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Physics

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Friday 9 October

Quantum Gases

Experimental observation of Higgs oscillations and their power-law decay across pairing regimes in a cavity QED quantum simulator

Chitose Maruko, Haoqing Zhang, Eliot A. Bohr et al. (+6 more)

Understanding how pairing correlations in superconductors evolve out of equilibrium is a central challenge in quantum many-body physics. In systems with $s$-wave pairing, the character of Cooper pairing evolves continuously from a BCS regime of weakly bound, overlapping pairs to a BEC regime of tightly bound molecules, each with distinct excitation spectra. Here we realize and probe pairing dynamics across these regimes using cold, non-degenerate $^{87}$Rb atoms coupled to an optical cavity with Floquet dressing. Our cavity-QED platform emulates fermionic superfluids through a mapping onto Anderson pseudospins, while optical and microwave control tunes the ratio of interactions to single-particle energies, providing a flexible approach complementary to ultracold Feshbach and ultrafast solid-state platforms. Following a quench, we observe persistent pairing and transient oscillations of the order parameter associated with a collective amplitude (Higgs) mode. We find that the decay of these oscillations sharply distinguishes weak- and strong-pairing regimes: in the weak-pairing regime, oscillations decay with a power-law exponent $|\alpha|=0.65(8)$, whereas in the strong-pairing regime the decay is substantially faster, with $|\alpha|>1$. The oscillation frequency is set by the minimum quasiparticle excitation energy, directly linking nonequilibrium dynamics to the underlying excitation spectrum. Our results establish nonequilibrium dynamics as a direct probe of pairing character and collective excitations in interacting quantum systems.
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All authors Chitose Maruko, Haoqing Zhang, Eliot A. Bohr, Leah Huzjak, Anjun Chu, Victor Gurarie, Chengyi Luo, Ana Maria Rey, James K. Thompson

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Solutions of Roy equations for variable pion mass

Gilberto Colangelo

The Roy equations for the $S$ and $P$ waves are solved for pion masses below the physical value in the region between threshold and $s_A=0.84\GeV^2$. The analysis is based on the assumption that the phenomenological input above $s_A$ can be used essentially unchanged. Moreover, for $M_\pi \le M_{\pi,\mathrm{phys}}$, the chiral perturbation theory predictions for the two $S$-wave scattering lengths provide a very reliable additional input to the Roy equations. The outcome is an accurate description of the $S$ and $P$ partial waves as the light-quark masses decrease towards the chiral limit. As a test of the approach, we evaluate the first few threshold parameters of the $S$, $P$, and $D$ waves via Wanders' sum rules and find excellent agreement with chiral perturbation theory across the entire range $0 \le M_\pi \le M_{\pi,\mathrm{phys}}$. We further solve the Roy equations for pion masses above the physical value (up to $240\MeV$) and show that the resulting solutions agree well with existing lattice data at $M_\pi=239\MeV$. The present work paves the way for analyses of lattice data that fully incorporate the constraints of analyticity, unitarity, and crossing symmetry, and provides the basis for an accurate study of the dependence of the $\sigma$ and $\rho$ resonances on the light-quark masses, both of which will be addressed in future work.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

Cluster Ages to Reconstruct the Milky Way Assembly (CARMA). VI. The age-metallicity relation of in-situ clusters and the age of the Universe

Chiara Zerbinati, Davide Massari, Fernando Aguado-Agelet et al. (+11 more)

Within the homogeneous framework for the derivation of GC ages defined by the CARMA collaboration, we focus on the clusters born in-situ in the MW. As they are the oldest among the old GCs, their absolute age provides constraints about the age of the Universe. Moreover, the shape of their AMR is expected to show the imprints of past merger events, in case these were able to trigger GC formation in the Galaxy. We derive new homogeneous ages for 18 GCs dynamically and/or chemically classified as in-situ, and build the MW AMR from a total sample of 34 GCs. We find that all the selected GCs follow a well defined AMR, with the exception of NGC6642 and Pal1. While the former is likely a member of the LKH merger event, thus putting chronological evidence for the existence of this progenitor on even more robust ground, for the latter we propose an alternative scenario according to which it formed in-situ, but in a metal-depleted region of the Galaxy, possibly due to the interaction with an unspecified merger event. To find evidence of merger-driven GC formation, we use a GMM for the observed age distribution. This is statistically best-fit by 4 components, which we associate with significant events of the MW merger history. Cluster ages were finally calibrated to a more accurate absolute age scale based on asteroseismic measurements of the mass of red giant stars in NGC6791, and the resulting AMR was fit to compute the look-back time for the beginning of cluster formation in the MW. The fit yields t_GC,i=13.59+0.33-0.32 Gyr for initial cluster formation, and tU=13.79+/-0.34 Gyr for the age of the Universe. This value translates to H0=68.72+3.95-3.49(stat.)+2.65-2.32(sys.) km s-1 Mpc-1, where the systematic error comes from a realistic estimate of the zero point uncertainty on the GC absolute ages derived from stellar models.
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All authors Chiara Zerbinati, Davide Massari, Fernando Aguado-Agelet, Cristiano Fanelli, Massimiliano Matteuzzi, Santi Cassisi, Matteo Monelli, Cristiana Spingola, Carme Gallart, Maurizio Salaris, Roger E. Cohen, Edoardo Ceccarelli, Sara Saracino, Elena Pancino

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

A Witten effect for global monopoles

Pablo Quílez Lasanta

Global monopoles can carry electric charge even when the scalar field that forms them is neutral. We show that a CP-odd operator in the Goldstone effective theory, typically discarded as a total derivative, gives them an electric charge $Q=-Cn$, with $C$ its Wilson coefficient and $n$ the winding number. This is a Witten effect on a global defect, generated by a mixed $\theta$-term between electromagnetism and a composite connection built from the Goldstone fields. The same group theory condition that allows the operator also guarantees the existence of monopoles. We also give a fermionic UV completion and determine the coefficient by matching the Goldstone-Wilczek current.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Where Cluster Galaxies Reside and How Strongly They Lens

Isaque Dutra, Priyamvada Natarajan and Cian Roche

The efficiency of galaxy-galaxy strong lensing (GGSL) in clusters depends jointly on the inner mass distributions of member galaxies and their locations within the cluster potential. Observed GGSL probabilities exceed $\Lambda$CDM predictions by nearly an order of magnitude, but the relative roles of internal structure and environment remain unclear. We disentangle these effects by comparing HST strong-lensing clusters with TNG-Cluster analogs at similar lens redshifts, matched by their primary Einstein radius. For each member, we measure its lensing strength in isolation and when embedded in the cluster field. Members in cluster-critical regions are classified as Major or Minor Perturbers depending on whether they strongly lens in isolation; those in subcritical regions are classified as Intrinsic Lenses, Boosted Lenses, or Inert Members according to whether they lens independently, only with environmental assistance, or not at all. Observed clusters contain 33.7% of selected members in cluster-critical regions, compared with 21.6% in TNG-Cluster, while their Major-to-Minor ratios are similar. Outside these regions, observations contain substantially more Intrinsic and Boosted Lenses and fewer Inert Members, with Boosted Lens fractions of 25.8% and 13.5%, respectively. The discrepancy persists at fixed subhalo mass and after including line-of-sight structure. A mass-conserving contraction mimicking core-collapsed self-interacting dark matter largely recovers the conditional lensing fractions but not cluster-critical occupancy. The GGSL discrepancy therefore reflects both insufficient central concentration in simulated members and differences in their locations within the cluster lensing field.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

A Spectroscopic Census of Cluster White Dwarfs from DESI, LAMOST, and SDSS

David R. Miller, Jeremy Heyl, Huahui Yan et al. (+2 more)

Gaia has substantially expanded the sample of candidate white dwarfs (WDs) in open clusters, but many remain without spectroscopic characterization. We leverage the increasingly extensive archives of large public spectroscopic surveys to identify 62 candidate cluster WDs with available spectra from DESI, LAMOST, and SDSS. After discarding sources with very low S/N and unreliable host clusters, 44 candidates remain, including 37 non-magnetic DA WDs, of which 15 had not previously been characterized in the literature for cluster studies. We find that nine are consistent with single-star origins in their proposed host clusters, increasing the combined cluster DA initial–final mass relation (IFMR) sample to 132 WDs. All lie within $2\sigma$ of the best-fit IFMR from the most comprehensive recent cluster WD sample, suggesting these additions do not require recalibrating the empirical IFMR. One is a likely Hyades tidal-tail WD, providing further evidence that dynamical dispersal helps explain the long-standing WD deficit in the nearest cluster. We further compare WDs with spectra from multiple surveys. Among seven Praesepe WDs observed by both DESI and SDSS, DESI gives higher WD masses in six cases, with a mean difference of $0.067\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$, while the inferred progenitor masses differ by as much as $0.459\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$. More broadly, nine of ten single-star cluster DAs with DESI spectra lie above the empirical IFMR, with a mean final-mass residual of $0.06\pm0.04\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$. These results show that survey-dependent differences can strongly affect cluster WD parameters, and should be considered when combining heterogeneous spectroscopy in empirical IFMR studies.
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All authors David R. Miller, Jeremy Heyl, Huahui Yan, Chengyuan Li, Pier-Emmanuel Tremblay

Mathematical Physics

Categorifying Quantum Spin Systems

Matthew Yu

We develop a homotopical framework for understanding the space of quantum spin systems based on topological $n$-nets, which assign associative unital algebras to local regions in an $n$-dimensional space in a manner that captures the locality structure of the underlying lattice theories. The net-theoretic perspective admits a natural categorification, in which the category of topological $n$-nets carries the structure of a higher Morita category. Moreover, the nets of greatest physical interest form a Karoubi-complete subcategory that shares many of the characteristic structural features of the category of finite TQFTs. Our main result identifies the group of locality-preserving symmetries of (3+1)-dimensional quantum spin systems (i.e. quantum cellular automata modulo stabilization, finite-depth quantum circuits, and translations) with the full Witt group of nondegenerate braided fusion categories, thereby answering a question posed by Haah.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Branching fraction measurement of the $B^0\to K^+\pi^-\mu^+\mu^-$ decay at high dihadron mass

LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb et al. (+1125 more)

This Letter presents the first measurement of the $B^{0} \to K^{+}\pi^{-}\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$ differential branching fraction in the region of the dihadron $K^+\pi^-$ mass, $m_{K\pi}$, $1000< m_{K\pi} < 1835\,\text{MeV}/c^{2}$. This decay mode is mediated by the quark-level transition $b \to s\ell^{+}\ell^{-}$, for which the measured effective couplings show tensions with Standard Model predictions. The analysis is performed using proton-proton collision data collected with the LHCb detector between 2011 and 2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $8.4\,\text{fb}^{-1}$. The differential branching fraction is determined across different regions of dimuon mass squared, $q^2$, in the interval $0.1 < q^2 < 18.0\,\text{GeV}^2/c^{4}$, as well as in different regions of $ m_{K\pi}$ in the interval $1.1 < q^2 < 6.0\,\text{GeV}^2/c^{4}$. The results represent the first differential measurement of the branching fraction across $m_{K\pi}$ within the selected dihadron-mass region, and the first observation of the decay within this region above the $J/\psi$ resonance.
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All authors LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A.A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C.A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, S. Amato, J.L. Amey, Y. Amhis, L. An, L. Anderlini, M. Andersson, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J.A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J.J. Back, Z.B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I.R. Barbosa, R.J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Baron, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P.B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I.B. Bediaga, N.A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belov, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M.S. Bieker, N.V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F.C.R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J.E. Blank, S. Blusk, J.A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R. Bolzonella, R.B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J.T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S.A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T.J.V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J.D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, D. Brundu, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, C. Buti, J.S. Butter, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J.I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A.C. Campos, A.F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, A. Casais Vidal, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A.J. Chadwick, I. Chahrour, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, G. Chizhik, V. Chobanova, M. Chrzaszcz, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, P. Cifra, P.E.L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H.V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, G.C. Costantino, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D.C. Craik, N. Crepet, M. Cruz Torres, M. Cubero Campos, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C.L. Da Silva, X. Dai, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, G. Darze, A. Davidson, J.E. Davies, O. De Aguiar Francisco, C. De Angelis, F. De Benedetti, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, S. De Capua, M. De Cian, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, E. De Lucia, J.M. De Miranda, L. De Paula, M. De Serio, P. De Simone, F. De Vellis, J.A. de Vries, F. Debernardis, D. Decamp, S. Dekkers, L. Del Buono, B. Delaney, J. Deng, V. Denysenko, O. Deschamps, F. Dettori, B. Dey, P. Di Nezza, S. Ding, Y. Ding, L. Dittmann, A.D. Docheva, A. Doheny, C. Dong, F. Dordei, A.C. dos Reis, A.D. Dowling, L. Dreyfus, W. Duan, P. Duda, L. Dufour, V. Duk, P. Durante, M.M. Duras, J.M. Durham, O.D. Durmus, K. Duwe, A. Dziurda, S. Easo, E. Eckstein, U. Egede, S. Eisenhardt, E. Ejopu, L. Eklund, M. Elashri, D. Elizondo Blanco, J. Ellbracht, S. Ely, A. Ene, J. Eschle, T. Evans, F. Fabiano, S. Faghih, L.N. Falcao, B. Fang, R. Fantechi, L. Fantini, M. Faria, K. Farmer, F. Fassin, D. Fazzini, L. Felkowski, C. Feng, M. Feng, A. Fernandez Casani, M. Fernandez Gomez, A.D. Fernez, F. Ferrari, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, M. Ferrillo, R.A. Fini, M. Fiorini, M. Firlej, K.L. Fischer, D.S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Fiutowski, F. Fleuret, A. Fomin, M. Fontana, L.A. Foreman, R. Forty, D. Foulds-Holt, V. Franco Lima, M. Franco Sevilla, M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei, D.A. Friday, J. Fu, Q. Führing, T. Fulghesu, G. Galati, M.D. Galati, A. Gallas Torreira, D. Galli, S. Gambetta, M. Gandelman, P. Gandini, B. Ganie, H. Gao, R. Gao, T.Q. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, L.M. Garcia Martin, P. Garcia Moreno, J. García Pardiñas, P. Gardner, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, A. Gavrikov, E. Gersabeck, M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon, S. Ghizzo, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, F.I. Giasemis, V. Gibson, H.K. Giemza, A.L. Gilman, M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù, L. Girardey, M.A. Giza, F.C. Glaser, V.V. Gligorov, C. Göbel, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, E. Golobardes, A. Golutvin, S. Gomez Fernandez, W. Gomulka, F. Goncalves Abrantes, I. Gonçales Vaz, M. Goncerz, G. Gong, J.A. Gooding, C. Gotti, E. Govorkova, J.P. Grabowski, L.A. Granado Cardoso, E. Graugés, E. Graverini, L. Grazette, G. Graziani, A.T. Grecu, N.A. Grieser, L. Grillo, C. Gu, M. Guarise, L. Guerry, A.-K. Guseinov, Y. Guz, T. Gys, K. Habermann, T. Hadavizadeh, C. Hadjivasiliou, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, S. Haken, G. Hallett, P.M. Hamilton, Q. Han, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Harnew, T.J. Harris, M. Hartmann, S. Hashmi, J. He, N. Heatley, A. Hedes, F. Hemmer, C. Henderson, R. Henderson, R.D.L. Henderson, A.M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy, J. Herd, P. Herrero Gascon, J. Heuel, A. Heyn, A. Hicheur, G. Hijano Mendizabal, J. Horswill, R. Hou, Y. Hou, D.C. Houston, N. Howarth, W. Hu, X. Hu, W. Hulsbergen, R.J. Hunter, D. Hutchcroft, M. Idzik, P. Ilten, A. Iohner, H. Jage, S.J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, T. Jakoubek, E. Jans, A. Jawahery, C. Jayaweera, A. Jelavic, V. Jevtic, Z. Jia, E. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y.J. Jiang, E. Jimenez Moya, N. Jindal, M. John, A. John Rubesh Rajan, D. Johnson, C.R. Jones, S. Joshi, B. Jost, J. Juan Castella, N. Jurik, I. Juszczak, K. Kalecinska, D. Kaminaris, S. Kandybei, M. Kane, Y. Kang, C. Kar, M. Karacson, A. Kauniskangas, J.W. Kautz, M.K. Kazanecki, F. Keizer, M. Kenzie, T. Ketel, B. Khanji, S. Kholodenko, G. Khreich, F. Kiraz, T. Kirn, V.S. Kirsebom, N. Kleijne, A. Kleimenova, D. Klekots, K. Klimaszewski, M.R. Kmiec, T. Knospe, R. Kolb, S. Koliiev, L. Kolk, A. Konoplyannikov, P. Kooij, P. Kopciewicz, P. Koppenburg, A. Korchin, I. Kostiuk, O. Kot, S. Kotriakhova, E. Kowalczyk, O. Kravcov, M. Kreps, W. Krupa, W. Krzemien, O. Kshyvanskyi, S. Kubis, M. Kucharczyk, A. Kupsc, V. Kushnir, B. Kutsenko, J. Kvapil, I. Kyryllin, D. Lacarrere, P. Laguarta Gonzalez, A. Lai, A. Lampis, D. Lancierini, C. Landesa Gomez, J.J. Lane, G. Lanfranchi, C. Langenbruch, T. Latham, F. Lazzari, C. Lazzeroni, R. Le Gac, H. Lee, R. Lefèvre, M. Lehuraux, E. Lemos Cid, O. Leroy, T. Lesiak, E.D. Lesser, B. Leverington, A. Li, C. Li, C. Li, H. Li, J. Li, K. Li, L. Li, P. Li, P.-R. Li, Q. Li, T. Li, T. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Z. Lian, Q. Liang, X. Liang, Z. Liang, S. Libralon, A. Lightbody, T. Lin, R. Lindner, H. Linton, R. Litvinov, D. Liu, F.L. Liu, G. Liu, K. Liu, S. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.L. Liu, G. Loachamin Ordonez, I. Lobo, A. Lobo Salvia, A. Loi, T. Long, F.C.L. Lopes, J.H. Lopes, A. Lopez Huertas, C. Lopez Iribarnegaray, Q. Lu, C. Lucarelli, D. Lucchesi, M. Lucio Martinez, Y. Luo, A. Lupato, M. Lupberger, E. Luppi, K. Lynch, S. Lyu, X.-R. Lyu, H. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert, F. Maciuc, B. Mack, I. Mackay, L.M. Mackey, L.R. Madhan Mohan, M.J. Madurai, D. Magdalinski, J.J. Malczewski, S. Malde, L. Malentacca, G. Manca, G. Mancinelli, C. Mancuso, R. Manera Escalero, A. Mangalasseri, F.M. Manganella, D. Manuzzi, S. Mao, D. Marangotto, J.F. Marchand, R. Marchevski, U. Marconi, E. Mariani, S. Mariani, C. Marin Benito, J. Marks, A.M. Marshall, L. Martel, G. Martelli, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli, M. Martinelli, C. Martinez, D. Martinez Gomez, D. Martinez Santos, F. Martinez Vidal, A. Martorell i Granollers, A. Massafferri, R. Matev, A. Mathad, C. Matteuzzi, K.R. Mattioli, A. Mauri, E. Maurice, J. Mauricio, P. Mayencourt, J. Mazorra de Cos, M. Mazurek, D. Mazzanti Tarancon, M. McCann, N.T. McHugh, A. McNab, R. McNulty, B. Meadows, S.E.R. Medaer, D. Melnychuk, D. Mendoza Granada, P. Menendez Valdes Perez, F.M. Meng, M. Merk, A. Merli, L. Meyer Garcia, D. Miao, H. Miao, M. Mikhasenko, D.A. Milanes, A. Minotti, E. Minucci, B. Mitreska, D.S. Mitzel, R. Mocanu, A. Modak, L. Moeser, R.D. Moise, E.F. Molina Cardenas, T. Mombächer, M. Monk, T. Monnard, S. Monteil, A. Morcillo Gomez, G. Morello, M.J. Morello, M.P. Morgenthaler, A. Moro, J. Moron, W. Morren, A.B. Morris, A.G. Morris, R. Mountain, Z. Mu, N. Muangkod, E. Muhammad, F. Muheim, M. Mulder, K. Müller, F. Muñoz-Rojas, V. Mytrochenko, P. Naik, T. Nakada, R. Nandakumar, G. Napoletano, I. Nasteva, M. Needham, N. Neri, S. Neubert, N. Neufeld, J. Nicolini, D. Nicotra, E.M. Niel, L. Nisi, Q. Niu, B.K. Njoki, P. Nogarolli, P. Nogga, C. Normand, J. Novoa Fernandez, G. Nowak, H.N. Nur, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, T. Oeser, O. Okhrimenko, R. Oldeman, F. Oliva, E. Olivart Pino, M. Olocco, R.H. O'Neil, J.S. Ordonez Soto, D. Osthues, J.M. Otalora Goicochea, A. Oyanguren, O. Ozcelik, F. Paciolla, A. Padee, K.O. Padeken, B. Pagare, T. Pajero, A. Palano, L. Palini, M. Palutan, C. Pan, X. Pan, S. Panebianco, S. Paniskaki, L. Paolucci, A. Papanestis, M. Pappagallo, L.L. Pappalardo, C. Pappenheimer, C. Parkes, D. Parmar, G. Passaleva, D. Passaro, A. Pastore, M. Patel, J. Patoc, C. Patrignani, A. Paul, C.J. Pawley, A. Pellegrino, J. Peng, X. Peng, M. Pepe Altarelli, S. Perazzini, H. Pereira Da Costa, M. Pereira Martinez, A. Pereiro Castro, C. Perez, P. Perret, A. Perrevoort, A. Perro, M.J. Peters, K. Petridis, A. Petrolini, S. Pezzulo, J.P. Pfaller, H. Pham, L. Pica, M. Piccini, L. Piccolo, B. Pietrzyk, R.N. Pilato, D. Pinci, F. Pisani, M. Pizzichemi, V.M. Placinta, M. Plo Casasus, T. Poeschl, F. Polci, M. Poli Lener, A. Poluektov, I. Polyakov, E. Polycarpo, S. Ponce, D. Popov, K. Popp, K. Prasanth, C. Prouve, D. Provenzano, V. Pugatch, A. Puicercus Gomez, G. Punzi, J.R. Pybus, Q. Qian, W. Qian, N. Qin, R. Quagliani, R.I. Rabadan Trejo, B. Rachwal, R. Racz, J.H. Rademacker, M. Rama, M. Ramírez García, V. Ramos De Oliveira, M. Ramos Pernas, M.S. Rangel, G. Raven, M. Rebollo De Miguel, F. Redi, J. Reich, F. Reiss, Z. Ren, P.K. Resmi, M. Ribalda Galvez, R. Ribatti, G. Ricart, D. Riccardi, S. Ricciardi, K. Richardson, M. Richardson-Slipper, F. Riehn, K. Rinnert, P. Robbe, G. Robertson, E. Rodrigues, A. Rodriguez Alvarez, E. Rodriguez Fernandez, J.A. Rodriguez Lopez, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez, J. Roensch, A. Rogovskiy, D.L. Rolf, P. Roloff, V. Romanovskiy, A. Romero Vidal, G. Romolini, F. Ronchetti, T. Rong, M. Rotondo, M.S. Rudolph, M. Ruiz Diaz, J. Ruiz Vidal, J.J. Saavedra-Arias, J.J. Saborido Silva, D. Sahoo, N. Sahoo, B. Saitta, M. Salomoni, I. Sanderswood, R. Santacesaria, C. Santamarina Rios, M. Santimaria, L. Santoro, E. Santovetti, A. Saputi, A. Sarnatskiy, G. Sarpis, M. Sarpis, C. Satriano, A. Satta, M. Saur, H. Sazak, F. Sborzacchi, A. Scarabotto, S. Schael, S. Scherl, M. Schiller, H. Schindler, M. Schmelling, B. Schmidt, N. Schmidt, S. Schmitt, H. Schmitz, O. Schneider, A. Schopper, N. Schulte, M.H. Schune, G. Schwering, B. Sciascia, A. Sciuccati, G. Scriven, I. Segal, S. Sellam, T. Senger, M. Senghi Soares, A. Sergi, N. Serra, L. Sestini, B. Sevilla Sanjuan, Y. Shang, D.M. Shangase, R.S. Sharma, L. Shchutska, T. Shears, J. Shen, Z. Shen, S. Sheng, B. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, W.S. Shi, E. Shmanin, R. Silva Coutinho, G. Simi, S. Simone, M. Singha, I. Siral, N. Skidmore, T. Skwarnicki, M.W. Slater, E. Smith, M. Smith, L. Soares Lavra, M.D. Sokoloff, F.J.P. Soler, A. Solomin, K. Solovieva, N.S. Sommerfeld, R. Song, Y. Song, Y. Song, Y.S. Song, F.L. Souza De Almeida, B. Souza De Paula, K.M. Sowa, E. Spadaro Norella, E. Spedicato, J.G. Speer, P. Spradlin, F. Stagni, M. Stahl, S. Stahl, S. Stanislaus, M. Stefaniak, O. Steinkamp, F. Suljik, J. Sun, J. Sun, L. Sun, D. Sundfeld, W. Sutcliffe, P. Svihra, V. Svintozelskyi, K. Swientek, F. Swystun, A. Szabelski, T. Szumlak, Y. Tan, Y. Tang, Y.T. Tang, M.D. Tat, J.A. Teijeiro Jimenez, F. Terzuoli, F. Teubert, E. Thomas, D.J.D. Thompson, A.R. Thomson-Strong, H. Tilquin, V. Tisserand, S. T'Jampens, M. Tobin, T.T. Todorov, L. Tomassetti, G. Tonani, X. Tong, T. Tork, L. Toscano, D.Y. Tou, C. Trippl, G. Tuci, N. Tuning, L.H. Uecker, A. Ukleja, A. Upadhyay, B. Urbach, A. Usachov, U. Uwer, V. Vagnoni, A. Vaitkevicius, V. Valcarce Cadenas, G. Valenti, N. Valls Canudas, J. van Eldik, H. Van Hecke, E. van Herwijnen, C.B. Van Hulse, R. Van Laak, M. van Veghel, G. Vasquez, R. Vazquez Gomez, P. Vazquez Regueiro, C. Vázquez Sierra, S. Vecchi, J. Velilla Serna, J.J. Velthuis, M. Veltri, A. Venkateswaran, M. Verdoglia, M. Vesterinen, W. Vetens, D. Vico Benet, P. Vidrier Villalba, M. Vieites Diaz, X. Vilasis-Cardona, E. Vilella Figueras, A. Villa, P. Vincent, B. Vivacqua, F.C. Volle, D. vom Bruch, K. Vos, C. Vrahas, J. Wagner, J. Walsh, N. Walter, E.J. Walton, G. Wan, A. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, G. Wang, H. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, N.W. Wang, R. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X.W. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.H. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, J.A. Ward, M. Waterlaat, N.K. Watson, D. Websdale, Y. Wei, Z. Weida, J. Wendel, B.D.C. Westhenry, C. White, M. Whitehead, E. Whiter, A.R. Wiederhold, D. Wiedner, M.A. Wiegertjes, C. Wild, G. Wilkinson, M.K. Wilkinson, M. Williams, M.J. Williams, M.R.J. Williams, R. Williams, S. Williams, Z. Williams, F.F. Wilson, M. Winn, W. Wislicki, M. Witek, L. Witola, T. Wolf, E. Wood, G. Wormser, S.A. Wotton, H. Wu, J. Wu, X. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Wu, K. Wyllie, S. Xian, Z. Xiang, Y. Xie, T.X. Xing, A. Xu, L. Xu, M. Xu, R. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, S. Yadav, K. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yang, H. Yeung, H. Yin, X. Yin, C.Y. Yu, J. Yu, X. Yuan, Y Yuan, J.A. Zamora Saa, M. Zavertyaev, M. Zdybal, F. Zenesini, C. Zeng, M. Zeng, S.H Zeng, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. Zhang, S.L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, J. Zhao, Y. Zhao, A. Zhelezov, S.Z. Zheng, X.Z. Zheng, Y. Zheng, T. Zhou, X. Zhou, V. Zhovkovska, L.Z. Zhu, X. Zhu, X. Zhu, Y. Zhu, V. Zhukov, J. Zhuo Gao, D. Zuliani, G. Zunica

Materials Science

In-Situ TEM Observation of Solid-State Phase Evolution in High-Entropy Alloy Nanoparticles

Nirmal Kumar Katiyar, Noorbasha Bhavani Sai, Guilherme Gurian Dariani et al. (+5 more)

The emergence of new materials has gone beyond conventional design principles. Among them are high entropy alloys (HEAs), in which multiple metallic elements coexist within a single unit cell. In this case, each atomic position in a solid material has a different chemical environment, leading to configurational entropy as high as that in the fully random or melted state, which has been frozen to a solid solution. However, the behaviour of such alloy systems at pre-melting temperatures is largely unknown, where atoms gain sufficient mobility and time to rearrange, leading to an enthalpic rather than an entropic interplay. This study demonstrated the phase transformation of HEA nanoclusters (CoCrFeMnNi) under high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) at different temperatures, including room temperature (RT), 550 {\deg}C, and 850 {\deg}C. The clustered nanoparticles coarsen into larger clusters, accompanied by compositional heterogeneity due to surface and lattice diffusion. This experimental finding of atomic mobility was further corroborated using molecular dynamics, which provides a detailed mechanistic description.
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All authors Nirmal Kumar Katiyar, Noorbasha Bhavani Sai, Guilherme Gurian Dariani, Douglas S. Galvao, Pulickel M. Ajayan, Pedro Alves da Silva Autreto, Sriram Vijayan, Chandra Sekhar Tiwary

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Planck-Scale Constraints on Quantum Gravity-Induced Neutrino Decoherence with IceCube

R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams et al. (+415 more)

Many quantum gravity theories predict spacetime fluctuations at the Planck scale. Neutrinos, which interact only via the weak force and gravity, propagate over long distances without losing quantum coherence. Planck-scale fluctuations would spoil that coherence, damping the flavor oscillation probability over long baselines. This makes neutrinos sensitive interferometers for Planck-scale physics. We present a search for quantum decoherence using 368,071 atmospheric neutrinos detected by IceCube in the energy range 0.5-100 TeV, an order of magnitude higher in energy than any previous decoherence search. We find no evidence for decoherence and set the strongest constraints to date on this class of neutrino decoherence models, improving on previous limits by over an order of magnitude for decoherence rate scaling as $E^2$ and $E^3$. These results exclude natural Planck-suppressed decoherence for all energy scalings $E^n$ with $0\leq n \leq 3$, the first such exclusion at the Planck scale for $n=3$.
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All authors R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J.M. Alameddine, S. Ali, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, S. Athanasiadou, S. N. Axani, R. Babu, X. Bai, A. Balagopal V., S. W. Barwick, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, J. Beise, C. Bellenghi, S. Benkel, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, E. Blaufuss, L. Bloom, S. Blot, F. Bontempo, J. Y. Book Motzkin, C. Boscolo Meneguolo, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Braun, B. Brinson, Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis, L. Brusa, R. T. Burley, D. Butterfield, K. Carloni, J. Carpio, N. Chau, Y. C. Chen, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, A. Chubarov, B. A. Clark, D. A. Coloma Borja, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, D. F. Cowen, C. De Clercq, J. J. DeLaunay, D. Delgado, T. Delmeulle, S. Deng, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, S. DiKerby, T. Ding, M. Dittmer, A. Domi, L. Draper, L. Dueser, D. Durnford, K. Dutta, M. A. DuVernois, T. Ehrhardt, L. Eidenschink, A. Eimer, C. Eldridge, P. Eller, E. Ellinger, D. Elsässer, R. Engel, H. Erpenbeck, W. Esmail, S. Eulig, J. Evans, P. A. Evenson, K. L. Fan, K. Fang, K. Farrag, A. Fattorini, A. R. Fazely, A. Fedynitch, N. Feigl, C. Finley, D. Fox, A. Franckowiak, S. Fukami, P. Fürst, J. Gallagher, A. Garcia, M. Garcia, E. Genton, L. Gerhardt, A. Ghadimi, C. Glaser, T. Glüsenkamp, J. G. Gonzalez, S. Goswami, A. Granados, D. Grant, S. J. Gray, S. Griffin, S. Griswold, K. M. Groth, D. Guevel, C. Günther, P. Gutjahr, C. Ha, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, M. Handt, K. Hanson, J. Hardin, A. A. Harnisch, P. Hatch, A. Haungs, J. Häu\ssler, K. Helbing, J. Hellrung, B. Henke, L. Hennig, F. Henningsen, L. Heuermann, R. Hewett, N. Heyer, S. Hickford, A. Hidvegi, C. Hill, G. C. Hill, R. Hmaid, K. D. Hoffman, A. Hollnagel, D. Hooper, S. Hori, K. Hoshina, M. Hostert, W. Hou, M. Hrywniak, T. Huber, K. Hultqvist, K. Hymon, A. Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, M. Jacquart, S. Jain, O. Janik, M. Jansson, M. Jin, N. Kamp, D. Kang, W. Kang, A. Kappes, L. Kardum, T. Karg, A. Karle, A. Katil, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, B. Kern, M. Khanal, A. Khatee Zathul, A. Kheirandish, T. Kim, H. Kimku, F. Kirchner, J. Kiryluk, C. Klein, S. R. Klein, Y. Kobayashi, S. Koch, A. Kochocki, R. Koirala, H. Kolanoski, T. Kontrimas, L. Köpke, C. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, P. Koundal, M. Kowalski, A. Kravka, N. Krieger, T. Krishnan, K. Kruiswijk, E. Krupczak, E. Kun, N. Kurahashi, C. Lagunas Gualda, L. Lallement Arnaud, M. J. Larson, F. Lauber, J. P. Lazar, K. Leonard DeHolton, A. Leszczyńska, C. Li, J. Liao, C. Lin, Q. R. Liu, Y. T. Liu, M. Liubarska, C. Love, L. Lu, F. Lucarelli, W. Luszczak, Y. Lyu, M. Macdonald, F. Machingal, E. Magnus, Y. Makino, E. Manao, S. Mancina, A. Mand, I. C. Mariş, S. Marka, Z. Marka, I. Martinez-Soler, R. Maruyama, J. Mauro, F. Mayhew, F. McNally, K. Meagher, A. Medina, M. Meier, Y. Merckx, L. Merten, J. M. Mitchell, S. Mondal, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Y. Morii, A. Mosbrugger, D. Mousadi, E. Moyaux, T. Mukherjee, M. Nakos, U. Naumann, R. Neshat, L. Neste, M. Neumann, M. U. Nisa, K. Noda, A. Noell, A. Novikov, A. Obertacke, V. O'Dell, A. Olivas, R. Orsoe, J. Osborn, E. O'Sullivan, B. Owens, V. Palusova, H. Pandya, A. Parenti, C. Parisel, N. Park, V. Parrish, E. N. Paudel, L. Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, T. Pernice, T. C. Petersen, J. Peterson, S. Pick, M. Plum, A. Pontén, V. Poojyam, B. Pries, R. Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, L. Pyras, C. Raab, J. Rack-Helleis, N. Rad, M. Ravn, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, A. Rehman, R. Reimann, I. Reistroffer, E. Resconi, C. D. Rho, W. Rhode, L. Ricca, B. Riedel, A. Rifaie, E. J. Roberts, S. Rodan, M. Rongen, A. Rosted, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, L. Ruohan, D. Ryckbosch, J. Saffer, D. Salazar-Gallegos, P. Sampathkumar, A. Sandrock, G. Sanger-Johnson, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, M. Scarnera, M. Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, L. Schlickmann, B. Schlüter, F. Schlüter, N. Schmeisser, T. Schmidt, F. Schmitt, A. Scholz, F. G. Schröder, S. Schwirn, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, L. Seen, M. Seikh, S. Seunarine, P. A. Sevle Myhr, R. Shah, S. Shah, A. Sharma, S. Shefali, N. Shimizu, M. Shin, R. Singh, B. Skrzypek, R. Snihur, J. Soedingrekso, D. Soldin, P. Soldin, G. Sommani, D. Song, C. Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, J. Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, T. Stezelberger, T. Stürwald, T. Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter-Antonyan, A. Terliuk, A. Thakuri, P. Thelen, M. Thiesmeyer, W. G. Thompson, J. Thwaites, W. Tian, S. Tilav, K. Tollefson, J. A. Torres, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, K. Upshaw, A. Vaidyanathan, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Valverde, J. Vandenbroucke, T. Van Eeden, N. van Eijndhoven, L. Van Rootselaar, J. van Santen, J. Vara, F. Varsi, M. Velazquez, M. Venugopal, M. Vereecken, S. Vergara Carrasco, S. Verpoest, A. Vijai, J. Villarreal, C. Walck, A. Wang, E. H. S. Warrick, C. Weaver, P. Weigel, A. Weindl, J. Weldert, A. Y. Wen, C. Wendt, J. Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, D. R. Williams, L. Witthaus, J. Woodward, G. Wrede, X. W. Xu, J. P. Yanez, Y. Yao, E. Yildizci, S. Yoshida, F. Yu, S. Yu, T. Yuan, S. Yun-Cárcamo, A. Zander Jurowitzki, A. Zegarelli, S. Zhang, Z. Zhang, P. Zhelnin, P. Zilberman, C. Zilleruelo Cañas, M. Zimmermann

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Electric-dipole-induced nuclear electric resonance in silicon

Jiyun Su, Shihang Zhang and Peihao Huang

The nuclear spin of a phosphorus atom in silicon is considered as a promising quantum information carrier for quantum computing due to its long coherence time. Coherent control of the nuclear spin is typically realized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In this work, we theoretically propose that with the aid of hyperfine interactions and magnetic field gradients, fast electric-dipole-induced nuclear electric resonance (EDNER) can be achieved. The stronger EDNER (compared with NMR) arises from the combined effects of hyperfine interaction between the nuclear and electron spins and coupling between the electron spin and charge degrees of freedom mediated by magnetic field gradients in this scheme. By operating at specific working points, the nuclear-spin splitting becomes less sensitive to electrical noise, enabling long coherence times and high-fidelity quantum operations. All elctrical, addressable control of nuclear spins paves the way for scalable silicon-based quantum computing.
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Physics and Society

Diverging paths to dark-matter discovery

Simon Allzén

The scientific discovery of dark matter has been pursued in two very different methodological and epistemic contexts. A microphysical context centered around the laboratory detection of a new particle, and a macrophysical context based on the astronomical identification of a non-luminous gravitating component. The justification for the salience of methodological diversity is that these different methods are complementary ways to discovering aspects of the same entity. The weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) made this expectation scientifically credible by connecting a particle candidate to a cosmological abundance, experimental searches, and explanations of astronomical phenomena. What happens to this connection when the WIMP loses its central position? I analyze 201,627 NASA Astrophysics Data System records to examine the organization of research following the decline of WIMP prominence. Astrophysics and high-energy physics remain jointly dominant, while WIMP-related mentions decline in both fields and successor candidates receive different degrees of attention. Concept networks show that WIMP-related research remains central across the literature, even as cross-field connections become less concentrated around it. These indicators measure research attention; they do not establish what scientists would accept as a discovery. I interpret the findings through a framework distinguishing constitutive identification, cosmic attribution, explanatory adequacy, and the cross-domain identification needed to connect them. A particle, compact-object population, or gravitational theory can resolve different parts of the inherited problem, and a partial or multicomponent discovery can leave other parts open. 'Diverging paths' describes this branching of possible resolutions.
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Disordered Systems and Neural Networks

On physical implementability of reinforcement-learning-driven reasoning

Eiji Konishi

In the machine learning community, the reinforcement-learning-driven reasoning process has been intensively studied since around 2025. In this article, we present a negative result on the hardware implementation of this reinforcement-learning-driven reasoning process in a physical neural network model in the presence of a reward external potential energy for a given reward. In this hardware implementation, the existence of a chain of thought in dynamics contradicts the Lyapunov stability of the system.
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Statistical Mechanics

IceCube data for astrophysical neutrinos exhibit q-statistical behavior

Constantino Tsallis and Ugur Tirnakli

Relevant IceCube recent data for astrophysical neutrinos are analyzed. Similarly to cosmic rays and proton-proton LHC collisions, the corresponding spectra are satisfactorily described, for the entire interval of measured energies, through q-Gaussians. This fact reinforces the already available evidence that nonadditive entropies (either of the $S_q$ class or of the $S_{delta}$ one, or even alternative ones) appear to play a crucial role in systems such as black holes and related cosmological phenomena (e.g., dark energy). The IceCube data yield sensibly high values for the momenta-distribution nonadditive index (q \simeq 1.6), in contrast with the cosmic rays values (q \simeq 1.2) and the LHC values (q \simeq 1.1). This fact neatly indicates very-long-ranged space-time correlations. The detailed associated physical mechanisms remain, at the present stage, as an instigating open issue.
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Optics

Spatial Nonlocality from Finite Extinction Ratio in BOTDR over Heterogeneous Fiber Links

Giannis Poulopoulos, Constantinos Haliotis, Panagiotis Toumasis et al. (+1 more)

Finite extinction ratio in pulse-modulated Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry (BOTDR) produces residual inter-pulse Brillouin backscatter outside the nominal pulse gate. We model and experimentally quantify this effect as spatial nonlocality in a heterogeneous fiber link and define the spectral contamination ratio (SCR) as the contaminating Brillouin-band power normalized to the local Brillouin-band power. Measurements were performed using a 1.2 km standard single-mode fiber (SMF) followed by 0.1 km of dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF), whose separated Brillouin frequency shifts allow section-to-section leakage to be resolved spectrally. At 20 m spatial resolution, increasing the extinction ratio from 18.5 to 33.0 dB reduced the SMF-band contamination in the DCF gates from -5.3 to -14.8 dB. Over the 16-33 dB range, the SCR showed fitted slopes of -1.064 and -1.246 dB/dB for the two contamination directions. These results quantify finite-ER-induced spatial nonlocality and provide a link-specific metric for extinction-ratio selection in BOTDR.
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All authors Giannis Poulopoulos, Constantinos Haliotis, Panagiotis Toumasis, Hercules Avramopoulos

Quantum Physics

Hamiltonian-Dependent Compressibility and Physical Preservation in Approximate Quantum Compilation using Tensor Networks

Dohyun Kim and Namshik Han

Approximate quantum compilation (AQC) using tensor networks provides a promising route to reducing the circuit resources required for quantum simulation. However, the factors governing the compressibility of many-body dynamics and the extent to which compressed circuits retain physically relevant information on quantum hardware remain poorly understood. We investigate these questions using AQCtensor for an 80-qubit one-dimensional anisotropic XYZ Heisenberg chain initialized in a Néel state. By varying the exchange anisotropy and external magnetic field, we find that compression performance changes systematically with the anisotropic coupling configuration and field orientation. These variations are strongly associated with a nested-commutator measure related to second-order Trotter error, with corresponding directional trends also reflected in the target-state MPS bond dimension. For an 80-qubit quantum-hardware evaluation, AQCtensor compresses a 10-repetition target evolution to 5 repetitions while retaining a target-state fidelity of 0.995474, reducing the total circuit depth by 45.9% and the two-qubit gate count by 47.6%. The compressed circuit exhibits comparable behavior across magnetization, nearest-neighbor correlation, and Hamiltonian expectation measurements, while process-level diagnostics and local reduced-state tomography provide complementary characterization beyond these observables. Together, these results link AQCtensor compressibility to Hamiltonian commutator structure and target-state complexity and demonstrate substantial circuit reduction while retaining physically relevant features in an 80-qubit quantum-hardware experiment.
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Materials Science

Hierarchical Multi-Agent Reasoning Systems for Knowledge-Grounded Material Substitution

Tarjei Paule Hage, Subhadeep Pal, Wei Lu et al. (+4 more)

AI-assisted scientific discovery increasingly seeks to move beyond generating plausible ideas toward reproducible, constraint-aware workflows that can support practical engineering decisions. We present MARS, a hierarchical Multi-Agent Reasoning System for knowledge-grounded material substitution under scientific and manufacturing constraints. We apply MARS to replace per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a demanding materials-design problem in which substitutes must satisfy functional performance, environmental, experimental, and processing requirements. MARS decomposes substitution into a closed-loop workflow comprising requirement analysis, grounded candidate generation, and manufacturability assessment with process design. The system integrates retrieval-augmented generation, knowledge-graph reasoning, a database of lab-available materials, persistent memory of intermediate results, and rejection-aware iterative feedback. In a PFAS-substitution case study, MARS generates structured material requirements, identifies an evidence-grounded substitute candidate, and develops a lab-scale manufacturing route. In a multi-seed ablation evaluation, MARS achieves the highest overall performance across all three subsystems, with gains that persist when the backbone model is held fixed. These results suggest that hierarchical decomposition, knowledge grounding, and manufacturability-aware refinement improve material-substitution reasoning beyond model capability alone.
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All authors Tarjei Paule Hage, Subhadeep Pal, Wei Lu, Yu-Chuan Hsu, Gayla Lyon, Jiezhu Jin, Markus J. Buehler

History and Philosophy of Physics

The Relation Before Lorenz: Kirchhoff, 1857, and the Symbols Lorenz Inherited

María Florentina Mendoza Urán

A relation between the quantities now called the scalar potential and the vector potential, of the same form, up to a sign, as the one the literature attributes to Ludvig Lorenz in 1867, was written ten years earlier by Gustav Kirchhoff, with the same status: derived, unnumbered and unnamed. This paper documents, on the basis of the 1857 originals, that Kirchhoff obtains the relation as the result of a calculation and does not impose it; that the quantity now called the vector potential bears no name at all in his text, whereas the scalar one bears the name "Potentialfunction", potential function, in both papers; that Lorenz writes those same letters, $\Omega$, U, V and W, and inherits with them the absence of a name for the three components, although the relation he writes is in other quantities, $\alpha$, $\beta$ and $\gamma$, and carries the opposite sign; and that the English translation of one of the two papers suppresses the word "function" from the term "Potentialfunction", with which Kirchhoff names his scalar quantity. The paper concludes that the pattern documented in the 1867 paper predates Lorenz and comes from the source from which he starts: a relation without number or name, components without a denomination, and a vocabulary added later.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Ultralight scalars and invisible gravitons

Massimo Giovannini

Unless the tensor to scalar ratio is small enough, the non-adiabatic mode associated with the ultralight bosons may be dangerously comparable with the adiabatic spectrum of curvature inhomogeneities. We point out here that this statement depends on the timeline of the post-inflationary expansion rate. Provided the decelerated evolution is slower than radiation for a sufficiently long period, the relative weight of the non-adiabatic and adiabatic components does not conflict with the direct constraints coming from the large-scale observations. Conversely the presence of ultralight bosons excludes the presence of long stages expanding faster than radiation. The synthesis of the light nuclei and the spectrum of the relic gravitons at high frequencies set the relevant constraints on the duration of the decelerated stages, on the delayed dominance of radiation and on the mass range of the ultralight scalars.
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Nuclear Theory

Comment on arXiv:2604.27678

V. A. Kizka

Shuang-Jie Liu et al. (arXiv:2604.27678) reported that the momentum-dependent nuclear mean field (MDI) with $K_0 = 230$ MeV 'can fit fairly' the experimental data for Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 3$ GeV, whereas the momentum-independent nuclear mean fields (MID) with $K_0 = 230$ MeV and $K_0 = 380$ MeV 'can only partially describe' the experimental results. We quantify these statements by performing $\chi^2$ goodness-of-fit tests for the comparison between the theoretical calculations and the experimental distributions presented in that work. For the complete set of data, all three calculations show highly statistically significant disagreement with the experimental data, with (p-value) p < 0.001. For the $0-10\%$ centrality class, however, the MDI calculation with $K_0 = 230$ MeV gives p = 0.49, indicating no statistically significant disagreement with the experimental data for the proton transverse-momentum distributions and the rapidity dependence of the mean transverse momentum, whereas both MID calculations give p < 0.001. For the $10-40\%$ centrality class, the analysis of the directed flows of protons, $K^+$ mesons, and $\Lambda$-hyperons gives the largest p-values for MDI with $K_0 = 230$ MeV and MID with $K_0 = 380$ MeV, with p = 1.00 and p = 0.97, respectively. In contrast, the analysis of the corresponding elliptic flow data gives p < 0.001 for all three calculations. Our results demonstrate that the qualitative statements 'fit fairly' and 'only partially describe' depend substantially on the particular observables and centrality classes considered and cannot by themselves establish statistically acceptable agreement between the calculations and the experimental data.
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Atomic Physics

Additional ionization during nuclear $\beta^{\pm}$ decay in atomic systems

Alexei M. Frolov

An original method is developed for numerical calculations of probabilities of the bound-free atomic excitations during the nuclear $\beta^{\pm}$ decays in actual atoms and ions. To achieve this goal we have derived and tested the closed analytical formulas for the final state probabilities of different excitations in the few-electron atomic systems. This study is the first non-approximate and essentially complete investigation of the atomic bound-free excitations during the nuclear $\beta^{\pm}$ decays in atoms.
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Quantum Physics

An entangling Hubbard quasiparticle collider on a digital quantum processor

Chan Bin Bark, Hanbyul Kim, Yoonil Koo et al. (+6 more)

Scattering of quasiparticles provides direct access to the interactions that govern strongly correlated systems. In this work, we realize the quasiparticle scattering experiment of the Fermi-Hubbard model on a digital quantum processor by colliding a doublon and a holon in the half-filled chain of 21 sites encoded on 42 qubits of the ibm_boston processor. For the first time, we measure the transmission probability of quasiparticles of the Hubbard model on quantum hardware, which agrees with the Bethe-ansatz scattering matrix without free parameters. Beyond the scattering probabilities, the collision generates entanglement by superposing the transmitted and reflected components, which we infer from the particle-number fluctuation. In sharp contrast, a control collision between two doublons shows neither the interaction dependence nor the number fluctuation, as expected for indistinguishable particles. Our work demonstrates that the ability to create quasiparticles of a chosen flavor on demand and program their motion and interactions makes a digital quantum processor a new experimental toolset for probing the entanglement structure generated by quasiparticle scattering.
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All authors Chan Bin Bark, Hanbyul Kim, Yoonil Koo, SeungBeom Hong, Seik Pak, Kwang Jun Ahn, Sangmo Cheon, Youngseok Kim, Moon Jip Park

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

OGLE-2016-BLG-0523: A Low-mass Brown Dwarf or super-Jupiter in a $>100$ au Orbit

Hongjing Yang, Weicheng Zang, Yoon-Hyun Ryu et al. (+37 more)

To search for very wide-orbit binary-lens events, we cross-match microlensing events detected by OGLE-IV and KMTNet between 2011 and 2024. After removing contaminants from variable stars, we identify OGLE-2016-BLG-0523 as a microlensing event showing two short-lived bumps in its light curve, with the two separated by 8.36 yr. We investigate three scenarios to explain the two bumps, including a binary-lens single-source (2L1S), a single-lens binary-source (1L2S), and two unrelated single-lens single-source events (2$\times$1L1S). The 1L2S interpretation is excluded due to its poorer fit to the data, while the 2$\times$1L1S scenario is disfavored by the low event rate, unphysical total source flux, and unphysical color for one of the two putative sources. For the surviving 2L1S interpretation, the Einstein timescales of the two bumps are $8.343 \pm 0.076$ days and $3.231 \pm 0.047$ days, respectively, implying a binary mass ratio of $q = 0.15$. A Bayesian analysis indicates that the primary lens is most likely a low-mass M dwarf, while the companion is probably a low-mass brown dwarf or super-Jupiter. The inferred projected separation is about 450 au, making the companion the widest low-mass object discovered via microlensing to date. Our discovery highlights both the promise and challenges of identifying very wide, low-mass companions through microlensing. Although upcoming facilities such as Roman and Earth 2.0 space telescopes will improve sensitivity to such events, overcoming degeneracies and distinguishing them from variable phenomena will remain essential for building a robust statistical sample.
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All authors Hongjing Yang, Weicheng Zang, Yoon-Hyun Ryu, Andrzej Udalski, Yuchen Tang, Michael D. Albrow, Sun-Ju Chung, Andrew Gould, Cheongho Han, Kyu-Ha Hwang, Youn Kil Jung, In-Gu Shin, Yossi Shvartzvald, Jennifer C. Yee, Sang-Mok Cha, Dong-Jin Kim, Hyoun-Woo Kim, Seung-Lee Kim, Chung-Uk Lee, Dong-Joo Lee, Yongseok Lee, Byeong-Gon Park, Richard W. Pogge, Przemek Mróz, Michał K. Szymański, Jan Skowron, Radoslaw Poleski, Igor Soszyński, Paweł Pietrukowicz, Szymon Kozłowski, Krzysztof A. Rybicki, Patryk Iwanek, Krzysztof Ulaczyk, Marcin Wrona, Mariusz Gromadzki, Mateusz J. Mróz, Jiyuan Zhang, Shude Mao, Hongyu Li, Qiyue Qian

High Energy Physics (Theory)

A universal sector of $\mathcal{N}=1$ class $\mathcal{S}$ spectra

Ritabrata Bhattacharya, Abhay Katyal and Oscar Varela

We determine a universal sector of the spectrum of light operators in four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=1$ class $\mathcal{S}$ superconformal field theories arising from M5-branes wrapped on a compact hyperbolic Riemann surface $\Sigma_2$. We work at large $N$, analysing Kaluza–Klein fluctuations about the dual Bah–Beem–Bobev–Wecht anti-de Sitter backgrounds for general values of the twist parameter $z$. To obtain these spectra, we specialise recently derived mass operators to modes that are constant on $\Sigma_2$ by imposing a suitable $z$-dependent generalised $G$-structure. We then organise the resulting eigenstates into long and protected $\mathcal{N}=1$ supermultiplets with definite flavour quantum numbers. As $z$ varies, rich patterns emerge in the spectrum, including both isolated multiplets and infinite towers of multiplets, which we characterise analytically.
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Quantum Physics

A Warped Born Rule Turns an Observer into a Maxwell's Demon

Olumakinde Ogunnaike

Quantum mechanics seems to be an incredibly delicate theory. Slight alterations to nearly any part of its structure can lead to huge qualitative differences and wildly unphysical predictions. Here, we explore the many-body consequences of replacing the Born rule $p(m)\propto\|P_m|\psi \rangle|^2$ by a warped rule $p_b(m)\propto\|P_m|\psi\rangle\|^{2b}$. Specifically, in systems with conserved particle number, evolution punctuated by repeated local particle observations acquires a probabilistic bias over measurement histories with an effect controlled by the sign of $b-1$. For $b>1$, this bias generically drives the gas to collect into nearly frozen configurations. Similar to the action of Maxwell's demon, the simple act of observation seems to extract entropy from a closed system. For $b<1$, the bias is reversed, generically scouring out long-wavelength fluctuations to produce a hyperuniform gas. We study this effect in a one-dimensional quantum gas, where these two phases are derived analytically for a particular measurement scheme and corroborated numerically for more general procedures with discrete-time projective-measurement circuit models using matrix product state simulations. We additionally discuss how this bias manifests in a common technique that often employs this warped rule, the “replica trick,” implying qualitative differences between finite-replica and replica-limit calculations.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

The LZ inelastic splitting as a probe of anomaly mediation

Seung J. Lee and Taewook Youn

The LZ 248 keV recoil candidate admits an interpretation in terms of pseudo-Dirac dark matter with a mixing-suppressed inelastic $Z$ interaction. In the MSSM, the Higgsino limit conflicts with the adopted solar-neutrino bound, while a gaugino realization requires an unprotected mass degeneracy. We realize such spectra in the MRSSM, where an $R$-symmetric Dirac bino produces the required $Z$ transition and wino coannihilation supplies the observed relic abundance. We impose the Higgs and gauge coupling relations of $N=2$ supersymmetry at a high scale and evolve them to low energy. With the remaining model parameters held fixed, we obtain spectra spanning roughly 300-850 GeV that satisfy the adopted constraints and have a small diagonal axial current. If anomaly mediation dominates the Majorana splitting, its local scale is tens of MeV for splittings of a few hundred keV. A five-dimensional warped construction generates this scale through Goldberger-Wise stabilization and a loop correction to the no-scale Kähler potential. The spectra remain testable through elastic scattering, solar neutrinos and long-lived charged states.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Adiabatic evolution of hadronic neutron stars

Domenico Logoteta, Francesco Zeno Constanzo, Ignazio Bombaci et al. (+3 more)

In this paper we compute several structural properties of static and rotating neutron stars, considering both rigid and differential rotation. To this end, we use a finite-temperature beta-stable equation of state (EOS) extending the zero-temperature hadronic EOS derived by Fortin et al. (2017). We account for the formation of hyperons and the presence of a neutrino-trapped component. Our goal is to provide insights into the long-term evolution of a protoneutron star (PNS) formed after a core-collapse supernova (CCSN) or a remnant resulting from a binary neutron star merger (BNSM). The EOS is derived using a relativistic mean-field quantum many-body theory within the Hartree approximation. Coupling constants are determined using experimental data on hypernuclei and hypernuclear matter to better account for uncertainties in hyperon single-particle potentials. Our EOS models reproduce the typical features of cold neutron stars and PNSs for nucleonic and hyperonic compositions. In particular, they are consistent with measured masses (2.01 M_sun and 2.14 M_sun for PSR J0348+0432 and PSR J0740+6620) and dimensionless tidal deformabilities from GW170817. Thermal contributions act differently depending on composition and rotation state. Finally, our evolutionary scheme provides a simple way to interpret the long-term evolution of BNSM remnants or PNSs from CCSNe, complementing dynamical simulations unable to cover full evolutionary timescales.
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All authors Domenico Logoteta, Francesco Zeno Constanzo, Ignazio Bombaci, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Albino Perego, David Radice

Chemical Physics

Spin Migration in the Argon Dimer

Stefanos Carlström, Serguei Patchkovskii and Misha Yu Ivanov

We introduce the concept of spin migration, i.e. time-dependent spin density, and the absolute smallest example of molecular spintronics. We illustrate the concept by ab initio calculations of the coupled vibronic motion of the electrons and the nuclei in the argon dimer cation, in which the vibrational level spacing is similar to the spin–orbit splitting of the atomic argon cations. We find that the spin density varies on multiple time scales, given by the natural time scales of the electronic and nuclear wavepackets.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

A Comprehensive JWST Slitless Spectroscopic Census of $\sim$12,000 Emission-Line Galaxies at Redshift $0\sim9$ in COSMOS

Shuqi Fu, Zijian Zhang, Danyang Jiang et al. (+5 more)

Emission-line galaxies provide key diagnostics of star formation, chemical enrichment, and AGN activity across cosmic time. We present a systematic census of emission-line sources using JWST/NIRCam wide-field slitless spectroscopy (WFSS) from the COSMOS-3D program, which covers a large contiguous area of 0.33 deg$^2$ and provides F444W grism spectroscopy over $3.9$–$5.1\ \mu$m. By combining slitless spectroscopy with deep multi-band imaging data, we construct a homogeneous spectroscopic sample of 12,275 objects at redshift 0–9. The typical $3\sigma$ line-flux limit reaches $3.2\times10^{-18}\ {\rm erg\ s^{-1}\ cm^{-2}}$. To address source confusion inherent to slitless spectroscopy, we develop a multi-step identification framework that combines information from spectra, images, spectral energy distributions, and spatial distributions. We introduce convolutional neural network and large language model to emulate the human identification process and improve efficiency. The resulting catalog provides spectroscopic redshifts, emission-line measurements, and derived physical properties for all sources. The F444W WFSS enables the detection of multiple emission lines, including primarily [O III], H$\alpha$, He I $\lambda10830$, [S III] $\lambda\lambda9531,9069$, Pa$\beta$, Pa$\alpha$, Br$\beta$, PAH, Br$\alpha$, allowing a continuous census of galaxies across cosmic time. We construct composite spectra in several redshift bins and detect a variety of faint spectral features that are difficult to identify in individual spectra, including higher-order hydrogen recombination lines, CO absorption bands, and [Fe II] lines. This catalog provides a key reference dataset for studies of galaxy evolution and AGN activity, and demonstrates the power of WFSS for constructing large, unbiased spectroscopic samples over wide areas. The full catalog will be publicly available online upon publication.
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All authors Shuqi Fu, Zijian Zhang, Danyang Jiang, Jie Chen, Linhua Jiang, Chenxi Bao, Yihe Wang, Ronaldo Laishram

Quantum Physics

A scalable sample-based quantum diagonalization solver for general Pauli-sum Hamiltonians

Yutaro Iiyama

A scalable ground-state solver to be used in sample-based quantum diagonalization (SQD) is presented. The solver is built on JAX API, and is intended to be run on GPU platforms and possibly many-GPU high-performance computing facilities. It is capable of subspace diagonalization in up to $2^{30}$-dimensional subspace, with possible upgrades to enable even larger-scale operations. The two main components, a general-purpose eigensolver and an SQD-specific matrix-vector operation function, are described in detail. Efficiency of the eigensolver with respect to the GPU memory is demonstrated using a simple physics model. Furthermore, good strong scaling of the eigensolver in many-GPU environment is observed.
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