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Physics

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Thursday 11 June

Optics

Ultrafast chiral sensing with an ultraviolet vector beam

Aude Rodriguez and Laura Rego

We present a robust, ultrafast and highly efficient setup for distinguishing molecular enantiomers by combining ultrafast techniques with vector beams, a type of topological light with azimuthally varying polarization. An infrared vector beam generates high-order harmonics in a sample of randomly oriented chiral molecules, resulting in the emission of an ultraviolet vector beam whose intensity profile carries information about the handedness of the chiral molecules. Our approach allows for spatial discrimination of molecular enantiomers, opening a new route for studying ultrafast chirality.
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Materials Science

Enhanced Photocurrent Response in Epitaxial 0.5PZT-0.5PFN Multiferroic Thin Films

Lucia Imhoff, Miguel A. Rengifo, Jose M. Caicedo Roque et al. (+4 more)

The exploration of novel multiferroic materials with strong coupling between ferroelectric polarization and photovoltaic effects is crucial for next-generation optoelectronic devices. In this study, we characterized highly oriented 0.5Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3-0.5Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 multiferroic thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiO3 (001) substrates with a SrRuO3 bottom electrode. The films exhibited excellent crystalline quality, with a single perovskite phase and (001) orientation. They displayed good ferroelectric properties (remanent polarization $\sim$17 $\mu$C/cm$^2$, PUND; coercive field $\sim$150 kV/cm), alongside weak ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature (remanence 1.30 emu/cm$^3$; coercive field 90 Oe). Photovoltaic measurements demonstrated a robust, polarization-dependent photoresponse under 403 nm monochromatic laser illumination, achieving Jsc values between $\pm$20 $\mu$A/cm$^2$. This compelling observation confirms the intrinsic coupling between ferroelectric polarization and photovoltaic effects, highlighting the considerable promise of these single-phase multiferroic thin films for advanced photovoltaic and optoelectronic memory applications.
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All authors Lucia Imhoff, Miguel A. Rengifo, Jose M. Caicedo Roque, Jessica Padilla-Pantoja, Jose Santiso, Marcelo G. Stachiotti, Myriam H. Aguirre

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

A robust super-time-stepping scheme for Ohmic and ambipolar diffusion

Giancarlo Mattia, Mario Flock, David Melon Fuksman et al. (+3 more)

Context. Non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a key tool for modeling magnetic flux transport in astrophysical systems such as molecular clouds, protostellar cores, and protoplanetary disks. Conventional explicit methods for non-ideal MHD diffusion are severely limited by timestep constraints, while substepping approaches can be unstable due to truncation errors near boundaries and strong magnetic-field gradients. Aims. Our main goal is to address these limitations by developing robust super-time-stepping methods for Ohmic and ambipolar diffusion. Methods. We present a super-time-stepping method based on the stability of the Gegenbauer polynomials. The method is designed to enhance robustness in the presence of strongly anisotropic resistivity and to reduce sensitivity to truncation errors near boundaries. We implement the scheme in the PLUTO code and assess its performance through dedicated Ohmic and ambipolar diffusion tests. We also compare this novel numerical scheme against two common astrophysical problems, namely magnetic reconnection and the magnetorotational instability. Results. The novel Runge-Kutta-Gegenbauer scheme retains computational efficiency beyond purely explicit schemes while providing excellent stability compared with other traditional substepping methods. It remains stable in the presence of strongly anisotropic diffusion, enabling accurate magnetic-field evolution in regimes characteristic of protoplanetary disks and collapsing dense cores. Benchmark tests, including magnetic reconnection and magnetorotational-instability setups, confirm the method's accuracy, efficiency, and suitability for large-scale non-ideal MHD simulations.
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All authors Giancarlo Mattia, Mario Flock, David Melon Fuksman, Anastasia Tzouvanou, Vittoria Berta, Daniele Crocco

Materials Science

Polarizing ultrathin ferroelectric BaTiO3 films through interfacial layer polarization

Ipek Efe, Edith Simmen, Tobias Goldenberger et al. (+3 more)

An important requirement for the integration of ferroelectric thin films into devices is deterministic control of the polarization state in films of only a few unit cells in thickness. Here, we utilize the charged atomic planes of (001)-oriented SmNiO$_3$ (SNO) buffer layers as a polarizing template to stabilize the polarization in ferroelectric BaTiO$_3$ (BTO) model system thin films. We show that an upwards (downwards) oriented polarization is achieved by selection of the [SmO]$^+$ ([NiO$_2$]$^-$) buffer termination. Most importantly, the charged atomic planes of SNO suppress the depolarizing-field-induced critical thickness in BTO, and we record the emergence of a net polarization in our BTO films from the first unit cell deposited. Our experiments, guided by density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations, further highlight the impact of charged defects on the polarizing effectiveness of the SNO buffer. Specifically, oxygen vacancies counteract the polarizing field of the negatively charged, [NiO$_2$]$^-$-terminated surface of the SNO buffer. Our findings provide important insights into the interplay of defect chemistry and polarizing interfaces to stabilize ferroelectric polarization down to the single-unit-cell limit.
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All authors Ipek Efe, Edith Simmen, Tobias Goldenberger, Manfred Fiebig, Nicola A. Spaldin, Morgan Trassin

Superconductivity

Andreev Reflection to Probe Momentum-Dependent Spin Polarization in Altermagnet CrSb

Yan Zhang, Yixuan Luo, Yue Yang et al. (+7 more)

Altermagnetic materials have recently emerged as promising candidates for next-generation spintronic applications, characterized by the k-dependent spin-splitted band structure and a simultaneous zero-net-magnetization. Among them, altermagnetic candidate CrSb has attracted considerable attention, owing to its g-wave spin splitting and high Néel temperature. In this article, we employed mechanical point-contact spectroscopy (MPCS) with superconducting Nb tips to probe the Andreev reflection on CrSb single crystals along three principal crystallographic orientations. The extracted momentum-dependent spin polarizations are approximately 73.4% for the (0001) plane, 67.9% for the (-1-120) plane, and 61.9% for the (10-10) plane, respectively, distinct from conventional antiferromagnets. Furthermore, conductance spectra from spatial line-scans on the sample surface support the existence of altermagnetic domains with a characteristic size of 250-500 nm separated by domain-walls with width about 250 nm. These results strongly support the momentum-dependent spin polarization in altermagnetic CrSb and establish Andreev reflection as a new paradigm to probe k-dependent spin textures.
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All authors Yan Zhang, Yixuan Luo, Yue Yang, Zilong Li, Weilong Qiu, Lunhui Hu, Yuanfeng Xu, Yanfeng Guo, Chao Cao, Xin Lu

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$

Karin Cescon, Jacqueline A. Hodge, Leindert A. Boogaard et al. (+21 more)

We investigate the molecular gas content and interstellar medium (ISM) conditions of REBELS-25, a massive, star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$. Deep VLA Q-band and ALMA Band 3 observations reveal CO(3-2) and CO(7-6) emission (both at $\sim3.5\sigma$), and provide an upper limit on [C I](2-1). From the CMB-corrected CO(3-2) flux-representing the highest-redshift detection of a low-$J$ CO transition to date-we derive a molecular gas mass of $M_{\rm mol}=(1.0\pm0.4)\times10^{11}\,(\alpha_{\rm CO}/(3\,$M$_{\odot}$(K$\,$\kms$\,$pc$^2)^{-1}))\,$M$_{\odot}$, directly confirming the presence of a very massive gas reservoir only $\simeq700\,$Myr after the Big Bang. This implies an extreme gas fraction of $f_{\rm gas}\simeq0.95$, a gas-to-dust ratio of $\delta_{\rm GDR}\simeq6\times10^2$, and a depletion timescale of $\tau_{\rm dep}\simeq1.2\,$Gyr, broadly consistent with extrapolated scaling relations for main-sequence galaxies at lower redshift. Using the radiative transfer code TUNER, we self-consistently model CO and dust continuum emission in the context of the significant CMB background, constraining ISM properties and recovering $M_{\rm mol}= (1.8^{+1.0}_{-0.9})\times10^{11}\,$M$_{\odot}$, independent of assumptions about $r_{31}$ and $\alpha_{\rm CO}$. We further discuss the use of alternative molecular gas tracers at early epochs. Combining CO and [C II] measurements, we infer an empirical [C II]-to-H$_2$ conversion factor of $\alpha_{\rm [C II]}=(60\pm25)\,$M$_{\odot}$/L$_{\odot}$, suggesting [C II] remains a viable molecular gas tracer in the Epoch of Reionization. These results demonstrate the detectability of low-$J$ CO emission even at $z>7$, paving the way for next-generation facilities, and provide critical insights into the rapid mass assembly of galaxies during the first billion years of cosmic history.
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All authors Karin Cescon, Jacqueline A. Hodge, Leindert A. Boogaard, Hiddo S. B. Algera, Lucie E. Rowland, Dominik A. Riechers, Renske Smit, Ilse De Looze, Rychard Bouwens, Paul van der Werf, Manuel Aravena, Elisabete da Cunha, Pratika Dayal, Andrea Ferrara, Rebecca Fisher, Hanae Inami, Pavel E. Mancera Piña, Pascal A. Oesch, Andrea Pallottini, Matus Rybak, Sander Schouws, Laura Sommovigo, Mauro Stefanon, Livia Vallini

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Feedback in Extragalactic Star Clusters (FEAST): Spectral Energy Distributions and the Physical Properties of Star Clusters in NGC 628 with CIGALE

Sean T. Linden, Angela Adamo, Alex Pedrini et al. (+16 more)

With Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations of NGC~628 spanning 0.3–7.7\,$\mu$m, we fit the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of over 12,000 optically-selected star clusters, emerging young star clusters (eYSCs), and MIRI-selected sources with cigale to derive their ages, masses, extinctions, and dust properties. We find that near-infrared selected eYSC-I (compact Pa$\alpha$ and 3.3,$\mu$m PAH emission) and eYSC-II (compact Pa$\alpha$ and diffuse 3.3,$\mu$m PAH emssion) sources peak at $\sim$3–5~Myr, where $\sim 12\%$ of the clusters have an $E(B{-}V)>2$, demonstrating the presence of dust-embedded populations as clusters emerge. Further, the distributions of the fractional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) abundance ($q_{\mathrm PAH}$) and stellar-to-nebular attenuation ratio ($E(B{-}V)_{{\rm \star}}/E(B{-}V)_{\rm neb}$) suggest an evolutionary sequence in which sources evolve from eYSC-I to eYSC-II as clusters clear their surrounding dust and gas. The photo-dissociation region (PDR) clearing timescale inferred from the ratio of eYSC-I to optically visible stellar clusters is $\sim$4~Myr. Additionally, we find that star clusters in the spiral arms of NGC 628 are preferentially more massive and more dust-reddened than those in inter-arm regions.~Finally, we find that $\sim$65% of eYSC-I, $\sim$27% of eYSC-II, and $\sim$40% of F335M-selected sources coincide with an F770W peak in our MIRI-selected catalog within 4 pixels, confirming that F770W-bright sources preferentially trace the youngest and dustiest regions. Overall, our results highlight the ability of JWST together with cigale model grids to identify and characterize eYSCs during their short-lived embedded phases, and provide constraints on the feedback mechanisms that govern the emergence of stellar clusters.
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All authors Sean T. Linden, Angela Adamo, Alex Pedrini, Daniela Calzetti, Helena Faustino Vieira, Bruce E. Elmegreen, John S. Gallagher, Kelsey Johnson, Matteo Messa, Kathryn Grasha, Ana Duarte-Cabral, Arjan Bik, Giacomo Bortolini, Matteo Correnti, Drew Lapeer, Thomas S.-Y. Lai, Goran Ostlin, Linda J. Smith, Monica Tosi

High Energy Physics (Theory)

From 2D Yang-Mills to Calogero-Sutherland via a colored particle

Marcia Tenser and Amilcar R. Queiroz

We study Yang-Mills theory coupled to a particle on a cylinder, where gauge invariance and compactness reduce the dynamics to a finite dimensional quantum system. In the Abelian case, this yields a model equivalent to the Landau problem on a torus, with a degenerate ground state structure. We generalize this construction to non-Abelian gauge groups and show that, for SU(N), the system reduces to a one dimensional quantum many body problem with a singular Calogero-Sutherland-type interaction.
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Quantum Physics

Tree-Structured Commutativity Packing in Adaptive Variational Quantum Simulation: Measurement Overhead and Representation Limits

Hermawan Kresno Dipojono

While fermion-to-qubit isomorphisms are mathematically invariant under exact unitary statevector transformations, their physical implementation on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices introduces severe, practical measurement bottlenecks. In this work, we systematically investigate the measurement efficiency of adaptive derivative-assembled pseudo-trotter variational quantum eigensolver (ADAPT-VQE) algorithms across three critical molecular benchmarks (LiH, BeH2, and H2O) at stretched bond lengths (2xRe) covering distinct point-group symmetries. First, we establish exact representation invariance across all target multi-reference geometries, demonstrating that operator pool gradients and statevector electronic energies remain strictly isomorphic under exact mathematical execution (E(LiH) = -7.691469 Ha, E(BeH2) = -15.110110 Ha, and E(H2O) = -74.566874 Ha). Second, we quantify the hardware measurement overhead by partitioning operator pool observables into qubit-wise commuting (QWC) tensor-product basis (TPB) cliques. We reveal that while both Jordan-Wigner (JW) and Bravyi-Kitaev (BK) encodings yield identical total Pauli term counts across the singlet excitation manifold (128 terms for H2O and BeH2), the hierarchical binary-tree layout of the BK mapping dramatically compresses the required measurement circuits—achieving up to a 45.31% reduction in total hardware execution steps compared to 12.50% under JW. Our findings demonstrate that tree-structured mappers serve as implicit, highly efficient measurement-packing engines for adaptive quantum simulations without altering the underlying variational trajectory.
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Physics and Society

Mathematical Modeling of HDV RNA, HBV DNA, and HBsAg Dynamics during Lonafarnib-Based Therapy: Insights from the LOWR HDV-1 Study

Adquate Mhlanga, Louis Shekhtman, Rami Zakh et al. (+10 more)

Lonafarnib (LNF) is an investigational drug targeting hepatitis delta virus (HDV) but not hepatitis B virus (HBV), providing a unique opportunity to model HDV kinetics and how changes in HDV affect HBV. We performed a detailed kinetic analysis and developed a mathematical model to explain serum HBV DNA, HDV RNA and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) kinetics in 15 HBV/HDV coinfected patients receiving LNF-based treatment. After a delay of 0-2 days, patients experienced a rapid 1st-phase HDV-decline followed by either a viral plateau, 2nd slower-decline phase, or viral breakthrough (VB). LNF monotherapy led to a flat-partial-response (often followed by VB), while LNF combination therapy with ritonavir or pegylated interferon-$\alpha$ (PEG-IFN$\alpha$) was associated with a biphasic HDV decline (without VB). All treatments except LNF+PEG-IFN$\alpha$ had at least one patient experiencing an increase in HBV on-treatment. Our model successfully reproduced the observed HDV and HBV kinetics. We estimated an HDV RNA half-life of 1.26 days [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.05–1.47] in serum and treatment efficacy of 94% in inhibiting HDV RNA production across all treatments [95% CI: 89%–97%], as reflected by the 1st phase HDV decline. The 2nd phase of HDV decline was explained by a time-dependent increase in efficacy, reaching a maximum of 98.9%. The model explained the increase in serum HBV DNA by a median 4-fold [interquartile range, IQR: 1–28] increase in HBV DNA production rate when HDV declined below an inhibitory threshold. The stability of serum HBsAg was explained by a constant number of HBsAg-producing cells.
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All authors Adquate Mhlanga, Louis Shekhtman, Rami Zakh, Sarah Duehren, Ashish Goyal, Alexander Churkin, Vladimir Reinharz, Danny Barash, Jeffrey Glenn, Ohad Etzion, Scott J. Cotler, Cihan Yurdaydin, Harel Dahari

Quantum Physics

Beyond the Unruh vacuum: multi-time correlations in black hole collapse and evaporation

Konstantinos Xenos, Charis Anastopoulos and Andreas F. Terzis

The black hole information paradox originates from the thermal character of Hawking radiation, which appears to erase information about the collapsing matter. However, thermality constrains only observables defined at a single time and leaves the structure of temporal quantum correlations largely unexplored. Here we show that multi-time quantum-field correlations provide a concrete mechanism for the survival of pre-collapse information in black hole evaporation. Using a two-dimensional model of gravitational collapse and evaporation, we demonstrate that late-time multi-time correlations are not fully reproduced by the Unruh vacuum. In particular, they contain a contribution that depends explicitly on parameters characterizing the pre-collapse state, despite the thermal character of the asymptotic radiation. Our results identify measurable multi-time correlations as carriers of information in Hawking radiation and suggest that formulations of the black hole information paradox based solely on single-time observables are incomplete.
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Quantum Physics

An LLM System for Autonomous Variational Quantum Circuit Design

Kenya Sakka, Wataru Mizukami and Kosuke Mitarai

The design of high performing quantum circuits remains largely dependent on human expertise. We introduce an autonomous agentic framework that employs large language models (LLMs) to conduct iterative quantum circuit designs under explicit design constraints. Our system integrates seven components: Exploration, Generation, Discussion, Validation, Storage, Evaluation, and Review. These components form a closed-loop workflow that combines web-based knowledge acquisition, literature-grounded critique, executable code generation, and experimental feedback. We evaluate the framework on two tasks: quantum feature map construction for quantum machine learning and ansatz generation for variational quantum eigensolver applications in quantum chemistry. In image classification benchmarks, the best generated feature map outperforms representative quantum feature maps and, when scaled to larger qubit counts, surpasses the classical radial basis function kernel. In molecular ground state estimation across seven molecules, the generated ansatz attains competitive accuracy with widely used chemically inspired and hardware-efficient constructions while satisfying the imposed scaling constraints. These results establish LLM driven agentic system as a viable paradigm for automated quantum circuit design and illustrate how AI systems can participate in iterative scientific optimization workflows across scientific domains.
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Quantum Physics

Steady-State Noise Signatures of Lindbladian Exceptional Points

Shihang Pan, Gianmichele Blasi and Géraldine Haack

Exceptional points (EPs) are non-Hermitian degeneracies at which two or more eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenvectors coalesce. In open quantum systems, exceptional points can arise in the Lindbladian governing the dissipative dynamics. Their signatures have so far been mainly identified in finite-time observables, such as transient currents, while steady-state average currents generally provide no direct evidence of the underlying exceptional-point structure. In this work, we demonstrate that signatures of Lindbladian EPs can nevertheless be accessed in the steady-state regime through current noise. We derive general expressions for current correlation functions within a Lindblad master-equation framework and show, in particular, how exceptional points affect their behaviour as a function of the time delay. We illustrate these results with the paradigmatic example of two interacting qubits coupled to two reservoirs, where the steady-state noise clearly distinguishes overdamped, underdamped, and critical regimes. Our results establish current correlation functions as a steady-state probe of Lindbladian EPs in open quantum systems.
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Quantum Physics

Driven-dissipative entanglement of distant giant atoms

Aziza Almanakly, Ariadna Soro, Alejandro Vivas-Viaña et al. (+15 more)

Quantum interconnects distribute entanglement via controlled light-matter interactions for quantum computing and sensing applications. Many entanglement generation schemes use coherent, reversible interactions that require precisely calibrated pulses to execute. In contrast, driven-dissipative protocols use a continuous-wave drive in the presence of correlated dissipation to stabilize entanglement in protected (dark) states. However, the same dissipation that generates the entanglement also limits its utility once the stabilization protocol ends. Here, we engineer a superconducting system of two giant artificial atoms coupled sequentially to a waveguide, with tunable individual and correlated dissipation enabled by interference between coupling points. Continuously driving the atoms through the waveguide exploits correlated dissipation to generate remote entanglement. We then tune the qubit frequencies in situ to suppress individual dissipation and thereby preserve the entanglement, achieving a Bell-state fidelity F = 0.89 +/- 0.02. This demonstration indicates that the driven dissipation of giant atoms is a viable approach for distributing entanglement across quantum networks.
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All authors Aziza Almanakly, Ariadna Soro, Alejandro Vivas-Viaña, Beatriz Yankelevich, Caspar Groiseau, David Pahl, Junyoung An, Gabriel Cutter, Michael E. Gingras, Bethany M. Niedzielski, Hannah Stickler, Renée DePéncier Piñero, Mollie E. Schwartz, Kyle Serniak, Max Hays, Jeffrey A. Grover, Anton Frisk Kockum, William D. Oliver

Optics

Experimental Design Space Exploration of Ultra-Low Threshold Hybrid III-V/Si Quantum Dot Microring Lasers

Xucheng Yang, Preston Luong, Yatiraj Ramanujam et al. (+10 more)

In this work, we report on the design strategies and experimental validation of ultra-low threshold ($< 0.8\,\mathrm{mA}$) hybrid III–V/Si quantum dot (InAs/GaAs) micro-ring lasers with optical output powers $> 2\,\mathrm{mW}$ for $1.3\,\mu\mathrm{m}$ emission. The multi-dimensional design exploration allows for the demonstration of record wall-plug efficiencies ($\sim 10\%$) and threshold current densities ($109\,\mathrm{A/cm^2}$) for these compact sources on silicon. We also demonstrate the thermal performance of several designs with record characteristic temperature values of $T_0 = 212\,\mathrm{K}$, indicating minimal temperature dependence of the threshold current. In addition, the high differential gain allows for the demonstration of 3-dB bandwidths up to $5\,\mathrm{GHz}$.
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All authors Xucheng Yang, Preston Luong, Yatiraj Ramanujam, Antoine Descos, Yingtao Hu, Yuan Yuan, Bassem Tossoun, Geza Kurczveil, Eunso Shin, Jonathan Wierer, Ray Beausoleil, Di Liang, Stanley Cheung

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Classification of Compact Stars via Machine Learning and Neural Network Models

D. Neraki, G. Koufetidis, I. Stergakis et al. (+2 more)

Recent advances in multimessenger astronomy, particularly through gravitational-wave observations of compact-object mergers, have significantly improved our understanding of dense matter. Nevertheless, the internal composition of compact stars remains uncertain. Depending on the underlying equation of state (EoS), these objects may be neutron stars composed primarily of nucleons, quark stars made of deconfined quark matter, or hybrid stars containing both hadronic and quark phases. More exotic constituents, such as hyperons, meson condensates, or dark matter, have also been proposed. In this work, we investigate whether the internal composition of compact stars can be inferred from observable quantities, including mass, radius, and tidal deformability. To address this problem, we employ machine-learning and deep-learning techniques trained on a larg dataset of EoSs describing both neutron stars and quark stars. From these EoSs, we generate the corresponding mass radius relations spanning a wide range of stellar configurations. The resulting dataset is used to train and evaluate classification models aimed at identifying the nature of compact objects from their macroscopic properties. Our results indicate that suitable combinations of observables can distinguish neutron stars from quark stars with very high accuracy. These findings demonstrate the potential of machine-learning approaches as tools for probing the composition of dense matter. However, further studies incorporating additional scenarios, including hybrid stars and other exotic forms of matter, are required to establish the robustness and general applicability of this methodology.
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All authors D. Neraki, G. Koufetidis, I. Stergakis, Th. Diakonidis, Ch.C. Moustakidis

Applied Physics

Bandedge-state-limited single-photon emission from volumetric quantum design of 2D colloidal quantum wells

Xiao Liang, Bo Wang, Yue Yu et al. (+6 more)

Present-day solution-processable single-photon sources are dominated by three-dimensionally confined colloidal quantum dot emitters, yet their particle-to-particle variation in single-exciton properties limits reproducibility and scalability. Here, to avoid such heterogeneity, we demonstrate reliable room-temperature single-photon emission from atomically flat two-dimensional (2D) colloidal quantum wells (CQWs) with inherently uniform one-dimensional quantum confinement, despite their long-standing limitations of efficient multiexciton emission and pronounced exciton-surface susceptibility. We resolve these challenges through volumetric quantum design (VQD) of CQWs, yielding a highly localized, single bandedge state. This design laterally confines the bandedge excitonic domain within the exciton coherent area and vertically decouples it from surface states via a thick, strain-relieved quantum-barrier shell that preserves strong confinement, overcoming the daunting thickness-confinement trade-off in 2D CQWs. Statistical single-particle spectroscopy reveals that VQD-CQWs deliver near-blinking-free (on-time >99.5%) and fluence-insensitive antibunching (g(2)(0): 0.041), protected by a bandedge-state-filling bottleneck, together with linear polarization of up to 73% under cavity-free conditions, originating from synergistic transition-dipole and electric-field anisotropies. These advances establish 2D CQWs as a viable, homogenous and scalable platform for quantum technologies.
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All authors Xiao Liang, Bo Wang, Yue Yu, Pedro Ludwig Hernandez-Martinez, Zengshan Xing, Lu Ding, Vijay Kumar Sharma, Tze Chien Sum, Hilmi Volkan Demir

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Transport coefficients of strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma including elastic and inelastic scattering within the dynamical quasiparticle model

Gaia Ingrosso, Olga Soloveva, Ilia Grishmanovskii et al. (+2 more)

We study the impact of inelastic gluon-radiation and absorption processes on the transport coefficients of the quark-gluon plasma within the dynamical quasiparticle model (DQPM) in the temperature–baryon-chemical-potential plane $(T,\mu_B)$. Extending the $2\rightarrow2$ baseline established in previous DQPM calculations, we include gluon-radiation $2\rightarrow3$ and the inverse gluon-absorption $3\rightarrow2$ scattering channels with massive partons and effective DQPM propagators and vertices. The corresponding momentum-dependent interaction rates and relaxation times are used to calculate the shear viscosity, bulk viscosity, electric conductivity, and baryon diffusion coefficient as functions of temperature $T$ and baryon chemical potential $\mu_B$. Within the relaxation time approximation, we find that $2\leftrightarrow3$ contributions systematically reduce all considered transport coefficients relative to the $2\rightarrow2$ only results, in accordance with the decrease of the relaxation times. In the thermal regime explored here, however, this reduction remains moderate, since the investigated inelastic rates stay below the $2\rightarrow2$ ones over the considered $(T,\mu_B)$ range. The inelastic channels become more relevant mainly for partonic scatterings at large momenta, which are thermally suppressed in the strongly interacting QGP. At $\mu_B=0$, the resulting $\eta/s$, $\zeta/s$, and $\sigma_Q/T$ are compatible with available lattice-QCD estimates within uncertainties. At finite $\mu_B$, our results provide predictions for the transport properties of QCD matter relevant for beam-energy-scan programs.
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All authors Gaia Ingrosso, Olga Soloveva, Ilia Grishmanovskii, Taesoo Song, Elena Bratkovskaya

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Probing damping effects in neutrino oscillations with 207 days of JUNO data

Martina Beccaria and Christoph A. Ternes

We consider different scenarios which lead to a damping of the neutrino oscillation probability and investigate their impact on the JUNO results. First, we study decoherence effects due to wave packet separation. In addition, we consider an open quantum system framework and adopt a phenomenological approach which allows us to parameterize the energy dependence of the decoherence effects more freely. Finally, we study the effect of invisible neutrino decay. In all cases with 207 days of data, JUNO can already place competitive bounds on the parameter space of the scenarios under consideration, while also maintaining a relatively robust measurement of the standard neutrino oscillation parameters.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

Galaxy clusters in the VIDEO fields: detection and characterisation in the context of MOONRISE

Pierre Galois, Christophe Benoist, Gianluca Castignani et al. (+21 more)

We analyse the cluster content of the $\sim 4.5 \text{ deg}^{2}$ XMM-LSS and CDFS VIDEO fields which are expected to be partially covered by the upcoming MOONRISE survey. Using AMICO and WaZP photometric redshift-based cluster finders, we construct a sample of $519$ cluster candidates detected by both finders in the redshift range $z = 0.1-3$, including $74$ detections at $z > 1.5$. For all detections, we identify the Brightest Central Galaxy (BCG) and compute a list of probabilistic cluster memberships. Our photometric redshift measurements of the clusters agree well with spectroscopic redshifts from the literature, when available. From ancillary spectroscopic data, we assign $z_\text{spec}$ measurements to $116$ cluster candidates based on their spectroscopic members and to $204$ based on their likely BCGs. We also show that candidates containing Radio-Loud members are efficiently recovered using the prior-based cluster finder PPM. We perform a preliminary analysis of the galaxy content of these candidates, focusing on the Red-Sequence components of their apparent Colour-Magnitude Diagram. By comparing with models of galaxy evolution, we show that this population is consistent with a model of passive evolution with a formation at high redshift, and is already in place at $z = 1.5-2.0$. Finally, our cluster sample is used to evaluate how these clusters would be detected and characterised, according to various MOONRISE strategies. We show that cluster spectroscopic confirmation and characterisation could be efficiently achieved up to $z\sim1.7$ even with the shallowest survey strategy. This open unprecedented insight into the physical properties of high-redshift galaxy clusters and into galaxy formation in dense environments.
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All authors Pierre Galois, Christophe Benoist, Gianluca Castignani, Matteo Maturi, Sophie Maurogordato, Pascale Jablonka, Yannick Bahé, Derek McLeod, Rebecca Bowler, Olga Cucciati, Lauro Moscardini, Manuela Magliocchetti, Mario Radovich, Michele Cirasuolo, Giovani Covone, Fergus Cullen, Callum Donnan, Hector Flores, William Hartley, Roberto Maiolino, Ross McLure, Nicolarosario Napolitano, Maurizio Paolillo, Mattia Vaccari

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Bounds on $\Lambda$ at the Galactic Center

Prajwal Hassan Puttasiddappa, Muzammil Mushtaq, William Ramirez et al. (+1 more)

We constrain the cosmological constant, $\Lambda$, using astrometric and spectroscopic observations of the S2 star, supplemented by S1 and S14 stars orbiting Sgr A$^*$. We develop a framework for modelling relativistic stellar orbits in general spherically symmetric spacetimes and perform Bayesian parameter estimation to jointly infer orbital and spacetime parameters. Applying this framework to Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetime, we obtain upper bounds on $\Lambda$. The individual constraints exhibit the expected dependence on the dynamical timescales of the stars, with the longer-period S1 providing the strongest sensitivity. Combining the individual constraints, we obtain $\Lambda \lesssim 6.9\times10^{-48}\mathrm{m}^{-2}$ at 68% credibility and $\Lambda \lesssim 1.0\times10^{-38}\mathrm{m}^{-2}$ at 95% credibility. The 68% constraint is the strongest bound at a comparable dynamical timescale.
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All authors Prajwal Hassan Puttasiddappa, Muzammil Mushtaq, William Ramirez, David F. Mota

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Detection and characterisation of binary asteroid candidates through stellar occultations

R. Lallemand, J. Desmars, B. Sicardy et al. (+256 more)

Binary asteroids provide key access to fundamental parameters of Solar System remnants and planetary formations. However, the current knowledge of binary asteroids remains strongly biased by observational limitations, and main belt binary systems are still poorly characterised since current techniques preferentially detect either widely separated binaries close and bright systems. In this context, the high-precision astrometry of the Gaia mission has revealed a new population of candidate binaries exhibiting dynamical signatures consistent with unresolved companions. This work is part of the GaiaMoons program, and our aim with it was to characterise a sample of 357 potential binary asteroid targets and confirm or refute their binary nature. The properties of these candidates were derived from the high-precision photometric and astrometric observations provided by Gaia. We adopted stellar occultation as the observational method to study these targets. Between October 2023 and February 2026, we successfully carried out 165 observations for 101 targets. We subsequently analysed these events in the context of the available literature and previously reported observations. Thirty three observation led at least two positives for 24 objects that have undergone unprecedented occultation observation campaigns, with four objects showing indications of binary or contact binary features, namely 1127 Mimi, 35420 1998 AG6, 206 Hersilia, and 36882 2000 SW155. For the vast majority of these objects, the resulting dataset from all reduced observations provides unique physical and astrometric constraints, as they had never been observed through stellar occultations before. GaiaMoons illustrates how stellar occultation campaigns associated with Gaia observations generate a self-improving cycle to find new binary, thereby probing size and shape to constrain future observations.
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All authors R. Lallemand, J. Desmars, B. Sicardy, Z. Liu, P. Tanga, L. Liberato, B. Carry, A. Leroy, Y. Kilic, M. Assafin, A. Siakas, L. Abe, D. Mary, R. Leiva, F. Casarramona, D. Smith, D. Antuszewicz, J.-L. Dauvergne, G. Langin, P. Henarejos, P.-L. Phan, F. Braga-Ribas, A. Castro, A. Pal, Á. Sódor, A. Cano Ruiz, A. Ossola, A. Pratt, A. Noschese, A. Manna, A. Eberle, A. Schweizer, A. Wendelborn, A. Marciniak, A. Catapano, B. Ziółkowski, B. Begiçarslan, B. Kattentidt, B. Lade, B. Whitehurst, C. T. Tezcan, C. Weber, C. Schnabel, C. A. Domingues, C. Ziolek, C. Sartini, C. M. Schäfer, C. McPartlin, Cs. Kiss, D. Blazewicz, D. Deneuchatel, D. Herald, D. W. Dunham, D. Sailing, E. Fonseca Morato, E. Goni, E. Fernandez-Garcia, E. Namur Neto, E. Smith, E. Gradovski, E. Donate Lucas, E. García Navarro, E. Kaan Ülgen, F. Garcia, F. Genc, G. Margoti, G. Arraras, G. Schmidt, G. Privett, G. Krannich, G. Lyzenga, H. de Groot, I. Pérez-Garcia, I. Z. Kelkitli, J. Mánek, J. Flores-Martín, J. Prat, J. Bardecker, J. Delincak, J. Siegert, J. Dunham, J. Moore, J. Talbot, J. A. Berlanga, J. A. Reyes, J. L. Maestre, J. L. Ortiz, J. Collada Barcena, J. Perła, J. Spagnotto, K. Getrost, K.-L. Bath, K. Harrison, K. Okasaki, K. Bender, M. OConnell, M. Skrutskie, M. Jennings, M. Gutekunst, M. Margoti, M. Içen, M. Acar, M. Fidêncio Neto, M. Altan, M. Rottenborn, M. Turchenko, M. A. Alava Amat, M. Kretlow, M. Tekkesinoglu, N. Takács, N. Karaman, N. Castro-Morales, N. Morales, N. Wakefield, O. Erece, O. Canales Moreno, P. Santos Sanz, P. Fini, P. D. Maley, P. Teckenburg, P. Walker, P. Martorell, P. Gilge, P. Zeleny, P. Stuart, A. Ashimbekova, P. Denyer, R. Sfair, R. Nolthenius, R. Piety, R. Liu, R. Jones, R. Szakáts, R. Gonçalves, S. Pastor, S. Chairetas, S. Kalkan, S. Özel, S. Ötken, S. Aliş, S. Tsavdaridis, S. Meister, S. Sposetti, S. Conard, S. Tirak, S. Fisek, T. Swift, T. Haymes, T. Janík, V. Nikitin, V. Cucchiaro, W. Hanna, R. Dahoumane, W. Ogloza, W. Stewart, W. Beisker, Y. Liu, Y. Avcioglu, S. Quinet, J.-F. Counilh, M. Irzyk, C. Marlot, A. Keijzer, Y. Pinard, X. Dupont, T. Salomon, T. Mollier, T. Legault, S. Valat, S. Kindt, S. Kidd, J. Souchu, S. Vasseur, R. Dequinze, P. Couvée, P. Lemoine, P. Barroy, P. Le Cam, P.-J. Mercier, P. André, P. Le Guen, O. Schreurs, M. Boutet, M. Giraud, M. Lecossois, M. Serrau, M. Conjat, L. Herrier, L. Rousselot, J. Delpau, J. Bourgeois, J.-C. Dalouzy, J.-F. Gout, J.-F. Pittet, J.-F. Coliac, J.-L. Dumont, J.-N. Ferrier, J.-P. Nombret, J.-P. Masini, J.-P. Arnould, J.-B. Marquette, G. Arlic, G. Vanwalleghem, F. Denjean, F. Cavaillé, E. Barbotin, E. Vauthrin, D. Bourdens, D. Walliang, I. Auvray, C. Latgé, C. Lavault, A. Stachowicz, E. Jacquet, C. Rizand, J. Raffard, M. Saillenfest, K. Hussein, M. Montargès, N. Robichon, S. Renner, V. Lapeyrére, W. Thuillot, F. Vachier, D. Hestroffer, A. Vienne, J. Vaubaillon, F. Thill, B. Lott, C. Bourdens, R. Boninsegna, M.-C. Lin, Y.-L. Chen, S. H. Tsai, C.-E. Lee, Y.-N. Lee, Z.-Y. Lin, H.-C. Lin, C.-H. Wang, A. T.L. Shen, T.-H. Chuang, C.-C. Chang, Ha. Watanabe, M. Ida, H. Togashi, A. Asai, T. Nemoto, K. Hosoi, Hi. Watanabe, K. Isobe, H. Yoshihara, T. Horikawa, K. Kitazaki, M. Takimoto, H. Yamamura, M. Yamashita, F. Yoshida, F. Gourdon, D. Tamonis

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Stellar Population Spectra Incorporating Detailed Binary Evolution using POSYDON

Eirini Kasdagli, Jeff J. Andrews, Bret Lehmer et al. (+9 more)

The accuracy of stellar population properties inferred through spectral energy distribution fitting hinges on the reliability of the underlying spectral models. Binary interactions are fundamental for massive star evolution, and ignoring their spectral contribution can lead to incorrect results. We use the POSYDON binary population synthesis code to generate spectral models of stellar populations that include binaries at solar metallicity. Our framework incorporates a collection of spectral libraries that is designed to address key outcomes of binary stellar evolution like Wolf-Rayet stars, stripped helium stars, and a treatment for stellar mergers. Our models confirm previous results showing that the inclusion of binary interactions has a significant effect on the UV and ionizing regime of the integrated spectrum. In particular we find that Wolf-Rayet stars and other massive stars dominate the production of ionizing radiation at earlier times, but after $\simeq$16 Myr stripped stars produced through mass transfer begin to dominate. Furthermore, we show that the production of ionizing He II photons is especially sensitive to the underlying population of stripped stars. While our results currently focus on high-mass stars ($\ge4~M_{\odot}$) at Solar metallicity, they provide the framework for binary spectral synthesis across a range of metallicities and masses and lay the foundation for calculations of the emergent emission-line spectra in the UV, optical, and IR regimes. We make the spectral models from this work publicly available for use in a format that can be integrated into fitting codes.
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All authors Eirini Kasdagli, Jeff J. Andrews, Bret Lehmer, Rich Townsend, Manos Zapartas, Andreas Zezas, Ylva Götberg, Max Briel, Tassos Fragos, Seth Gossage, Philipp M. Srivastava, Elizabeth Teng

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

An unidentified absorption feature at 5.11 $\mu$m on the surface of Titan and Pluto from JWST spectroscopy

B. Bézard, E. Lellouch, M. Camarca et al. (+14 more)

Titan possesses a thick N$_2$-CH$_4$ atmosphere that makes it difficult to study its surface spectroscopically. The chemical composition of the solid surface of Titan thus remains very uncertain. By leveraging JWST's high sensitivity and large spectral coverage, we searched for any signature from Titan's surface in the broad and less explored 5-$\mu$m atmospheric window. We also investigated the JWST spectrum of Pluto which has a thin Titan-like atmosphere. We made selections of JWST NIRSpec and MIRI spectra around Titan's disk center and compared the NIRSpec average spectrum with a radiative transfer model including gas and haze opacity. We detected an unidentified absorption in both NIRSpec and MIRI spectra of Titan centered at 5.113 $\mu$m (1956 cm$^{-1}$) and 6-7% deep. The width of the feature is 0.024$\pm$0.0008 $\mu$m (9.2$\pm$0.3 cm$^{-1}$) in the NIRSpec spectrum recorded on the trailing side and is possibly 25% narrower in the MIRI spectrum of the leading side. This absorption most likely originates from the surface. We could not identify this signature among published laboratory spectra of ices relevant to Titan's atmospheric compounds but present a few plausible candidates. A 4-5% deep absorption is also present in the MIRI spectrum of Pluto but is about 3 times broader than on Titan's trailing side.
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All authors B. Bézard, E. Lellouch, M. Camarca, J. I. Lunine, E. Quirico, C. A. Nixon, N. A. Teanby, P. Rannou, S. Rodriguez, M. Es-Sayeh, S. K. Trumbo, A. C. Souza-Feliciano, P. Lavvas, T. Bertrand, I. Wong, N. Pinilla-Alonso, G. L. Villanueva

Strongly Correlated Electrons

Variational Monte Carlo study of a two-orbital Hubbard model for the iron pnictides

Vito Marino, Gabriele Gatti, Massimo Capone et al. (+1 more)

We study a two-orbital Hubbard-Kanamori model, which has been originally proposed for iron-based superconductors, using variational Monte Carlo. We span the nonmagnetic sector at both hole-doping and electron-doping, with respect to the half-filled case $n=2$. We report the presence of a superconductive region with a $s^{\pm}$ symmetry only when the half-filled system is in a Mott state, while orbital selectivity is absent. These results are qualitatively different from what was reported in the three-orbital Hubbard-Kanamori model, where a more extended superconductive region was observed with a concomitant development of orbital selectivity, and they are to some extent more reminiscent of the single-band Hubbard model.
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All authors Vito Marino, Gabriele Gatti, Massimo Capone, Luca F. Tocchio

Medical Physics · Cross-listed from cs.CV

Dual-Domain Equivariant Generative Adversarial Network for Multimodal CT-PET Synthesis

Gabriel Steele, Alzahra Altalib and Alessandro Perelli

We present a Dual-Domain Equivariant Generative Adversarial Network (DDE-GAN) for multimodal CT-PET image synthesis. Traditional GAN-based approaches often operate solely in the spatial domain and ignore geometric consistency, resulting in limited structural fidelity. DDE-GAN addresses these challenges by jointly learning from both spatial and frequency (Fourier) domains, capturing complementary anatomical and spectral information. Furthermore, rotational equivariance embedded in the physics of the CT and PET measurements are integrated into the loss of both the generator and discriminator to ensure consistent responses under rotations, improving anatomical accuracy. A hierarchical dual-domain training strategy enforces intra- and inter-domain consistency through multi-stage loss functions. Evaluated on the HECKTOR 2022 CT-PET dataset, DDE-GAN achieves superior synthesis quality over baseline models for CT-PET image synthesis. The results demonstrate that combining dual-domain learning with geometric equivariance substantially enhances multimodal image synthesis accuracy and robustness, enabling practical applications in PET completion and data augmentation.
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Fluid Dynamics

Data-Driven Equation Discovery for Nonlinear Liquid Film Flows

Sebastian T. Dooley, Albert P. Bartók, James E. Sprittles et al. (+1 more)

Over the past decade data-driven equation discovery emerged as a powerful alternative to first principles-based methodologies traditionally used in mathematical modelling cycles. The approach provides a promising path towards deep, physical insight into systems that have previously evaded rigorous mathematical derivation procedures, often due to intractable complexity. The strengths of such techniques have been successfully established for many problem classes described by systems of ordinary differential equations and continue to be extended, with their reach into partial differential equation systems gaining momentum, though comparatively nascent. Herein we tackle such a frontier: elucidating the dynamics of liquid film flows, a problem space providing a rich backdrop in terms of asymptotic analytical building blocks. By leveraging expert knowledge and the ability to carefully curate data, we establish a best-case scenario for identifying the underlying governing equations. Even here, multi-collinearity, stemming from the choice of monomial basis functions in our multi-scale flow configuration, introduces complex identifiability issues. Early-time transients compound this further, as the most dynamically rich behaviour carries the largest residuals in training data. Pinpointing such vulnerabilities allows us to better define the boundaries of current discovery techniques and paves the way for the next generation of more resilient, numerically stable algorithms.
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All authors Sebastian T. Dooley, Albert P. Bartók, James E. Sprittles, Radu Cimpeanu

Nuclear Theory

Hadron polarization and equation of state at FAIR/RHIC-BES energies

Dai-Neng Liu, Jan Steinheimer, Kai-Jia Sun et al. (+3 more)

The $\Lambda$ global polarization indicates that hot and dense matter created in non-central heavy-ion collisions carries large orbital angular momentum. However, the relation between hadronic polarization and the medium's collective rotation remains to be validated. Using the UrQMD transport model, we calculate the thermal vorticity-induced polarization of $\Lambda$s in Ag+Ag and Au+Au collisions from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.24$-$7.7$ GeV and a range of centralities. Two different equations of state used in the UrQMD simulation are compared: one resembles a hadron resonance gas, while the other is based on the chiral mean field (CMF) model, providing a more realistic description of dense nuclear matter including a chiral transition that is consistent with lattice QCD expectations. The polarization is sensitive to the equation of state and a softer EoS leads to smaller values. In addition, we show that the $\Lambda$ polarization in the experimental acceptance and centrality selection does not decrease for even lower beam energies. Our results indicate that the process leading to the large vorticity is a result of the large shear in the baryon current created by its stopping.
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All authors Dai-Neng Liu, Jan Steinheimer, Kai-Jia Sun, Jin-Hui Chen, Yu-Gang Ma, Marcus Bleicher

Plasma Physics

Feasibility of a Flexible, Hybrid Tokamak-Stellarator Experiment using an Axisymmetric Dipole Coil Array

Jacob Halpern, Mohammed Haque, Elizabeth Paul et al. (+6 more)

We demonstrate the design of a flexible, university-scale hybrid tokamak-stellarator experiment based on an axisymmetric array of planar HTS dipole coils. Because the coil array has few geometric degrees of freedom, we use single-stage optimization of the coil currents initialized from two-stage solutions to obtain mutually consistent equilibria and coil sets within realistic engineering limits. We find that the field error and coil current thresholds set minimum and maximum coil-plasma distances that confine the boundary to a roughly fixed axisymmetric envelope, within which rotational transform, volume, coil current, and quasi-symmetry (QS) error trade off against one another. Tighter current limits delocalize the non-axisymmetric shaping and raise QS error at fixed transform. From this single coil array we obtain a broad range of equilibria-quasi-axisymmetric vacuum stellarators with $\iota$ up to 0.2, finite-$\beta$ hybrids with realistic profiles reaching on-axis $\iota$ $\approx$ 1 and vacuum transform relevant for MHD stabilization, and strongly shaped tokamaks with elongation $\kappa$ = 1.7 and triangularity $\delta$ = $\pm$0.6, all at peak pointwise coil forces well below the HTS tolerance. We show the same array can additionally correct toroidal field (TF) coil ripple, reducing the number of TF coils required compared to the equivalent tokamak. These results establish the design as a promising platform for hybrid tokamak-stellarator research.
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All authors Jacob Halpern, Mohammed Haque, Elizabeth Paul, Carlos Paz-Soldan, Rithik Banerjee, Talia Angles, Frederick Sheehan, Ian Stewart, Alan Kaptanoglu

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Solar-System Bounds on Ricci-flat Spindle Deformations of Schwarzschild

Zhong-Xi Yu, Hong-Da Lyu and Shoulong Li

Recently, a new class of deformed black-hole exact solutions was constructed in four-dimensional general relativity. The deformation is controlled by a parameter $B$, which survives after demagnetizing a black hole immersed in an external Bertotti-Robinson magnetic field and changes the global structure of the spacetime into a non-asymptotically flat spindle geometry. Although no astrophysical mechanism for generating such a deformation is currently known, it is natural to ask phenomenologically how large such a geometric deformation could be if it extended over the weak-field solar exterior. Using two classical Solar-System tests, we derive the leading corrections to planetary perihelion precession and to the light travel time in a Shapiro-type configuration. Requiring the \(B\)-induced perihelion advance to be smaller than the observational uncertainties in the supplementary perihelion precessions of planets gives the strongest bounds, \( |B|\lesssim 10^{-24}\text{--}10^{-23}\ {\rm cm}^{-1}\), while a Cassini time delay estimate gives a complementary null-geodesic sensitivity at the level \( |B|\lesssim 10^{-21}\ {\rm cm}^{-1}\). These results show that any such spindle deformation, if extended to the solar exterior geometry, must be extremely suppressed on Solar-System scales.
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