrinsic scattering processes.
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All authors Wenzhi Peng, Zheng Liu, ShaSha Wang, Haolin Pan, Changlong Wang, Xiangbiao Shi, Jiahao Han, Qian Niu, Yang Gao, Bin Xiang, Dazhi Hou

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Uncovering the dark matter distribution by combining stellar kinematics and integrated HI spectra: Method validation

Yu Lei, Meng Yang and Ling Zhu

We determined the dark matter (DM) distribution in galaxies by jointly modelling stellar kinematics from integral field unit (IFU) observations and the gaseous kinematics encoded in a single integrated HI spectrum. The stellar kinematics are described by a triaxial orbit-superposition Schwarzschild model, while the HI gas is described by an idealised disc model; both are governed by the same gravitational potential. The potential comprises the stellar mass, a generalised Navarro-Frenk-White (gNFW) DM halo, and a central black hole. We validated the method on 58 simulated galaxies generated from the TNG50 cosmological simulation. For each galaxy, we created two versions of mock data with azimuthal angles viewed side-on and end-on, thus yielding 116 mock observations in total. Our model recovers the total mass, stellar mass, and DM mass profiles within the data range; the median DM mass of the 58 simulated galaxies is recovered with a relative systematic bias smaller than 20% across all radii from 2–20 kpc. The statistical uncertainties on the DM masses within 5 kpc remain similar to those found with the model constrained by IFU data only. In contrast, the relative uncertainty on the DM mass in the outer regions decreases when the HI spectrum is included; at 20 kpc, it drops markedly, from about 85% to roughly 30%. The DM density slope defined explicitly in the gNFW model is systematically underestimated and thus does not yield a reliable quantity from observations using our approach. Instead, we introduce density slopes evaluated between 2 and 20 kpc, which are statistically well recovered for both the total mass and the DM mass. We demonstrate the reliability of this method in uncovering the DM distribution and emphasise its promise for application to large samples of observed galaxies.
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Computational Physics

Large Language Model Based Agent for Automated Discovery in Computational Physics

Hang Lin, Chongwen Liu and Gang Yan

Scientific discovery in computational physics can often be framed as the optimization of quantitatively evaluable objectives subject to physical constraints. While researchers excel at formulating such problems, they frequently devote substantial effort to iterative refinement of methods and solution strategies. To accelerate this process, we introduce PhyNex, an autonomous agent that systematically explores the solution space of scorable scientific tasks by coupling large language model (LLM)-guided search with domain-specific computational tools that enforce physical consistency. PhyNex operates via progressive local search, accumulates reusable knowledge from both successful and failed attempts, and produces interpretable exploration trajectories that reveal which algorithmic components drive performance improvements. We validate PhyNex on three representative and scientifically important problems: predicting frequency-dependent dielectric spectra of semiconductors from crystal structure, designing probabilistic-circuit heuristics for Max-Cut on graphs, and optimizing charging protocols for Dicke quantum batteries in the chaotic coupling regime. Across the three tasks, PhyNex autonomously identifies solutions that match or exceed state-of-the-art approaches designed by human scientists, yielding search-averaged improvements of up to 3.8% in spectral similarity, up to 15.0% in normalized mean cut for Max-Cut, and 5.9% in ergotropy at the $80\mathrm{k}$ training checkpoint in open exploration. These findings demonstrate that LLM-based agents with structured, feedback-driven exploration can substantially accelerate the path from problem specification to effective implementation, suggesting a practical division of labor in which scientists define objectives and constraints while automated systems navigate the methodological search space.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

A Novel Approach to Short Baseline Oscillation Searches Using Neutrino Tagging with nuSCOPE

Adrien Blanchet, César Jesús-Valls, Animesh Chatterjee et al. (+3 more)

We present the first study of short-baseline neutrino oscillation searches using a tagged neutrino beamline, taking the proposed nuSCOPE facility at CERN as a benchmark. In this Letter we demonstrate that tagged neutrino beams, where the neutrino flavor, energy, and propagation distance are determined with exceptional event-by-event precision, provide a new experimental approach to search for non-standard neutrino oscillations. We evaluate the sensitivity to sterile-neutrino-induced oscillations in the $\nu_\mu$ disappearance, $\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e$ appearance, and $\nu_e$ disappearance channels, demonstrating the ability to probe multiple flavor transitions and both appearance and disappearance modes within a single experiment. Our results show that tagged beams enable sensitivity improvements to mass-squared splittings spanning several orders of magnitude while substantially reducing the dependence on neutrino flux predictions that limits conventional searches. We find that nuSCOPE can probe a broad region of parameter space motivated by existing anomalies and extend coverage into previously unexplored territory, demonstrating the strong potential of tagged neutrino beams for precision oscillation physics.
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All authors Adrien Blanchet, César Jesús-Valls, Animesh Chatterjee, Stephen Dolan, Pierre Granger, Laura Munteanu

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.RT

Quantum dynamical Weyl groups from quantum loop groups of arbitrary shuffle type

Tianqing Zhu

We construct quantum dynamical Weyl group elements associated with quantum loop groups of arbitrary shuffle type. Using the construction, we define the quantum lattice operator and the algebraic quantum difference equations for each tensor products of semisimple modules $V$ in category $\mathcal{O}$. We prove that algebraic quantum difference operators form a family of commuting operators, and they also commute with the qKZ operators for the tensor products of modules of the above type in $\mathcal{O}$. This recovers the construction in \cite{OS22} and can be viewed as the difference analog of the trigonmetric Casimir connection when the quantum loop group corresponds to the finite type symmetrisable Cartan matrix.
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Quantum Physics

A new class of degenerate solutions to the massless Dirac equation and their potential applications in optical memories

Georgios N. Tsigaridas, Aristides I. Kechriniotis, Christos A. Tsonos et al. (+1 more)

In this article, we present a novel class of degenerate solutions to the massless Dirac equation, corresponding to a wide variety of electromagnetic 4-potentials and fields, including both zero field and circularly polarized electromagnetic waves. An interesting property of these solutions is that the spin of the particles rotates in synchronization with the electric and magnetic fields of the electromagnetic waves. These results could be utilized for the development of optical memories based on materials supporting massless Dirac fermions, such as graphene.
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All authors Georgios N. Tsigaridas, Aristides I. Kechriniotis, Christos A. Tsonos, Konstantinos K. Delibasis

Quantum Physics

Dose-efficient Quantum Phase Estimation in Lossy Optical Interferometry

Qilin Yu, Ben Wang, Kaimin Zheng et al. (+3 more)

Optical interferometry is a cornerstone technique for precise phase measurements across various fields. In many applications, for example, biological imaging, it often necessitates stringent limits on light intensity to prevent adverse effects on light-sensitive samples, a condition known as dose-limited regimes. Maximizing the precision per dose is therefore crucial. In quantum metrology, quantum correlations enable high precision in phase estimation while adhering to dose constraints. Nevertheless, photon loss, including absorption by a sample, substantially diminishes the benefits of quantum enhancement in interferometry. In this work, we experimentally investigate a dose-efficient approach to quantum phase estimation using sequential strategies in the presence of loss. Performance of sequential strategies with and without control is evaluated through quantum Fisher information (QFI) per dose. Experimental results show that both sequential strategies exceed the classical limit and outperform the parallel strategy using unbalanced N00N states. Notably, the control-enhanced sequential strategy attains superior QFI per dose, approaching the quantum limit. These results highlight the promise of sequential strategy for imaging and sensing in resource-constrained scenarios, marking a significant step toward practical and efficient quantum metrology in lossy environments.
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All authors Qilin Yu, Ben Wang, Kaimin Zheng, Minghao Mi, Hui Li, Lijian Zhang

Quantum Physics

Quantum codes and optimal pure quantum $(r,\delta)$-LRCs via the MP construction

Meng Cao and Kun Zhou

In this paper, we employ MP codes whose defining matrices are $\tau$-optimal defining ($\tau$-OD) matrices to construct new quantum codes and quantum $(r,\delta)$-LRCs. Specifically, we report the following results: We establish a unified $\tau$-monomial decomposition theorem for invertible self-adjoint matrices over finite fields of arbitrary characteristic, which generalizes the result in "Quantum codes using the $\tau$-OD MP construction" where the characteristic was required to be odd. Based on this theorem, we prove the existence of $\tau$-OD matrices over $\mathbb{F}_{q^2}$ for any characteristic and demonstrate that there exist several new infinite families of $\tau$-OD matrices over $\mathbb{F}_{q^2}$ of characteristic $2$. As an application of MP codes involving $\tau$-OD matrices, we construct several infinite families of quantum codes with flexible parameters. Within this framework, we present $222$ record-breaking quantum codes that surpass the best-known records maintained in Grassl's database. We propose two effective schemes for constructing optimal pure quantum $(r,\delta)$-LRCs via MP codes. Accordingly, we construct four new infinite families of optimal pure quantum $(r,\delta)$-LRCs with flexible parameters. Notably, we report an interesting phenomenon by exhibiting $30$ optimal pure quantum $(r,\delta)$-LRCs derived from our framework; that is, there exist quantum codes that are not only optimal pure quantum $(r,\delta)$-LRCs but also, according to Grassl's database, best-known, optimal, or record-breaking quantum codes. To the best of our knowledge, the new discovery that quantum codes are simultaneously optimal pure quantum $(r,\delta)$-LRCs and record-breaking quantum codes has not been previously reported in the literature.
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Materials Science

$p$-wave magnet and hedgehog-type Berry curvature in helimagnetic MnAu$_2$

Hogyun Jeong, Sangyun Lee, Junhee Shin et al. (+4 more)

Recently discovered altermagnetism in collinear compensated magnets shows even-parity spin texture in momentum space. Beyond the collinear spin ordering, unique odd-parity spin textures emerge in noncollinear compensated magnets. The noncollinear candidates, however, remain unexplored toward a room-temperature metallic altermagnet. Here, we demonstrate that MnAu2 exhibits metallic p-wave magnetism and large spin splitting induced by helical spin ordering. By adapting the band-unfolding scheme based on the translation operators combined with spin rotations, first-principles calculations reveal an unconventional Fermi surface around the $\tilde{M}$-point composed of a single electron pocket with $p$-wave spin texture. Moreover, the spin twist in the helimagnet triggers topologically non-trivial hedgehog Berry curvature, which links to the nonlinear Hall effect and spin Hall effect. Considering the experimental T$_C$ = 335 to 370 K, MnAu$_2$ could establish itself as an ideal candidate for a room-temperature metallic $p$-wave magnet, promising for versatile spintronic applications.
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All authors Hogyun Jeong, Sangyun Lee, Junhee Shin, Jung-Woo Yoo, Changhee Sohn, Yoon Seok Oh, Hosub Jin

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Exploring the nature of Galactic unassociated sources detected by the Fermi-LAT

F. Acero, A. Acharyya, A. Adelfio et al. (+120 more)

We investigate the nature of the unassociated sources detected by the Fermi-LAT close (|b|<10{\deg}) to the Galactic plane, representing 16% of all sources in the 4FGL-DR4 catalog. The bulk of these sources (referred to as soft Galactic unassociated sources, SGUs) exhibit properties not found in known classes of gamma-ray emitters, as confirmed by a machine-learning classification approach. In particular, these properties include a steep, curved spectrum peaking below 1 GeV and a specific Galactic-latitude distribution with both a narrow and a broad component (dubbed the spike and the shoulder, respectively). Some source clusters are highlighted. New plausible source classes are explored, but only star-forming regions are found to account for a significant fraction (at most 10%) of the unassociated population. A thorough search for counterparts to the 175 brightest sources brings out a number of plausible counterparts but does not reveal clues about the nature of the whole population. We investigate the possibility that SGUs originate from mismodeled clumps of diffuse emission. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the SGU spectra can be reproduced in this scenario under an ad hoc condition concerning the clump spatial extension. The possible connection between the SGUs and gas not accounted for by the 12CO tracer is explored using the 13CO MOPRA data but leads to inconclusive results. The origin of SGUs being related to diffuse emission remains plausible. However, a scenario whereby SGUs represent a new class of gamma-ray emitters cannot be fully excluded.
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All authors F. Acero, A. Acharyya, A. Adelfio, M. Ajello, E. Aviano, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, C. Bartolini, D. Bastieri, J. Becerra Gonzalez, R. Bellazzini, A. Bhat, E. Bissaldi, R. Bonino, P. Bruel, R. A. Cameron, P. A. Caraveo, F. Casaburo, F. Casini, E. Cavazzuti, N. Cibrario, S. Ciprini, G. Cozzolongo, P. Cristarella Orestano, F. Cuna, S. Cutini, F. D'Ammando, P. de la Torre Luque, D. Depalo, N. Di Lalla, A. Dinesh, L. Di Venere, A. Dominguez, J. Eagle, C. Fernandez-Suarez, A. Fiori, Y. Fukazawa, S. Funk, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, C. Gasbarra, D. Gasparrini, S. Germani, F. Giacchino, N. Giglietto, M. Giliberti, F. Giordano, M. Giroletti, I. A. Grenier, M.-H. Grondin, S. Guiriec, R. Gupta, M. Hashizume, E. Hays, J.W. Hewitt, A. Holzmann Airasca, D. Horan, X. Hou, T. Kayanoki, M. Kerr, M. Kuss, D.A. Langis, A. Laviron, M. Lemoine-Goumard, A. Liguori, J. Li, I. Liodakis, P. Loizzo, F. Longo, F. Loparco, S. Lopez Pérez, L. Lorusso, B. Lott, M. N. Lovellette, P. Lubrano, S. Maldera, D. Malyshev, G. Marti-Devesa, R. Martinelli, M. N. Mazziotta, I.Mereu, M. Michailidis, P. F. Michelson, T. Mizuno, P. Monti-Guarnieri, M. E. Monzani, A. Morselli, M. Negro, N. Omodei, M. Orienti, E. Orlando, D. Paneque, G. Panzarini, M. Persic, M. Pesce-Rollins, R. Pillera, T. A. Porter, G. Principe, S. Raino, R. Rando, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, M. Sanchez-Conde, P. M. Saz Parkinson, D. Serini, C. Sgro, E. J. Siskind, D. A. Smith, G. Spandre, P. Spinelli, A. W. Strong, D. J. Suson, H. Tajima, J. B. Thayer, D. J. Thompson, L. Tibaldo, D. F. Torres, J. Valverde, K. Wood, Q. Yu, G. Zaharijas, W. Zhang, the Fermi-Collaboration