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Physics Astrophysics

astro-ph Watch Astrophysics

Thursday 11 June

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Cross-listed from gr-qc

Search for High-Frequency Gravitational Waves via Geomagnetic Conversion with Radio Telescopes

Hongliang Tian, Lei Wu, Xiaolong Yang et al. (+2 more)

The detection of high-frequency gravitational waves (HFGWs) above 10 kHz provides a crucial probe of exotic astrophysical phenomena and new physics. We report the first search for HFGWs via their conversion to electromagnetic radiation through the inverse Gertsenshtein effect in Earth's magnetic field, utilizing radio telescopes including the Very Large Array (VLA) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). Since no statistically significant signal is observed, we obtain new upper limits on the characteristic strain across the 1 GHz – 1 THz band, with the most stringent constraint reaching $h_c \lesssim 10^{-18}$, improving upon existing bounds by up to three orders of magnitude. These results significantly advance the exploration of uncharted parameter space for exotic gravitational-wave sources, paving the way for future discoveries with next-generation facilities such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA).
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All authors Hongliang Tian, Lei Wu, Xiaolong Yang, Qiang Yuan, Bin Zhu

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Cross-listed from hep-th

Cosmological Dynamics of the Thermal Scalar Near the Hagedorn Temperature

Arnab Pradhan, Luis Rufino and Scott Watson

We study the cosmological dynamics of the thermal scalar the winding string mode that becomes massless at the Hagedorn transition by coupling it to the string-frame gravi dilaton effective action. This provides a field-theoretic framework for investigating winding mode dynamics near the Hagedorn temperature and their role in string cosmology. Below the Hagedorn temperature, the phase space contains static configurations in which the thermal scalar balances the shifted dilaton evolution. These configurations are boundary states rather than attractors, and when the thermal scalar mass depends on the scale factor, winding mode back reaction opposes expansion and can reverse it. Above the Hagedorn temperature, the tachyonic thermal scalar generates negative effective energy density while preserving the null energy condition, enabling branch changes of the Brustein Veneziano type. These transitions do not provide the graceful exit required to connect the Hagedorn phase to standard cosmological evolution. At the Hagedorn temperature itself, the quadratic effective theory breaks down and higher order interactions become essential. Because the thermal scalar originates as a Euclidean order parameter, our Lorentzian treatment should be viewed as an effective dynamical model of the Hagedorn transition. Within this framework, the thermal scalar clarifies the dynamical structure surrounding the Hagedorn transition and shows how the Hagedorn exit problem cannot be resolved within the quadratic effective theory alone.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Feasibility of up-the-ramp sampling under variable sky for ground-based spectrographs

Gaia Gaspar, Marcin Sawicki, Nelson Nunes et al. (+2 more)

Many modern near-infrared instruments employ HAWAII-2RG (H2RG) detectors with integration times that can reach 300-600s. Up-the-ramp (UTR) sampling offers advantages over Fowler sampling, including superior cosmic ray rejection and noise reduction, but requires fitting linear ramps from 30-60 reads. Ground-based K-band sky brightness has been reported to vary by 3-10% on timescales of minutes, potentially introducing systematic errors and compromising photometric accuracy. Additionally, UTR data formats involve higher-dimensional FITS files with larger file sizes impacting observatory operations. We present a feasibility study using the GIRMOS Data Simulator with high-fidelity flux budgets and empirical K-band sky variations estimated, for Mauna Kea, from Gemini-NIRI at 10-20s cadence. Using a Monte Carlo approach we assess whether linear ramp fitting remains viable under variable sky conditions, quantify SNRs and systematic biases, and report nightly data volume estimates. Our results show that, in the H-band, the advantages of the UTR readout hold for read-noise-limited targets placed in the inter-line regions, translating into 3-4% savings in observing time. The K-band inter-line regions do not show significant SNR improvement and can even degrade it due to the dominance of shot-noise generated by the thermal emission of the instrument+telescope system. In these regions, cosmic ray rejection recovers $>$ 98% of events with false positive rates below 0.1%, even under high sky variability. Over the sky emission lines, UTR fitting remains possible but its performance is compromised, both by a degradation in SNR and by a high rate of pixels falsely flagged by the cosmic ray rejection algorithm under highly variable sky. These findings address how ground-based conditions affect UTR implementation in near-infrared spectrographs, with GIRMOS as a concrete case of study.
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All authors Gaia Gaspar, Marcin Sawicki, Nelson Nunes, Rubén J. Díaz, James E. H. Turner

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Natural Supercooling and Reheating along Supersymmetric Flat Directions and Observable Gravitational Waves at the Einstein Telescope and the Cosmic Explorer

Jinzheng Li and Pran Nath

We study supercooled first-order phase transitions in a supersymmetric hidden sector with a spontaneously broken $U(1)_X$, focusing on the frequency range of the Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer. Along the D-flat direction the tree-level quartic vanishes, so the barrier is generated radiatively by soft SUSY-breaking splittings. In the $\overline{\rm DR}$ scheme the gaugino mass $M_{\tilde\lambda}$ sets the barrier depth, while the soft scalar mass $m_0$ stabilizes the broken vacuum. For $M_{\tilde\lambda}/v_X\simeq0.05$–$0.23$, the predicted signal reaches $\Omega_{\rm GW}h^2\sim3\times10^{-10}$ near the percolation boundary. The observable amplitude depends sensitively on the portal coupling $\delta$ through the hidden-to-visible temperature ratio at percolation: for a cold initial hidden sector the signal rises from the ET floor at $\delta=10^{-6}$ to $\Omega_{\rm GW}h^2\simeq7\times10^{-11}$ as the sectors approach thermal contact at $\delta=10^{-4}$, while a hotter initial hidden sector gives a large signal already for weak portal coupling. We follow this evolution with an 11-variable Boltzmann system that separates the cold nucleating exterior from the reheated true-vacuum interior; reheating mainly enters through the energy budget and redshift factors. The same hidden sector can reproduce $\Omega_{\rm CDM}h^2=0.12$ through relativistic dark-quark freeze-out followed by entropy dilution from hidden-Higgs decay, with $m_q\simeq30$–$800\;$keV and $N_{\rm eff}\lesssim{\rm few}\times10^{-5}$.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

AESTRA II: Generative Spectral Modeling of the Sun as a Star for Precise Radial Velocities

Yan Liang, Joshua N. Winn, Peter Melchior et al. (+2 more)

The detection of Earth analogs with extreme-precision radial velocities (EPRVs) is limited by spectral variability from stellar activity, telluric absorption, and instrumental systematics. We apply AESTRA, a generative spectrum modeling framework, to NEID Sun-as-a-star observations. AESTRA empirically decomposes the spectra into stellar line-shape variability, micro-telluric absorption, and continuum variability without external atmospheric or stellar templates. After removing the learned telluric and continuum components, we train a low-dimensional representation of the spectrum to infer activity-driven apparent RVs jointly with candidate Doppler signals. We evaluate the method with 500 single-planet injection-recovery tests spanning periods of 2.5 to 400 days and semi-amplitudes of K = 0.1 to 0.7 m s^-1, calibrating the detection criterion to yield zero spurious detections. At this matched confidence level, AESTRA recovers 238 injected planets, including 13 with K < 0.3 m s^-1, whereas traditional CCF-based activity-indicator detrending recovers 9 planets and none below K = 0.5 m s^-1.
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All authors Yan Liang, Joshua N. Winn, Peter Melchior, Sicong Lu, Quang H. Tran

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

The effect of near-core mixing on rejuvenation and the asteroseismic properties of massive accretors

Jan Henneco and Dominic M. Bowman

The relatively recent revelation of the high occurrence rate of binary interactions, especially in intermediate- and high-mass systems, has prompted multiple investigations into their asteroseismic imprints. The near-core region just outside the convective cores of mass-accreting early-type main-sequence stars in binaries has been theorised to be sensitive to assumptions about mixing (notably semiconvection) and accretion physics. In turn, the predicted asteroseismic properties depend strongly on the physical properties of this near-core region. We explore how robust the previously identified asteroseismic imprints of mass accretion are to changes in semiconvective mixing. Using one-dimensional stellar structure and evolution models, this parameter study shows the dominant effect of convective boundary mixing on rejuvenation and the post-accretion asteroseismic properties. The recovered seismic imprint, largely robust to variations in semiconvective mixing efficiency, changes drastically when convective boundary mixing is not included in the models. We find that the post-accretion thermal relaxation is key in determining the final near-core structure and the asteroseismic imprint of accretion. We reaffirm the potential of Fourier transforms of period spacing patterns to quantify the effects of different near-core mixing and accretion-rate assumptions on asteroseismic signals. Overall, this work highlights the sensitivity of the asteroseismic imprint of accretion not only on stellar structure and evolution modelling assumptions, but also on the accretion physics. The logical next step is to arrive at a more general picture of the asteroseismic imprint of mass transfer by exploring its properties in a multi-dimensional parameter study including single- and binary-star assumptions.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

A local Universe catalogue of structures and voids dynamically identified using Cosmic-Flows4++ZOA peculiar velocities

A.M. Hollinger and H. M. Courtois

Cosmic voids and superclusters are among the largest structures in the Universe and provide complementary probes of the growth of large-scale structure and the underlying gravitational field. We present a comprehensive catalogue of the main local Universe cosmic web voids and knots, using the updated CosmicFlows-4++ Zone of Avoidance (CF4++ZOA) catalogue out to redshift z=0.1. To do this we use the V-web algorithm which provides a dynamically motivated map of the the local cosmic web, tracing the major expanding and converging regions of the local Universe. The robustness of the catalogue is assessed using the ensemble of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo realizations of the CF4++ZOA reconstruction. We additionally remove any structure that exceeds the survey boundaries and present catalogues of 37 voids and 42 knot regions within the reconstructed survey volume. The identified emptying regions (voids) have effective radii ranging from 13 to 38 h-1Mpc. The high density converging regions (knots) have volumes ranging from 10^4 to 3.3x10^5 h-3 Mpc^3.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Machine Learning Does It and Does It Better: Unearthing Primordial Dark-Matter Velocities from the Matter Power Spectrum

Keith R. Dienes, Jessica N. Howard, Fei Huang et al. (+2 more)

One effective way of learning about the production and properties of dark matter in the early universe is by extracting information about the primordial dark-matter phase-space distribution from the matter power spectrum. Several years ago a simple empirical formula was introduced which successfully reproduces most of the salient features of the primordial dark-matter phase-space distribution from the matter power spectrum – even in situations in which this distribution is non-thermal, multi-modal, or exhibits other complicated features. Continuing this line of research, we investigate the extent to which machine-learning techniques can improve upon this analytic approach. Interestingly, we find that a one-dimensional convolutional neural network not only succeeds in reconstructing the dark-matter phase-space distribution with greater accuracy, but can also be applied to a broader range of matter power spectra.
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All authors Keith R. Dienes, Jessica N. Howard, Fei Huang, Yuan-Zhen Li, Brooks Thomas

Astrophysics of Galaxies

The ultra low-frequency spectral properties of bright extended radio galaxies in the 3CRR catalogue

J. M. Boxelaar, F. De Gasperin, M. J. Hardcastle et al. (+2 more)

Context. Active galactic nuclei (AGN) jets are fundamental drivers of galaxy evolution, injecting kinetic energy into their environments. The large-scale morphology and spectral properties of these radio galaxies are consequences of complex particle acceleration, energy loss, and absorption processes. While the shape of the synchrotron spectrum encodes the plasma's energetic history, understanding the physics of particle acceleration and duty cycles has historically been limited by a lack of well-resolved observations at ultra-low frequencies (< 100 MHz), where the oldest cosmic ray electron populations are traced. Aims. This study aims to perform the first comprehensive multi-frequency analysis of bright extended radio galaxies down to 58 MHz. The goal is to study electron acceleration mechanisms, accurately measure the low-frequency spectral shape, and constrain the injection index for a sample of Fanaroff-Riley (FR) I and II galaxies using spectral ageing models. Methods. Utilising new 58 MHz observations from the LOFAR Low Band Antenna (LBA) combined with LOFAR High Band Antenna (HBA; 144 MHz) and Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS, 887 MHz & 943.5 MHz & 1367.5 MHz) data, a sub-sample of 22 extended sources from the 3CRR catalogue was selected, requiring the largest angular size to be at least 2.5'. The analysis involves constructing detailed spectral index maps and utilising radio colour-colour diagrams to interpret spectral shapes and constrain ageing model parameters across the radio lobes. Results. This study presents the ultra-low frequency spectral index maps for this sample. For FR I galaxies, spectral indices range from ~0.5 near the core (consistent with first-order Fermi acceleration) to > 1.0 in the lobes. For FR II galaxies, hotspots exhibit steep low-frequency spectra (0.5 - 0.9), suggesting complex acceleration or absorption effects.
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All authors J. M. Boxelaar, F. De Gasperin, M. J. Hardcastle, E. De Rubeis, R. J. van Weeren

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Simulations of 3-Dimensional Recoil Response to Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering Events in Directional Direct Dark Matter Detectors

Kwang-Chang Lai and Chung-Lin Shan

Following our earlier work on studying 3-dimensional nuclear recoil response to Galactic Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) in directional direct Dark Matter detectors, in this paper, we simulate 3-D coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS) events induced by Solar B-8 neutrinos. Our numerical results show that, in contrast to the approximately fixed patterns of the WIMP-induced signals, the characteristic ring-like angular distributions of the nuclear recoil flux/energy of CEvNS events show clearly annual variations along the trajectories of the moving direction of incident Solar neutrinos in different celestial coordinate systems without experimentally distinguishable target dependence.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Japan's Possible Contributions for Coronagraph of the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO)

Keigo Enya, Kenta Yoneta, Naoshi Murakami et al. (+20 more)

In this paper, we describe Japan's possible contributions for coronagraph of the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) based on our independent study. We are considering to contribute to the HOW coronagraph by science and hardware, based on Japan's experience for the SPICA coronagraph instrument, contributions to the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, and SCExAO for the Subaru telescope. Currently, hardware contributions of various scales, from large-scale to small components, are considered. As an example of the large-scale hardware case, the optical and mechanical layout of the entire infrared coronagraph is presented. Several individual high-contrast technologies are also briefly introduced, for which research is ongoing in Japan. In discussions, it is pointed out that both the inner working angle (IWA) and sensitivity are particularly critical for the NIR coronagraph. In this situation, dedicated observations of a small number of targets close to the solar system can be one of key science program in this situation, and designing consolidating science objectives, requirements, observation targets, and survey plans is important. It is essential to push the development of advanced coronagraphs that provide small IWAs. On the other hand, it is also necessary to prepare solutions that adopt more robust coronagraphs in parallel. How to coexist visible and NIR coronagraphs within constraints of volume, mass, budget etc. is an important issue. The international sharing for the coronagraph development should be carefully decided by international agreement. Although all of our studies may not be realized in contributions to the first generation of HWO instruments, we are considering Japan's multigenerational participation in the HWO to maximize outcomes of the HWO.
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All authors Keigo Enya, Kenta Yoneta, Naoshi Murakami, Jun Nishikawa, Satoshi Itoh, Taro Matsuo, Reiki Kojima, Takayuki Kotani, Olivier Guyon, Takahiro Sumi, Satoshi Miyazaki, Toru Yamada, Aoi Takahashi, Hajime Kawahara, Shota Miyazaki, Iona Kondo, Nana Higashio, Noriko Yamasaki, Masayuki Kuzuhara, Motohide Tamura, Masahiro Ikoma, Norio Narita, Julien Lozi

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

A robust super-time-stepping scheme for Ohmic and ambipolar diffusion

Giancarlo Mattia, Mario Flock, David Melon Fuksman et al. (+3 more)

Context. Non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a key tool for modeling magnetic flux transport in astrophysical systems such as molecular clouds, protostellar cores, and protoplanetary disks. Conventional explicit methods for non-ideal MHD diffusion are severely limited by timestep constraints, while substepping approaches can be unstable due to truncation errors near boundaries and strong magnetic-field gradients. Aims. Our main goal is to address these limitations by developing robust super-time-stepping methods for Ohmic and ambipolar diffusion. Methods. We present a super-time-stepping method based on the stability of the Gegenbauer polynomials. The method is designed to enhance robustness in the presence of strongly anisotropic resistivity and to reduce sensitivity to truncation errors near boundaries. We implement the scheme in the PLUTO code and assess its performance through dedicated Ohmic and ambipolar diffusion tests. We also compare this novel numerical scheme against two common astrophysical problems, namely magnetic reconnection and the magnetorotational instability. Results. The novel Runge-Kutta-Gegenbauer scheme retains computational efficiency beyond purely explicit schemes while providing excellent stability compared with other traditional substepping methods. It remains stable in the presence of strongly anisotropic diffusion, enabling accurate magnetic-field evolution in regimes characteristic of protoplanetary disks and collapsing dense cores. Benchmark tests, including magnetic reconnection and magnetorotational-instability setups, confirm the method's accuracy, efficiency, and suitability for large-scale non-ideal MHD simulations.
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All authors Giancarlo Mattia, Mario Flock, David Melon Fuksman, Anastasia Tzouvanou, Vittoria Berta, Daniele Crocco

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$

Karin Cescon, Jacqueline A. Hodge, Leindert A. Boogaard et al. (+21 more)

We investigate the molecular gas content and interstellar medium (ISM) conditions of REBELS-25, a massive, star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$. Deep VLA Q-band and ALMA Band 3 observations reveal CO(3-2) and CO(7-6) emission (both at $\sim3.5\sigma$), and provide an upper limit on [C I](2-1). From the CMB-corrected CO(3-2) flux-representing the highest-redshift detection of a low-$J$ CO transition to date-we derive a molecular gas mass of $M_{\rm mol}=(1.0\pm0.4)\times10^{11}\,(\alpha_{\rm CO}/(3\,$M$_{\odot}$(K$\,$\kms$\,$pc$^2)^{-1}))\,$M$_{\odot}$, directly confirming the presence of a very massive gas reservoir only $\simeq700\,$Myr after the Big Bang. This implies an extreme gas fraction of $f_{\rm gas}\simeq0.95$, a gas-to-dust ratio of $\delta_{\rm GDR}\simeq6\times10^2$, and a depletion timescale of $\tau_{\rm dep}\simeq1.2\,$Gyr, broadly consistent with extrapolated scaling relations for main-sequence galaxies at lower redshift. Using the radiative transfer code TUNER, we self-consistently model CO and dust continuum emission in the context of the significant CMB background, constraining ISM properties and recovering $M_{\rm mol}= (1.8^{+1.0}_{-0.9})\times10^{11}\,$M$_{\odot}$, independent of assumptions about $r_{31}$ and $\alpha_{\rm CO}$. We further discuss the use of alternative molecular gas tracers at early epochs. Combining CO and [C II] measurements, we infer an empirical [C II]-to-H$_2$ conversion factor of $\alpha_{\rm [C II]}=(60\pm25)\,$M$_{\odot}$/L$_{\odot}$, suggesting [C II] remains a viable molecular gas tracer in the Epoch of Reionization. These results demonstrate the detectability of low-$J$ CO emission even at $z>7$, paving the way for next-generation facilities, and provide critical insights into the rapid mass assembly of galaxies during the first billion years of cosmic history.
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All authors Karin Cescon, Jacqueline A. Hodge, Leindert A. Boogaard, Hiddo S. B. Algera, Lucie E. Rowland, Dominik A. Riechers, Renske Smit, Ilse De Looze, Rychard Bouwens, Paul van der Werf, Manuel Aravena, Elisabete da Cunha, Pratika Dayal, Andrea Ferrara, Rebecca Fisher, Hanae Inami, Pavel E. Mancera Piña, Pascal A. Oesch, Andrea Pallottini, Matus Rybak, Sander Schouws, Laura Sommovigo, Mauro Stefanon, Livia Vallini

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Feedback in Extragalactic Star Clusters (FEAST): Spectral Energy Distributions and the Physical Properties of Star Clusters in NGC 628 with CIGALE

Sean T. Linden, Angela Adamo, Alex Pedrini et al. (+16 more)

With Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations of NGC~628 spanning 0.3–7.7\,$\mu$m, we fit the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of over 12,000 optically-selected star clusters, emerging young star clusters (eYSCs), and MIRI-selected sources with cigale to derive their ages, masses, extinctions, and dust properties. We find that near-infrared selected eYSC-I (compact Pa$\alpha$ and 3.3,$\mu$m PAH emission) and eYSC-II (compact Pa$\alpha$ and diffuse 3.3,$\mu$m PAH emssion) sources peak at $\sim$3–5~Myr, where $\sim 12\%$ of the clusters have an $E(B{-}V)>2$, demonstrating the presence of dust-embedded populations as clusters emerge. Further, the distributions of the fractional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) abundance ($q_{\mathrm PAH}$) and stellar-to-nebular attenuation ratio ($E(B{-}V)_{{\rm \star}}/E(B{-}V)_{\rm neb}$) suggest an evolutionary sequence in which sources evolve from eYSC-I to eYSC-II as clusters clear their surrounding dust and gas. The photo-dissociation region (PDR) clearing timescale inferred from the ratio of eYSC-I to optically visible stellar clusters is $\sim$4~Myr. Additionally, we find that star clusters in the spiral arms of NGC 628 are preferentially more massive and more dust-reddened than those in inter-arm regions.~Finally, we find that $\sim$65% of eYSC-I, $\sim$27% of eYSC-II, and $\sim$40% of F335M-selected sources coincide with an F770W peak in our MIRI-selected catalog within 4 pixels, confirming that F770W-bright sources preferentially trace the youngest and dustiest regions. Overall, our results highlight the ability of JWST together with cigale model grids to identify and characterize eYSCs during their short-lived embedded phases, and provide constraints on the feedback mechanisms that govern the emergence of stellar clusters.
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All authors Sean T. Linden, Angela Adamo, Alex Pedrini, Daniela Calzetti, Helena Faustino Vieira, Bruce E. Elmegreen, John S. Gallagher, Kelsey Johnson, Matteo Messa, Kathryn Grasha, Ana Duarte-Cabral, Arjan Bik, Giacomo Bortolini, Matteo Correnti, Drew Lapeer, Thomas S.-Y. Lai, Goran Ostlin, Linda J. Smith, Monica Tosi

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Classification of Compact Stars via Machine Learning and Neural Network Models

D. Neraki, G. Koufetidis, I. Stergakis et al. (+2 more)

Recent advances in multimessenger astronomy, particularly through gravitational-wave observations of compact-object mergers, have significantly improved our understanding of dense matter. Nevertheless, the internal composition of compact stars remains uncertain. Depending on the underlying equation of state (EoS), these objects may be neutron stars composed primarily of nucleons, quark stars made of deconfined quark matter, or hybrid stars containing both hadronic and quark phases. More exotic constituents, such as hyperons, meson condensates, or dark matter, have also been proposed. In this work, we investigate whether the internal composition of compact stars can be inferred from observable quantities, including mass, radius, and tidal deformability. To address this problem, we employ machine-learning and deep-learning techniques trained on a larg dataset of EoSs describing both neutron stars and quark stars. From these EoSs, we generate the corresponding mass radius relations spanning a wide range of stellar configurations. The resulting dataset is used to train and evaluate classification models aimed at identifying the nature of compact objects from their macroscopic properties. Our results indicate that suitable combinations of observables can distinguish neutron stars from quark stars with very high accuracy. These findings demonstrate the potential of machine-learning approaches as tools for probing the composition of dense matter. However, further studies incorporating additional scenarios, including hybrid stars and other exotic forms of matter, are required to establish the robustness and general applicability of this methodology.
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All authors D. Neraki, G. Koufetidis, I. Stergakis, Th. Diakonidis, Ch.C. Moustakidis

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Galaxy clusters in the VIDEO fields: detection and characterisation in the context of MOONRISE

Pierre Galois, Christophe Benoist, Gianluca Castignani et al. (+21 more)

We analyse the cluster content of the $\sim 4.5 \text{ deg}^{2}$ XMM-LSS and CDFS VIDEO fields which are expected to be partially covered by the upcoming MOONRISE survey. Using AMICO and WaZP photometric redshift-based cluster finders, we construct a sample of $519$ cluster candidates detected by both finders in the redshift range $z = 0.1-3$, including $74$ detections at $z > 1.5$. For all detections, we identify the Brightest Central Galaxy (BCG) and compute a list of probabilistic cluster memberships. Our photometric redshift measurements of the clusters agree well with spectroscopic redshifts from the literature, when available. From ancillary spectroscopic data, we assign $z_\text{spec}$ measurements to $116$ cluster candidates based on their spectroscopic members and to $204$ based on their likely BCGs. We also show that candidates containing Radio-Loud members are efficiently recovered using the prior-based cluster finder PPM. We perform a preliminary analysis of the galaxy content of these candidates, focusing on the Red-Sequence components of their apparent Colour-Magnitude Diagram. By comparing with models of galaxy evolution, we show that this population is consistent with a model of passive evolution with a formation at high redshift, and is already in place at $z = 1.5-2.0$. Finally, our cluster sample is used to evaluate how these clusters would be detected and characterised, according to various MOONRISE strategies. We show that cluster spectroscopic confirmation and characterisation could be efficiently achieved up to $z\sim1.7$ even with the shallowest survey strategy. This open unprecedented insight into the physical properties of high-redshift galaxy clusters and into galaxy formation in dense environments.
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All authors Pierre Galois, Christophe Benoist, Gianluca Castignani, Matteo Maturi, Sophie Maurogordato, Pascale Jablonka, Yannick Bahé, Derek McLeod, Rebecca Bowler, Olga Cucciati, Lauro Moscardini, Manuela Magliocchetti, Mario Radovich, Michele Cirasuolo, Giovani Covone, Fergus Cullen, Callum Donnan, Hector Flores, William Hartley, Roberto Maiolino, Ross McLure, Nicolarosario Napolitano, Maurizio Paolillo, Mattia Vaccari

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Cross-listed from gr-qc

Bounds on $\Lambda$ at the Galactic Center

Prajwal Hassan Puttasiddappa, Muzammil Mushtaq, William Ramirez et al. (+1 more)

We constrain the cosmological constant, $\Lambda$, using astrometric and spectroscopic observations of the S2 star, supplemented by S1 and S14 stars orbiting Sgr A$^*$. We develop a framework for modelling relativistic stellar orbits in general spherically symmetric spacetimes and perform Bayesian parameter estimation to jointly infer orbital and spacetime parameters. Applying this framework to Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetime, we obtain upper bounds on $\Lambda$. The individual constraints exhibit the expected dependence on the dynamical timescales of the stars, with the longer-period S1 providing the strongest sensitivity. Combining the individual constraints, we obtain $\Lambda \lesssim 6.9\times10^{-48}\mathrm{m}^{-2}$ at 68% credibility and $\Lambda \lesssim 1.0\times10^{-38}\mathrm{m}^{-2}$ at 95% credibility. The 68% constraint is the strongest bound at a comparable dynamical timescale.
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All authors Prajwal Hassan Puttasiddappa, Muzammil Mushtaq, William Ramirez, David F. Mota

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Detection and characterisation of binary asteroid candidates through stellar occultations

R. Lallemand, J. Desmars, B. Sicardy et al. (+256 more)

Binary asteroids provide key access to fundamental parameters of Solar System remnants and planetary formations. However, the current knowledge of binary asteroids remains strongly biased by observational limitations, and main belt binary systems are still poorly characterised since current techniques preferentially detect either widely separated binaries close and bright systems. In this context, the high-precision astrometry of the Gaia mission has revealed a new population of candidate binaries exhibiting dynamical signatures consistent with unresolved companions. This work is part of the GaiaMoons program, and our aim with it was to characterise a sample of 357 potential binary asteroid targets and confirm or refute their binary nature. The properties of these candidates were derived from the high-precision photometric and astrometric observations provided by Gaia. We adopted stellar occultation as the observational method to study these targets. Between October 2023 and February 2026, we successfully carried out 165 observations for 101 targets. We subsequently analysed these events in the context of the available literature and previously reported observations. Thirty three observation led at least two positives for 24 objects that have undergone unprecedented occultation observation campaigns, with four objects showing indications of binary or contact binary features, namely 1127 Mimi, 35420 1998 AG6, 206 Hersilia, and 36882 2000 SW155. For the vast majority of these objects, the resulting dataset from all reduced observations provides unique physical and astrometric constraints, as they had never been observed through stellar occultations before. GaiaMoons illustrates how stellar occultation campaigns associated with Gaia observations generate a self-improving cycle to find new binary, thereby probing size and shape to constrain future observations.
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All authors R. Lallemand, J. Desmars, B. Sicardy, Z. Liu, P. Tanga, L. Liberato, B. Carry, A. Leroy, Y. Kilic, M. Assafin, A. Siakas, L. Abe, D. Mary, R. Leiva, F. Casarramona, D. Smith, D. Antuszewicz, J.-L. Dauvergne, G. Langin, P. Henarejos, P.-L. Phan, F. Braga-Ribas, A. Castro, A. Pal, Á. Sódor, A. Cano Ruiz, A. Ossola, A. Pratt, A. Noschese, A. Manna, A. Eberle, A. Schweizer, A. Wendelborn, A. Marciniak, A. Catapano, B. Ziółkowski, B. Begiçarslan, B. Kattentidt, B. Lade, B. Whitehurst, C. T. Tezcan, C. Weber, C. Schnabel, C. A. Domingues, C. Ziolek, C. Sartini, C. M. Schäfer, C. McPartlin, Cs. Kiss, D. Blazewicz, D. Deneuchatel, D. Herald, D. W. Dunham, D. Sailing, E. Fonseca Morato, E. Goni, E. Fernandez-Garcia, E. Namur Neto, E. Smith, E. Gradovski, E. Donate Lucas, E. García Navarro, E. Kaan Ülgen, F. Garcia, F. Genc, G. Margoti, G. Arraras, G. Schmidt, G. Privett, G. Krannich, G. Lyzenga, H. de Groot, I. Pérez-Garcia, I. Z. Kelkitli, J. Mánek, J. Flores-Martín, J. Prat, J. Bardecker, J. Delincak, J. Siegert, J. Dunham, J. Moore, J. Talbot, J. A. Berlanga, J. A. Reyes, J. L. Maestre, J. L. Ortiz, J. Collada Barcena, J. Perła, J. Spagnotto, K. Getrost, K.-L. Bath, K. Harrison, K. Okasaki, K. Bender, M. OConnell, M. Skrutskie, M. Jennings, M. Gutekunst, M. Margoti, M. Içen, M. Acar, M. Fidêncio Neto, M. Altan, M. Rottenborn, M. Turchenko, M. A. Alava Amat, M. Kretlow, M. Tekkesinoglu, N. Takács, N. Karaman, N. Castro-Morales, N. Morales, N. Wakefield, O. Erece, O. Canales Moreno, P. Santos Sanz, P. Fini, P. D. Maley, P. Teckenburg, P. Walker, P. Martorell, P. Gilge, P. Zeleny, P. Stuart, A. Ashimbekova, P. Denyer, R. Sfair, R. Nolthenius, R. Piety, R. Liu, R. Jones, R. Szakáts, R. Gonçalves, S. Pastor, S. Chairetas, S. Kalkan, S. Özel, S. Ötken, S. Aliş, S. Tsavdaridis, S. Meister, S. Sposetti, S. Conard, S. Tirak, S. Fisek, T. Swift, T. Haymes, T. Janík, V. Nikitin, V. Cucchiaro, W. Hanna, R. Dahoumane, W. Ogloza, W. Stewart, W. Beisker, Y. Liu, Y. Avcioglu, S. Quinet, J.-F. Counilh, M. Irzyk, C. Marlot, A. Keijzer, Y. Pinard, X. Dupont, T. Salomon, T. Mollier, T. Legault, S. Valat, S. Kindt, S. Kidd, J. Souchu, S. Vasseur, R. Dequinze, P. Couvée, P. Lemoine, P. Barroy, P. Le Cam, P.-J. Mercier, P. André, P. Le Guen, O. Schreurs, M. Boutet, M. Giraud, M. Lecossois, M. Serrau, M. Conjat, L. Herrier, L. Rousselot, J. Delpau, J. Bourgeois, J.-C. Dalouzy, J.-F. Gout, J.-F. Pittet, J.-F. Coliac, J.-L. Dumont, J.-N. Ferrier, J.-P. Nombret, J.-P. Masini, J.-P. Arnould, J.-B. Marquette, G. Arlic, G. Vanwalleghem, F. Denjean, F. Cavaillé, E. Barbotin, E. Vauthrin, D. Bourdens, D. Walliang, I. Auvray, C. Latgé, C. Lavault, A. Stachowicz, E. Jacquet, C. Rizand, J. Raffard, M. Saillenfest, K. Hussein, M. Montargès, N. Robichon, S. Renner, V. Lapeyrére, W. Thuillot, F. Vachier, D. Hestroffer, A. Vienne, J. Vaubaillon, F. Thill, B. Lott, C. Bourdens, R. Boninsegna, M.-C. Lin, Y.-L. Chen, S. H. Tsai, C.-E. Lee, Y.-N. Lee, Z.-Y. Lin, H.-C. Lin, C.-H. Wang, A. T.L. Shen, T.-H. Chuang, C.-C. Chang, Ha. Watanabe, M. Ida, H. Togashi, A. Asai, T. Nemoto, K. Hosoi, Hi. Watanabe, K. Isobe, H. Yoshihara, T. Horikawa, K. Kitazaki, M. Takimoto, H. Yamamura, M. Yamashita, F. Yoshida, F. Gourdon, D. Tamonis

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Stellar Population Spectra Incorporating Detailed Binary Evolution using POSYDON

Eirini Kasdagli, Jeff J. Andrews, Bret Lehmer et al. (+9 more)

The accuracy of stellar population properties inferred through spectral energy distribution fitting hinges on the reliability of the underlying spectral models. Binary interactions are fundamental for massive star evolution, and ignoring their spectral contribution can lead to incorrect results. We use the POSYDON binary population synthesis code to generate spectral models of stellar populations that include binaries at solar metallicity. Our framework incorporates a collection of spectral libraries that is designed to address key outcomes of binary stellar evolution like Wolf-Rayet stars, stripped helium stars, and a treatment for stellar mergers. Our models confirm previous results showing that the inclusion of binary interactions has a significant effect on the UV and ionizing regime of the integrated spectrum. In particular we find that Wolf-Rayet stars and other massive stars dominate the production of ionizing radiation at earlier times, but after $\simeq$16 Myr stripped stars produced through mass transfer begin to dominate. Furthermore, we show that the production of ionizing He II photons is especially sensitive to the underlying population of stripped stars. While our results currently focus on high-mass stars ($\ge4~M_{\odot}$) at Solar metallicity, they provide the framework for binary spectral synthesis across a range of metallicities and masses and lay the foundation for calculations of the emergent emission-line spectra in the UV, optical, and IR regimes. We make the spectral models from this work publicly available for use in a format that can be integrated into fitting codes.
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All authors Eirini Kasdagli, Jeff J. Andrews, Bret Lehmer, Rich Townsend, Manos Zapartas, Andreas Zezas, Ylva Götberg, Max Briel, Tassos Fragos, Seth Gossage, Philipp M. Srivastava, Elizabeth Teng

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

An unidentified absorption feature at 5.11 $\mu$m on the surface of Titan and Pluto from JWST spectroscopy

B. Bézard, E. Lellouch, M. Camarca et al. (+14 more)

Titan possesses a thick N$_2$-CH$_4$ atmosphere that makes it difficult to study its surface spectroscopically. The chemical composition of the solid surface of Titan thus remains very uncertain. By leveraging JWST's high sensitivity and large spectral coverage, we searched for any signature from Titan's surface in the broad and less explored 5-$\mu$m atmospheric window. We also investigated the JWST spectrum of Pluto which has a thin Titan-like atmosphere. We made selections of JWST NIRSpec and MIRI spectra around Titan's disk center and compared the NIRSpec average spectrum with a radiative transfer model including gas and haze opacity. We detected an unidentified absorption in both NIRSpec and MIRI spectra of Titan centered at 5.113 $\mu$m (1956 cm$^{-1}$) and 6-7% deep. The width of the feature is 0.024$\pm$0.0008 $\mu$m (9.2$\pm$0.3 cm$^{-1}$) in the NIRSpec spectrum recorded on the trailing side and is possibly 25% narrower in the MIRI spectrum of the leading side. This absorption most likely originates from the surface. We could not identify this signature among published laboratory spectra of ices relevant to Titan's atmospheric compounds but present a few plausible candidates. A 4-5% deep absorption is also present in the MIRI spectrum of Pluto but is about 3 times broader than on Titan's trailing side.
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All authors B. Bézard, E. Lellouch, M. Camarca, J. I. Lunine, E. Quirico, C. A. Nixon, N. A. Teanby, P. Rannou, S. Rodriguez, M. Es-Sayeh, S. K. Trumbo, A. C. Souza-Feliciano, P. Lavvas, T. Bertrand, I. Wong, N. Pinilla-Alonso, G. L. Villanueva

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Basis sets and Coulomb resolutions in rotational coordinates

Edward Lilley

Using generalised Laplacian symmetry operators, we construct basis sets or Coulomb resolutions in several separable coordinate systems, including two R-separable systems. This expands the possible geometries in which basis set construction is feasible, a problem which is relevant to both galactic dynamics and computational chemistry. In particular we derive three basis sets (two in prolate spheroidal and one in cylindrical coordinates) which are expressible in closed-form using a single Jacobi polynomial. We also show how any spherical polar or prolate spheroidal basis set may be transformed into a bispherical or toroidal basis set.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Automatic detection of Flare Ribbon Fine Structures as Proxies for Plasmoid Dynamics in Flare Reconnection

Georgios Chouliaras, Peter F. Wyper, Joel T. Dahlin et al. (+1 more)

Flare ribbons often display fine structures along their fronts that are commonly interpreted as signatures of intermittent reconnection dynamics including plasmoid formation in the flare current sheet. We introduce an automated method that detects and tracks the spiral- and wave-like imprints of these structures and as a proof of concept apply it to maps of magnetic field-line length from a high-resolution 3D eruptive-flare simulation. The workflow applies the correlation-dimension method, density-based clustering, and a minimum-area ellipse fit to summarise each feature. We show that across the simulated flare, the detected spirals remain locked to the ribbon's outward motion while drifting coherently along the ribbon. The two ribbons show opposite along-ribbon drift and motion away from their hooks in accordance with theoretical expectations, with instantaneous speeds of 10-800 km s^1, all well below the local surface Alfven speed. Occurrence, lifetimes, and mean magnetic flux of the features peak during the impulsive phase. The distribution of per-spiral mean unsigned flux shows a scale-free tail above roughly 6x10^18 Mx with a power-law exponent near 3.4. Together, these results show that bursty, plasmoid-mediated flare reconnection leaves a clear, measurable signature on the flare ribbons. The method provides a practical surface diagnostic of ribbon fine structure that can potentially be used to inform our understanding of three-dimensional magnetic reconnection in the flare current sheet.
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All authors Georgios Chouliaras, Peter F. Wyper, Joel T. Dahlin, Lyndsay Fletcher

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Cross-listed from physics.geo-ph

Towards imaging Earth's large-scale structures by directional geoneutrino detection with Ocean Bottom Detector

Zhihao Xu, Takumi Araki, Simran Chauhan et al. (+17 more)

Geoneutrinos, electron antineutrinos produced by radioactive decays of heat-producing elements (HPEs) within the Earth, provide unique insights into Earth's interior and heat budget since their first detection in 2005 by KamLAND. Conventional geoneutrino detectors currently provide integrated global information and lack the capability to spatially resolve structures deep within the Earth. Here, we evaluate the ability of angular-sensitive geoneutrino detectors to distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous mantle models, focusing on Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs). Our results show that LLSVPs enriched in Th and U yield a distinct flux of geoneutrinos with distinctive angular patterns. An oceanic site above the Pacific LLSVP is considered a particularly favorable detector location. The Ocean Bottom Detector (OBD) project aims to leverage this spatial resolving advantage by deploying a kiloton-scale liquid scintillator detector directly on the ocean floor, enabling unprecedented sensitivity for mantle geoneutrino detection. These findings demonstrate the critical role of combining geophysical and geochemical data to guide detector site selection, ultimately improving constraints on Earth's internal heat and the HPE distribution.
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All authors Zhihao Xu, Takumi Araki, Simran Chauhan, Brian C. Crow, Max A. A. Dornfest, Stephen T. Dye, John Graham, Misaki Hosoya, Kunio Inoue, John G. Learned, Viacheslav A. Li, William F. McDonough, Takeru Ohno, Takanobu Ono, Taichi Sakai, Jackson Seligman, Nathan Sibert, David Vartanyan, Hiroko Watanabe, Jeffrey Yepez

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

New 12C/13C and 14N/15N isotopic ratio measurements in Jupiter's stratosphere revealed by ALMA

C. Lefour, T. Cavalié, R. Moreno et al. (+4 more)

The collision of comet SL9 with Jupiter in 1994 changed the chemical composition of the Jovian stratosphere for decades. New molecules were detected minutes after the impacts (HCN, CO, CS, etc.) and some are still present today. They were deposited in the stratosphere at pressures lower than 0.1 mbar and were most probably formed by shock-induced chemistry recombining Jovian and cometary material. However, the question of the origin of these molecules is still not completely understood. One way to address this open question is to determine the isotopic composition of the new molecules. Isotopic ratios have long been measured in the Solar System. They present a variety of values depending on the object or the molecule and therefore trace different reservoirs of material. Derivations of carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios in HCN four years after SL9 showed atypical depletions in the heavier isotopes that had never been observed before in the Solar System. These results suggested an unusual cometary composition or an unknown fractionation mechanism in the hot and shocked air parcels. We aim to measure carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios in HCN to shed light on the puzzling results of 1998. With Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array data from 2017 and radiative-transfer calculations, we derived the abundance of two HCN isotopologues, H13CN and HC15N, at pressures probed from 0.03 to 1.8 mbar. We find 12C/13C = $73\pm5$ and 14N/15N = $245\pm29$, respectively (0.76-0.87) and (0.80-1.00) times the terrestrial references, and (0.69-0.87) and (0.42-0.70) times the solar-Jovian bulk values. In contrast to the strong depletions reported in 1998, our values are instead compatible with an enrichment in the heavier isotopes relative to the Jovian bulk. We interpret these enrichments as the direct signature of the cometary contribution in HCN and/or as 23 years of chemical evolution.
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All authors C. Lefour, T. Cavalié, R. Moreno, L. Rezac, T. Fouchet, E. Lellouch, P. Hartogh

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

The first hours and days of the 2021 explosion of the recurrent symbiotic nova RS Ophiuchii

Augustin Skopal, Martin Vrašťák, Francois Teyssier et al. (+4 more)

The accretion of matter on a massive white dwarf (WD) can lead to repeated nuclear explosions on its surface over a timescale of years to decades. The seventh explosion of the recurrent symbiotic nova RS Ophiuchi (RS Oph) was recorded on August 8, 2021. In this paper, we examine its early evolution, from 9 hours before its optical maximum until day 42. We achieved our goal by modeling the spectral energy distribution (SED) using optical spectroscopy and simultaneous $BVR_{\rm C}I_{\rm C}$ photometry, supplemented by $JHKL$ photometry and ultraviolet spectroscopy from previous explosions in 2006 and 1985. Our SED models revealed an early stage of development of the ejecta bipolar structure, consisting of a flared, density-enhanced equatorial disk and low-density regions in bipolar directions. The comparability of the internal shocks' luminosity in the equatorial outflow, inferred from our model parameters, with the luminosity of the warm WD pseudophotosphere during its presence in the spectrum (until $\sim$day 42) confirmed that a significant part of its radiation originates from reprocessed shock emission. We explain the formation and evolution of the bipolar ejecta structure during RS Oph explosions by the rotation of the accreting WD. Such an ejecta structure provides a natural framework for the generation of strong internal shocks and thus $\gamma$-ray emission inside the ejecta.
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All authors Augustin Skopal, Martin Vrašťák, Francois Teyssier, Mitsugu Fujii, Sergei Shugarov, Miroslav Šlechta, Marek Wolf

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Multi-Epoch X-Ray Detection of SLSN-I 2018bsz: Constraints on the Powering Mechanism and Ejecta Structure

Julia Ahlvind, Josefin Larsson, Dennis Alp et al. (+1 more)

SN 2018bsz is the closest known stripped superluminous supernova (SLSN-I) to date, making it an ideal laboratory for investigating the physical mechanisms powering this class of extreme explosions. We present a multi-epoch X-ray spectroscopic study of SN 2018bsz based on four Chandra observations followed by one XMM observation, spanning 87 to 1253 days after explosion. The source is detected at all Chandra epochs and is also tentatively detected in the late XMM observation, although more uncertain due to nearby contaminating sources. Regardless of the XMM detection, this makes SN 2018bsz the second X-ray detected SLSN-I and the third X-ray detected SLSN overall. We explore potential power sources for the observed X-ray emission and find that a millisecond magnetar central engine underpredicts most of the observed X-ray luminosities and fails to reproduce the relatively flat light curve. Accounting for ejecta absorption further increases the discrepancy. While asymmetries and magnetar-driven ionization could reduce the effective absorption, ionization breakout is expected years after our observational window. Instead, the observations are more readily explained by early-time interaction between the ejecta and the circumstellar medium, while the magnetar emission is absorbed by the ejecta. This scenario is supported by the flat temporal evolution, previous optical results, and inferred mass-loss rates which resemble those of stripped supernovae that later evolve into interacting systems. Our results thus favor the scenario where SN 2018bsz is part of a distinct group of SLSNe-I, where interaction is crucial for the strong emission.
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All authors Julia Ahlvind, Josefin Larsson, Dennis Alp, Ragnhild Lunnan

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Beyond the Fundamental Metallicity Relation: galaxy sizes encode the link between inflow and metallicity

N. F. Boardman, V. Wild, D. Scholte et al. (+3 more)

Gas-phase chemical abundances are key observable consequences of galaxy evolution, being intrinsically tied to galaxy formation histories. Gas metallicity rises with increasing stellar mass ($\mathrm{M_*}$), forming the well-known mass-metallicity relation (MZR). MZR residuals have separately been shown to anti-correlate with star-formation rate (the “fundamental” metallicity relation), with gas mass and with optical size, but no single analysis has considered all trends together. We thus perform a combined analysis of all three trends, utilizing optical MaNGA integral field spectroscopy, HI-MaNGA gas masses, and MaNGA DynPop dynamical masses. We estimate inner gas masses for $\sim$1500 star-forming galaxies, finding this to be the most important parameter after $\mathrm{M_*}$ in predicting gas metallicities. We obtain equivalent results for stellar metallicities and gaseous N/O, suggesting that current inner gas masses are intrinsically linked to long-term chemical evolution histories. We show that more compact galaxies have lower dynamical masses, challenging suggestions that deeper gravitational potentials confer higher metallicities. We find a strong correlation between inner gas mass and galaxy size, meaning that short term inflow fluctuations cannot be responsible for the MZR residuals. With chemical evolution models, we show that our results can instead be explained by differences in long-term inflow histories. The earlier inflow histories of compact galaxies lead to lower gas masses and more rapidly declining gas reservoirs at late times, leading to higher metallicities. At fixed stellar mass, galaxy size therefore encodes the link between halo assembly histories, long-term gas inflow histories, current gas reservoirs and metallicity.
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All authors N. F. Boardman, V. Wild, D. Scholte, K. Wang, N. Vale Asari, A. Saintonge

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Grain alignment and dust evolution physics with polarisation (GRADE-POL). II. On the physical basis of Serkowski and super-Serkowski polarisation spectra

Le Ngoc Tram, Thiem Hoang, B-G Andersson et al. (+4 more)

Optical-to-near-infrared interstellar polarisation, induced by aligned dust grains, generally follows a convex wavelength dependence, known as the Serkowski relation. However, observations in the ultraviolet (UV) and at [mid-]infrared wavelengths have indicated that some of the spectra do not follow this relation. Specifically, about 25% show an excess in the degree of polarisation at mid-UV wavelengths ($\lambda^{-1} > 3\,\rm \mu m^{-1}$), referred to as the super-Serkowski polarisation. For this study, we re-examined both the Serkowski and super-Serkowski spectra based on the joint effect of paramagnetic relaxation, known as the Davis-Greenstein (DG) and radiative torque (RAT) alignment. We used the observational data for HD 30614, HD 204827, HD 37903 and HD 161056 to constrain our modelling. We examined two types of radiation fields: one derived from the scaled interstellar radiation field and the other originating from a B-type star. For the super-Serkowski spectra of HD 30614 and HD 204827, our model demonstrates that RAT alignment enhanced by radiation produced from a B-type star below the Lyman limit ($\lambda=912\r{A}$) can reasonably explain the observations and that a combination with the DG alignments results in a better fit for $\lambda^{-1}\geq 5.5\,\rm \mu m^{-1}$. For the Serkowski spectra in HD 37903 and HD 161056, only the RAT alignment by itself under the typical interstellar radiation field above the Lyman limit, within a typical cold neutral medium, can account for the observed spectra, with a combination of a very inefficient DG alignment. The capacity of our model to predict the starlight polarisation spectrum from infrared to far-UV is thus a promising tool for interpreting future missions that observe spectrophotometry in the UV bands.
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All authors Le Ngoc Tram, Thiem Hoang, B-G Andersson, Alex Lazarian, Lapo Fanciullo, Bao Truong, Archana Soam

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Deep optical spectroscopic monitoring of the pulsating ULX NGC 1313 X-2 with longslit Gemini observations

Rajath Sathyaprakash and Timothy. P. Roberts

This study reports the nature of the companion star to the pulsating ULX NGC 1313 X-2, using long-slit spectroscopic data from Gemini-South observations, based on archival data from 2009. After stacking flux-calibrated spectra from ten nights of observations and fitting the spectra with stellar templates, we find a possible Balmer break in the GMOS-S spectrum below 4000 Angstroms, which is suggestive of an A-type supergiant donor. Using the inferred stellar radii, we report updated constraints on the orbital parameters of the system and on the nature of the binary. We also add some information on the accretion disc size scale by studying the X-ray and optical variability using the lag-frequency spectrum and corroborate on results from earlier studies for the gas bubble expansion rates by modelling the [O III] emission line profiles, allowing constraints on the kinetic power of the wind/jet relative to the accretion power. This study also expands on previous efforts to study the formation history of the binary using multi-wavelength observations.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Field line slippage rate signatures in nonlinear force-free field extrapolations

Sage Stanish and David MacTaggart

Magnetic reconnection plays a central role in solar flares and coronal mass ejections. Identifying where reconnection is physically active within coronal magnetic field models is a key part of magnetic field analysis. We investigate the field line slippage rate as a physics-weighted proxy for three-dimensional reconnection in nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) extrapolations. The slippage rate measures the instantaneous deviation of magnetic field lines from ideal evolution, due to non-ideal terms in Ohm's law, providing a direct link between magnetic geometry and reconnection physics. For NLFFFs, we show that the resistivity-induced slippage rate is governed by cross-field gradients of the field-aligned twist, thus establishing a clear connection between current structure and reconnection signatures. We further examine its relationship to the squashing factor $Q$, used to identify quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs). By deriving a scaling estimate, we demonstrate that strong magnetic squashing amplifies slippage only insofar as it produces small transverse length scales; large values of $Q$ alone do not guarantee significant reconnection. We apply this framework to a sequence of NLFFF extrapolations of NOAA active region 11158 spanning the X2.2 flare of 15 February 2011. The slippage rate reveals enhanced reconnection signatures associated with distinct phases of the active region's evolution. In comparison with the squashing factor, we show that the field line slippage rate provides a physics-weighted complement to QSL analysis, distinguishing between regions that are geometrically favourable for reconnection and those where reconnection is physically significant.
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