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Physics

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Tuesday 13 October

Materials Science

Hydrogen partial pressure as a key parameter in the reactive sputtering of photochromic YHO thin films

E. Strods, M. Zubkins, E. Letko et al. (+3 more)

Oxygen-containing yttrium hydride (YHO) thin films were synthesised by reactive magnetron sputtering over a wide range of hydrogen-to-argon gas flow ratios (H2/Ar) during yttrium hydride deposition, followed by post-oxidation in air. The deposition process was monitored in situ by plasma optical emission spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction reveals a strong dependence of crystallographic texture on the H2/Ar ratio: highly <100>-textured films formed at low H2/Ar ratios progressively evolve into more polycrystalline microstructures with slightly reduced crystallite size as the hydrogen content increases. The optical transmittance gradually decreases from approximately 85 % to 70 % as the H2/Ar ratio is raised to 0.6, followed by a sharp drop at higher hydrogen contents. The photochromic contrast of 705-845 nm thick YHO films, measured after 10 min of illumination with a solar simulator, decreases from 14 % to 7 % as the H2/Ar ratio increases from 0.08 to 0.45. Thinner films (365-505 nm) exhibit a similar but less pronounced trend. Bleaching kinetics, analysed using a double-exponential model, indicate faster recovery, with effective bleaching time constants of approximately 1-15 min for films deposited at H2/Ar < 0.25. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals higher oxygen incorporation in films deposited at lower H2/Ar ratios, deviating from the commonly reported correlation between oxygen content and photochromic response in YHO. These results demonstrate that low hydrogen partial pressure during reactive sputtering is advantageous for achieving higher optical transparency, enhanced photochromic contrast, and faster bleaching kinetics in YHO thin films.
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All authors E. Strods, M. Zubkins, E. Letko, V. Vibornijs, A. Sarakovskis, J. Purans

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Pseudo-spectral methods in gravitational lensing: Spin precession in loop quantum black hole spacetimes

Xiankai Pang and Xiao-Kan Guo

Gravitational lensing is usually treated as an initial value problem: for a given impact parameter of an unbound orbit, one computes the resulting deflection angle. In this paper we advocate the inverse point of view. For a prescribed deflection angle, the orbit is selected by two boundary conditions at spatial infinity, so that the lensing problem becomes a well-defined two-point boundary value problem, with the impact parameter playing the role of a nonlinear eigenvalue. We show that pseudo-spectral methods based on Chebyshev collocation solve this boundary value problem accurately at modest computational cost, and that the parallel transport equations governing the spin precession of the particle reduce to a single linear system on the same grid. As a concrete application, we compute the spin precession of massive particles in backward scattering off two black hole spacetimes from loop quantum gravity: the covariant effective metric and the self-dual loop quantum black hole. All equations are written for a general static, spherically symmetric line element with three free functions, so that both spacetimes are handled on the same footing. We find that the quantum corrections are most pronounced for slowly moving particles, while in the ultra-relativistic limit the universal spin flip is always recovered. The flip itself is universal, but the rate at which it is approached is not: the derivative of $\cos\xi$ with respect to the particle speed at $v=1$ is a strong-field quantity in every backward channel and depends clearly on the quantum parameters of both spacetimes. The framework is not restricted to the models studied here and applies to any static, spherically symmetric spacetime.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Color Lorentz force on a transversely polarized quark in the nucleon

Ziqi Zhang, Chandan Mondal, Siqi Xu et al. (+2 more)

The $x^2$ moment of the genuine twist-3 component of the unpolarized scalar parton distribution function $e(x)$ is related to the average transverse color Lorentz force experienced by a transversely polarized quark in an unpolarized nucleon. This higher-twist quantity probes quark–gluon correlations and provides unique insight into the nonperturbative dynamics of quantum chromodynamics. For the first time, we study the corresponding off-forward matrix element and derive its Lorentz-covariant decomposition in terms of generalized form factors. We calculate these form factors from light-front wave functions obtained by solving the light-front Hamiltonian eigenvalue problem within the Basis Light-Front Quantization framework. Their Fourier transforms provide a spatial picture of the transverse color forces in impact-parameter space. In particular, $\mathscr{F}_2$, whose forward limit is directly related to the twist-3 matrix element $e_2$, can be interpreted as the impact-parameter-space representation of the Boer–Mulders force, providing an intuitive spatial picture of the final-state interaction mechanism underlying the Boer–Mulders effect.
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All authors Ziqi Zhang, Chandan Mondal, Siqi Xu, Xingbo Zhao, James P. Vary

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Covariant approach to allowed beta decay

Sergio Cruz-Alzaga and Adam Falkowski

We propose a Lorentz-covariant on-shell formalism for allowed nuclear beta decay. Nuclear matrix elements are organized in a systematic effective field theory expansion in the recoil momentum, with the dependence on nuclear spin and polarization encoded in little-group-covariant structures. In this language, we construct the most general standard and exotic currents for allowed transitions through first recoil order. We then derive the differential decay distribution encoded in a set of Lorentz-invariant form factors. Specializing to the rest frame of the parent nucleus, we relate our parameters to those used in the traditional beta-decay literature and in nucleon- and quark-level effective field theories. The formalism provides a natural framework for extensions to higher recoil orders, radiative corrections, and forbidden transitions.
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Applied Physics · Cross-listed from cs.ET

Two-State Dynamical Synapses as a Physical Substrate for Equilibrium Propagation

Dongshu Liu and Julie Grollier

Equilibrium Propagation (EqProp) updates each synapse by comparing a local term at the free and nudged equilibria. Because these two values occur at different times, a physical implementation requires temporary local memory. We show that this memory can emerge from a two-timescale synaptic model in which neural and volatile synaptic dynamics are jointly derived from a single energy function. A volatile state $w$ relaxes toward the product of the pre- and postsynaptic activities, while a non-volatile state $M$ stores the learned parameter. At equilibrium, $w$ equals the local term entering the EqProp update. Using its net change between phases implements phase-based EqProp, while transferring its successive changes during nudging yields continual EqProp, in which the temporal comparison is carried by the synaptic dynamics themselves. On MNIST with a single-hidden-layer network, the phase-based model reaches $2.01 \pm 0.09\%$ test error versus $2.00 \pm 0.13\%$ for standard EqProp, and the continual model reaches $2.24 \pm 0.11\%$ versus $2.28 \pm 0.16\%$ for continual EqProp. The framework further specifies the dynamical requirements that a volatile–non-volatile synaptic device must satisfy to implement this learning mechanism.
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Quantum Physics

Scalable long-distance quantum fan-out gates with reduced resource overhead

Wen-Qiang Liu and Hai-Rui Wei

Scalable long-distance quantum gates are essential for distributed quantum computation and scalable quantum networks. We propose an efficient scheme for implementing an $n$-qubit fan-out gate $C^n$ (also known as a controlled-NOT-$\cdots$-NOT gate) across spatially separated parties. Our protocol requires only a pre-shared $n$-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state, $n$ local controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates, and feed-forward operations, thereby reducing both the CNOT and Hadamard gate counts by $(n-2)$ when compared with the standard decomposition-based approach. We further develop two optical architectures to implement the heralded and post-selected $n$-photon fan-out gates, respectively. These schemes require fewer single photons resources and achieve higher success probabilities than their decomposition-based counterparts, representing significant improvements. The results indicate that our approach is experimentally feasible and pave the way toward practical long-distance quantum computation.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

Atomic hydrogen in $z=0$ galaxies in the COLIBRE simulations

Kyle A. Oman, Ruby J. Wright, Andrea Gebek et al. (+12 more)

We present an overview of the properties of atomic hydrogen (HI) in galaxies at redshift $z=0$ in the COLIBRE cosmological galaxy formation simulations. COLIBRE directly simulates the multi-phase interstellar medium (ISM) and includes new methods to follow radiative cooling to $\approx 10\,\rm{K}$, non-equilibrium chemistry coupled to dust, and dust formation, growth & destruction. We focus on the $(200\,\rm{cMpc})^3$ volume with resolution elements of $2\times 10^{6}\,\rm{M}_{\odot}$. No HI properties informed the calibration of model parameters and yet we find very good agreement with the observed $M_{\star}$-$M_{\rm{HI}}$ relation, the HI mass and velocity width functions, the HI mass-size relation, and (baryonic) Tully-Fisher relations, albeit with some mismatches at the extremes of the galaxy population. HI surface density profiles are realistic, except at large radii around massive ($M_{\star}\gtrsim 10^{10}\,\rm{M}_{\odot}$) galaxies where we find a population of possibly spurious circumgalactic HI clouds, whose abundances and masses decrease, however, with increasing mass resolution). Using smaller simulations to vary some of the uncertain model parameters, we find that the main scaling relations are at most mildly affected, although this may not extend to detailed HI morphokinematics. Convergence across mass resolution levels a factor of $8$ higher and lower is good: the median HI mass and HI `occupation fraction' as a function of halo mass, and the HI mass function, are remarkably stable, although the highest resolution model overproduces HI sources by a factor of $\approx2$ at $M_{\rm{HI}}\gtrsim 3\times 10^{9}\,\rm{M}_{\odot}$. Upturns in the low-mass and low-velocity slopes of the HI mass and velocity width functions with potentially subtle observational signatures are predicted.
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All authors Kyle A. Oman, Ruby J. Wright, Andrea Gebek, Diego Dado, Katherine E. Harborne, Evgenii Chaikin, Carlos S. Frenk, Filip Huško, Claudia D. P. Lagos, Aaron D. Ludlow, Sylvia Ploeckinger, Alexander J. Richings, Matthieu Schaller, Joop Schaye, James W. Trayford

Fluid Dynamics

High-fidelity Three-Dimensional Flow Field Reconstruction Driven by Turbulent Fluid Dynamics

Hanlin Kong, Jianan Wei, Yuntian Chen et al. (+2 more)

High-fidelity three-dimensional turbulent flow fields are essential for scientific and engineering analyses, yet obtaining them through direct numerical simulation or high-resolution measurements remains expensive. Super-resolution reconstruction from coarse-grained data therefore offers a promising alternative, but remains fundamentally challenging because fine-scale structures are intrinsically three-dimensional and dynamically coupled across scales. Existing data-driven approaches still struggle to recover multiscale volumetric structures and their coherent temporal evolution. To address these limitations, we propose a turbulence-aware framework for time-resolved three-dimensional flow reconstruction. The framework couples a multiscale neural operator, designed to recover volumetric structures, with a state space model to promote temporal consistency in the reconstructed dynamics. In addition, Navier-Stokes residuals are incorporated as soft constraints to regularize the reconstruction toward physically plausible dynamics. A mixture-of-experts mechanism is also introduced to support unsupervised adaptation to unknown coarse-graining. Across evaluations on canonical turbulent systems and atmospheric reanalysis data, the proposed framework reduces reconstruction errors relative to learning-based and classical baselines, while better preserving multiscale spatial structure and coherent temporal evolution. These results validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in reconstructing high-fidelity three-dimensional flow fields from coarse-grained data.
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All authors Hanlin Kong, Jianan Wei, Yuntian Chen, Yujia Wang, Wenguan Wang

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Quasiperiodic oscillations as probes of rotating black holes in exponential dark matter environments

Madina Alimkulova, Kuantay Boshkayev, Sholpan Gumarova et al. (+2 more)

We construct the rotating counterpart of a black hole embedded in a dark-matter halo with the exponential-sphere profile $\rho=\rho_0e^{-r/r_0}$, using the Newman–Janis algorithm in the Azreg-Aïnou form, and study its imprints on test-particle motion and quasiperiodic oscillations (QPOs). We derive closed-form orbital and epicyclic frequencies valid for any Kerr-like metric with a mass function and show that, to first order, the halo enters them only through its central density, acting as an effective cosmological constant $\Lambda_{eff}=8\pi\rho_0$; the corrections are therefore universal for all cored profiles. The halo moves the innermost stable circular orbit outward and produces an outer boundary of stable orbits, while the sign of the frequency shift depends on the assumed equation of state of the halo. Fitting the relativistic precession model to the simultaneous QPO triplets of GRO~J1655$-$40 and XTE~J1859+226 with Markov-chain Monte Carlo sampling yields spins and emission radii consistent with Kerr and $\rho_0M^2<2.9\times10^{-5}$ and $3.0\times10^{-5}$ (95%), respectively. In physical units these limits exclude only ultra-dense dark cores, $\rho_0\gtrsim10^{11}$~g\,cm$^{-3}$.
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All authors Madina Alimkulova, Kuantay Boshkayev, Sholpan Gumarova, Aliya Taukenova, Ainur Urazalina

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Validation of harmonic-space likelihood methods for LiteBIRD B-mode polarisation analysis

G. Galloni, P. Campeti, C. Gimeno-Amo et al. (+112 more)

The LiteBIRD satellite mission aims to measure the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ with unprecedented sensitivity through observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) $B$-mode polarisation. Robust constraints on $r$ require accurate likelihood modelling across a wide range of angular scales. In this work, we validate harmonic-space likelihood methods against pixel-based benchmarks using 20\,000 end-to-end simulations that include CMB, instrumental noise, and Galactic foreground residuals processed through a realistic component-separation pipeline. We compare a debiased pixel-based likelihood, which serves as our benchmark on large scales ($\ell\leq32$), with an offset Hamimeche & Lewis (oHL) likelihood applicable across the full multipole range. We systematically explore the space of analysis settings, identifying the number of simulations used for covariance estimation and the choice of beam window function as the most critical factors. Over the full multipole range considered ($\ell\leq128$), where the benchmark combines the pixel-based likelihood at $\ell\leq32$ with a harmonic one at smaller scales, the 68% upper bound on $r$ from the oHL likelihood is $19$–$29\%$ larger than the benchmark one, depending on the beam window function. This demonstrates its viability as a computationally efficient baseline for LiteBIRD data analysis and cosmological inference from the polarisation $B$-mode field.
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All authors G. Galloni, P. Campeti, C. Gimeno-Amo, A. Carones, A. Rizzieri, Y. Chinone, N. Krachmalnicoff, E. Martínez-González, L. Pagano, D. Adak, E. Allys, A. Anand, K. Aryan, J. Aumont, C. Baccigalupi, A. J. Banday, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, A. Basyrov, M. Bersanelli, A. Besnard, F. Bouchet, N. Brancadori, T. Brinckmann, F. J. Casas, L. Castelló Gomar, L. Colombo, F. Columbro, A. Coppolecchia, M. Cruz, F. Cuttaia, P. de Bernardis, E. de la Hoz, M. De Lucia, S. Della Torre, C. Demay, P. Diego-Palazuelos, J. J. Díaz García, F. Finelli, C. Franceschet, U. Fuskeland, M. Galloway, K. Ganga, M. Gerbino, T. Ghigna, S. Giardiello, E. Gjerløw, M. Gomes, A. Gruppuso, S. E. Harper, M. Hazumi, S. Henrot-Versillé, L. T. Hergt, E. Hivon, K. Ikuma, H. Ishino, K. Kohri, L. Lamagna, M. Lattanzi, C. Leloup, M. Lembo, F. Levrier, A. I. Lonappan, M. López-Caniego, D. Maino, V. Maranchery, S. Masi, S. Matarrese, S. Micheli, M. Migliaccio, M. Monelli, L. Montier, G. Morgante, M. Morshed, L. Mousset, M. Najafi, T. Namikawa, P. Natoli, I. Obata, A. Occhiuzzi, A. Paiella, D. Paoletti, S. Paradiso, G. Pascual-Cisneros, F. Piacentini, G. Piccirilli, M. Pinchera, G. Polenta, L. Porcelli, M. Reinecke, M. Remazeilles, A. Ritacco, J. A. Rubiño-Martín, M. Ruiz-Granda, Y. Sakurai, L. Salvati, J. Sanghavi, D. Scott, D. Shenoy, M. Shiraishi, G. Signorelli, S. Stellati, R. M. Sullivan, K. Tassis, L. Terenzi, M. Tomasi, H. Tran, L. Vacher, B. van Tent, P. Vielva, S. Vinzl, D. J. Watts, I. K. Wehus, G. Weymann-Despres, for the LiteBIRD Collaboration

Quantum Physics

Optimal Lower Bound on the Sample Complexity of Coherent Classical Shadows for Mixed States

Pavel Svetlichnyy

We study coherent classical shadows protocols for an unknown $d$-dimensional quantum state of rank at most $r$, allowing an arbitrary joint measurement on all available copies. For observables with operator norm at most one and centered squared Frobenius norm at most $F$, we study the minumum number of copies $T$ needed for the protocol to successed with propbability $1 - \delta$. We prove a lower bound on $T$, that depends both on $\delta$ and the number $M$ of post-measurement observables. Denoting $\ell=\max\{\log(2M),\log(1/\delta)\}$, we show that $T=\Omega\left(\min\left\{\frac{\sqrt{rF\ell}}{\varepsilon},\frac{(F\ell)^{2/3}}{\varepsilon^{4/3}}\right\}+\frac{\ell}{\varepsilon^2}\right)$ under the mild assumption $\log(2M)\lesssim d\min\{r,F\}$. The lower bound nearly matches the known upper bound and matches the conjectural strengthening of the known upper bound. The proof is inspired by the framework of the proof of the lower bound for Boolean Hidden Matching. We develop a Gaussian-lift noise kernel that transfers forward and reverse Gaussian hypercontractivity to the Grassmannian, allowing us to bound the distinguishing advantage in an auxiliary game with a revealed query observable. We use Schur–Weyl structure and posterior moment bounds to control arbitrary coherent measurements on the source side.
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Quantum Physics

Lossless Reductions and Hybrid Sampling for Phylogeny Using the Maximum Compatibility Criterion

Orson Ye, James Bonfield, Joshua Cudby et al. (+2 more)

Maximum compatibility provides a criterion for phylogenetic reconstruction in which the objective is to retain a maximum set of mutually compatible characters. For binary characters, pairwise compatibility can be represented by a weighted graph whose vertices correspond to characters and whose edges connect compatible pairs. A leading algorithm by Cherry [BMC Bioinformatics, 18(1):127, 2017] uses this representation to identify maximum compatible character sets as maximum weight cliques. We formulate the problem as maximum weight independent set enumeration on the complement graph and use deterministic postprocessing to map sampled bit strings to maximal feasible solutions. To explore the prospects of quantum computational advantage, we further construct bespoke correction-in-the-loop Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm instances and find that traditional Lagrange multiplier choices may not be optimal for the enumeration problem on noisy devices. We also introduce lossless graph reductions with reconstruction rules that preserve the complete set of optimal solutions. Our results indicate that graph reduction and sampling can be effectively combined to address the enumeration bottleneck in maximum compatibility phylogeny, while retaining exact reconstruction when the residual optimum set is completely resolved. We enhance Cherry's approach to maximum compatibility by introducing graph reduction techniques and quantum sampling. Our classical benchmarks show a clear difference between finding one optimum and recovering the optimum set in practice. We demonstrate the utility of our methods on graphs constructed from SARS-CoV-2 sequences.
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All authors Orson Ye, James Bonfield, Joshua Cudby, Richard Durbin, Sergii Strelchuk

Quantum Physics

Ergotropy of multipartite entangled states in the quantum atmosphere

Ruopu Sun and Xiaofen Huang

We investigate the ergotropy of tripartite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) and W states in the quantum atmosphere of a Schwarzschild black hole, focusing on how the extractable work is redistributed under Hawking-induced thermalization. We find that the two classes of multipartite entanglement exhibit qualitatively different ergotropy structures. For GHZ states, the ergotropies associated with different accessible subsystems organize into two degenerate families, whereas for W states they obey a linear averaging relation with no counterpart in the GHZ case. Under symmetric gravitational thermal corrections, the two GHZ families remain separated by a constant energy gap that is independent of the radial position. We further show that the Hartle-Hawking constant $D_{HH}$ and the normalized radial distance $r/r_h$ play competing roles in the evolution of extractable work: increasing $D_{HH}$ suppresses its recovery toward the asymptotic Hawking limit, while increasing $r/r_h$ enhances the ergotropy accessible to the observers. These results show that the redistribution of extractable work in a black-hole environment is governed not only by gravitationally induced thermalization but also by the structure of the underlying multipartite entanglement, providing a thermodynamic signature that distinguishes GHZ- and W-type quantum correlations in curved spacetime.
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Chemical Physics

Can Machine Learning Potentials Be More Accurate Than the Methods They Are Trained On?

Pavlo O. Dral, Yi-Fan Hou, Yuxinxin Chen et al. (+4 more)

Although machine learning potentials (MLPs) generalize across configurational and chemical compound spaces, their accuracy is commonly believed to be limited by their training methods, with improvements beyond this limit achieved so far only by refitting to experimental observables. In this Perspective, we argue that MLPs can also be made more accurate than their training methods non-empirically by generalizing across a third space, that of quantum-chemical methods. We propose routes to method-transferable MLPs that predict at unseen methods, with working implementations in both density-functional and wavefunction-based theories showing that they can be more accurate than any of their training methods. Aiming beyond the accuracy of the training methods could also make universal MLPs more accurate than single-method models, even when the method-transferable MLPs remain less accurate than those QM methods. Method-transferable MLPs will shape the construction of training datasets and the evaluation of models, pushing the accuracy limits of chemical simulations.
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All authors Pavlo O. Dral, Yi-Fan Hou, Yuxinxin Chen, Hassan Nawaz, Mateusz Witkowski, Szymon Śmiga, Ireneusz Grabowski

Applied Physics

Device Model Linking Singlet and Triplet Spin-State Properties to Organic Photovoltaic Device Characteristics

Jun Du, Liming Liu and Jun Yan

This work proposes an exciton-kinetics coupled drift-diffusion (EKDD) model that bridges device-level charge transport with singlet and triplet excited-state kinetics. State populations and reversible photophysical transitions are solved self-consistently, enabling transient and steady-state device response calculations. We investigate how LE-CT, CT-CS, and LE-T energy offsets, together with triplet-transfer kinetics, govern charge generation, recombination, voltage loss, and extraction in organic photovoltaics. We identify CT-CS offset as a primary, largely overlooked factor controlling charge generation and voltage loss. A positive offset makes CT3-CS separation exothermic and improves generation, but lowers CS energy and increases voltage loss; a negative offset makes separation endothermic and highly temperature-sensitive. The model reproduces triplet-mediated recombination in PM6:Y6 and material-dependent triplet recycling in D18:NFA blends. We propose design rules for balanced generation and voltage loss via two charge-transfer channels: the LE-CT-CS pathway favors a moderate LE-CT offset of about 0.15-0.20 eV and a weakly exothermic CT-CS offset of about 0.05-0.075 eV; the T-CT3-CS pathway requires the same CT-CS alignment plus a small CT-T offset, no more than about 0.1 eV, corresponding to a recycling factor K greater than about 10^-2, to maintain fast T-to-CT3 recycling. CT-CS alignment is the main determinant of the charge-generation-voltage-loss trade-off, while triplet-recycling kinetics determines whether this balance survives at the device level. This work provides a unified theoretical description from exciton generation to free charge collection, offering a convenient tool for transient and steady-state analysis in organic photovoltaics.
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Chemical Physics

Development of a Minimal Auxiliary Basis for the Particle–Particle Random Phase Approximation (ppRPA): Accelerating Excited-State Calculations in Diradical Nanoparticles and Periodic Systems

Yuchen Wang and Zhenyu Li

Singlet–triplet gaps set the energy scale of the two-spin manifold in molecular quantum information materials, and such systems frequently carry diradical character: metal nanoclusters, metal–organic frameworks with radical linkers, and the nitrogen–vacancy center in diamond. Time-dependent density functional theory is the standard tool at this size but describes multireference systems poorly. A closed-shell reference is inadequate for a multiconfigurational ground state, and the adiabatic kernel excludes doubly excited configurations. The particle–particle random phase approximation (\pprpa{}) changes the particle number rather than the spin. Singlet and triplet states descend from one closed-shell reference, and double excitations enter on the same footing as single ones. Computational cost has confined \pprpa{} to small systems, and the two-electron integrals that drive it are factorized through an auxiliary basis. We develop \pprpa{}–as, which reduces that basis to a minimal set of atom-centered Gaussian shells whose exponents follow from free-atom radii and one global scaling factor. The approximation enters only the excited-state step, so both calculations proceed from the same self-consistent reference. We test molecules and clusters of up to 286 atoms, including heavy elements, and seven point defects in four periodic hosts, obtaining both multiplicities and their splitting without symmetry breaking or spin projection. We optimize the scaling factor and give guidance on choosing it. An order-of-magnitude smaller auxiliary basis delivers a speed-up of up to eightfold while staying within $0.03$~eV of conventional \pprpa{}, bringing diradical nanoclusters and periodic systems within reach.
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Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.PR

Eigenvalue fluctuations for the crushed ice problem

Marek Biskup and Ryoki Fukushima

We study the eigenvalues of the negative Dirichlet Laplacian $-\Delta$ in domain $D_{\epsilon,N}$ obtained by removing $N$ Euclidean balls of radius $\epsilon$ from a bounded open set $D\subseteq\mathbb R^d$ ($d\ge2$). It is known that, for the balls centered at points drawn independently from a distribution with probability density $\rho$ and for $N\to\infty$ and $\epsilon\downarrow0$ so that the aggregate Newtonian capacity of the removed balls tends to some $\kappa>0$, the eigenvalues of $-\Delta$ in $D_{\epsilon,N}$ homogenize to those of the Schrödinger operator $-\Delta+\kappa\rho$ in $D$. Here we prove that, for the eigenvalues that are simple in the limit, a multivariate Central Limit Theorem holds in all $d\ge2$ under centering by expected values. Unlike earlier work in $d=3$ by Figari, Orlandi and Teta and, independently, Ozawa from 1980s that was based on resolvent expansions, we rely on martingale representations and one-ball perturbation asymptotic controlled by methods of harmonic analysis.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

CosmoForge II. An exact treatment of arbitrary linear filters in quadratic maximum-likelihood power spectrum estimation

Giacomo Galloni

Ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments filter their time-ordered data to remove $1/f$ noise and ground pickup, which removes or mixes the large angular scales where primordial $B$ modes peak. A common remedy is a pseudo-$C_\ell$ estimator with harmonic $B$-purification and a transfer function measured from simulations. Another applies it after a matrix-based $E/B$ purification of the maps. We extend the quadratic maximum-likelihood (QML) estimator of CosmoForge to filtered maps, treating the filter exactly: a linear filter conjugates the estimator's ingredients without altering its structure. The same holds for the pixel-based likelihood of CosmoForge, which gives the smallest error bar achievable on the same maps. We compare all methods in a simplified setup under several map-level filters through the error bars on bandpowers and on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$. QML sits $2$ to $4\%$ above the pixel-likelihood bound on $\sigma (r)$ in every filter state. At low noise, the pure pseudo-$C_\ell$ $\sigma (r)$ is $1.21$ times QML's without filtering, $3.0$ times under a scan filter along stripes of constant declination, and $3.7$ times under one from a toy constant-elevation scan. The matrix-purified pseudo-$C_\ell$ $\sigma (r)$ is at most $1.03$ times QML's except under the constant-elevation filters, where it reaches $1.10$. These factors shrink towards unity at higher noise. The pure pseudo-$C_\ell$ gap comes from apodisation and from harmonic $E/B$ separation; pixel-space separation closes it, except under the constant-elevation filters, which attenuate modes rather than remove them and widen the gap. QML stays within a few per cent of the optimal error bars without the tuning and simulated transfer functions of the pseudo-$C_\ell$ pipelines. Thus, CosmoForge provides a robust framework for power-spectrum estimation and inference on filtered maps. (Abridged)
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Quantum Physics

Development and experimental implementation of noise characterisation techniques on a superconducting quantum processor

Nelson M. M. Fernández, Francesco Grieco, Hetta Vappula et al. (+6 more)

Noise characterisation not only enables error mitigation but also provides valuable information about the intrinsic performance of a quantum device, identifying dominant error contributions and bounding noise stability well beyond the aggregated calibration data. Deploying such methods on a specific hardware topology must combine efficiency and accuracy, assess noise stability, and validate the reconstructed noise model. Here we develop and implement these methods on a superconducting processor with square-lattice topology. First, we revise the cycle-benchmarking protocol and reduce the bias arising from unlearnable degrees of freedom via a regularised cost function. Second, we extend a previously developed tensor-network tomography method to match the device layout and show how its accuracy can be improved by repeated layer execution. Both methods allow approximate sublayer noise models to be extracted from parent ones. Using noise characterisation as a tool, we map the noise structure, track drift, and validate the adequacy of the learnt noise models against experimentally observed noisy estimations in benchmark physical and chemistry circuits. These results inform further improvements in the underlying technology and provide estimates of the size of noise-mitigated circuits that the device can support.
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All authors Nelson M. M. Fernández, Francesco Grieco, Hetta Vappula, Stefano Mangini, Boris Sokolov, Elsi-Mari Borrelli, Matteo A. C. Rossi, Sergey N. Filippov, N. Walter Talarico

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.PR

The Brownian bubble tea

Gregory F. Lawler, Fredrik Viklund, Yilin Wang et al. (+1 more)

We use Loewner-Kufarev evolution to decompose the Brownian loop soup into a Poisson point process on Brownian bubbles which we call the Brownian bubble tea driven by $\rho$, where $\rho$ is the driving measure for the Loewner chain. The only assumption on $\rho$ is that the evolving boundaries are locally connected. This generalizes a similar disintegration result of Lawler and Werner to essentially optimal regularity, and includes foliations with finite Loewner-Kufarev energy as well as radial and whole-plane $\mathrm{SLE}_\kappa$ for all $\kappa \geqslant 0$. As applications, we give Brownian loop interpretations of the conformal distortion formula for Loewner-Kufarev energy and the relationships between the Loewner energy, Loewner-Kufarev energy, and the Schwarzian action.
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All authors Gregory F. Lawler, Fredrik Viklund, Yilin Wang, Catherine Wolfram

Materials Science

Knowledge-Guided Construction of Machine Learning Potentials for Reactive Behavior in Energetic Materials

Guanchen Dong, Huanrong Liu, Lin Wang et al. (+12 more)

Energetic materials involve multiple interactions, making reliable machine-learning potentials (MLPs) difficult to construct without extensive datasets. Here, we enhance the ability of the neural network interatomic potential (NNAP) to describe molecular systems using sphmulti, a refined spherical-harmonic basis set that combines extra radial basis with element-specific chemical weighting in each radial channel. We further integrate hyperactive learning, farthest-point sampling, and iterative sufficiency criteria with knowledge-guided key events, enabling the NNAP to retain essential information for describing the material system. For 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-azoxyfurazan, the resulting NNAP is trained on only 13,680 configurations yet captures key properties, including the isomerization barrier, pyrolysis activation energy, and shock Hugoniot behavior. NNAP-driven molecular dynamics simulations further reveal that pyrolysis proceeds through furazan-ring opening followed by chain reactions, whereas shock loading induces anisotropic hydrogen transfer driven by interlayer structural deformations. This work enables efficient and reliable MLPs for energetic materials.
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All authors Guanchen Dong, Huanrong Liu, Lin Wang, Yuxuan Chen, Zhengyu Tu, Qing-an Li, Bin Xu, Jian Li, Shan Zhang, Xiaotong Li, Linghua Tan, Guangcheng Yang, Jun Kang, Rui Su, Pengfei Guan

Strongly Correlated Electrons

Direct view of exciton and carrier dynamics in twisted bilayer graphene

Gianmarco Gatti, Anders S. Mortensen, Zhihao Jiang et al. (+12 more)

Twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) on H-intercalated SiC (twist angle of $9 \pm 1^{\circ}$) is studied by position\mbox{-}, time\mbox{-}, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Both graphene layers are hole doped, with a Dirac-point offset of 30~meV. Time-resolved ARPES near the van Hove singularity reveals a spectral feature within the hybridization-induced band gap, together with excited electrons in the conduction band. The in-gap feature exhibits distinct dynamics, and its binding energy and $k$-space location are consistent with the proposed non-hydrogenic “ghost-Fano” exciton arising from destructive interference between two nearly degenerate excitonic channels. Near the Dirac points, the twist separates the largely layer-polarized Dirac cones in momentum space, providing direct layer selectivity. We find markedly different peak electronic temperatures in the two graphene layers, even though their subsequent cooling dynamics are very similar. We attribute this to an ultrafast interlayer redistribution of electronic energy, driven by an interlayer electric field that arises from the different doping in the layers.
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All authors Gianmarco Gatti, Anders S. Mortensen, Zhihao Jiang, Alfred J. H. Jones, Gesa-R. Siemann, Thomas S. Nielsen, Søren Ulstrup, Naina Kushwaha, Bruce Weaver, Yu Zhang, Emma Springate, Charlotte E. Sanders, Vibha Reddy, Ulrich Starke, Philip Hofmann

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

A0538-66: A transient ultraluminous X-ray source with a relativistic outflow, 69ms pulsations, and anomalous optical activity

Lorenzo Ducci, Sandro Mereghetti, Ciro Pinto et al. (+8 more)

A0538-66 is a peculiar Be/X-ray binary in the Large Magellanic Cloud, hosting the fastest spinning neutron star of its class (~69ms) and showing the brightest optical bursts of any system of this type. We report four XMM-Newton observations obtained near periastron in 2025, together with MAXI and REM monitoring, and a reanalysis of archival RXTE data. On 30 September 2025 the source reached L_X~1.5E39 erg/s (0.2-10 keV), the highest level since 1980, and in February, May, and August 2026, MAXI detected similarly bright outbursts. During the XMM-Newton observation taken on 30 September 2025, we detected the pulsations, measuring P_spin=69.25878(2) ms and dP_spin/dt=6.58(9)E-10 s/s; the pulsed fraction was low (~3% in 1-10 keV), increased with energy, and the soft and hard pulse profiles were shifted by half a cycle. A new detection in RXTE data of 3 December 1998 gives a faster spin period of P_spin=68.88813(28) ms. The XMM-Newton/RGS spectra show emission lines from photoionised plasma at rest and blueshifted absorption lines that imply an outflow at ~0.12c. This indicates a highly super-Eddington accretion rate and an intrinsic L_X~1.5E39 erg/s, and it makes A0538-66 a transient ultra-luminous X-ray pulsar, a class of which only a few objects are known so far. Since 2023 the optical bursts observed by REM have become longer and brighter, resembling those of the 1980s, but most of them lack a luminous X-ray counterpart (L_X>1E37 erg/s). We interpret these results in terms of a radiation pressure dominated accretion disc whose geometrically thick inner regions intermittently screen the innermost emitting regions.
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All authors Lorenzo Ducci, Sandro Mereghetti, Ciro Pinto, Matteo Bachetti, Motoki Nakajima, Rahul Sharma, Stefano Covino, Michela Rigoselli, Caterina Tresoldi, Tatehiro Mihara, Mutsumi Sugizaki

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Physical characterization of Earth's quasi-satellite 2025 PN7

Grigori Fedorets, Zuri Gray, Mikael Granvik et al. (+1 more)

A hypothetical origin as lunar ejecta for Earth's quasi-satellites (QS) has gained initial support in recent years, but there is scarce photometric and/or spectroscopic data to support the premise due to the rare observational windows to obtain such data for these small objects. One of the key pieces of evidence supporting the lunar-origin hypothesis, the lunar-like, very red reflectance spectrum of QS (469219) Kamo'oalewa, was recently found to be flawed. We present reflectance spectroscopy of Earth's QS 2025~PN$_7$ obtained with FORS2 at UT1-Antu of the ESO Very Large Telescope. This is only the second QS that has ever been characterized, the first being (469219) Kamo'oalewa, the sample-return target of the Tianwen-2 mission. Our results indicate that 2025~PN$_7$ exhibits a near-solar, flat visual spectrum, most consistent with the B-type in the Bus-DeMeo taxonomy. Our results therefore still support an asteroid-belt origin for most of Earth's QSs. The lunar-ejecta hypothesis can only be formally rejected with a larger sample of spectroscopically characterized QSs.
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All authors Grigori Fedorets, Zuri Gray, Mikael Granvik, Eric MacLennan

Materials Science

Field-free Magnetoacoustic Nonreciprocity via Exchange-bias Engineering

Weiqi Du, Mingyuan Ma, Zheng Sun et al. (+8 more)

Nonreciprocal wave propagation is essential for directional signal processing and isolation. Magnetoacoustic systems are attractive platforms for nonreciprocal devices because of their small footprint and passive operation. However, pronounced nonreciprocity typically requires an external bias field,limiting device miniaturization and integration. Here, we demonstrate field-free magnetoacoustic nonreciprocity in an IrMn/FeGaB/Cu/FeGaB multilayer integrated with a shear-horizontal-wave delay line. Exchange-bias engineering stabilizes a remanent magnetic state with broken time-reversal and spatial-inversion symmetries while tailoring the spin-wave dispersion to achieve resonant magnetoacoustic coupling at zero field. The normalized isolation reaches 21 dB/mm, with its sign programmable by the field-sweep history. Further numerical optimization predicts a zero-field normalized isolation of 91 dB/mm by increasing the dynamical magnetic asymmetry. Our work establishes exchange-bias engineering as a promising route toward compact RF isolators and circulators and as a general strategy for realizing magnetoacoustic devices without external magnetic fields.
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All authors Weiqi Du, Mingyuan Ma, Zheng Sun, Chong Chen, Shixuan Liang, Deqi Tao, Shihai An, Yifan Fu, Sulei Fu, Feng Pan, Cheng Song

Chemical Physics

All-electron machine-learned orbital-free density functional for periodic CHNO systems

Marc K. Ickler, Andreas Hermann and Fred A. Hamprecht

We introduce STRUCTURES-P, a machine-learned all-electron orbital-free density functional for periodic CHNO systems. Electrostatics are evaluated analytically in an atom-centered Gaussian basis, while an equivariant network learns the kinetic and exchange-correlation energy from energies and gradients of non-ground-state densities. Minimizing the functional from a superposition of atomic densities recovers the Kohn-Sham ground state: on held-out crystals, the density error falls from 6.7% to 0.4% of the electron count and the energy error reaches 0.25 mHa per atom, half that of a same-architecture interatomic potential. A single functional can be trained for both isolated molecules and periodic systems, and the model generalizes to larger unit cells. It largely preserves relative-energy rankings and reproduces convex-hull vertices on the tested H-N composition slice. Together, these results demonstrate the viability of machine-learned all-electron orbital-free DFT for variational density optimization and energy evaluation in fixed-geometry solids.
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Plasma Physics

Validation of geometric proxies using negative and positive triangularity plasmas with varying elongation on TCV and multi-machine gyrokinetic simulations

Alessandro Balestri, Justin Ball, Stefano Coda et al. (+7 more)

Negative Triangularity (NT) tokamak plasmas can achieve H-mode-like confinement while avoiding Edge Localized Modes, making them an attractive reactor scenario. Predicting in which configuration this benefit occurs requires understanding how magnetic geometry controls turbulent transport. Using a set of geometric proxies based on the poloidally averaged magnetic drift velocity, its poloidal variation, and Finite Larmor Radius (FLR) effects, this work validates their predictive power against gyrokinetic simulations and experiments. First, the proxies are used to predict how the relative benefit of NT over Positive Triangularity (PT) evolves with elongation $\kappa$, forecasting a detrimental effect of NT below $\kappa\sim0.75$–$0.8$. This prediction is confirmed by linear and nonlinear GENE simulations in both ITG- and TEM-dominated regimes. Additionally, a dedicated experimental elongation scan on TCV shows that NT plasmas at $\kappa^{\rm LCFS}=1.5$ have $\beta_N$ and $H_{98y2}$ roughly 1.5 times larger than PT counterparts, while no difference is observed at $\kappa^{\rm LCFS}=0.95$. The analysis is then extended to realistic ITG-dominated scenarios from DIII-D, AUG, and JET, including up-down asymmetric equilibria where conventional triangularity-based descriptions break down. In all three devices, simulations of NT equilibria exhibit substantially reduced nonlinear heat fluxes relative to PT (factors of 1.8, 1.6, and 2.1, respectively). A systematic swap of geometric coefficients between NT and PT equilibria shows that magnetic drifts and FLR effects are the dominant stabilizing mechanisms across all machines, with parallel dynamics playing a secondary role. These results establish the geometric proxies as reliable, computationally inexpensive predictors of NT transport benefits across diverse shapes and turbulence regimes.
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All authors Alessandro Balestri, Justin Ball, Stefano Coda, Olivier Sauter, Paola Mantica, Alberto Mariani, Benoit Labit, Branka Vanovac, Joerg Hobirk, the TCV team

Computational Physics · Cross-listed from math.NA

Simultaneous energy and entropy stability of volume-penalisation immersed-boundary methods for the compressible Navier–Stokes equations

Abbas Ballout, Albert Jiménez-Ramos, Gonzalo Rubio et al. (+1 more)

Immersed-boundary methods avoid body-fitted meshes, but the energy or entropy stability of the underlying flow discretisation does not automatically extend to the immersed treatment. This manuscript analyses the volume-penalised compressible Navier–Stokes equations for both energy and entropy stability, on the continuous and semi-discrete levels, and integrates the isolated source exactly in time. The source is formulated as a one-parameter family indexed by $\theta$, whose momentum component relaxes the fluid velocity towards the prescribed solid velocity; $\theta$ sets how much of the resulting kinetic-energy loss leaves the domain rather than being converted to internal energy. The two stability requirements impose opposing bounds on $\theta$, with dissipation of the relative total energy requiring $\theta\geq0$ and stability of the mathematical entropy requiring $\theta\leq1$. Where penalisation acts, both conditions are therefore satisfied if and only if $0\leq\theta\leq1$, and the symmetric value $\theta=1/2$ divides the kinetic-energy loss equally between the domain and the internal energy. We conclude that any entropy-stable split-form discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method remains semi-discretely entropy stable once the source is added at the collocation nodes, for stationary and prescribed moving bodies alike.
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All authors Abbas Ballout, Albert Jiménez-Ramos, Gonzalo Rubio, Esteban Ferrer

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Revisiting the Role of Global Magnetic Variables in Coronal Heating of Solar Active Regions

David H. Brooks, Harry P. Warren and Johnathan R. Stauffer

Reconnection-based models of coronal heating predict that magnetic complexity—non-potential configurations, currents, shear—should enhance coronal emission independently of total magnetic flux. Previous work, however, found no evidence that complexity contributes independently to coronal heating (Fisher et al. 1998). We revisit this question using SDO/HMI vector magnetograms and SDO/AIA EUV imaging. HMI Space-weather Active Region Patches (SHARPs) provide 16 magnetic parameters characterizing field strength, gradients, currents, helicity, and non-potentiality. We measure spatially-integrated transition region and coronal emission using AIA 304A, 193A, 94A, and isolated Fe XVIII emission for 137 active regions, sampling plasma at ~0.09MK, ~1.4MK, and ~7.1MK. Partial correlation analysis isolates the contribution of each complexity parameter after controlling for total unsigned vertical magnetic flux. Unsigned flux (Phi_M) explains 72–82% of variance in emission, following power laws (I ~ Phi_M^alpha, where alpha=0.61-1.19) consistent with prior soft X-ray results. Partial correlations reveal weak positive contributions (r = 0.2-0.3) to transition region (304A) emission from some vertical current and field parameters, but little evidence that other active-region-averaged measures of magnetic complexity enhance coronal emission. The exception is total photospheric magnetic free energy density (rho_tot), which shows a positive partial correlation (r = 0.49, p < 0.001) with Fe XVIII emission, but negative, or non-existent, partial correlations with other AIA filters. These results suggest quasi-steady coronal heating scales with magnetic flux, while rho_tot may contribute to high temperature coronal heating. At lower temperatures, regions with more stored energy than expected for their flux produce less EUV emission than expected.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Amplitude analysis of $\psi(3686)$ radiative decays into $\pi^{0} \pi^{0}$ system

BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson et al. (+767 more)

A model-independent amplitude analysis of the $\pi^{0} \pi^{0}$ system produced in radiative $\psi(3686)$ decays is presented. The analysis is based on the unique dataset of $(2712.4\pm14.3)\times10^6$ $\psi(3686)$ decays collected by the BESIII detector. Scalar and tensor partial-wave contributions are obtained as piecewise functions of $M_{\text{inv}}(\pi^{0} \pi^{0})$ with minimal model assumptions. The observed contribution of the scalar partial wave exhibits similar behavior to the one reported in the study of radiative $J/\psi$ decays, while the tensor contributions provide no evidence for resonance-like structures except for the clearly visible $f_2(1270)$. The results are presented in the form of log-likelihood scans in $M_{\text{inv}}(\pi^{0} \pi^{0})$ bins, which preserve all the statistical information and account for relevant systematic uncertainties. The model-independent description provided in this paper allows to combine the presented results with other related data in the development of phenomenological models.
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All authors BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, M. S. Anderson, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, D. Cabiati, H. Cai, M. H. Cai, X. Cai, A. Calcaterra, G. F. Cao, N. Cao, S. A. Cetin, X. Y. Chai, J. F. Chang, T. T. Chang, G. R. Che, Y. Z. Che, C. H. Chen, Chao Chen, G. Chen, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, S. M. Chen, T. Chen, W. Chen, X. R. Chen, X. T. Chen, X. Y. Chen, Y. B. Chen, Y. Q. Chen, Z. K. Chen, J. Cheng, L. N. Cheng, S. K. Choi, X. Chu, G. Cibinetto, F. Cossio, J. Cottee-Meldrum, H. L. Dai, J. P. Dai, X. C. Dai, A. Dbeyssi, R. E. de Boer, D. Dedovich, C. Q. Deng, Z. Y. Deng, A. Denig, I. Denisenko, M. Destefanis, F. De Mori, E. Di Fiore, X. X. Ding, Y. Ding, Y. X. Ding, J. Dong, L. Y. Dong, M. Y. Dong, X. Dong, Z. J. Dong, M. C. Du, S. X. Du, Shaoxu Du, X. L. Du, Y. Q. Du, Y. Y. Duan, Z. H. Duan, P. Egorov, G. F. Fan, J. J. Fan, Y. H. Fan, J. Fang, Jin Fang, S. S. Fang, W. X. Fang, Y. Q. Fang, L. Fava, F. Feldbauer, G. Felici, C. Q. Feng, J. H. Feng, Q. X. Feng, Y. T. Feng, M. Fritsch, C. D. Fu, J. L. Fu, Y. W. Fu, H. Gao, Xu Gao, Y. Gao, Y. N. Gao, Y. Y. Gao, Yunong Gao, Z. Gao, S. Garbolino, I. Garzia, L. Ge, P. T. Ge, Z. W. Ge, C. Geng, A. Gilman, K. Goetzen, J. Gollub, J. B. Gong, J. D. Gong, L. Gong, W. X. Gong, W. Gradl, M. Greco, M. D. Gu, M. H. Gu, C. Y. Guan, A. Q. Guo, H. Guo, J. N. Guo, L. B. Guo, M. J. Guo, R. P. Guo, X. Guo, Y. P. Guo, Z. Guo, A. Guskov, J. Gutierrez, J. Y. Han, T. T. Han, X. Han, F. Hanisch, K. D. Hao, X. Q. Hao, F. A. Harris, C. Z. He, K. K. He, K. L. He, F. H. Heinsius, C. H. Heinz, Y. K. Heng, C. Herold, P. C. Hong, G. Y. Hou, X. T. Hou, Y. R. Hou, Z. L. Hou, H. M. Hu, J. F. Hu, Q. P. Hu, S. L. Hu, T. Hu, Y. Hu, Y. X. Hu, Z. M. Hu, G. S. Huang, K. X. Huang, L. Q. Huang, P. Huang, X. T. Huang, Y. P. Huang, Y. S. Huang, T. Hussain, N. Hüsken, N. in der Wiesche, J. Jackson, Q. Ji, Q. P. Ji, W. Ji, X. B. Ji, X. L. Ji, Y. Y. Ji, L. K. Jia, X. Q. Jia, D. Jiang, S. J. Jiang, X. S. Jiang, Y. Jiang, J. B. Jiao, J. K. Jiao, Z. Jiao, L. C. L. Jin, S. Jin, Y. Jin, M. Q. Jing, X. M. Jing, T. Johansson, S. Kabana, X. L. Kang, X. S. Kang, B. C. Ke, V. Khachatryan, A. Khoukaz, O. B. Kolcu, B. Kopf, L. Kröger, L. Krümmel, Y. Y. Kuang, X. Kui, N. Kumar, A. Kupsc, W. Kühn, Q. Lan, W. N. Lan, T. T. Lei, M. Lellmann, T. Lenz, C. Li, C. H. Li, C. K. Li, Chunkai Li, Cong Li, D. M. Li, F. Li, G. Li, H. B. Li, H. J. Li, H. L. Li, H. N. Li, H. P. Li, Hui Li, J. N. Li, J. S. Li, J. W. Li, K. Li, K. L. Li, L. J. Li, L. K. Li, Lei Li, M. H. Li, M. R. Li, M. T. Li, P. L. Li, P. R. Li, Q. M. Li, Q. X. Li, R. Li, S. Li, S. X. Li, S. Y. Li, Shanshan Li, T. Li, T. Y. Li, W. D. Li, W. G. Li, X. Li, X. H. Li, X. K. Li, X. L. Li, X. Y. Li, X. Z. Li, Y. Li, Y. H. Li, Y. B. Li, Y. C. Li, Y. G. Li, Y. P. Li, Z. H. Li, Z. J. Li, Z. L. Li, Z. X. Li, Z. Y. Li, C. Liang, H. Liang, Y. F. Liang, Y. T. Liang, Z. Z. Liang, G. R. Liao, L. B. Liao, M. H. Liao, Y. P. Liao, J. Libby, A. Limphirat, C. C. Lin, C. X. Lin, D. X. Lin, T. Lin, B. J. Liu, B. X. Liu, C. Liu, C. X. Liu, F. Liu, F. H. Liu, Feng Liu, G. M. Liu, H. Liu, H. B. Liu, H. M. Liu, Huihui Liu, J. B. Liu, J. J. Liu, K. Liu, K. Y. Liu, Ke Liu, Kun Liu, L. Liu, L. C. Liu, Lu Liu, M. H. Liu, P. L. Liu, Q. Liu, S. B. Liu, T. Liu, W. M. Liu, W. T. Liu, X. Liu, X. K. Liu, X. L. Liu, X. P. Liu, X. T. Liu, X. Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. B. Liu, Yi Liu, Z. A. Liu, Z. D. Liu, Z. L. Liu, Z. Q. Liu, Z. X. Liu, Z. Y. Liu, X. C. Lou, H. J. Lu, J. G. Lu, X. L. Lu, Y. Lu, Y. H. Lu, Y. P. Lu, Z. H. Lu, C. L. Luo, J. R. Luo, J. S. Luo, M. X. Luo, T. Luo, X. L. Luo, Z. Y. Lv, X. R. Lyu, Y. F. Lyu, Y. H. Lyu, F. C. Ma, H. L. Ma, Heng Ma, J. L. Ma, L. L. Ma, L. R. Ma, Q. M. Ma, R. Q. Ma, R. Y. Ma, T. Ma, X. T. Ma, X. Y. Ma, F. E. Maas, I. MacKay, M. Maggiora, S. Maity, S. Malde, L. M. Mansur, Y. J. Mao, Z. P. Mao, S. Marcello, A. Marshall, F. M. Melendi, Y. H. Meng, Z. X. Meng, G. Mezzadri, H. Miao, T. J. Min, R. E. Mitchell, X. H. Mo, B. Moses, N. Yu. Muchnoi, J. Muskalla, Y. Nefedov, F. Nerling, H. Neuwirth, Z. Ning, S. Nisar, Q. L. Niu, W. D. Niu, Y. Niu, C. Normand, S. L. Olsen, Q. Ouyang, I. V. Ovtin, S. Pacetti, Y. Pan, C. Y. Pang, A. Pathak, Y. P. Pei, M. Pelizaeus, G. L. Peng, H. P. Peng, X. J. Peng, Y. Y. Peng, K. Peters, K. Petridis, J. L. Ping, R. G. Ping, S. Plura, V. Prasad, L. Pöpping, F. Z. Qi, H. R. Qi, S. Qian, W. B. Qian, C. F. Qiao, J. H. Qiao, J. J. Qin, J. L. Qin, L. Q. Qin, L. Y. Qin, P. B. Qin, X. P. Qin, X. S. Qin, Z. H. Qin, J. F. Qiu, Z. H. Qu, J. Rademacker, K. Ravindran, C. F. Redmer, A. Rivetti, M. Rolo, G. Rong, S. S. Rong, F. Rosini, Ch. Rosner, M. Q. Ruan, W. R. Ruangyoo, N. Salone, A. Sarantsev, Y. Schelhaas, M. Schernau, K. Schoenning, M. Scodeggio, W. Shan, X. Y. Shan, Z. J. Shang, J. F. Shangguan, L. G. Shao, M. Shao, C. P. Shen, H. F. Shen, W. H. Shen, X. Y. Shen, B. A. Shi, Ch. Y. Shi, H. Shi, J. L. Shi, J. Y. Shi, M. H. Shi, S. Y. Shi, X. Shi, H. L. Song, J. J. Song, M. H. Song, T. Z. Song, W. M. Song, Y. X. Song, Zirong Song, S. Sosio, S. Spataro, S. Stansilaus, F. Stieler, M. Stolte, S. S Su, G. B. Sun, G. X. Sun, H. Sun, H. K. Sun, J. F. Sun, K. Sun, L. Sun, R. Sun, S. S. Sun, T. Sun, W. Y. Sun, Y. C. Sun, Y. H. Sun, Y. J. Sun, Y. Z. Sun, Z. Q. Sun, Z. T. Sun, H. Tabaharizato, N. T. Tagsinsit, C. J. Tang, G. Y. Tang, J. Tang, J. J. Tang, L. F. Tang, Y. A. Tang, Z. H. Tang, L. Y. Tao, M. Tat, J. X. Teng, J. Y. Tian, W. H. Tian, Y. Tian, Z. F. Tian, K. Yu. Todyshev, I. Uman, E. van der Smagt, B. Wang, Bin Wang, Bo Wang, C. Wang, Chao Wang, Cong Wang, D. Y. Wang, F. K. Wang, H. J. Wang, H. R. Wang, J. Wang, J. J. Wang, J. P. Wang, K. Wang, L. L. Wang, L. W. Wang, M. Wang, Mi Wang, N. Y. Wang, P. Wang, S. 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