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Physics

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Wednesday 10 June

Quantum Physics

Family-Aware Residual Architecture for Predicting Quantum Circuit Simulation Performance

Honjar Xing, Yehong Jiang, Xianbang Wang et al. (+2 more)

Approximate tensor-network simulators enable classical simulation of quantum circuits beyond the reach of exact methods, but selecting optimal approximation parameters – such as bond dimension thresholds – remains a costly trial-and-error process. We present a family-aware neural architecture that predicts both the minimum approximation threshold required to achieve target fidelity and the expected wall-clock runtime for quantum circuit simulation, given only the circuit's OpenQASM description and execution context. Our key insight is that quantum circuits from different algorithmic families (e.g., QFT, Grover, VQE) exhibit fundamentally distinct simulation cost profiles due to their differing entanglement structures. We employ family-conditioned residual corrections – additive, family-specific adjustments atop a shared backbone, drawing on established conditional computation techniques – enabling the model to capture both universal circuit properties and algorithmic nuances. The architecture incorporates a pretrained family classifier (97.5% accuracy) and domain-informed algorithm fingerprint features derived from gate-composition heuristics. Evaluated on circuits spanning 7–130 qubits across 10 algorithm families, our system achieves 79.5% exact threshold accuracy (91.2% within one rung) and $R^2 = 0.82$ runtime correlation, with inference completing in approximately 50 ms – replacing trial-and-error simulation runs that may take minutes to hours. Ablation studies confirm that family-aware modeling provides the single largest performance improvement (+3.2 percentage points), validating the hypothesis that algorithm family is a first-class feature for simulation cost prediction.
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All authors Honjar Xing, Yehong Jiang, Xianbang Wang, Zehua Wang, Zhicheng Jiang

Lattice Field Theory

Conditional Model-Adequacy Tests for Spectral Uncertainty Claims in Lattice QCD

Haozheng Li

Euclidean lattice correlators determine spectral functions only through a smoothing integral transform, so a nominal uncertainty band on a reconstructed spectrum need not have a coverage interpretation for a physical summary. We formulate this as a target-wise adequacy test for reported spectral uncertainties. For a chosen summary \(T[\rho]\), the reported interval is tested on Euclidean-admissible mock correlators with known truth using empirical coverage, simulation-based calibration ranks, physical diagnostics, and stress tests. The test is conditional, but it is a useful falsification tool: passing it does not prove that a reconstruction is the QCD truth, while failing it shows that the reported uncertainty law is not adequate for the chosen functional under the stated mock extension. In a generic benchmark, peak locations are substantially better calibrated than peak heights or low-frequency weights, reflecting different degrees of functional identifiability under the Euclidean kernel. We then apply the same logic to a finite-temperature shear correlator. A family of BG-style reconstructions is compatible with the Euclidean data at \(\chi^2/N_\tau\simeq 1.3\). Within the scanned grid and stated observable-matched mock extension, a \(W_{\rm low}\)-calibrated representative can be identified, whereas pointwise peak-height intervals are not certified for the tested BG-style uncertainty law. Thus Euclidean compatibility is a necessary consistency check, but not a sufficient adequacy criterion for spectral uncertainty claims.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Non-self-dual nontopological soliton in a pure Chern-Simons gauge model

A. Yu. Loginov

A nontopological soliton of the Q-ball type in a Chern-Simons-Higgs gauge model is studied using both analytical and numerical methods. The general non-self-dual case is considered. It is shown that the soliton solution is an extremum of the energy functional at a fixed Noether charge. A differential relation between the energy, Noether charge, and the boundary value of the gauge potential of the soliton is derived. A linear relation between the components of the soliton energy is obtained. The parametric domain of existence of the soliton solution is determined. It is established that the soliton properties depend significantly on the form of the self-interaction potential of the scalar field. In particular, the energy and charge of the soliton can take arbitrarily large values only if the self-interaction potential has two degenerate zero minima.
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Optics

From Rings to Top-Hat beams

M. A. Jácome-Silva, I. Julían-Macías, I. Ramos-Prieto et al. (+4 more)

We present the exact analytical paraxial propagation of structured light beams that transition from Ring annular profiles to top-hat intensity distributions. The initial field is defined as a superposition of a Gaussian-weighted power-law core and a singular inverse-quadratic modulation term, both carrying an azimuthal phase factor. By solving the Fresnel diffraction integral in cylindrical coordinates, we obtain exact closed-form expressions for the propagated field at arbitrary planes. The paraxial evolution is shown to be governed by a Cauchy-Riemann beam term and an infinite series of modified Bessel functions of the second kind weighted by an azimuthal phase factor. This analytical framework demonstrates how tuning the source parameters enables a continuous transition from ring-dominated annular profiles to uniform top-hat beams. For the fundamental mode ($l=0$), the singular component fills the central intensity null, producing a flat transverse plateau.
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All authors M. A. Jácome-Silva, I. Julían-Macías, I. Ramos-Prieto, U. Ruíz-Corona, F. Soto-Eguibar, D. Sánchez-de-la-Llave, H. M. Moya-Cessa

Quantum Physics

Mach's principle in atomic transitions

Subhajit Barman and Bibhas Ranjan Majhi

We investigate the atomic transition probabilities in atom-mirror set-ups that are in circular motion. In one scenario, the atom is in circular motion inside a static cylindrical mirror. In the other scenario, the cylindrical mirror rotates around its central axis while the atom remains static. We report structural similarity in the atomic transition probabilities between these two cases – these probabilities are equivalent upon interchanging the field frequencies between the two scenarios. We interpret such an observation as a semi-classical phenomenon analogous to the classical Mach's principle.
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Optics

Time-Reversal Characteristic Modes of Lossy Reciprocal Structures

Chenbo Shi, Jin Pan, Xin Gu et al. (+2 more)

A time-reversal characteristic-mode decomposition is developed for reciprocal lossy electromagnetic structures. The formulation is built on a transmit–receive interpretation of reciprocity: the far-field pattern radiated by a mode determines the time-reversed incident field that is optimally matched to couple energy back into that same mode. This physical picture leads to an antilinear characteristic-mode equation whose solutions remain radiation-power orthogonal even in the presence of material loss, lossy loading, or matched absorption. As a result, the modal expansion coefficients directly represent the radiated-power contributions of the corresponding modes and avoid the singular biorthogonal normalization that may arise in nonnormal classical characteristic-mode expansions. Equivalent formulations are derived in the scattering-operator, T-matrix, and method-of-moments (MoM) frameworks, thereby connecting external wave-channel descriptions with current-space and port-excitation descriptions. The proposed modes reduce to classical characteristic modes in the lossless limit. Numerical examples involving a lossy two-sphere system and a loaded folded antenna demonstrate the radiation-power orthogonality, modal-expansion stability, and power interpretability of the proposed decomposition near exceptional points, where classical characteristic-mode expansions become singular or lose their radiated-power meaning.
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All authors Chenbo Shi, Jin Pan, Xin Gu, Shichen Liang, Le Zuo

Soft Condensed Matter

A quantitative approach to flowing supercooled liquids: From microscopic heterogeneities to rheology

Dong-Xu Yu and Zhe Wang

Soft glassy materials display rich and complex flow behaviors across both macroscopic and molecular scales, and a fundamental understanding of these phenomena remains an outstanding challenge. Here, we propose a theoretical model for the flow of supercooled liquids – a typical class of glassy fluids – based on a two-state paradigm that conceptualizes the flow as a dynamic coexistence of transient solid-like and liquid-like regions. The model rests on two essential physical ingredients: a correlation length that captures medium-range structural order, and a localized elasticity-mediated interaction that restricts stress propagation within solid-like regions. Remarkably, with all parameters determined solely from equilibrium state, the model quantitatively reproduces rheological responses – including both steady-state and start-up shear – for a broad range of shear rates. Furthermore, it simultaneously captures the evolution of molecular dynamic heterogeneity. This dual success – spanning macroscopic rheology and microscopic spatiotemporal fluctuations – underscores the pivotal role of structural and dynamic heterogeneities in governing the rheological response. Moreover, it provides a direct understanding of how the flow behaviors of a supercooled liquid are embedded in its equilibrium properties.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Wavelet-Based Extraction of Transient Noise in Gravitational-Wave Interferometers using a Saliency-Guided Learning Architecture

Christopher Allene, Dhruv Kumar, Yusuke Sakai et al. (+2 more)

Gravitational-wave interferometers exhibit a wide variety of short-duration non-Gaussian transients, commonly referred to as glitches, that complicate the detection of astrophysical signals, bias parameter estimation, and detector characterisation. Existing machine-learning approaches classify glitch morphologies but do not provide a complete mechanism to segment and extract these disturbances from the strain data. We introduce a wavelet-based, saliency-guided framework for the supervised extraction of transient noise. Candidates are first pre-tagged using Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection, which is also used as a diagnostic of the learned representations. A traditional learning model operating on Continuous Wavelet Transform spectrograms then identifies relevant time-frequency regions through saliency maps. These saliency patterns are transferred to an invertible multiresolution representation via the Discrete Wavelet Transform, where adaptive coefficient masking enables exact reconstruction of both glitch-only and glitch-suppressed waveforms. We demonstrate effective extraction across several representative glitch families, including 'Whistle' and 'Scattered-Light' transients, and show robustness in challenging regimes such as low signal-to-noise events and partially overlapping structures, where classical thresholding or band-limited filtering methods typically fail or introduce leakage. The proposed framework offers an interpretable and computationally efficient approach to transient-noise extraction, establishing a foundation for scalable applications to larger glitch catalogs and future observing runs.
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All authors Christopher Allene, Dhruv Kumar, Yusuke Sakai, Marco Meyer-Conde, Hirotaka Takahashi

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Empirical colour–effective temperature relations in the SDSS system from IRFM temperatures of GALAH and APOGEE stars

Zenghua Zhou, Luca Casagrande, Xiaobin Zhang et al. (+5 more)

Reliable estimates of stellar effective temperature ($T_{\mathrm {eff}}$) are fundamental to stellar population studies and Galactic astrophysics. However, the majority of stars observed in modern large-scale photometric surveys lack spectroscopic measurements, making empirical colour–$T_{\mathrm {eff}}$ relations essential tools. In this work, we present updated empirical colour–$T_{\mathrm {eff}}$ calibrations based on Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) $ugriz$ photometry combined with 2MASS $JHK_{\mathrm s}$ data. Effective temperatures are determined on a homogeneous InfraRed Flux Method (IRFM) scale using a combined sample of 3902 GALAH and 2535 APOGEE stars with high-quality photometry and well-characterised atmospheric parameters. Using this dataset, we establish empirical relations between $T_{\mathrm {eff}}$ and colour indices constructed from SDSS and 2MASS combinations. We provide both colour–metallicity–$T_{\mathrm {eff}}$ and colour–$T_{\mathrm {eff}}$ relations for dwarfs and giants. The calibrations are derived using low-order polynomial models with iterative $3\sigma$ clipping. Their performance depends on the adopted colour index, with long-baseline colours such as $(g-K_{\mathrm s})_0$ and $(g-z)_0$ achieving internal precisions of $\sim$30–50~K. Comparisons with previous calibrations show general agreement, with differences attributable to sample selection, photometric zero-points, and functional form. The resulting relations provide a homogeneous and internally consistent framework for estimating $T_{\mathrm {eff}}$ from SDSS and 2MASS photometry alone, and are well suited for application to large photometric surveys lacking spectroscopic information.
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All authors Zenghua Zhou, Luca Casagrande, Xiaobin Zhang, Jianping Xiong, Jiao Li, Yanjun Guo, Zhanwen Han, Xuefei Chen

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Updated measurement of the branching fraction of $D_s^+ \to \tau^+ \nu_{\tau}$

BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson et al. (+726 more)

Using a dataset of 7.33 fb$^{-1}$ of $e^+ e^-$ annihilation data collected with the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies from 4.128 to 4.226 GeV, we report an updated measurement of the branching fraction of $D_s^+ \to \tau^+ \nu_{\tau}$ via four $\tau^+$ decay modes: $\tau^+ \to e^+ \nu_e \bar{\nu}_{\tau}$, $\mu^+ \nu_{\mu} \bar{\nu}_{\tau}$, $\pi^+\bar{\nu}_{\tau}$, and $\pi^+ \pi^{0} \bar{\nu}_{\tau}$. The branching fraction is determined to be $\mathcal{B}({D_s^+ \to \tau^+ \nu_{\tau}}) = (5.37 \pm 0.08_{\rm stat} \pm 0.06_{\rm syst})$ %. The product of the modulus of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element $|V_{cs}|$ and the $D_s^+$ decay constant $f_{D_s^+}$ is measured to be $f_{D_s^+} |V_{cs}| = (248.2 \pm 1.9_{\rm stat} \pm 1.4_{\rm syst} \pm 0.6_{\rm input} \pm 0.8_{\rm EM})$ MeV. Both the branching fraction and the product $f_{D_s^+} |V_{cs}|$ are the most precise results yet obtained. Then, taking $f_{D_s^+}$ from lattice quantum chromodynamics calculations results in $|V_{cs}| = 0.993 \pm 0.008_{\rm stat} \pm 0.006_{\rm syst} \pm 0.003_{\rm input} \pm 0.003_{\rm EM}$. Conversely, one finds $f_{D_s^+} = (255.0 \pm 1.9_{\rm stat} \pm 1.4_{\rm syst} \pm 0.6_{\rm input} \pm 0.8_{\rm EM})$ MeV when taking $|V_{cs}|$ from the CKMfitter group as an input. Combining with the world average value of $D_s^+ \to \mu^+ \nu_{\mu}$, the ratio of the branching fractions between $D_s^+ \to \tau^+ \nu_{\tau}$ and $D_s^+ \to \mu^+ \nu_{\mu}$ is estimated to be $10.04 \pm 0.29$, which is consistent with the Standard Model prediction of lepton flavor universality.
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All authors BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, Y. Ban, H.-R. Bao, X. L. Bao, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, H. Cai, M. H. Cai, X. Cai, A. Calcaterra, G. F. Cao, N. Cao, S. A. Cetin, X. Y. Chai, J. F. Chang, T. T. Chang, G. R. Che, Y. Z. Che, C. H. Chen, Chao Chen, G. Chen, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, S. M. Chen, T. Chen, W. Chen, X. R. Chen, X. T. Chen, X. Y. Chen, Y. B. Chen, Y. Q. Chen, Z. K. Chen, J. Cheng, L. N. Cheng, S. K. Choi, X. Chu, G. Cibinetto, F. Cossio, J. Cottee-Meldrum, H. L. Dai, J. P. Dai, X. C. Dai, A. Dbeyssi, R. E. de Boer, D. Dedovich, C. Q. Deng, Z. Y. Deng, A. Denig, I. Denisenko, M. Destefanis, F. De Mori, X. X. Ding, Y. Ding, Y. X. Ding, J. Dong, L. Y. Dong, M. Y. Dong, X. Dong, M. C. Du, S. X. Du, S. X. Du, X. L. Du, Y. Q. Du, Y. Y. Duan, Z. H. Duan, P. Egorov, G. F. Fan, J. J. Fan, Y. H. Fan, J. Fang, J. Fang, S. S. Fang, W. X. Fang, Y. Q. Fang, L. Fava, F. Feldbauer, G. Felici, C. Q. Feng, J. H. Feng, L. Feng, Q. X. Feng, Y. T. Feng, M. Fritsch, C. D. Fu, J. L. Fu, Y. W. Fu, H. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. N. Gao, Y. N. Gao, Y. Y. Gao, Z. Gao, S. Garbolino, I. Garzia, L. Ge, P. T. Ge, Z. W. Ge, C. Geng, E. M. Gersabeck, A. Gilman, K. Goetzen, J. Gollub, J. B. Gong, J. D. Gong, L. Gong, W. X. Gong, W. Gradl, S. Gramigna, M. Greco, M. D. Gu, M. H. Gu, C. Y. Guan, A. Q. Guo, J. N. Guo, L. B. Guo, M. J. Guo, R. P. Guo, X. Guo, Y. P. Guo, A. Guskov, J. Gutierrez, T. T. Han, F. Hanisch, K. D. Hao, X. Q. Hao, F. A. Harris, C. Z. He, K. L. He, F. H. Heinsius, C. H. Heinz, Y. K. Heng, C. Herold, P. C. Hong, G. Y. Hou, X. T. Hou, Y. R. Hou, Z. L. Hou, H. M. Hu, J. F. Hu, Q. P. Hu, S. L. Hu, T. Hu, Y. Hu, Y. X. Hu, Z. M. Hu, G. S. Huang, K. X. Huang, L. Q. Huang, P. Huang, X. T. Huang, Y. P. Huang, Y. S. Huang, T. Hussain, N. Hüsken, N. in der Wiesche, J. Jackson, Q. Ji, Q. P. Ji, W. Ji, X. B. Ji, X. L. Ji, L. K. Jia, X. Q. Jia, Z. K. Jia, D. Jiang, H. B. Jiang, P. C. Jiang, S. J. Jiang, X. S. Jiang, Y. Jiang, J. B. Jiao, J. K. Jiao, Z. Jiao, L. C. L. Jin, S. Jin, Y. Jin, M. Q. Jing, X. M. Jing, T. Johansson, S. Kabana, X. L. Kang, X. S. Kang, B. C. Ke, V. Khachatryan, A. Khoukaz, O. B. Kolcu, B. Kopf, L. Kröger, L. Krümmel, Y. Y. Kuang, M. Kuessner, X. Kui, N. Kumar, A. Kupsc, W. Kühn, Q. Lan, W. N. Lan, T. T. Lei, M. Lellmann, T. Lenz, C. Li, C. Li, C. H. Li, C. K. Li, C. K. Li, D. M. Li, F. Li, G. Li, H. B. Li, H. J. Li, H. L. Li, H. N. Li, H. P. Li, Hui Li, J. S. Li, J. W. Li, K. Li, K. L. Li, L. J. Li, Lei Li, M. H. Li, M. R. Li, P. L. Li, P. R. Li, Q. M. Li, Q. X. Li, R. Li, S. Li, S. X. Li, S. Y. Li, Shanshan Li, T. Li, T. Y. Li, W. D. Li, W. G. Li, X. Li, X. H. Li, X. K. Li, X. L. Li, X. Y. Li, X. Z. Li, Y. Li, Y. G. Li, Y. P. Li, Z. H. Li, Z. J. Li, Z. L. Li, Z. X. Li, Z. Y. Li, C. Liang, H. Liang, Y. F. Liang, Y. T. Liang, G. R. Liao, L. B. Liao, M. H. Liao, Y. P. Liao, J. Libby, A. Limphirat, D. X. Lin, T. Lin, B. J. Liu, B. X. Liu, C. X. Liu, F. Liu, F. H. Liu, Feng Liu, G. M. Liu, H. Liu, H. B. Liu, H. M. Liu, Huihui Liu, J. B. Liu, J. J. Liu, K. Liu, K. Liu, K. Y. Liu, Ke Liu, L. Liu, L. C. Liu, Lu Liu, M. H. Liu, P. L. Liu, Q. Liu, S. B. Liu, W. M. Liu, W. T. Liu, X. Liu, X. K. Liu, X. L. Liu, X. P. Liu, X. Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. B. Liu, Z. A. Liu, Z. D. Liu, Z. L. Liu, Z. Q. Liu, Z. Y. Liu, X. C. Lou, H. J. Lu, J. G. Lu, X. L. Lu, Y. Lu, Y. H. Lu, Y. P. Lu, Z. H. Lu, C. L. Luo, J. R. Luo, J. S. Luo, M. X. Luo, T. Luo, X. L. Luo, Z. Y. Lv, X. R. Lyu, Y. F. Lyu, Y. H. Lyu, F. C. Ma, H. L. Ma, Heng Ma, J. L. Ma, L. L. Ma, L. R. Ma, Q. M. Ma, R. Q. Ma, R. Y. Ma, T. Ma, X. T. Ma, X. Y. Ma, Y. M. Ma, F. E. Maas, I. MacKay, M. Maggiora, S. Malde, Q. A. Malik, H. X. Mao, Y. J. Mao, Z. P. Mao, S. Marcello, A. Marshall, F. M. Melendi, Y. H. Meng, Z. X. Meng, G. Mezzadri, H. Miao, T. J. Min, R. E. Mitchell, X. H. Mo, B. Moses, N. Yu. Muchnoi, J. Muskalla, Y. Nefedov, F. Nerling, H. Neuwirth, Z. Ning, S. Nisar, Q. L. Niu, W. D. Niu, Y. Niu, C. Normand, S. L. Olsen, Q. Ouyang, S. Pacetti, Y. Pan, A. Pathak, Y. P. Pei, M. Pelizaeus, H. P. Peng, X. J. Peng, Y. Y. Peng, K. Peters, K. Petridis, J. L. Ping, R. G. Ping, S. Plura, V. Prasad, F. Z. Qi, H. R. Qi, M. Qi, S. Qian, W. B. Qian, C. F. Qiao, J. H. Qiao, J. J. Qin, J. L. Qin, L. Q. Qin, L. Y. Qin, P. B. Qin, X. P. Qin, X. S. Qin, Z. H. Qin, J. F. Qiu, Z. H. Qu, J. Rademacker, C. F. Redmer, A. Rivetti, M. Rolo, G. Rong, S. S. Rong, F. Rosini, Ch. Rosner, M. Q. Ruan, N. Salone, A. Sarantsev, Y. Schelhaas, K. Schoenning, M. Scodeggio, W. Shan, X. Y. Shan, Z. J. Shang, J. F. Shangguan, L. G. Shao, M. Shao, C. P. Shen, H. F. Shen, W. H. Shen, X. Y. Shen, B. A. Shi, H. Shi, J. L. Shi, J. Y. Shi, M. H. Shi, S. Y. Shi, X. Shi, H. L. Song, J. J. Song, M. H. Song, T. Z. Song, W. M. Song, Y. X. Song, Zirong Song, S. Sosio, S. Spataro, S. Stansilaus, F. Stieler, M. Stolte, S. S Su, G. B. Sun, G. X. Sun, H. Sun, H. K. Sun, J. F. Sun, K. Sun, L. Sun, R. Sun, S. S. Sun, T. Sun, W. Y. Sun, Y. C. Sun, Y. H. Sun, Y. J. Sun, Y. Z. Sun, Z. Q. Sun, Z. T. Sun, C. J. Tang, G. Y. Tang, J. Tang, J. J. Tang, L. F. Tang, Y. A. Tang, L. Y. Tao, M. Tat, J. X. Teng, J. Y. Tian, W. H. Tian, Y. Tian, Z. F. Tian, I. Uman, E. van der Smagt, B. Wang, B. Wang, Bo Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, Cong Wang, D. Y. Wang, H. J. Wang, H. R. Wang, J. Wang, J. J. Wang, J. P. Wang, K. Wang, L. L. Wang, L. W. Wang, M. Wang, M. Wang, N. Y. Wang, S. Wang, Shun Wang, T. Wang, T. J. Wang, W. Wang, W. P. Wang, X. F. Wang, X. L. Wang, X. N. Wang, Xin Wang, Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. F. Wang, Y. H. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. L. Wang, Y. N. Wang, Y. N. Wang, Yaqian Wang, Yi Wang, Yuan Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. L. Wang, Z. Q. Wang, Z. Y. Wang, Ziyi Wang, D. Wei, D. H. Wei, H. R. Wei, F. Weidner, S. P. Wen, U. Wiedner, G. Wilkinson, M. Wolke, J. F. Wu, L. H. Wu, L. J. Wu, Lianjie Wu, S. G. Wu, S. M. Wu, X. W. Wu, Z. Wu, L. Xia, B. H. Xiang, D. Xiao, G. Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, Y. L. Xiao, Z. J. Xiao, C. Xie, K. J. Xie, Y. Xie, Y. G. Xie, Y. H. Xie, Z. P. Xie, T. Y. Xing, D. B. Xiong, C. J. Xu, G. F. Xu, H. Y. Xu, M. Xu, Q. J. Xu, Q. N. Xu, T. D. Xu, X. P. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. C. Xu, Z. S. Xu, F. Yan, L. Yan, W. B. Yan, W. C. Yan, W. H. Yan, W. P. Yan, X. Q. Yan, Y. Y. Yan, H. J. Yang, H. L. Yang, H. X. Yang, J. H. Yang, R. J. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. H. Yang, Y. H. Yang, Y. M. Yang, Y. Q. Yang, Y. Z. Yang, Z. Y. Yang, Z. P. Yao, M. Ye, M. H. Ye, Z. J. Ye, Junhao Yin, Z. Y. You, B. X. Yu, C. X. Yu, G. Yu, J. S. Yu, L. W. Yu, T. Yu, X. D. Yu, Y. C. Yu, Y. C. Yu, C. Z. Yuan, H. Yuan, J. Yuan, J. Yuan, L. Yuan, M. K. Yuan, S. H. Yuan, Y. Yuan, C. X. Yue, Ying Yue, A. A. Zafar, F. R. Zeng, S. H. Zeng, X. Zeng, Y. J. Zeng, Y. J. Zeng, Y. C. Zhai, Y. H. Zhan, S. N. Zhang, B. L. Zhang, B. X. Zhang, D. H. Zhang, G. Y. Zhang, G. Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. C. Zhang, H. H. Zhang, H. Q. Zhang, H. R. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. J. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. Q. Zhang, J. S. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, J. X. Zhang, J. Y. Zhang, J. Y. Zhang, J. Z. Zhang, Jianyu Zhang, L. M. Zhang, Lei Zhang, N. Zhang, P. Zhang, Q. Zhang, Q. Y. Zhang, Q. Z. Zhang, R. Y. Zhang, S. H. Zhang, Shulei Zhang, X. M. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. T. Zhang, Y. H. Zhang, Y. P. Zhang, Z. D. Zhang, Z. H. Zhang, Z. L. Zhang, Z. L. Zhang, Z. X. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, Zh. Zh. Zhang, G. Zhao, J.-P. Zhao, J. Y. Zhao, J. Z. Zhao, L. Zhao, L. Zhao, M. G. Zhao, S. J. Zhao, Y. B. Zhao, Y. L. Zhao, Y. P. Zhao, Y. X. Zhao, Z. G. Zhao, A. Zhemchugov, B. Zheng, B. M. Zheng, J. P. Zheng, W. J. Zheng, W. Q. Zheng, X. R. Zheng, Y. H. Zheng, B. Zhong, C. Zhong, H. Zhou, J. Q. Zhou, S. Zhou, X. Zhou, X. K. Zhou, X. R. Zhou, X. Y. Zhou, Y. X. Zhou, Y. Z. Zhou, J. Zhu, K. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, K. S. Zhu, L. X. Zhu, Lin Zhu, S. H. Zhu, T. J. Zhu, W. D. Zhu, W. J. Zhu, W. Z. Zhu, Y. C. Zhu, Z. A. Zhu, X. Y. Zhuang, J. H. Zou

Materials Science

Unveiling Orbital-mediated Ultrafast Demagnetization in Rare Earth-Transition-Metal Ferrimagnets

Jianwen Gao, Linlin Zhang, Mingli Ge et al. (+12 more)

The ultimate speed limit of magnetic recording and spintronic devices is set by the efficiency of angular-momentum transfer during ultrafast demagnetization, yet its microscopic pathway in Rare-Earth-Transition-Metal (RE-TM) ferrimagnets remains debated. Here, we establish an orbital-mediated framework in which 3d spin-orbit coupling (SOC) governs angular momentum (AM) dissipation. Strong 3d-SOC in RE-Co enables sub-picosecond, single-step demagnetization via direct orbital-to-lattice transfer, whereas weak 3d-SOC in RE-Fe redirects AM into 4f orbitals, producing slower two-step dynamics. The second-stage rate scales with 4f-SOC strength, revealing a distinct orbital-mediated dissipation channel. Using time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr measurements, supported by an extended four-temperature model, corroborate this picture across diverse RE-TM systems (RE = Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho and TM = Fe, Co, CoNi). Our results identify the SOC-driven competition between 3d and 4f orbital channels as the universal mechanism governing ultrafast demagnetization in RE-TM ferrimagnets, enabling rational design of the switching speed for next-generation spintronic devices.
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All authors Jianwen Gao, Linlin Zhang, Mingli Ge, Runhua Zhang, Jinshan Wang, Hui Li, Xiaowei Zhou, Zhu Liu, Zongzhi Zhang, Li Xi, Yalu Zuo, Chenglong Jia, Feng Qiu, Shaojie Hu, Yang Ren

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

A High-Precision Clock Synchronization System for the CEPC Accelerator

Jun Hu, Xin Zhou, Xiaoshan Jiang et al. (+1 more)

The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) distributes a reference clock distributed to 192 control nodes along its 100~km underground tunnel. The required synchronization precision is 30~ps (standard deviation). We present an enhanced White Rabbit (WR)-based clock synchronization system designed to meet this requirement. A noise-budget analysis of the standard WR slave loop identifies the analog actuation chain (DAC + VCXO + multiplier PLL) and restart-induced timing uncertainty as the dominant limitations. In our redesigned node, the DAC+VCXO chain is replaced by a Si5345A DSPLL clock generator with DCO-based phase control, removing the board-level analog tuning stage. GTX transceiver phase alignment and manual byte-alignment fixing reduce restart uncertainty from 88.8~ps to 12~ps peak-to-peak. For multi-node operation, we introduce a cascaded global-control architecture with PC-side PID auto-tuned by TD3 reinforcement learning, on-chip-temperature feed-forward calibrated to $-0.76\,\mathrm{ps}/^\circ\mathrm{C}$. The measured point-to-point synchronization precision is 3.38~ps over 1~m fiber and 3.92~ps over 50~km. In a 12-level cascade, the end-node precision reaches 6.66~ps at constant temperature and 7.30~ps under a 13$\,^\circ$C temperature swing. Synchronized-clock TIE jitter stays below 1~ps regardless of cascade depth. Restart uncertainty is 2.82~ps (std.\ dev.). A 4-level cascade operated stably for 25 hours of continuous monitoring. All measured metrics fall well within the CEPC 30~ps budget.
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All authors Jun Hu, Xin Zhou, Xiaoshan Jiang, Dapeng Jin

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Recalibration of SDSS photometric zero-points based on the InfraRed Flux Method temperature scale

Zenghua Zhou, Luca Casagrande, Heran Xiong et al. (+4 more)

Accurate photometric zero-points are essential for translating observed magnitudes into physical fluxes, from comparing with models to ensuring consistency across surveys. We determine the zero-points needed to place the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) $ugriz$ system on its nominal AB definition, by exploiting the sensitivity of the Infrared Flux Method (IRFM) to broadband flux calibration. Using benchmark effective temperatures for over 6,000 FGK-type stars, we invert the method to identify the zero-point corrections required for SDSS photometry to reproduce the adopted temperature scale. The $r$ band is found to be very well standardized, while the $i$ and $z$ bands show offsets of a few hundredths of a magnitude, consistent with previous studies. We also find a small offset in the $g$ band. The largest discrepancy occurs in the $u$ band, where the derived offset depends strongly on the adopted filter transmission curves, in particular whether one uses the original definition commonly adopted in the literature or the updated measurements that account for the presence of a red leak. This effect introduces a colour-dependent zero-point offset that becomes apparent when using a sample of late-type stars. Independent comparisons with CALSPEC spectrophotometric standards and Gaia XP spectra broadly support the offsets derived from the IRFM analysis. Our results provide a revised set of SDSS zero-points anchored to the IRFM temperature scale and demonstrate that large stellar samples can be used to constrain photometric calibration. The methodology presented here offers a complementary approach to traditional spectrophotometric calibration and may prove useful for future large-scale surveys.
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All authors Zenghua Zhou, Luca Casagrande, Heran Xiong, Yanjun Guo, Jiajia Li, Zhanwen Han, Xuefei Chen

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Cross-listed from cs.LG

Kuramoto Attention: Synchronizing Self-Attention on the Torus

Joshua Nunley

Transformer models are increasingly used as computational models of cognition and neural representation, so the mechanism implemented by self-attention is of interest beyond engineering performance. A complementary tradition in cognitive science models coordination, binding, and memory through dynamical interactions such as oscillator synchrony; we bring this mechanism into self-attention by introducing the Kuramoto Attention layer, whose value update is a synchronization step. Each token carries a bank of phase oscillators, so its hidden state lives on a high-dimensional torus. The attention weights form an adaptive coupling graph, and using the raw phase states as values makes the value update exactly the Kuramoto coupling direction for fixed attention weights. The softmax selects which oscillators couple, while the value path moves each token toward the attention-weighted circular mean of the tokens it selects. We train Kuramoto Attention on enwiki8 and CodeParrot against parameter-matched RoPE and SwiGLU transformers. At 5M parameters on CodeParrot, it improves on the transformer by both median and mean, with mean gaps of 0.012 validation and 0.010 test bits per byte. At 5M on enwiki8, all six runs have lower validation/test medians than the transformer and all-seed means within 0.01 BPC; five of six also form a tight lower-mean cluster. At 1M, it trails by about 0.02 BPC on enwiki8 and by 0.013-0.015 bits per byte on CodeParrot. Ablations and phase diagnostics show how the layer's synchronization and geometry-motivated components shape model performance. The result is a self-attention mechanism whose learned computation can be read directly as adaptive synchronization on phase states.
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Materials Science

Chiral Magnons and Cycloidal Phonons in Altermagnetic CuF$_{2}$ Monolayer

Andrea M. León, Matías F. Torreblanca, Carmine Autieri et al. (+1 more)

Altermagnetism establishes momentum-dependent spin splitting through non-symmorphic crystal symmetries, yet whether these same symmetries simultaneously govern spin and lattice collective excitations remains open. Here we show, using first-principles calculations and linear spin-wave theory, that monolayer CuF$_2$ hosts both chirality-split magnons and cycloidal phonons controlled by the same $P2_1/c$ symmetry operations. The altermagnetic order drives strongly anisotropic magnon chirality via symmetric anisotropic exchange, with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions acting as a weak secondary modulation. Crucially, the phonon and magnon chiral responses are directionally complementary: cycloidal phonon angular momentum emerges precisely where magnon chirality is symmetry-suppressed, and vice versa. The magnon bands further carry quantized Chern numbers $C^M = \pm 2$, confirming non-trivial altermagnetic topology. These results establish monolayer CuF$_2$ as a platform where a single symmetry framework engineers magnonic, phononic, and topological responses, providing a direct connection between altermagnetism and spin-lattice chirality in two-dimensional materials.
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All authors Andrea M. León, Matías F. Torreblanca, Carmine Autieri, Jhon W. González

Quantum Physics

Superspace Concentration and Adversarial Robustness in Quantum Algorithms

Eric Yocam, Christian Yocam, Varghese Vaidyan et al. (+3 more)

We study superspace concentration as a quantum resource, formalized through the focus measure F(h̊o}) = {\lambda}_max(h̊o}_super) - the largest eigenvalue of the reduced superspace state - which quantifies the capacity of a quantum system to concentrate informational weight into a preferred subspace of an extended degree-of-freedom space. We develop a complete resource-theoretic framework around this measure and validate its properties through GPU-accelerated numerical simulation. Analytic decoherence predictions are confirmed to machine precision (1.11 x 10^{-16}) for superspace dimensions dS in {2,4,8,16,32}. Focus monotonicity holds across 10,000 random states with zero violations under four focus-non-generating channels across six system configurations. Focused quantum states resist coherent unitary attacks with significantly greater resilience than standard fidelity predicts, with focus remaining above 0.9 at attack strength {\epsilon} = 0.302 versus {\epsilon} = 0.174 for fidelity. We further demonstrate that the focus measure and the U(dS)-asymmetry measure are operationally distinct: asymmetry remains near zero and provides no robustness signal under coherent and targeted attacks while focus tracks spectral concentration and remains robust until {\epsilon} > 0.3. The connection between Grover's algorithm and superspace concentration is made explicit via the identity F(|{\psi}_k><{\psi}_k|) = P(marked), providing a resource-theoretic interpretation of oracle query complexity. Finally, we provide the first numerical characterization of the focus capacity gap {\Delta}F, identifying a log_2(dS) scaling law confirmed for both product and correlated noise channels.
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All authors Eric Yocam, Christian Yocam, Varghese Vaidyan, Yong Wang, Mahesh Kalappattil, Anthony Rizi

Quantum Physics

Tensor-Network-Based Distributed Quantum Dynamics on Independent Quantum Computers

Anurag Dwivedi, Melissa C. Revelle, Daniel S. Lobser et al. (+6 more)

We present an approach based on tensor networks for distributed quantum computing simulation of chemical wavepacket dynamics in a continuous variable representation. The central idea is that the tensor-network representation of the multidimensional time-evolution operator naturally induces an elevated Hilbert space where the dynamics decomposes into a set of independent lower-dimensional propagations. This transformation converts an entangled quantum evolution into a set of parallel computational tasks that can be executed asynchronously across heterogeneous quantum and classical computing architectures. The resulting formalism establishes a direct connection between tensor-network decompositions, uniformly controlled quantum circuits, and asynchronous distributed quantum computing. The approach is developed with a goal towards hybrid quantum/classical implementation, and is appropriate for a general heterogeneous mixture of quantum hardware systems. The experimental realization of the asynchronously distributed quantum processes that arise from the tensor-network decomposition are carried out on the Sandia National Laboratories' trapped-ion quantum computer, where the circuits are compiled using native partial-entangling $XX(\theta)$ gates, reducing the expected two-qubit gate infidelity by more than 30% relative to conventional fully entangling decompositions. We demonstrate the methodology by quantum computing the vibrational spectra of a small protonated water cluster that shows critical quantum nuclear behavior. Such water cluster systems have been found to be challenging for experimental action spectroscopy and for theory, and here, for the first time, we provide results for vibrational spectroscopy that are in agreement with the respective classical results to within 4cm$^{-1}$, thus allowing for the potential for spectroscopic accuracy from quantum computations.
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All authors Anurag Dwivedi, Melissa C. Revelle, Daniel S. Lobser, Brian K. McFarland, Edward C. Tortorici, Christopher G. Yale, Susan M. Clark, Philip Richerme, Srinivasan S. Iyengar

Materials Science · Cross-listed from cs.LG

Range-Aware Bayesian Optimization for Discovering Diverse Designs within Target Property Windows

Shengli Jiang, Jason Wu, Charles M. Schroeder et al. (+1 more)

In many materials and product design problems, desirable candidates exhibit properties that fall within an acceptable range rather than achieve a single optimum. Recovering multiple, distinct solutions that satisfy such specifications is also practically valuable, as some candidates may be preferred for reasons of cost, processability, or robustness that are difficult to encode directly in an objective function. Here, we develop a range-aware Bayesian optimization (BO) framework in which the acquisition function directly scores the posterior probability that a candidate satisfies a target range. The framework naturally extends to parallel pursuit of multiple distinct specifications over a shared candidate space. Across benchmark tasks, range-aware acquisition consistently recovers larger and more diverse sets of valid designs than standard BO baselines and recent goal-seeking methods. Its utility is further demonstrated in two practically motivated design case studies involving optimizing reaction conditions for polymer synthesis and sequence-defined oligomer discovery for prescribed optical absorption bands, supported by quantum chemical calculations. These results suggest that range-aware BO can provide a practical and sample-efficient foundation for specification-driven design, particularly when design flexibility and solution diversity are important considerations.
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All authors Shengli Jiang, Jason Wu, Charles M. Schroeder, Michael A. Webb

Optics

Nonlinearity Reversal in Epsilon-Near-Zero Indium Tin Oxide Driven by Few-Cycle Light Pulse

Mustafa Goksu Ozlu, Colton Fruhling, Ian Hoffman et al. (+4 more)

Recent breakthrough studies of nonlinearities at extreme pump intensities ($\sim$1 $\text{TW/cm}^2$) in transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) have rewritten our understanding of the dynamics in these materials. However, exploring TCO dynamics beyond these intensities is prohibited by the damage threshold of the material. In this work, we overcome this problem by using a few-cycle pump laser pulse (sub-8\,fs) to maximize the intensity while keeping the optical fluence below the damage threshold. We observe a reversal in the optical response trend starting at optical pump laser intensities of $\sim$5 $\text{TW/cm}^2$ similar to Segal et al. At the highest pump pulse intensities, we obtain a complete change in the sign of the modulation for both transmission and reflection, producing a full-cycle oscillation of the refractive index modulation within 300\,fs. The amplitude of the sign reversal scales quadratically with the intensity. We therefore propose a simple two-photon absorption (TPA) model to explain the observed behaviour. The TPA, which is normally forbidden by the Pauli blocking, is enabled here by intraband excitations from the lower to the upper non-equilibrium states of the conduction band (CB). Such excitations vacate the states at the bottom of the CB, lifting up the blocking and thus making interband TPA possible. The model is in good agreement with experimental results, capturing the essential trends in the observed data and revealing the dynamics of competing channels caused by the interplay between interband and intraband transitions. This intensity-controlled mechanism could be the key to unlocking new applications of TCOs for time-varying photonics such as photonic time crystals.
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All authors Mustafa Goksu Ozlu, Colton Fruhling, Ian Hoffman, Jae Ik Choi, Marcello Ferrera, Alexandra Boltasseva, Vladimir M. Shalaev

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Strong First-Order Electroweak Phase Transition and Gravitational Waves in a $\mathbb{Z}_4$ Fermion-Scalar Dark Matter Model

J. P. Carvalho-Corrêa, J. P. Cunha-Melo, I. M. Pereira et al. (+2 more)

We investigate whether a minimal $\mathbb{Z}_4$-symmetric fermion-scalar extension of the Standard Model can simultaneously realise viable dark matter, a strong electroweak phase transition, and a stochastic gravitational-wave signal. The model contains a real scalar singlet and a Dirac fermion, allowing thermal two-component dark matter, mixed WIMP-FIMP histories, and an effectively fermionic relic abundance generated by scalar decays. We impose theoretical consistency, the correct electroweak vacuum, and dark-matter constraints from relic density, direct detection, and invisible Higgs decays before using the surviving points as input for the finite-temperature analysis. This reveals that the compatibility between dark matter and a strong first-order electroweak phase transition is highly selective. After current dark-matter constraints are imposed, the strong-transition criterion along the Higgs direction is satisfied only in two viable regimes: the thermal two-component case with $M_\psi<M_S<2M_\psi$ and the decay-driven WIMP-FIMP case with $M_S>2M_\psi$. By contrast, the thermal regime with $M_S<M_\psi$ and the stable mixed WIMP-FIMP scenario with $M_S<2M_\psi$ are largely concentrated at small portal couplings or near the Higgs-resonance region, and do not yield a strong transition in the parameter space considered. The successful transitions typically proceed through an intermediate singlet-like phase. For representative nucleating benchmark points in the viable strong-transition regions, we compute the gravitational-wave spectra from sound waves and turbulence. Some spectra overlap the projected sensitivity curves of future space-based interferometers, indicating potentially observable signals in selected dark-matter-compatible regions where a sufficiently active Higgs portal appears in correlated combination with the scalar mass and the remaining dark sector parameters.
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All authors J. P. Carvalho-Corrêa, J. P. Cunha-Melo, I. M. Pereira, B. L. Sánchez-Vega, A. C. D. Viglioni

Quantum Physics

Diffusive Relaxation of Participation Entropy in U(1)-symmetric Dynamics

Hanchen Liu, Tianci Zhou and Xiao Chen

Participation entropy (PE) quantifies the spread of a many-body wavefunction across configuration space. While PE relaxes rapidly in generic chaotic systems, we show that $\mathrm{U}(1)$ conservation laws slow it down by imprinting with the slow hydrodynamic modes. Using a cluster expansion around equilibrium, we show that, after local density inhomogeneities decay, the leading PE deficit is dominated by squared connected density correlations. The long time relaxation is therefore controlled by diffusive correlation spreading, giving $\Delta S(t)\sim t^{-1/2}$ in the hydrodynamic regime and crossing over to $\sim \exp[-O(t/L^2)]$ when $t\geq L^2$. We confirm this entropy correlation relation using exact computation and infinite system tensor network simulations in various quantum $\mathrm{U}(1)$ conserving circuits. Our results establish PE as a sensitive probe of hydrodynamic memory and suggest that slow relaxation is a generic consequence of conservation laws.
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Quantum Physics

Emergent mirror symmetry in the optimization of the central-spin quantum battery

Hui-Yu Yang, Kun Zhang, Xiao-Hui Wang et al. (+1 more)

Quantum batteries provide a useful setting for exploring nonequilibrium many-body effects in energy storage. Here we investigate the optimization of a quantum battery based on the central-spin model. We identify two complementary structural indicators associated with the effective charging dynamics: one yields an upper bound on the average charging power, while the other characterizes the buildup of stored energy. We show that these two indicators are jointly optimized at a distinguished initial charger excitation number, which selects a particular Dicke sector of the model. At this common optimal point, the effective charging Hamiltonian becomes exactly mirror symmetric, suggesting mirror symmetry as a useful structural indicator for optimizing the performance of quantum batteries in terms of both charging power and energy storage. We further show that the corresponding optimal dynamics can be closely approximated by product initial states, in particular by spin coherent states whose excitation-number distribution is centered at the symmetry-selected point. Our results establish a direct connection between charging performance, optimal-state structure, and emergent symmetry in the central-spin quantum battery, and suggest symmetry as a useful organizing principle for efficient charging in interacting many-body quantum systems.
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All authors Hui-Yu Yang, Kun Zhang, Xiao-Hui Wang, Hai-Long Shi

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Polarization-Resolved Photon Statistics of Cavity Quantum Materials

Benjamin Kass, Spenser Talkington and Martin Claassen

By forming hybrid light-matter states, optical cavities offer a route for engineering material properties, however, unambiguously probing the effects of light-matter coupling remains difficult. Here, we show that the polarization-resolved statistics of photons transmitted through a cavity, measurable via $g^{(2)}$, provide one such diagnostic. By relating $g^{(2)}$ to matter correlation functions such as the Raman structure factor, we link photon bunching and antibunching to material properties. By applying this method to the stripy-to-antiferromagnetic transition in the Kitaev-Heisenberg spin model, we find that polarization-dependent patterns of bunching and antibunching encode the magnetic point-group symmetries of each phase and characterize the behavior at the phase boundary. Finally, we predict measuring $g^{(2)}$ for output photon pairs polarized orthogonal to the input field will isolate higher-order light-matter scattering processes that probe higher-order material correlations.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Equilibrium Halo Solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii-Poisson System: The Role of the Particle Number

Francisco A. Guzmán, Elías Castellanos and Jorge Mastache

We investigate stationary halo-like solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii-Poisson (GPP) system, which describes self-gravitating Bose-Einstein condensates with repulsive self-interactions, as a dark matter model. The boson mass $m_\phi$, scattering length $a_s$, and total particle number $N$ are kept explicit, with $N$ treated as an independent macroscopic control parameter. Solving the stationary GPP equations over a broad parameter space, we identify ground-state, excited-state, and unbound solution branches according to their binding properties and nodal structure. The ground-state branch occupies a well-defined region of the $(m_\phi,N)$ plane whose location depends strongly on the self-interaction strength, whereas the excited-state and unbound regions are largely insensitive to the initial ansatz. From the converged solutions, we derive empirical scaling relations connecting the characteristic halo radius $R_{99}$ to $m_\phi$, $a_s$, and $N$. In the weakly interacting regime, the results reproduce the standard Schrodinger-Poisson mass-radius relation, while finite self-interactions reveal an intermediate regime in which gravity, quantum pressure, and repulsive interactions jointly determine the equilibrium structure. As an astrophysical application, we show that ground-state solutions can reproduce representative dwarf-galaxy rotation curves using only the solitonic component. We also examine the implications of current Lyman-$\alpha$ forest constraints and find that, although increasing $a_s$ shifts equilibrium solutions toward larger boson masses compatible with existing bounds, the resulting configurations do not reproduce the observed dwarf-galaxy kinematics. These results provide a systematic characterization of stationary GPP halos and establish a direct connection between microscopic particle properties and observable galactic quantities.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Long thermonuclear burst driven thermal-viscous instability of accretion disk: triggering an outburst-like X-ray flare

Wenhui Yu, Zhaosheng Li, Yuanyue Pan et al. (+2 more)

We report on NICER and MAXI observations of a long-duration thermonuclear X-ray burst and a subsequent outburst-like X-ray flare from the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary MAXI J0911–655. Prior to the burst, the source was in a persistent low/hard state with a power-law-dominated spectrum ($\Gamma \sim 1.7$) and a mass accretion rate of $\sim 1\%$ of the Eddington limit. The long burst, detected by MAXI on 2020 May 22 (MJD 58991.7101), was rapidly followed up by NICER. From time-resolved spectroscopy of the cooling tail, we estimate an exponential decay time of $\approx43$ minutes, the ignition column depth of $\approx0.1\times 10^{12}~{\rm g ~cm^{-2}}$, the burst fluence of $\approx 1.1\times 10^{-4}~{\rm erg~cm^{-2}}$, and the total energy release of $\approx1.2\times10^{42}$ erg. Approximately one day after the burst onset, the 0.5-10 keV light curve unexpectedly re-brightened, initiating an outburst-like flare. During the peak of this flare, the persistent power-law flux increased from its pre-burst level of $\sim0.27\times10^{-9}~{\rm erg~cm^{-2}~s^{-1}}$ to $1.4\times10^{-9}~{\rm erg~cm^{-2}~s^{-1}}$. This flux enhancement was accompanied by significant spectral softening, with the photon index increasing to $\Gamma \sim 2.2$. Subsequently, the flux decayed and the source returned to its baseline low/hard state. The observed timescales and energetics suggest that intense irradiation from the long burst amplified the ongoing thermal-viscous accretion process. This heating drove an inside-out heating front that temporarily enhanced the mass accretion rate, providing compelling observational evidence of a thermonuclear burst directly modulating the accretion dynamics of its surrounding disk.
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All authors Wenhui Yu, Zhaosheng Li, Yuanyue Pan, Yanan Wang, Erlin Qiao

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics

Urban Heat MiniCubes: An AI-Ready dataset for urban heat research

Jonathan Starfeldt, Maria J. Molina, Alexander Kerr et al. (+3 more)

Urban heat is amplified by impermeable surfaces and heterogeneous built environments, yet street-level variability remains difficult to quantify because multi-sensor observations are rarely available in consistent, analysis-ready form at the necessary spatiotemporal scales. We present "Urban Heat MiniCubes," a publicly available, FAIR-oriented dataset designed for machine learning applications in urban heat research. The dataset provides harmonized 90 x 90 km gridded data cubes for 48 cities in the Western Hemisphere spanning 2022-2023, with variables reprojected and collocated to a common grid to reduce preprocessing (e.g., reprojection, resampling, and spatiotemporal alignment). Urban Heat MiniCubes includes two complementary modalities: (i) higher-spatial-resolution, lower-frequency observations from Landsat 8/9 (e.g., surface reflectances) and Sentinel-1 (e.g., synthetic aperture radar backscatter), and (ii) higher-temporal-frequency, coarser observations from GOES-R (e.g., longwave infrared brightness temperatures) and a microwave land surface temperature product. We document variables and metadata and provide technical assessment using inter-variable analyses and autoencoder-based reconstruction-error summaries across pixel classes (e.g., water and cloud). Potential use cases and limitations are also discussed.
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All authors Jonathan Starfeldt, Maria J. Molina, Alexander Kerr, Adam Yang, Thomas R.H. Holmes, Christopher R. Hain

Quantum Physics

Locally Acting Grover Mixers for Constraint-Preserving QAOA

Minjin Choi, Dongkeun Lee and Junghee Ryu

The Grover mixer quantum alternating operator ansatz (GM-QAOA) employs the Grover mixer to confine the quantum evolution to the feasible subspace defined by the problem. Its mixing unitary, however, requires a global multi-controlled phase-shift gate acting on all qubits, resulting in substantial circuit overhead on near-term quantum devices. In this work, we propose locally acting Grover mixers tailored to initial states that admit a product structure over disjoint qubit subsystems, which may be obtained by encoding only a subset of problem constraints into the initial state preparation. The proposed method preserves the search space defined by the initial state while significantly lowering implementation cost, as the global multi-controlled phase-shift gate is replaced with local operations on disjoint subsystems. Numerical simulations on the exact-cover problem and the traveling salesman problem (TSP) demonstrate that the proposed method achieves convergence behavior comparable to that of the original GM-QAOA, while using shallower circuits with fewer gates. We further compare two constraint encoding strategies for the TSP, encoding only a subset of constraints versus all constraints into the initial state preparation, and show that the former combined with the proposed mixer yields markedly more compact circuits at the point where comparable solution quality is achieved.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons

Invariants of Sequential Circuits and Generalized Non-Abelian Statistics

Shintaro Sato, Yoshimasa Hidaka and Ryohei Kobayashi

Non-invertible symmetries in quantum many-body systems generally give rise to sequential unitary circuits that move symmetry defects. In this paper, we investigate invariants defined by sequences of such circuits, which move non-invertible defects and generate a Berry phase evaluated on quantum states with defects. We show that this Berry phase generally defines an invariant under local deformations, provided that the sequential circuits preserve the locality of those deformations. This invariant also rules out a short-range-entangled state that preserves the non-invertible symmetry, thereby signaling the 't Hooft anomaly of a non-invertible symmetry purely in terms of unitary operators acting on a state. We then apply this framework to loop excitations in three spatial dimensions and identify a new loop excitation in the (3+1)D $\mathbb{D}_4$ topological order, which we dub a non-Abelian fermionic loop. Using the invariant of sequential circuits, we characterize the statistics of non-Abelian fermionic loops. In addition, we find a new (3+1)D mixed topological order with a single non-Abelian fermionic loop, whose long-range entanglement is protected by an invariant of sequential circuits.
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Superconductivity

Unveiling the Interplay of Charge and Magnetic Excitations in HgBa$_2$Ca$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{8+\delta}$

Karn Rongrueangkul, Martina Fedele, Leonardo Martinelli et al. (+10 more)

Unraveling the mechanism that binds electrons into Cooper pairs in cuprate high-temperature superconductors remains one of the most fundamental challenges in condensed-matter physics. While both magnetic interactions and lattice vibrations are known to govern key electronic properties, their possible cooperation has never been directly observed. We investigate HgBa$_2$Ca$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{8+\delta}$ (Hg1223) - the cuprate with the highest $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ at ambient pressure - as a magnifying glass to probe the possible entwining of the excitations at the core of the pairing. Using resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, we find that the charge response is dominated by dynamic charge density fluctuations (CDF) extending up to several hundred meV, where magnetic excitations reside. At the same momentum where CDF are most intense, the paramagnon energy exhibits a pronounced softening, revealing a strong interplay among charge, lattice, and spin excitations. Our results point to a cooperative mechanism in which dynamic charge fluctuations mediate the coupling between lattice, charge and spin degrees of freedom-shedding new light on the fundamental origin of high-$T_{\mathrm{c}}$ superconductivity.
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All authors Karn Rongrueangkul, Martina Fedele, Leonardo Martinelli, Giacomo Merzoni, Roberto Sant, Nicholas B. Brookes, Dorothée Colson, Alain Sacuto, Götz Seibold, Sergio Caprara, Marco Moretti Sala, Giacomo Ghiringhelli, Riccardo Arpaia

Tuesday 9 June

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.CO

From orthoposets to orthomodular posets

John Harding, Gejza Jenda and Bert Lindenhovius

We show that the category of orthomodular posets is a full coreflective subcategory of the category of strong orthoposets, those orthoposets in which any two orthogonal elements have a join. This coreflection is obtained by building from a strong orthoposet $P$, an orthomodular poset with the same underlying set and same orthocomplementation as $P$, but with modified order. This coreflector restricts to a functor from the category of ortholattices to the category of orthomodular posets, and this functor is right adjoint.
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