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Physics High Energy Physics (Experiment)

hep-ex Watch High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Tuesday 6 October

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Gain fluctuations in a uniform avalanche diode

Werner Riegler

We derive the explicit probability distribution of the total avalanche size produced by m primary electron-hole pairs created at an arbitrary position in a uniform avalanche diode. We also derive an operator that generates all raw moments.

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Medium modification of pseudoscalar meson structure: Distribution amplitudes and parton distribution functions

Muhammad Ridwan, Parada Tobel Paraduan Hutauruk, Ahmad Jafar Arifi et al. (+1 more)

In this work, we present a comprehensive investigation of the in-medium properties and internal structure of pseudoscalar mesons within the light-front quark model (LFQM), employing both Gaussian and power-law (PL) wave functions. We incorporate in-medium quark properties obtained from the quark-meson coupling (QMC) model into the LFQM, thereby providing a unified description in terms of quark degrees of freedom. We investigate the distribution amplitudes (DAs) and parton distribution functions (PDFs) of $\pi^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $D^{\pm}$, and $B^{\pm}$ mesons in symmetric nuclear matter. We find that the evolved in-medium pion DA and PDF are strongly suppressed at intermediate $x$, indicating substantial medium-induced modifications to the meson structure. The signs and magnitudes of the modified Gegenbauer coefficients $a_n'$, the parameter $\xi$, and the Mellin moments of the DAs and PDFs in nuclear matter are found to be consistent with other theoretical predictions. In particular, the second Gegenbauer coefficient of the pion DA, $a_2^\pi$, increases substantially with nuclear density, from $0.096$ ($0.057$) in vacuum to $0.232$ ($0.202$) at normal nuclear density for the Gaussian (PL) wave function, respectively. This increase indicates a broader pion DA and an enhanced second Gegenbauer moment in the nuclear medium. We further calculate the pion PDF ratio $R_{\rho/0}^{\pi}$ and find that its $x$ dependence exhibits a behavior qualitatively similar to the observed European Muon Collaboration (EMC) effect, highlighting the important role of QCD evolution in shaping the medium-modified partonic structure. Finally, we compare the calculated free-space $\pi^{\pm}$ and $K^{\pm}$ DAs with available free-space lattice QCD results and find reasonable agreement.
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All authors Muhammad Ridwan, Parada Tobel Paraduan Hutauruk, Ahmad Jafar Arifi, Kazuo Tsushima

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

HybridMC: a fast detailed simulation framework for optical calorimeter technologies at the LHCb ECAL Upgrade II

Marco Pizzichemi, Liupan An, Federico Betti et al. (+5 more)

The detailed Monte Carlo simulation of optical calorimeters is dominated by the generation and tracking of scintillation and Cherenkov photons, which in standard Geant4 ray-tracing increases the CPU time per electromagnetic shower by up to three orders of magnitude compared to simulating only the energy deposition. At the luminosity and granularity foreseen for the LHCb ECAL Upgrade II, this cost becomes prohibitive for both detector R&D and large-scale sample production. The optical photons cannot simply be discarded, because the time resolution of a few tens of picoseconds targeted by the upgrade to mitigate pile-up is driven by their arrival-time distribution at the photo-detectors. This paper presents HybridMC, a fast and detailed simulation framework for optical calorimeters that decouples shower development from optical transport. Energy deposition is handled by a standard Geant4 simulation without optical photon propagation, while light transport is reproduced by a parametrised summary Monte Carlo step based on probability density functions extracted from a one-time full ray-tracing optical calibration. A Monte Carlo-to-Monte Carlo validation shows good statistical agreement with full ray-tracing for all module types of the upgraded LHCb ECAL, from individual photon arrival times up to the reconstructed energy and time resolutions. The CPU time is reduced by more than two orders of magnitude, with module-dependent acceleration factors from 150 to 480. A comparison to test-beam data from DESY II and the CERN SPS shows that the framework reproduces the momentum dependence of the measured energy and time resolutions of a real prototype, up to a small residual constant term. HybridMC retains the microscopic optical detail not accessible to flash simulators based on generative models, at a CPU cost compatible with large-scale production on standard computing infrastructure.
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All authors Marco Pizzichemi, Liupan An, Federico Betti, Aleksandar Bordelius, Loris Martinazzoli, Philipp Roloff, Matteo Salomoni, Yanxi Zhang

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from physics.ins-det

GEANT4-Based Comparative Study of Detector Response in Reduced and Fully Instrumented Silicon-Tungsten Sampling Calorimeter

A. Laha, S. Choudhury, S. Muhuri et al. (+1 more)

{A GEANT4-based simulation study of a silicon–tungsten (Si–W) sampling calorimeter is presented to investigate electromagnetic shower development and detector response in the energy range of 1–120 GeV. Two detector configurations are considered: a reduced sequential-sampling prototype (Configuration-I), where a single silicon detector layer is placed downstream of progressively increasing tungsten absorber depths to sample the longitudinal shower evolution, and a fully instrumented sampling calorimeter (Configuration-II) consisting of twenty silicon layers interleaved with tungsten absorbers. The detector response is studied in terms of longitudinal shower development, shower maximum position, energy deposition, detector linearity, and calorimetric performance. Configuration-II provides simultaneous longitudinal sampling and allows event-by-event reconstruction of the deposited energy, yielding the expected linear response and energy resolution. Configuration-I reproduces the average longitudinal shower profiles and exhibits a strong linear correlation with the integrated shower response of Configuration-II. Although the absence of event-by-event multi-layer sampling prevents a direct determination of calorimetric energy resolution in Configuration-I, the observed correlation between two configurations is used to relate the response of the reduced prototype to that of the fully instrumented calorimeter and to estimate the corresponding calorimetric performance. The results demonstrate that the reduced prototype successfully reproduces the main characteristics of electromagnetic shower development observed in the fully instrumented detector, establishing its usefulness for detector characterization and test-beam studies when the construction of a complete prototype is limited by available resources.
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All authors A. Laha, S. Choudhury, S. Muhuri, M. Mondal

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Search for rare charm decays at BESIII

Xiaokang Li and for the BESIII Collaboration

The BESIII experiment searches for rare and symmetry-violating decays with the largest charmonium and threshold open-charm data samples. This contribution reviews recent searches for charmonium weak decays, charm flavour-changing neutral currents, charged-lepton flavour violation, and Bose-symmetry violation. The weak-decay searches have improved several branching-fraction limits, while studies of rare charm-meson and charmonium decays probe flavour-changing neutral currents. Searches for charged-lepton flavour violation set limits in vector and pseudoscalar meson decays and constrain effective interactions. No significant signals are found in any of these searches. The neutral-kaon limits fall below the expectations of a proposed locality scenario, and the $J/\psi$ limit approaches the scale predicted for Standard Model CP violation.
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Monday 5 October

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Neutral Pseudoscalar Mesons, Hadron Light-by-Light Scattering, and the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment

Cong-Cong Ye, Yu-Chen Hu, Minghui Ding et al. (+1 more)

Continuum Schwinger function methods\linebreak (CSM) are used to provide estimates of pseudoscalar meson pole contributions - $\mathsf P = \pi^0$, $\eta$, $\eta^\prime$, $\eta_c$, $\eta_b$ - to the muon anomalous magnetic moment. The analysis framework is benchmarked via successful applications to an array of other meson and nucleon properties. It uses the leading order CSM truncation, augmented by a parametrisation of non-Abelian anomaly effects, to deliver an internally consistent treatment of all the pseudoscalar–two-photon transition form factors required to complete such a calculation. Employing those form factor predictions, the following results are obtained (units $10^{-11}$): $a_\mu^{\pi^0} + a_\mu^{\eta} + a_\mu^{\eta^\prime} = 84.3(0.8)$ - a value lower than some other contemporary estimates; $a_\mu^{\eta_c} = 0.82(0.04)$; and a value of $a_\mu^{\eta_b}$ that is negligible. The total contribution is $\sum _{\mathsf P} a_\mu^{\mathsf P} = 85.1(0.8) / 10^{11}$. Our analysis suggests that this pole contribution to $a_\mu$ is still not known with precision better than 5%.
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All authors Cong-Cong Ye, Yu-Chen Hu, Minghui Ding, Craig D. Roberts

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Born-Oppenheimer Effective Field Theory as a unified framework for all the XYZ exotics

Tommaso Scirpa

We discuss some recent applications of the Born-Oppenheimer effective field theory (BOEFT) formalism, directly derived from QCD and grounded in scale separation and symmetries, to hadronic systems containing two heavy quarks. This formalism provides a unified description of both ordinary and exotic quarkonium states (i.e., hybrids, tetraquarks, pentaquarks, ...) dynamics via coupled Schrödinger equations, whose potentials are computable on the lattice. The aim is to unveil the elusive pattern of the XYZ exotic hadrons. Here, we apply the BOEFT formalism to the $\chi_{c1}(3872)$, $T_{cc}(3875)^+$, and their bottom counterparts. Moreover, we assess the threshold effects on the quarkonium spectrum and discuss the inclusive production cross section for $\chi_{c1}(3872)$.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Probing axion-like particles through associated gauge-boson recoil and polarization at the LHC

Amandip De, Monoranjan Guchait and Arnab Roy

Axion-like particles (ALPs) appear in many well-motivated extensions of the Standard Model (SM) and can exhibit characteristic interactions with electroweak gauge bosons ($V = W^\pm/ Z$) through higher-dimensional operators. We explore the production of ALPs ($a$) in association with $V$ at the HL-LHC, with $\sqrt{s}=14~{\rm TeV}$ and an integrated luminosity of $\mathcal{L}=3~{\rm ab}^{-1}$. We study the process $pp\to Va$, with $a\to\gamma\gamma$, for ALP masses in the range $20~{\rm GeV}\leq m_a\leq 200~{\rm GeV}$. This analysis extends existing associated-production searches by exploiting characteristic recoil and polarization features induced by the momentum-dependent $\rm {V-V-a}$ interaction. Using both cut-based selections and an XGBoost multivariate analysis, we demonstrate that these observables provide robust discrimination against SM backgrounds beyond the diphoton mass peak, improving the sensitivity to electroweak ALP couplings to $C_{WW} \gtrsim 5.6 \times 10^{-3}~\mathrm{TeV}^{-1}$ and $C_{BB} \gtrsim 2.8\times 10^{-2}~\mathrm{TeV}^{-1}$. We further show that, if a resonance peak is observed in data, the same observables can help distinguish an ALP-like signal from a Higgs-like spin–0 state of the same mass.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from gr-qc

Gravitational-Wave Propagation in Quadratic Einstein–Cartan–Dirac Gravity: A Conditional Tensor-Sector Analysis

Zhi-Fu Gao, Biao-Peng Li, Na Wang et al. (+4 more)

We study leading tensor propagation in a specified first-order Einstein–Cartan–Dirac theory with the parity-even quadratic torsion invariant $\zeta T_{\lambda\mu\nu}T^{\lambda\mu\nu}$. Eliminating the nondynamical Lorentz connection on the regular algebraic branch gives a metric description containing the Einstein–Hilbert term, the Dirac action, and a $\zeta$-dependent axial–axial fermion contact interaction. We evaluate the transverse-traceless (TT) Hessian under an explicit factorized mean-field closure, with vanishing connected-current TT response, vanishing first- and second-order TT response of the factorized current scalar, and zero intrinsic TT anisotropic stress. Under these imposed conditions, the leading two-derivative tensor action has $Q_T=M_{\rm Pl}^{2}$ and $c_T=1$, with no leading dispersion or propagation-induced polarization splitting. These conditions do not follow from isotropy of the one-point axial current, and the present calculation does not derive them from a microscopic fermionic state. The result is therefore conditional and does not establish a general Einstein–Cartan–Dirac no-go theorem. We identify the connected-current TT response that must be calculated to extend the result beyond this closure. Published NANOGrav summaries are used only to check consistency with the GR-like prediction; no new timing-data likelihood or constraint on $\zeta$ is obtained.
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All authors Zhi-Fu Gao, Biao-Peng Li, Na Wang, Hui Wang, Guo-Qiang Jin, Zhoujian Cao, Luiz C. Garcia de Andrade

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Unitarity limits on HH production from VBF mediated channels

A. Dobado, D. Domenech, M. Herrero et al. (+1 more)

In this work we study the unitarity constraints on double Higgs production from Vector Boson Fusion mediated channels, specifically in $f_1 f_2 \to f_3 f_4 H_5 H_6$ scattering, where $f$ refers generically to either fermion or anti-fermion, and both cases with quarks and leptons will be considered. We focus on the beyond Standard Model contributions from anomalous quartic couplings of two electroweak gauge bosons and two Higgs bosons ($VVHH$ with $VV=WW, ZZ$) from effective operators containing four derivatives. These four derivative operators appear in the two most popular effective field theories, SMEFT (at canonical dimension 8) and HEFT (at chiral dimension 4), and their corresponding $VVHH$ effective vertices can be easily related for the considered processes here. The aim of this work is to derive jointly the unitarity constraints on these related effective vertices using the peculiarities of the VBF mediated channels with four particles in the final state while keeping the propagation of the internal $VV$ pairs being off-shell as it must be for these channels. We also discuss the relevance of the obtained constraints for $f_1 f_2 \to f_3 f_4 H_5 H_6$ at high energy colliders.
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All authors A. Dobado, D. Domenech, M. Herrero, R. A. Morales

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Compositeness and decay properties of the flavor partner of $D^{*}_{s0}(2317)$

J. Sánchez-Illana, R. Molina and Pan-Pan Shi

In view of the recent experimental finding of the heavy quark flavor partner of the $D_{s0}(2317)$ in the bottom sector, the $B_{s0}(5700)$, we perform the $B^{(*)}\bar{K}^{(*)}$ coupled-channel calculation in the hidden-gauge formalism. By fixing the mass of the bound state generated by the $B\bar{K}$ interaction with $J^P=0^+$ to the observed state, we also predict five new states with $J^P=\lbrace 0,1,2\rbrace^+$ in this sector. In particular, three of them have $J^P=1^+$ and masses $5740$, $6005$ and $6065$ MeV, respectively. In addition, we evaluate the decay width of the $B_{s0}$ and $B_{s1}$ states through the isospin breaking decay mode $B_s^0\pi^0$ and $B_s^{*0}\pi^0$, respectively. We find that, because these states have large binding energies with respect to the $B^{(*)}\bar{K}$ threshold, the coupling to the bare component can reduce this decay width by more than half of the decay width, from $50$ keV in the purely molecular model to $10-20$ keV, when the $B_{s0}$ is coupled to the bare component. We also observe that, after considering heavy-quark-spin violating contributions, the decay width for the $B_{s1}$ becomes smaller than for the $B_{s0}$.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Magnus: neutrino oscillation probabilities for any Hermitian Hamiltonian, any number of flavors, and any matter profile

Mauricio Bustamante

Interpreting neutrino oscillation measurements requires computing the probability that a neutrino born with one flavor is detected with another. In vacuum and in matter of constant density, this probability has exact formulas. Where the density varies along the path, as in the Earth, the Sun, or a supernova, it does not. There, the usual approaches either replace the profile by constant-density steps, whose error falls only as the square of their width, or integrate the evolution equation with a general-purpose solver, which must shorten its steps to meet a tighter tolerance. Both become slow at high accuracy, yet an analysis needs the probability at many energies, directions, and parameter values. Each new experiment or model often requires writing and validating a new solver. We present Magnus, an open-source Python code that avoids these limitations. It uses the Magnus expansion, whose error falls as a high power of its step width and whose cost is set by how fast the density varies, not by how many oscillations the path holds. Magnus accepts any density profile, any number of flavors, and any Hermitian Hamiltonian, such as those of non-standard interactions, sterile neutrinos, Lorentz-invariance violation, and pseudo-Dirac neutrinos. Where a cheaper route exists, it takes it automatically. For example, where the density varies slowly, as in the Sun, it follows the instantaneous eigenstates and applies the expansion only at resonances. Besides oscillating probabilities, Magnus returns phase-averaged ones, which describe solar and astrophysical neutrinos. A typical probability takes a few milliseconds, and batched scans are one to two orders of magnitude cheaper per point. Among the public codes we compared, Magnus is the fastest at high accuracy on a varying profile. Magnus shifts the effort of studying a new experiment or model from writing a solver to specifying its physics.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

First observation of the electromagnetic Dalitz decay $\psi(3686) \rightarrow \mu^+ \mu^- \eta^\prime$

BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson et al. (+777 more)

Utilizing $(2712.4 {\pm} 14.3)\times10^{6}~\psi(3686)$ events collected by the BESIII detector at the symmetric $e^+ e^-$ collider BEPCII, we report the first observation of the electromagnetic Dalitz decay $\psi(3686) \to \mu^+ \mu^-\eta^{\prime} $ with a statistical significance of 6.1$\sigma$. The branching fraction is determined to be $\mathcal{B}(\psi(3686) \to \mu^+ \mu^- \eta^{\prime})=(4.1 \pm 1.0_{\rm stat.} \pm 0.4_{\rm syst.})\times 10^{-7}$. The ratio to the branching fraction of the radiative decay $\psi(3686) \to \gamma \eta^{\prime}$ is estimated to be $(3.3\pm0.9)\times10^{-3}$, which is consistent with the prediction of the vector meson dominance model within $1\sigma$. Furthermore, using the branching fraction of $\psi(3686) \to e^+ e^- \eta^{\prime}$ previously measured by the BESIII experiment, the ratio between the muon and the electron channels is evaluated to be $0.22\pm0.07$, which is consistent with the calculation of the vector meson dominance model within $1\sigma$, and no significant violation of lepton flavor universality is found.
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All authors BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, M. S. Anderson, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, D. Cabiati, H. Cai, M. H. Cai, X. Cai, X. K. Cai, G. F. Cao, N. Cao, S. A. Cetin, X. Y. Chai, J. F. Chang, T. T. Chang, G. R. Che, Y. Z. Che, C. H. Chen, Chao Chen, G. Chen, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, S. M. Chen, T. Chen, W. Chen, X. R. Chen, X. T. Chen, X. Y. Chen, Y. B. Chen, Y. Q. Chen, Z. K. Chen, J. Cheng, L. N. Cheng, S. K. Choi, X. Chu, G. Cibinetto, F. Cossio, J. Cottee-Meldrum, H. L. Dai, J. P. Dai, X. C. Dai, A. Dbeyssi, R. E. de Boer, D. Dedovich, C. Q. Deng, Z. Y. Deng, A. Denig, I. Denisenko, M. Destefanis, F. De~Mori, E. Di Fiore, X. X. Ding, Y. Ding, Y. X. Ding, J. Dong, L. Y. Dong, M. Y. Dong, X. Dong, Z. J. Dong, M. C. Du, S. X. Du, Shaoxu Du, X. L. Du, Y. Q. Du, Y. Y. Duan, Z. H. Duan, P. Egorov, G. F. Fan, J. J. Fan, K. X. Fan, Y. H. Fan, J. Fang, Jin Fang, S. S. Fang, W. X. Fang, Y. Q. Fang, L. Fava, F. Feldbauer, C. Q. Feng, J. H. Feng, Q. X. Feng, Y. T. Feng, M. Fritsch, C. D. Fu, J. L. Fu, Y. W. Fu, H. Gao, Xu Gao, Y. Gao, Y. N. Gao, Y. Y. Gao, Yunong Gao, Z. Gao, S. Garbolino, I. Garzia, L. Ge, P. T. Ge, Z. W. Ge, C. Geng, A. Gilman, K. Goetzen, J. Gollub, J. B. Gong, J. D. Gong, L. Gong, W. X. Gong, B. Gou, W. Gradl, M. Greco, M. D. Gu, M. H. Gu, C. Y. Guan, A. Q. Guo, H. Guo, J. N. Guo, L. B. Guo, M. J. Guo, R. P. Guo, X. Guo, Y. P. Guo, Z. Guo, A. Guskov, J. Gutierrez, J. Y. Han, T. T. Han, X. Han, F. Hanisch, J. Y. Hao, K. D. Hao, X. Q. Hao, F. A. Harris, C. Z. He, K. K. He, K. L. He, F. H. Heinsius, C. H. Heinz, Y. K. Heng, C. Herold, P. C. Hong, G. Y. Hou, X. T. Hou, Y. R. Hou, Z. L. Hou, H. M. Hu, J. F. Hu, Q. P. Hu, S. L. Hu, T. Hu, Y. Hu, Y. X. Hu, Z. M. Hu, G. S. Huang, K. X. Huang, L. Q. Huang, P. Huang, X. T. Huang, Y. P. Huang, Y. S. Huang, T. Hussain, N. Hüsken, N. in der Wiesche, J. Jackson, Q. Ji, Q. P. Ji, W. Ji, X. B. Ji, X. L. Ji, Y. Y. Ji, L. K. Jia, X. Q. Jia, D. Jiang, S. J. Jiang, X. S. Jiang, Y. Jiang, J. B. Jiao, J. K. Jiao, Z. Jiao, L. C. L. Jin, S. Jin, Y. Jin, M. Q. Jing, X. M. Jing, T. Johansson, S. Kabana, X. L. Kang, X. S. Kang, B. C. Ke, V. Khachatryan, A. Khoukaz, O. B. Kolcu, B. Kopf, L. Kröger, L. Krümmel, Y. Y. Kuang, M. Kuessner, X. Kui, N. Kumar, A. Kupsc, W. Kühn, Q. Lan, W. N. Lan, T. T. Lei, M. Lellmann, T. Lenz, C. Li, C. H. Li, C. K. Li, Cong Li, D. M. Li, F. Li, G. Li, H. B. Li, H. J. Li, H. L. Li, H. N. Li, H. P. Li, Hui Li, J. N. Li, J. S. Li, J. W. Li, K. Li, K. L. Li, L. J. Li, L. K. Li, Lei Li, M. H. Li, M. R. Li, M. T. Li, P. L. Li, P. R. Li, Q. M. Li, Q. X. Li, R. Li, S. Li, S. X. Li, S. Y. Li, Shanshan Li, T. Li, T. Y. Li, W. D. Li, W. G. Li, X. Li, X. H. Li, X. K. Li, X. L. Li, X. Y. Li, X. Z. Li, Y. Li, Y. H. Li, Y. B. Li, Y. C. Li, Y. G. Li, Y. P. Li, Yi Li, Z. H. Li, Z. J. Li, Z. L. Li, Z. X. Li, Z. Y. Li, Zaiyi Li, C. Liang, H. Liang, Y. F. Liang, Y. T. Liang, Z. Z. Liang, G. R. Liao, L. B. Liao, M. H. Liao, Y. P. Liao, J. Libby, A. Limphirat, C. C. Lin, C. X. Lin, D. X. Lin, T. Lin, B. J. Liu, B. X. Liu, C. Liu, C. X. Liu, F. Liu, F. H. Liu, Feng Liu, G. M. Liu, H. Liu, H. B. Liu, H. M. Liu, Huihui Liu, J. B. Liu, K. Liu, K. Y. Liu, Ke Liu, Kun Liu, L. Liu, L. C. Liu, Lu Liu, M. H. Liu, P. L. Liu, Q. Liu, S. B. Liu, T. Liu, W. M. Liu, W. T. Liu, X. Liu, X. K. Liu, X. L. Liu, X. P. Liu, X. T. Liu, X. Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. B. Liu, Yi Liu, Z. A. Liu, Z. D. Liu, Z. Q. Liu, Z. X. Liu, Z. Y. Liu, Ziqiang Liu, X. C. Lou, H. J. Lu, J. G. Lu, X. L. Lu, Y. Lu, Y. H. Lu, Y. P. Lu, Z. H. Lu, C. L. Luo, J. R. Luo, J. S. Luo, M. X. Luo, T. Luo, X. L. Luo, Z. Y. Lv, X. R. Lyu, Y. F. Lyu, Y. H. Lyu, C. L. Ma, F. C. Ma, H. L. Ma, Heng Ma, J. L. Ma, L. L. Ma, L. R. Ma, Q. M. Ma, R. Q. Ma, R. Y. Ma, T. Ma, X. T. Ma, X. Y. Ma, F. E. Maas, I. MacKay, M. Maggiora, S. Maity, S. Malde, L. M. Mansur, Y. J. Mao, Z. P. Mao, S. Marcello, A. Marshall, F. M. Melendi, Y. H. Meng, Z. X. Meng, G. Mezzadri, H. Miao, T. J. Min, R. E. Mitchell, X. H. Mo, B. Moses, N. Yu. Muchnoi, J. Muskalla, Y. Nefedov, F. Nerling, H. Neuwirth, Z. Ning, S. Nisar, Q. L. Niu, W. D. Niu, Y. Niu, C. Normand, S. L. Olsen, Q. Ouyang, I. V. Ovtin, S. Pacetti, Y. Pan, C. Y. Pang, A. Pathak, Y. P. Pei, M. Pelizaeus, G. L. Peng, H. P. Peng, X. J. Peng, Y. Y. Peng, K. Peters, K. Petridis, J. L. Ping, R. G. Ping, S. Plura, V. Prasad, L. Pöpping, F. Z. Qi, H. R. Qi, L. Y. Qian, S. Qian, W. B. Qian, C. F. Qiao, J. H. Qiao, J. J. Qin, J. L. Qin, L. Q. Qin, L. Y. Qin, P. B. Qin, X. P. Qin, X. S. Qin, Z. H. Qin, J. F. Qiu, Z. H. Qu, J. Rademacker, K. Ravindran, C. F. Redmer, A. Rivetti, M. Rolo, G. Rong, S. S. Rong, F. Rosini, Ch. Rosner, M. Q. Ruan, W. R. Ruangyoo, N. Salone, A. Sarantsev, Y. Schelhaas, M. Schernau, K. Schoenning, M. Scodeggio, W. Shan, X. Y. Shan, Z. J. Shang, J. F. Shangguan, L. G. Shao, M. Shao, C. P. Shen, H. F. Shen, W. H. Shen, X. Y. Shen, B. A. Shi, Ch. Y. Shi, H. Shi, J. L. Shi, J. Y. Shi, M. H. Shi, S. Shi, S. Y. Shi, X. Shi, H. L. Song, J. J. Song, M. H. Song, T. Z. Song, W. M. Song, Zirong Song, S. Sosio, S. Spataro, S. Stansilaus, F. Stieler, M. Stolte, S. S Su, G. B. Sun, G. X. Sun, H. Sun, H. K. Sun, J. F. Sun, K. Sun, L. Sun, R. Sun, S. S. Sun, T. Sun, W. Y. Sun, Y. C. Sun, Y. H. Sun, Y. J. Sun, Y. Z. Sun, Z. Q. Sun, Z. T. Sun, H. Tabaharizato, N. T. Tagsinsit, C. J. Tang, G. Y. Tang, J. Tang, J. J. Tang, L. F. Tang, Y. A. Tang, Z. H. Tang, L. Y. Tao, M. Tat, J. X. Teng, J. Y. Tian, W. H. Tian, Y. Tian, Z. F. Tian, K. Yu. Todyshev, I. Uman, E. van der Smagt, B. Wang, Bin Wang, Bo Wang, C. Wang, Chao Wang, Cong Wang, D. Y. Wang, F. K. Wang, H. J. Wang, H. R. Wang, J. Wang, J. H. Wang, J. J. Wang, J. P. Wang, K. Wang, L. L. Wang, L. W. Wang, M. Wang, Mi Wang, N. Y. Wang, S. Wang, Shun Wang, T. Wang, W. Wang, W. P. Wang, X. F. Wang, X. L. Wang, X. N. Wang, Xin Wang, Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. F. Wang, Y. H. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. L. Wang, Y. N. Wang, Yanning Wang, Yaqian Wang, Yi Wang, Yuan Wang, Z. Wang, Z. L. Wang, Z. Q. Wang, Z. Y. Wang, Zhi Wang, Ziyi Wang, D. Wei, D. H. Wei, D. J. Wei, H. R. Wei, F. Weidner, H. R. Wen, S. P. Wen, U. Wiedner, G. Wilkinson, M. Wolke, J. F. Wu, L. H. Wu, L. J. Wu, Lianjie Wu, S. G. Wu, S. M. Wu, X. W. Wu, Z. Wu, H. L. Xia, L. Xia, B. H. Xiang, D. Xiao, G. Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, Y. L. Xiao, Z. J. Xiao, C. Xie, K. J. Xie, Y. Xie, Y. G. Xie, Y. H. Xie, Z. P. Xie, T. Y. Xing, D. B. Xiong, G. F. Xu, H. Y. Xu, Q. J. Xu, Q. N. Xu, T. D. Xu, X. P. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. C. Xu, Z. S. Xu, F. Yan, L. Yan, W. B. Yan, W. C. Yan, W. H. Yan, W. P. Yan, X. Q. Yan, Y. Y. Yan, H. J. Yang, H. L. Yang, H. X. Yang, J. H. Yang, L. Y. Yang, N. Yang, R. J. Yang, X. Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. G. Yang, Y. H. Yang, Y. M. Yang, Y. Q. Yang, Y. Z. Yang, Youhua Yang, Z. B. Yang, W. J. Yao, Z. P. Yao, M. Ye, M. H. Ye, Z. J. Ye, K. Yi, Junhao Yin, Z. Y. You, B. X. Yu, C. X. Yu, G. Yu, J. S. Yu, L. W. Yu, T. Yu, X. D. Yu, Y. C. Yu, Yongchao Yu, C. Z. Yuan, H. Yuan, J. Yuan, Jie Yuan, L. Yuan, M. K. Yuan, S. H. Yuan, Y. Yuan, C. X. Yue, Ying Yue, A. A. Zafar, F. R. Zeng, S. H. Zeng, X. Zeng, Y. J. Zeng, Yujie Zeng, Y. C. Zhai, Y. H. Zhan, B. L. Zhang, B. R. Zhang, B. X. Zhang, D. H. Zhang, G. Y. Zhang, Gengyuan Zhang, H. Zhang, H. C. Zhang, H. H. Zhang, H. L. Zhang, H. Q. Zhang, H. R. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, Han Zhang, J. Zhang, J. J. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. Q. Zhang, J. S. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, J. X. Zhang, J. Y. Zhang, J. Z. Zhang, Jianyu Zhang, Jin Zhang, Jiyuan Zhang, L. M. Zhang, Lei Zhang, N. Zhang, P. Zhang, Q. Zhang, Q. Y. Zhang, Q. Z. Zhang, R. Y. Zhang, S. H. Zhang, S. N. Zhang, Shulei Zhang, X. M. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. T. Zhang, Y. H. Zhang, Y. P. Zhang, Y. P. Zhang, Yao Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yu Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. D. Zhang, Z. H. Zhang, Z. L. Zhang, Z. R. Zhang, Z. X. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, Zh. Zh. Zhang, Zhaoke Zhang, Zhilong Zhang, Ziyang Zhang, Ziyu Zhang, G. Zhao, J.-P. Zhao, J. Y. Zhao, J. Z. Zhao, L. Zhao, Lei Zhao, M. G. Zhao, R. P. Zhao, Y. B. Zhao, Y. L. Zhao, Y. P. Zhao, Y. X. Zhao, Z. G. Zhao, A. Zhemchugov, B. Zheng, B. M. Zheng, J. P. Zheng, W. J. Zheng, W. Q. Zheng, X. R. Zheng, Y. H. Zheng, B. Zhong, C. Zhong, X. Zhong, H. Zhou, J. Q. Zhou, S. Zhou, X. Zhou, X. K. Zhou, X. R. Zhou, X. X. Zhou, X. Y. Zhou, Y. X. Zhou, Y. Z. Zhou, A. N. Zhu, J. Zhu, K. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, K. S. Zhu, L. X. Zhu, Lin Zhu, S. H. Zhu, W. D. Zhu, W. J. Zhu, W. Z. Zhu, Y. C. Zhu, Z. A. Zhu, X. Y. Zhuang, M. Zhuge, J. H. Zou, J. Zu

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Reconfigurable On-Chip AI for Particle Physics Detectors with Logic Neural Networks

Mila Bileska, Lino Gerlach, Jennet Dickinson et al. (+4 more)

On-device machine learning is increasingly important in applications where extreme data rates or resource constraints make centralized processing infeasible. Logic neural networks (LNNs), which directly learn Boolean logic instead of conventional arithmetic operations, have recently emerged as a state-of-the-art approach for efficient inference and are particularly well suited for deployment in custom silicon. However, hard-wired solutions are typically optimized for narrowly defined tasks and lack the ability to adapt to changing data distributions. Next-generation pixel detectors in particle physics present a particularly challenging use case: their high granularity and readout frequency generate data rates that cannot be centrally processed, while stringent space and power constraints necessitate highly efficient on-chip inference. Moreover, radiation damage progressively alters detector response, requiring models that can be re-trained and reconfigured after deployment. In this work, we evaluate LNNs for on-chip inference in pixel detectors. We show that their superior resource efficiency may enable a step change in model capability, making more complex architectures feasible within the available hardware budget. LNNs also provide increased robustness against radiation-induced random bit flips. Finally, we present novel work on reconfigurable LNNs, enabling models to adapt to changing operating conditions after deployment.
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All authors Mila Bileska, Lino Gerlach, Jennet Dickinson, Lindsey Gray, Giuseppe Di Guglielmo, Peter Elmer, Isobel Ojalvo

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

How to scale your HEP ML models: A recipe for robust architecture comparisons at scale

Matthias Vigl, Nikita Pond, Jackson Barr et al. (+5 more)

Much of the recent progress in machine learning domains such as language models has come from scaling laws that predict performance as a function of training effort. In high-energy physics (HEP) similar behavior has now been observed. To aid further study, we present a systematic procedure to derive robust scaling laws and compare design choices on the relevant budget axes for HEP tasks. We first validate the full scaling trajectory on toy problems and then apply the procedure to multi-task transformers on the ~11 billion-jet ATLAS JetSet2 dataset, in both the compute- and data-constrained regimes. For the latter, we predict, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, the jointly optimal model size, training horizon, learning rate and batch size under early stopping. At compute-optimal scaling, we recover a near-equal $\sqrt{C}$ dependence of model and dataset size, and find that auxiliary objectives lower the primary jet-classification loss at equal compute budget. Expanding the inputs toward lower-level data systematically lowers the loss while leaving the scaling exponent nearly unchanged. The onset of the power-law regime is itself set by scale: below a threshold in dataset size the loss carries little information about high-compute scaling, underscoring the value of large, high-quality full-simulation datasets as a foundation for scaling studies and the development of foundation models in HEP.
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All authors Matthias Vigl, Nikita Pond, Jackson Barr, Alexander Froch, Dan Guest, Nicole Hartman, Michael Kagan, Lukas Heinrich

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Novel dependence between neutrino mass splittings strongly supported by initial JUNO results

I. Alikhanov

In the standard three-flavor paradigm, two of the three neutrino mass-squared differences are independent. The existence of an additional dependence between these oscillation parameters was recently predicted on empirical grounds, taking the form $$\frac{\sqrt{\Delta m^2_{31}}+\sqrt{\Delta m^2_{21}}}{\sqrt{\Delta m^2_{31}}-\sqrt{\Delta m^2_{21}}}=\sqrt{2}.$$ The JUNO Collaboration has now reported the most precise measurements to date of both $\Delta m^2_{21}$ and $\Delta m^2_{31}$. We demonstrate that this relation is in excellent agreement with the experimental data, which yield $1.4143_{-0.0038}^{+0.0036}$ corresponding to a relative precision of $0.27\%$. Remarkably, the central value differs by less than $0.03$ standard deviations from the prediction ($\sqrt{2}\approx1.4142$). This provides strong experimental support for the novel constraint and thereby suggests an underlying symmetry governing the neutrino mass spectrum, rather than purely independent parameters.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Design optimization of the inter-electrode structures in DC-RSD

N. Cartiglia, R. Arcidiacono, G. Bardelli et al. (+20 more)

DC-coupled Resistive Silicon Detectors (RSD) share charge among electrodes through a resistive n$^+$ surface layer, and the choice of inter-electrode structure — a trench, a resistive strip, or no structure at all — directly determines the achievable position resolution and its uniformity. This paper addresses the question of which structure best optimises the spatial resolution. To answer it quantitatively, DCRSD_SurfaceSimulator was developed, a ROOT-based tool that models the resistive surface as a two-dimensional Kirchhoff resistive network and solves for charge sharing as a function of hit position, surface resistivity, and inter-electrode structure. The simulator is validated against test-beam data from FBK DC-RSD sensors with 300, 500, and 1000~$\mu$m pixel pitch, reproducing the position resolution, its spatial uniformity, and the signal-sharing templates correctly. Using the validated simulator, trenches, resistive strips, and no containment are then compared on position resolution and its spatial uniformity, inter-electrode resistance, and signal leakage to outer pixels. Resistive strips are found to outperform trenches in resolution by approximately 25% for all tested strip resistances (500–2000~$\Omega$) and input impedances (0–100~$\Omega$), at a surface resistivity of 1000~$\Omega/\square$, and trace the origin of this difference to the spatial gradient of the charge-sharing fraction: trenches produce a markedly weaker and less uniform gradient, particularly away from the pixel centre, than either a resistive strip or a bare resistive surface.
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All authors N. Cartiglia, R. Arcidiacono, G. Bardelli, M. Boscardin, A. Cassese, M. Centis Vignali, T. Croci, M. Durando, M. Ferrero, A. Fondacci, S. Gaiero, O. Hammad Ali, L. Lanteri, A. Losana, L. Menzio, A. Morozzi, F. Moscatelli, D. Passeri, G. Paternoster, G. Sguazzoni, F. Siviero, V. Sola, L. Viliani

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Phenomenological Estimate for the Longitudinal Unpolarized Structure Function in Semi-inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering

Alessandro Bacchetta, Matteo Cerutti, Leonard Gamberg et al. (+1 more)

We present a phenomenological study of the longitudinal unpolarized structure function $F_{UU,L}$ in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) and its ratio with the transverse structure function, $R_{\, \rm SIDIS}=F_{UU,L}/F_{UU,T}$. We study their transverse-momentum dependence, combining for the first time low- and high-transverse-momentum contributions across the kinematic range relevant to SIDIS measurements. At low transverse momentum, $F_{UU,L}$ is power suppressed, making it sensitive to next-to-next-to-leading-power dynamics in the unpolarized sector. We find that this contribution can be sizable, with $R_{\, \rm SIDIS}\simeq 0.3$ at low transverse momentum and hard scale, producing a correction of the order of $10\%$ to transverse-momentum-integrated observables. Although these estimates remain subject to theoretical uncertainties, our results indicate that accounting for $F_{UU,L}$ is likely to be important for the interpretation of SIDIS multiplicities and motivate dedicated measurements of $R_{\, \rm SIDIS}$ to better constrain the longitudinal contribution.
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All authors Alessandro Bacchetta, Matteo Cerutti, Leonard Gamberg, Richard Whitehill

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from physics.ins-det

Polyurethane Scintillators for High-Energy Physics Detectors: Optimization, Scale-up, and Radiation Response

Rafael Angel Narcio Laveaga, Ildefonso León Monzón, Juan Carlos Cabanillas Noris et al. (+8 more)

Plastic scintillators remain attractive for large-area particle detectors because of their fast response, mechanical flexibility, and relatively simple fabrication. Motivated by future applications including the ALICE~3 Muon Identifier (MID) and the upgrade of the ALICE Fast Interaction Trigger (FIT), this work investigates polyurethane (PU)-based plastic scintillators doped with 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and 1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene (POPOP). Systematic information on the optimization and radiation response of this material system remains limited. A series of compositions was therefore fabricated and characterized using minimum-ionizing particles (MIP), optical spectroscopy, and time-correlated single-photon counting. The measurements show that the scintillation response is governed primarily by the PPO concentration, while POPOP mainly modifies the spectral response, and fast effective decay times of approximately 1.6–1.75~ns are maintained across the doped samples. The best-performing formulation was subsequently scaled to 20-$cm$ and 1-m scintillator bars and successfully operated with a single embedded wavelength-shifting fiber and SiPM readout, demonstrating its suitability for meter-scale light collection. Proton-irradiation measurements at the CERN IRRAD facility further revealed systematic degradation of the optical and scintillation responses with increasing exposure, together with substantial recovery after approximately two months. These results demonstrate that optimized PU–PPO–POPOP scintillators can combine fast timing, high light output, scalable detector geometry, and recoverable radiation response, supporting their further development for future large-area particle-detector systems.
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All authors Rafael Angel Narcio Laveaga, Ildefonso León Monzón, Juan Carlos Cabanillas Noris, Thanh Luan Nguyen, Jan Král, Vítezslav Jarýd, Gerardo Herrera Corral, Vojtech Zabloudil, Etiennette Auffray, Carlos Duarte Galván, Solangel Rojas Torres

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

FPGA-based muon shower identification and graph neural network tracking algorithms for HL-LHC triggers

Daniel Estrada, Elena Aller, Andrea Cardini et al. (+3 more)

This work presents two hardware-accelerated strategies for the upgrade of the CMS Level-1 Trigger (L1T) to target efficiency losses due to highly energetic radiating muons and unconventional physics signatures, such as Long-Lived Particles (LLPs). Operating directly on low-level detector hits, the first strategy implements a dedicated muon shower identification algorithm in the CMS barrel region that monitors hit multiplicities in the Drift Tube chambers to generate Shower Primitives. Executing with sub-bunch-crossing latency and ultra-low resource consumption, this algorithm successfully tags showered muons and provides essential context for downstream track finders. The second approach targets the barrel-endcap transition (overlap) region by evaluating Graph Neural Networks to reconstruct displaced muon tracks. Following a divided methodology that first isolates hardware feasibility from evolving physics refinements, an initial proxy model based on a GraphSAGE architecture is evaluated to validate its viability on FPGAs within strict latency limits. This implementation utilizes an INT8-PO2 quantization technique coupled with a data-driven bit-width optimization. By replacing DSP-heavy fixed-point multiplications with fast compile-time arithmetic bit-shifts and allocating the minimum required bits per signal, this hardware-software co-design reduces DSP utilization to $20\%$ and achieves a deterministic inference latency of just $19$ clock cycles. Together, these developments pave the way for triggering on non-standard muon signatures, such as those from LLP decays, at L1T.
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All authors Daniel Estrada, Elena Aller, Andrea Cardini, Santiago Folgueras, Pelayo Leguina, Javier Prado

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Learning Astrophysical Uncertainties in Dark Matter Direct Detection with Simulation-Based Inference

Felix Kahlhoefer and Niklas Reus

We present a proof-of-concept study of neural ratio estimation (NRE) - a simulation-based inference algorithm - applied to WIMP direct detection using the XENONnT experiment as an example. A binary classifier is trained on simulated parameter-observation pairs to approximate the likelihood ratio for the WIMP mass $m_\chi$ and spin-independent proton coupling $c_p$, using realistic scintillation and ionization signals produced by the fuse detector simulation. We demonstrate that astrophysical uncertainties from halo model variations are marginalized over implicitly and at no additional inference cost by including multiple halo models in the training data. Using extreme $\pm5\sigma$ Standard Halo Model variations, we show that training on a combined dataset recovers well-calibrated posteriors even under severe misspecification, while more realistic halo models produce nearly indistinguishable results. The signal-plus-background classifier yields an exclusion limit that is both qualitatively and (after accounting for differences between frequentist and Bayesian approaches) quantitatively consistent with the XENONnT expected sensitivity. These results establish NRE as a scalable complement to the profile likelihood ratio approach, with particular advantages as experiments probe deeper into the neutrino fog.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

SysVar: Consistent and scalable treatment of systematic uncertainties in template-based analyses

Ilias Tsaklidis, Agrim Aggarwal, Georgios Alexandris et al. (+6 more)

Propagating systematic uncertainties from correction weights into templates generated from simulated data while preserving correlations in the signal extraction variables becomes increasingly challenging as analyses scale in size. SysVar's lightweight API hides most of the bookkeeping complexity of applying correction weights, building systematic variations, and histogramming nominal and varied templates. This streamlines workflows that are otherwise error-prone but essential for high-precision measurements. Correlations are preserved by propagating the full covariance across the analysis and compressing it into a small set of orthogonal eigenvariations, each defining an ordinary shape nuisance parameter. In this work, we demonstrate SysVar's workflow and impact by combining two independent pseudo-measurements that benefit from consistently correlated systematic uncertainties encoded in the template shapes. SysVar is open-source, pip-installable, and experiment-agnostic.
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All authors Ilias Tsaklidis, Agrim Aggarwal, Georgios Alexandris, Tristan Fillinger, Giacomo De Pietro, Daniel Ivanov, Melisa-Melek Akdag, Markus Prim, Florian Bernlochner

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

A graph neural network for deep learning-based full event interpretation at FCC-ee

Elena Graverini, Samuel Morand, Rafael Silva Coutinho et al. (+1 more)

This paper presents a deep learning-based full event interpretation prototype developed for the electron-positron Future Circular Collider (FCC-$ee$) using simulated $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow Z\rightarrow b\bar{b}$ events at $\sqrt{s} = 91 \ \mathrm{GeV}$. The study was carried out using the Innovative Detector for Electron positron Accelerators (IDEA) detector concept as case study for future application. The proposed graph neural network framework aims to simultaneously identify and reconstruct the hierarchical decay trees of $b$-hadrons in each event using information from reconstructed charged particles. Events are represented as graphs, where reconstructed charged particles form the nodes and pairwise observables are encoded as edge features describing the relations between particles. On a test sample, 90% of reconstructed decay chains contain exactly the correct set of particles, irrespective of their inferred decay hierarchy. Across a range of benchmark $b$-hadron decays, this clustering efficiency exceeds 93% for decay chains spanning up to three generations of decays.
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All authors Elena Graverini, Samuel Morand, Rafael Silva Coutinho, Felipe Luan Souza de Almeida

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from physics.optics

Advances in the Vacuum Magnetic Birefringence measurement using a pulsed Foil Coil

Enzo Rodriguez Alvarez, Jonathan Agil, Julien Billette et al. (+3 more)

In this paper, in the framework of the Biréfringence Magnétique du Vide (BMV) experiment, we present our current apparatus in detail and we discuss its critical points. We also report the results obtained using specially designed pulsed coils called Foil Coils. Our novel measurement of the vacuum linear magnetic birefringence constant is $K_{VMB} < 1.7 \cdot 10^{-21}~\text{T}^{-2}$ at a confidence level of 68$\%$, which is an improvement with respect to our previous 2014 measurement.
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All authors Enzo Rodriguez Alvarez, Jonathan Agil, Julien Billette, Jérôme Béard, Rémy Battesti, Carlo Rizzo

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Search for Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background of All Flavors with PandaX-4T

Yingxin Zhang and PandaX Collaboration

We present the first search for the diffuse supernova neutrino background utilizing coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering with the PandaX-4T liquid xenon detector at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory. Based on a total exposure of $1.54~\mathrm{tonne \cdot year}$ from the commissioning and first science runs, we observe no significant event excess over the expected background. We therefore set an upper limit of $(2.27 - 2.43) \times 10^3~\mathrm{cm^{-2}s^{-1}}$ per flavor at 90% confidence level on the $\nu_x$ flux (each of $\nu_\mu, \bar{\nu}_\mu, \nu_\tau, \bar{\nu}_\tau$) of the diffuse supernova neutrino background for incident neutrino energies above 19.3~MeV. The result is comparable to the current world best limit.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

A strategy for a Kaluza-Klein graviton discovery at LHC

Alain Le Yaouanc and François Richard

Evidence for excesses observed at LHC tend to cluster mostly around 95 GeV and 650 GeV. We claim that a consequent interpretation of the 650 GeV and some additional indications calls for a Randall Sundrum sequence of Kaluza Klein graviton resonances. A common prejudice claims that such resonances should be very heavy, out of reach for LHC. We argue that this is no so. Although present LHC searches seem to exclude these particles below 2 TeV, we explain why this 650 GeV resonance could be one of them. We also explain why ongoing analyses ignore this scenario and apply selections which are only valid for scalar resonances. This could also apply to ongoing searches for Higgs pairs where the search for resonances decaying into SM Higgs pairs ignores the KK graviton scenario. We expect that with a correct treatment, one could very significantly increase the detection efficiency for ZZ and hh channels and achieve, with present data, a convincing proof of our expectations. Channels like h(95)h(125) and h(95)h(95) should be added to present selections. Such improvements should allow to reach a discovery. For the ZZ and WW channels, one can use semi-leptonic and purely hadronic final states, to confirm the tower of KK resonances indicated up to 3 TeV.
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Sunday 4 October

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from nucl-ex

Data-driven measurements of the beauty hadron production in p-Pb collisions at \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02 and 8.16 TeV

Liang Dong, Tianle Liu, Guangsheng Li et al. (+4 more)

Beauty-hadron production in proton-nucleus collisions is a particularly powerful probe of cold nuclear matter (CNM) effects: thanks to the large beauty-quark mass, the production is initiated in early hard scatterings and is calculable in perturbative QCD, while the modifications observed in nuclear collisions directly constrain the nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) in a kinematic region complementary to that accessed by charm. Precisely quantifying these effects is a prerequisite for isolating possible signatures of quark-gluon plasma formation in heavy-ion collisions. In this work, the production of open beauty hadrons in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02$ and $8.16$~TeV is studied via a data-driven Bayesian unfolding of ALICE and LHCb measurements of non-prompt $D^{0}$ and J/$\psi$ mesons. The unfolded $p_{T}$- and $y$-differential cross sections are mutually consistent across decay channels and compatible with directly reconstructed beauty-hadron measurements. The nuclear modification factor $R_{pPb}$ is reported as a function of transverse momentum and rapidity, providing the first unfolding-based result spanning $-4.0 < y < 4.0$ of beauty-hadron $R_{pPb}$ covering the full rapidity range, with a precision comparable to or better than that of existing data. The results are compared with calculations based on nPDFs and can provide valuable constraints for future global nPDF fits. The total inclusive B hadron production cross section in p-Pb collisions is also reported. A weaker CNM suppression is observed for beauty hadrons than for charm hadrons, consistent with the expected mass hierarchy of cold-nuclear-matter effects.
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All authors Liang Dong, Tianle Liu, Guangsheng Li, Xiaozhi Bai, Fabrizio Grosa, Yifei Zhang, Jianhui Zhu

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Precision measurement of ocean tides using cosmic-ray muons

Jiwon Seo, Jongseok Chung, Chang Hyon Ha et al. (+8 more)

Cosmic-ray muons provide a natural probe of the integrated mass along their trajectories. Here we show that cosmic-ray muons can monitor ocean-tide-induced variations in seawater overburden within an underwater tunnel. The observed modulation closely tracks independent tide-gauge measurements, yielding an attenuation response coefficient of $k=43.2\pm1.0$~counts$\rm /h/m$ and resolving meter-scale variations in seawater overburden. A spatial muography scan validates the overburden model, confirming that the seawater contribution is essential to reproduce the observed attenuation. Unlike conventional tide gauges that measure sea level locally, muography measures the integrated overburden above the detector. These results demonstrate that muography can quantitatively resolve small, time-dependent variations in environmental overburden, providing a new approach to monitoring dynamic natural systems.
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All authors Jiwon Seo, Jongseok Chung, Chang Hyon Ha, TongZhou Huang, Jinyoung Kim, Sooa Kim, Hani Kimku, Byoung-cheol Koh, Minsu Kwak, Sihyun Lee, Yujin Lee

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Observation of $D^+ \to K^{*0}\rho^+$ and $D^+\to K^{*+}\rho^0$ in Doubly Cabibbo-Suppressed Decay $D^+ \to K^+\pi^+\pi^-\pi^0$

BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson et al. (+757 more)

By analyzing an $e^+e^-$ collision data sample with an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb$^{-1}$ collected with the BESIII detector at the center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV, we perform the first amplitude analysis on the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed decay $D^+ \to K^+\pi^+\pi^-\pi^0$ and report the first observation of $D^+ \to K^{*0}\rho^+$ and $D^+\to K^{*+}\rho^0$. The corresponding branching fractions are $(5.67\pm0.41_{\rm stat}\pm0.17_{\rm syst})\times10^{-4}$ and $(5.32\pm0.57_{\rm stat}\pm0.24_{\rm syst})\times10^{-4}$, respectively. These two $D\to VV$ decay both have large transverse polarizations. The longitudinal polarization fractions are measured to be $0.111\pm0.024_{\rm stat}\pm0.008_{\rm syst}$ and $0.263\pm0.049_{\rm stat}\pm0.015_{\rm syst}$, respectively. The branching fraction of the decay $D^+\to K^+\omega$ is measured to be $(4.76\pm0.84_{\rm stat}\pm0.13_{\rm syst})\times 10^{-5}$.
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All authors BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H.-R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, D. Cabiati, H. Cai, M. H. Cai, X. Cai, A. Calcaterra, G. F. Cao, N. Cao, S. A. Cetin, X. Y. Chai, J. F. Chang, T. T. Chang, G. R. Che, Y. Z. Che, C. H. Chen, Chao Chen, G. Chen, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, S. M. Chen, T. Chen, W. Chen, X. R. Chen, X. T. Chen, X. Y. Chen, Y. B. Chen, Y. Q. Chen, Z. K. Chen, J. Cheng, L. N. Cheng, S. K. Choi, X. Chu, G. Cibinetto, F. Cossio, J. Cottee-Meldrum, H. L. Dai, J. P. Dai, X. C. Dai, A. Dbeyssi, R. E. de Boer, D. Dedovich, C. Q. Deng, Z. Y. Deng, A. Denig, I. Denisenko, M. Destefanis, F. De Mori, E. Di Fiore, X. X. Ding, Y. Ding, Y. X. Ding, Yi. Ding, J. Dong, L. Y. Dong, M. 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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Boosted top tagging via lepton-in-jet topology for vector-like quark searches in FCC-hh

Sanchari Bhattacharyya, Biplob Bhattacherjee, Kirana K. K. et al. (+1 more)

In this paper, we present a machine-learning-based framework for identifying leptonically decaying, highly boosted top quarks, $t\to b\ell\nu$, at the Future Circular Collider: hadron-hadron mode (FCC-hh) operating at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=100$~TeV. At these energies, the large Lorentz boost causes the top-quark decay products to become highly collimated, with the lepton embedded within the resulting top-quark jet. In this regime, it is not a priori clear whether constituent-based jet taggers, which rely on information from individual jet constituents, retain the high discrimination power achieved at LHC energies. To answer this question, we employ two complementary approaches: a variable-based tagger trained with a deep neural network (DNN) using physics-motivated observables and a constituent-based Particle Transformer (ParT) acting on the jet constituents. Both approaches are optimised for the characteristic non-isolated lepton signature of boosted leptonic top decays and achieve comparable performance in discriminating leptonic top jets from hadronic top jets and heavy-flavor $b$- and $c$-jet backgrounds. We then incorporate the tagging framework into an event-level search for single production of a vector-like $B^\prime$ quark decaying through $B^\prime\to tW$, and use it to evaluate sensitivity to $B^\prime$ in the range of $3$ to $10$~TeV. For the reference $B^\prime$ benchmark, the proposed search strategy achieves a $5\sigma$ discovery reach of approximately $7$~TeV under the width requirement $\Gamma_{B^\prime}/m_{B^\prime}<25\%$, in both the statistics-only and $10\%$ background systematic uncertainty scenarios. Relaxing the width requirement to $\Gamma_{B^\prime}/m_{B^\prime}\lesssim 50\%$ extends the discovery reach to approximately $10$~TeV.
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All authors Sanchari Bhattacharyya, Biplob Bhattacherjee, Kirana K. K., Swagata Mukherjee