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Physics

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Friday 9 October

Astrophysics of Galaxies

The Population of Type~1 Active Galactic Nuclei in Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. I. Profile-dependent Measurements of the Low-redshift Sample

Zhu-Heng Yao, Wei-Jian Guo, Shuo Zhai et al. (+8 more)

We present a spectral analysis of a large sample of low-redshift type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) selected from the first data release of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI DR1). For objects at $z\le0.9$, we perform spectral fitting and ML-assisted refinement, yielding 114,754 type 1 AGNs. We use two fitting schemes that differ only in the broad-line model: the broad Balmer components are fitted with either a Lorentzian function or a sum of Gaussians. The continuum and [O III] luminosity measurements agree closely between the two schemes, whereas the Gaussians scheme generally yields larger broad-H$\beta$ full width at half maximum (FWHM) values, larger virial black hole masses, and lower accretion rates. The adopted broad-Balmer profile also changes the decomposition of narrow Balmer emission. Specifically, the anti-correlation between [O III]$\lambda5007$/narrow H$\beta$ and accretion rate is stronger under the Gaussians scheme with a Spearman rank correlation coefficient $r_{\rm s}=-0.412$, than under the Lorentzian scheme with $r_{\rm s}=-0.206$; the same tendency is observed in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) subset ($r_{\rm s}=-0.435$ and $-0.259$ for the Gaussians and Lorentzian schemes, respectively), suggesting that the Gaussians scheme may provide a more self-consistent separation of the broad and narrow H$\beta$ components. Moreover, the consistent correlations recovered under both profile prescriptions favor a continuous type 1 accretion-state sequence, with NLS1s occupying its high-accretion end rather than constituting a distinct population.
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All authors Zhu-Heng Yao, Wei-Jian Guo, Shuo Zhai, Yu-Chang Li, Cheng Cheng, Jun-Rong Liu, Shuang Jin, Antonios Katsianis, Jing Wang, Da-Wei Xu, Jian-Yan Wei

Quantum Physics

Verifiable Sampling for Delegated Generative Quantum Machine Learning

Matteo Inajetovic, Anna Pappa and Petros Wallden

Generative machine learning has shown remarkable results across a wide range of interdisciplinary tasks, motivating significant efforts toward Quantum Generative Models as a path to beyond-classical performance, given their capability of generating classically intractable distributions. However, comparatively little attention has been paid to securely delegating such computations to a powerful remote quantum server. In this work, we propose a blind and verifiable protocol for sampling that can be used for the inference phase of such quantum models. Such a protocol inherits blindness from Universal Blind Quantum Computing and achieves verifiability by exploiting known approaches based on trapification schemes. Alongside, to delegate the training phase, we discuss an extension of the previously proposed verifiable end-to-end Delegated Variational Quantum Algorithms (Inajetovic et al., Phys. Rev. Research, 2026). Beyond the usual Accept/Abort outcome characterizing verification protocols, the sampling protocol for inference also provides, even against a malicious server, an estimation of the amount of corrupted generated samples, i.e., a fine-grained feature describing the quality of the outcome connecting verification protocols and application-level benchmarking.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Binary Ellis-Bronnikov wormholes in 3+1 numerical relativity: mergers, fly-bys and gravitational waves

Nikita M. Shirokov and Ilya Nachevsky

We present what are, to our knowledge, the first 3D numerical-relativity evolutions of wormhole binaries: pairs of massive Ellis-Bronnikov drainholes held open by a ghost scalar field. Each throat is an unstable fixed point whose e-fold time matches the González-Guzmán-Sarbach linear rate to within 1.9%. Two throats obey a charge-sign rule: like scalar charges repel and opposite charges attract, with a measured attraction-to-repulsion ratio of $1.462\pm0.022$ against the predicted 3/2, so only opposite-signed pairs merge. A head-on collision forms a common MOTS around both still-open throats, born with about their combined area. The horizon then loses 28% of its area as it swallows the phantom field, and by $t=100$ lies within 1.4% of the Schwarzschild radius of the pair's mass, still shrinking. Fly-by pairs form no horizon and both mouths inflate, the one nearest capture radiating the most gravitational-wave energy measured. A lone collapsing throat sheds its seeded quadrupole as a burst ringing at the Schwarzschild frequency of the black hole it becomes, and every encounter radiates its own burst of gravitational waves and a scalar dipole of comparable energy and negative sign. A throat survives at most a few orbital periods for any plausible perturbation, and the negative-energy dipole would pump rather than drain the orbit, so these binaries have no inspiral.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Detailed study of HD 219134: a benchmark K-dwarf with a compact planetary system

Jérôme Bétrisey, Camilla Pezzotti, Gaël Buldgen et al. (+4 more)

Space missions such as CoRoT, Kepler, and TESS have transformed asteroseismology and its synergies with exoplanet science. We revisit the nearby K-dwarf HD 219134 to investigate the tension between asteroseismic and interferometric radii, update its fundamental parameters, and reconstruct the rotational, magnetic, and atmospheric evolution of the system. We combine forward asteroseismic modeling with seismic inversions to assess systematics from non-seismic constraints, radius measurements, and surface modeling. The revised stellar properties are then used for rotational evolution, stellar-wind, and high-energy irradiation calculations. Seismic inversions rule out the most recent interferometric radius, while the asteroseismic and spectroscopic results are compatible with the 2019 interferometric measurement. We obtain $M=0.779\pm0.015_\mathrm{(stat)}\pm0.006_\mathrm{(sys)}\ M_\odot$, $R=0.753\pm0.005_\mathrm{(stat)}\pm0.002_\mathrm{(sys)}\ R_\odot$, and an age of $8.92\pm0.89_\mathrm{(stat)}\pm0.19_\mathrm{(sys)}$ Gyr. These systematics include only non-seismic constraints; literature combined uncertainties from physical inputs and surface effects are $0.007M_\odot$, $0.002R_\odot$, and $0.81$ Gyr. Rotational and wind modelling shows that standard magnetic braking is broadly compatible with the present-day rotation and angular-momentum loss. Weakened braking gives a closer match but challenges standard wind-loss scalings. The inferred X-ray history suggests early stripping of the innermost planets, while the outer planets likely retained part of their primordial envelopes; HD 219134d experienced only moderate erosion. The apparent radius discrepancy likely reflects underestimated uncertainties in previous interferometric analyses rather than an astrophysical inconsistency. We advocate adopting the asteroseismic radius, which is robust to modeling assumptions and optimisation strategies.
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All authors Jérôme Bétrisey, Camilla Pezzotti, Gaël Buldgen, Aline A. Vidotto, Colin P. Folsom, Michaël De Becker, Michaël Gillon

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Graphene double quantum dot as a solid-state two-level system in the THz range

Alexis Wietzke, Solen Coeymans, Benjamin Hue et al. (+12 more)

Matter-based two-level quantum systems are fundamental building blocks of quantum technologies, underpinning applications in quantum computing, simulation, communication, and sensing. Today, most of these two-level quantum systems, including Rydberg atoms, trapped ions, superconducting circuits, molecules, and quantum dots, involve transition frequencies in microwave or optical domains. However, extending their transition frequency to the THz spectral range could provide numerous benefits, leveraging the unique properties of THz radiation. Here, we show that an hBN-encapsulated graphene double quantum dot realizes a two-level system with a transition frequency in the THz spectral range. Using low-temperature transport spectroscopy in the dark combined with modeling based on nonequilibrium Green's function formalism, we demonstrate the formation of an artificial molecule, featuring bonding and antibonding states separated by an energy of up to 0.6 meV, corresponding to a resonance frequency of 0.145 THz. This approach provides direct access to important parameters of open double quantum dot systems, including tunneling rates, offering a practical alternative to conventional techniques such as photon-assisted tunneling, which are challenging to implement at THz frequencies. The realized 2D-material-based THz two-level system, compatible with direct on-chip integration, could serve as a key building block for future THz quantum technologies. Furthermore, by involving a single-electron transition, coupling these devices to a THz resonator could enable the exploration of ultra-strong light-matter interactions at the fundamental limit of a single transition coupled to a single cavity, beyond the reach of existing THz quantum systems based on collective transitions.
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All authors Alexis Wietzke, Solen Coeymans, Benjamin Hue, Simon Messelot, Aurelien Schmitt, Michael Rosticher, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Jerome Tignon, Sukhdeep Dhillon, Rebeca Ribeiro, Audrey Cottet, Matthieu Delbecq, Takis Kontos, Juliette Mangeney

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Equal-Spin local and nonlocal Andreev reflection in altermagnet/superconductor/altermagnet junction

Kai-Yi Lyu, Xing Wang and Yu-Xian Li

We investigated the equal-spin Andreev reflection phenomenon in an altermagnet/super\-conductor/altermagnet (AM/SC/AM) junction, focusing on the roles of the crystal orientation angle and the Néel vector. The crystal orientation angle in the AM effectively determines the spin-dependent transport channels for both electrons and holes, leading to orientation-dependent local and crossed Andreev reflection in the AM/SC/AM junction. We studied how and under what conditions this equal-spin Andreev reflection occurs. Rotating the Néel vector in the AM substantially increases spin-flip channels for both electrons and holes, giving rise to equal-spin Andreev reflection. When the Néel vector $\theta=\pi/2$, the spin-dependent transmission channels for crystal orientations $\alpha=0$ and $\alpha=\pi/2$ are completely the same, the Andreev reflection coefficients remain different, reflecting the distinct roles of the Néel vector in spin space and the crystal orientation in real space. By tuning the crystal orientation angle and the Néel vector, orientation-dependent conventional and equal-spin Andreev reflection can be realized. This study reveals that Néel vector rotation is the direct cause of equal-spin Andreev reflection in AM/SC/AM junctions and provides a viable pathway for realizing spin-dependent superconducting transport phenomena in AM heterojunctions.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Dirac-Born-Infeld action from inequivalent representations of open strings

Isao Kishimoto, Tomohiko Takahashi and Ayane Tezuka

We study open strings in a constant magnetic field from the viewpoint of universal canonical variables. Using a conserved Klein-Gordon-type pairing, we show that the canonical commutation relations remain background independent in the distributional sense, while the background dependence is encoded in the mode representation. The Bogoliubov transformation between different magnetic backgrounds is not unitarily implementable, so that the corresponding Fock representations are inequivalent. Nevertheless, the transformation determines the relative normalization of the vacua. We show that the resulting relative vacuum normalization precisely reproduces the relative boundary $g$-function, or equivalently the magnetic-field-dependent part of the disk amplitude, and yields the Dirac-Born-Infeld factor. Thus the disk normalization is encoded directly in the transformation between inequivalent representations of universal open-string variables.
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Materials Science

Insights on the volume variation of LiCoxMn2-xO4 electrode upon cycling: a correlative operando XRD and XAS study

Eunike Mahayoni, Louiza Larbi, Romain Batiot et al. (+4 more)

Understanding volume changes in high-voltage spinel cathodes is essential for mitigating mechanical degradation and improving cycling stability. However, linking these changes to cation-specific redox processes remains challenging. Here, we combine operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to investigate the LiCoxMn2-xO4 spinel system, which exhibits a cubic structure and isotropic lattice response, in order to correlate the evolution of the local and long-range structure. Five compositions (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0) were synthesized and electrochemically characterized, with x = 0, 0.5, and 1.0 examined in detail under identical cycling conditions. XAS at the Mn and Co K-edges reveals distinct Mn4+/Mn3+ and Co4+/Co3+ redox processes, with Mn redox activity dominating below 4.7 V and Co redox triggered at higher potentials. Chemometric tools for XAS data analysis further resolve the evolution of local structure during cycling. Both XRD and XAS capture consistent trends in volume evolution, despite probing different structural length scales. Increasing Co content progressively decreases the overall volume change, from 5.0 % to 1.6 % by XAS and from 5.8 % to 2.1 % by XRD. These results demonstrate that Co substitution suppresses electrochemically induced structural strain and establish a direct link between cation-specific redox activity and volumetric evolution. The correlative operando XRD/XAS approach provides a framework to investigate newly designed low-strain, high-energy cathodes with improved cycling stability.
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All authors Eunike Mahayoni, Louiza Larbi, Romain Batiot, Anatole Weill, Damien Brégiroux, Antonella Iadecola, Arnaud Perez

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Simulation Study of Reconstruction of Cosmic Ray Extensive Air Shower with Thermal Neutron Detected by ENDA

Fan-Ping Li, Xin-Hua Ma, Hu Liu et al. (+25 more)

In the investigation of the "knee" region within the cosmic ray energy spectrum, extensive air shower (EAS) reconstruction by using different EAS secondary particles are of paramount importance for energy determination and composition separation and finally measurement of energy spectrum of different cosmic ray composition. The Electron-Neutron Detector Array (ENDA) is designed to detect thermal neutrons generated in the ground by high energy hadrons which constitute the "backbone" of EAS and carry vital information regarding the primary cosmic rays. At present, ENDA-64, consisting of 64 detectors, is employed inside the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). This work simulates the response of ENDA and investigates the lateral distributions of thermal neutrons. A comparison of the NKG and double-exponential functions for describing this distribution using MC simulation data shows that the double-exponential function is more accurate. The mean difference between fitted and measured thermal neutron density is within ~ 6%. Meanwhile, the thermal neutron density at 10 m from the shower axis, $\rho_n$, depends mainly on the sum of all hadrons energy or the number of high-energy hadrons. The relationship between $\rho_n$ and EAS hadron energy or the number of high-energy hadrons can be well fitted by a linear function on a log scale. This work is fundamental for energy determination and composition separation with hybrid detection by using ENDA in the near future.
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All authors Fan-Ping Li, Xin-Hua Ma, Hu Liu, Tian-Lu Chen, Shu-Wang Cui, Danzengluobu, Xin-Rui Gao, Wei Gao, Wen-Chao Gao, Hai-Bing Hu, Denis Kuleshov, Kirill Kurinov, Bing-Bing Li, Mao-Yuan Liu, Ye Liu, Igor Maliy, Da-Yu Peng, Yao-Hui Qi, Jia-Bo Qin, Dong Qu, Oleg Shchegolev, Yuri Stenkin, Yu-Sen Wang, Tian-Shuang Yang, Li-Qiao Yin, Hui-Qian Zhang, Liang-Wei Zhang, Shi-Yuan Zhang

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Flux Evolution of PSR B0540–69 and the Spectral Energy Distribution of its Pulsar Wind Nebula

Juan Zhang, Xuezhi Liu, Junyang Zhang et al. (+12 more)

The young Crab-like pulsar PSR B0540–69, located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, underwent a spin-down rate transition (SRT) in 2011 December, after which its pulsar wind nebula (PWN) was reported to brighten up to 2018. In this work, we extend the study of its X-ray and $\gamma$-ray flux evolution through 2026 by combining observations from multiple X-ray instruments with data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope, thereby constructing a flux history of the PSR$+$PWN system spanning more than two decades. We find that the enhanced X-ray luminosity of the PSR$+$PWN system has persisted for more than 14 yr after the SRT, up to early 2026, whereas the pulsed X-ray flux remains unchanged across all epochs. This confirms that the brightening originates from the PWN. In the $\gamma$-ray band, neither the pulsed nor the non-pulsed flux shows any detectable long-term variation between 2008 and 2025. Together, these results imply that the additional spin-down energy released at the SRT has been continuously injected into the PWN over decades, placing strong constraints on the energy budget and physical mechanism of the transition. Combining the non-pulsed X-ray and $\gamma$-ray fluxes measured here with previously published radio-to-UV data, we further construct a broadband spectral energy distribution of the PWN, which shows properties markedly different from those of the Crab Nebula.
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All authors Juan Zhang, Xuezhi Liu, Junyang Zhang, Hanlong Peng, Mingyu Ge, Songzhan Chen, Shanshan Weng, Shijie Zheng, Shumei Jia, Chengkui Li, Haisheng Zhao, Ju Guan, Yong Chen, Liming Song, Fangjun Lu

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Formation Dynamics of a Rotating Solar Spicule-like Event and Associated Energy-Mass Transport

Liufan Gong, Lei Ni, Guanchong Cheng et al. (+3 more)

We performed three-dimensional radiative magnetohydrodynamic(3D RMHD) simulations in an upward-directed (positive-polarity) open magnetic field with an initial background strength of 10 G. We identified vortex-associated spicule-like events and carried out a detailed analysis of one representative event. Prior to the formation of this spicule-like event, a photospheric vortex appears and twists the magnetic field lines, then develops upward into higher atmospheric layers, forming a magnetic tornado system. This event is generated during this process. At the periphery of this magnetic tornado, twisted magnetic field lines with negative vertical components reconnect with both external positive-polarity background fields and central positive-polarity fields. The magnetic reconnection sites rise and rotate together with the developed magnetic tornado, and many jet-like substructures in this event are closely associated with plasma upward ejections from these reconnection regions. A vertical force analysis shows that, for this event, plasma uplift in the photosphere and lower chromosphere is dominated by the pressure-gradient force, whereas in the upper chromosphere, the Lorentz force gradually becomes dominant. At a height of about 4 Mm above the solar surface, this event produces a mean upward mass flux density on the order of $10^{-7}~{\rm kg~m^{-2}~s^{-1}}$ and a mean upward Poynting flux density of approximately $525~{\rm W~m^{-2}}$. The wave-mode decomposition results show that the energy transport associated with the rotational spicule-like event is dominated by the Alfvén mode. Alfvén waves, fast-mode waves, and slow-mode waves carry energy into the lower corona in an approximate ratio of $10:7:3$.
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All authors Liufan Gong, Lei Ni, Guanchong Cheng, Jiajia Liu, Quan Xie, Robert Erdélyi

Soft Condensed Matter

Imbibition dynamics under dissolution-driven fluid thickening

H. W. Almeida, A. F. V. Matias, R. C. V. Coelho et al. (+1 more)

The imbibition of milk into a biscuit provides an example of a broader class of processes in which a liquid invades a porous material, dissolving components of the solid and thereby modifying its own rheology. This coupling between imbibition, dissolution, and evolving fluid rheology also occurs in food processing, filtration, and reactive porous media. While the resulting changes in fluid viscosity are known to affect imbibition, a quantitative description of how this evolving rheology determines the imbibition dynamics is still lacking. Here, we establish such a description for dissolution-driven fluid thickening. For a capillary tube in the well-mixed limit, we derive a generalized Washburn law showing that the evolving viscosity can be incorporated through a rescaled time given by the accumulated inverse viscosity. This predicts a collapse of the imbibition dynamics for different dissolution rates, which we confirm numerically using coupled free-surface and solute-transport simulations. When diffusion is slower, concentration and viscosity become spatially heterogeneous, resulting in a weaker retardation of the advancing liquid than predicted by the well-mixed theory. We then consider disordered porous media and quantify how dissolution-driven thickening and variations in pore geometry affect the dynamics. Our results extend the classical Washburn description to imbibition with evolving fluid properties and provide a quantitative basis for understanding fluid uptake when interactions with the solid progressively modify the rheology of the invading liquid.
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All authors H. W. Almeida, A. F. V. Matias, R. C. V. Coelho, N. A. M. Araujo

Quantum Physics · Cross-listed from math.NT

Real Fiducial Vectors Only Exist in Dimensions $d\equiv 3 \pmod{4}$

Igor Van Loo and Frédérique Oggier

We investigate restrictions on the dimensions and coordinate fields of real Weyl-Heisenberg fiducial vectors. Our main result is that such vectors can exist only in dimensions $d\equiv 3\pmod{4}$. This result is motivated by evidence showing that real Weyl-Heisenberg fiducial vectors can exist only in dimensions $d = 4m^2 + 3, m \in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0}$. We further restrict the possible dimensions when the coordinate field is a totally real number field, an even or odd degree extension of $\mathbb{Q}$, a real quadratic field, or a maximal real subfield of a cyclotomic field. Lastly, we establish non-existence over odd-degree number fields under either positivity of all non-trivial cyclic-shift overlaps or a conjectural containment of a distinguished quadratic field in the SIC field.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Recent results in $b \rightarrow s\,\ell\ell$ transitions at LHCb

Juan Jose Juan Castella

Rare decays of $B$ hadrons, such as $b\rightarrow s\ell \ell$ processes, provide great avenues to search for the influence of new physics (NP). They are highly suppressed in the Standard Model (SM) and therefore sensitive to NP contributions. In recent years, experimental measurements have shown tension with SM predictions. It is still up for debate whether these stem from genuine NP or an incomplete understanding of the theory. These proceedings focus on the recent efforts of the LHCb collaboration to advance this field. Some of the results covered show that tensions in these processes, like in $B^0 \rightarrow K^{*0}\, \mu^+ \mu^-$, still persist upon higher precision. Others aim to shed some light on the theoretical picture through amplitude analyses of decays like $B^0 \rightarrow K^{*0}\, \mu^+ \mu^-$ and $B^+ \rightarrow K^+ \, \mu^+ \mu^-$. We also present two innovative measurements: the branching fraction of $B^0 \rightarrow K^+ \pi^- \mu^+ \mu^-$ at large dihadron mass; and the first hadron collider measurement of the lepton flavour universality ratio of $B^0 \rightarrow K^{*0} \, \ell^+\ell^-$ at high $q^2$ (dilepton mass squared).
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics

Morphology-based retrieval of local wave parameters and phase shifts in satellite-observed atmospheric disturbances

Yuriy Klymenko, Alla Fedorenko, Evgen Kryuchkov et al. (+1 more)

Currently available methods for processing atmospheric wave disturbances are often based on integral wavelet transform techniques, which efficiently estimate spectral data but are fundamentally limited by the uncertainty principle. To address this limitation, this work proposes a novel morphological approach based on partitioning spatial disturbance profiles into separate, well-defined wave segments. By focusing exclusively on the local waveform morphology of a central half-wave and its two adjacent out-of-phase counterparts, and taking the modified Morlet wavelet as a primary example of a model wave packet, we successfully reconstruct the complete set of local wave parameters directly from the amplitudes and positions of these three dominant half-waves. Consequently, the theory demonstrates good agreement with observations, confirming the high accuracy of the proposed waveform morphology approach in reconstructing the localized structure of atmospheric disturbances. When applied to evaluating the phase shift between different wave field components, the method reveals that this shift is a weighted combination of the classical monochromatic phase difference and a morphological one determined by the internal symmetry of the underlying wave packets. Although the classical factor yields the dominant contribution, the symmetry-related factor provides a moderate correction to it. The applicability and accuracy of the approach are verified using observational data gathered over several orbits of the low-Earth-orbit satellite Dynamic Explorer 2 as it passed over Earth's polar caps. The obtained results confirm that the observed disturbances correspond to medium-scale acoustic-gravity waves propagating at a small angle to the horizontal plane, demonstrating the broader methodological potential of the proposed technique for analyzing a wide range of wave phenomena.
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All authors Yuriy Klymenko, Alla Fedorenko, Evgen Kryuchkov, Oleg Cheremnykh

Strongly Correlated Electrons

X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of oxygen-deficient double perovskite oxide NdBaCo$_2$O$_{5+\delta}$ ($\delta \sim 0.65$)

Himanshu Pant, S. Khalid and R. Bindu

The degree of oxygen vacancy in A-site-doped layered double perovskite oxides can lead to anion vacancy ordering, which subsequently results in distinct superstructures. We have studied oxygen deficient double perovskite oxide, NdBaCo$2$O$_{5+\delta}$ ($\delta \sim$ 0.65), utilising X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy complemented by multiple scattering and first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT+U). The present results establish a direct correlation between oxygen-vacancy distribution, magnetic inhomogeneity, and charge transport in layered cobaltates. Our investigations on the Co K, Ba, and Nd $L_{\mathrm{III}}$ edges suggest that the near-edge spectra, based on the number and shape of the spectral features, indicate the value of $\delta$ for the compound under study lies closer to 0.75. The analysis of the Ba $L_{\mathrm{III}}$ edge spectrum confirms the +2 oxidation state for Ba ions. The Co K-edge near-edge spectra suggest the possibility of oxygen vacancies arising at the basal sites in addition to the apical sites. This is counterintuitive to the common understanding that oxygen vacancies usually occur at the apical sites, i.e., in the lanthanide (Nd) layer in these compounds. Such a distribution of oxygen vacancies naturally explains the Griffith phase and the conduction mechanism of variable range hopping observed in the compound. The vacancy distribution, when at the optimum level, can also bring about easier oxygen ion mobility and a more sensitive and faster oxygen sensor. We believe that our results will help in tailoring oxygen-ion mobility and enhancing oxygen-sensing performance.
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Quantum Physics

Continuous-wave AC magnetometry up to hundreds of megahertz using nitrogen-vacancy centers under a strong transverse magnetic field

Ryusei Okaniwa, Rui Suzuki, Yuichiro Matsuzaki et al. (+2 more)

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are promising quantum sensors for AC magnetic fields. However, conventional dynamical-decoupling-based magnetometry becomes technically demanding at high frequencies because of the requirement for increasingly short and high-power microwave pulses. This paper describes an AC magnetometry technique based on continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance (CW-ODMR) measurements, which enables the detection of signals in the hundred-MHz range. By applying a strong static magnetic field transverse to the NV axis, the energy separation between the relevant electron-spin states was tuned and resonantly coupled with the target radiofrequency (RF) magnetic field, thereby forming RF-dressed states. Unlike pulsed dynamical-decoupling schemes, this approach does not require high-power microwave pulse sequences. The key feature of our method is that the detectable frequency can be tuned by controlling the bias magnetic field strength. Using this methodology, we have experimentally achieved the frequency-tunable detection of AC magnetic fields from 14.4-632 MHz. The sensitivity was 0.558 uT/Hz^(0.5) at 14.4 MHz and 24.4 uT/Hz^(0.5) at 632 MHz. We characterized the field-dependent ODMR contrast and linewidth, and found that their degradation at large transverse fields is a important factor limiting the high-frequency sensitivity. These results establish a simple CW-ODMR approach for widely tunable RF magnetic-field sensing without high-power pulsed spin control.
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All authors Ryusei Okaniwa, Rui Suzuki, Yuichiro Matsuzaki, Norio Tokuda, Junko Ishi-Hayase

High Energy Physics (Theory)

Disformal Closure Selects 3D Scalar-Tensor Gravity without Local Bulk Modes

M. Shams Nejati and M.H. Vahidinia

Three-dimensional Einstein gravity has no local degrees of freedom, yet retains rich global and black-hole physics. Adding a scalar normally spoils this. We show that closure of three-dimensional Horndeski gravity under disformal field redefinitions selects a square-root curvature interaction. A nonlinear analysis finds no local bulk modes on regular branches, while an independent Hamiltonian analysis confirms the result on the timelike-gradient branch. This extends the no-local-bulk-dynamics paradigm beyond pure Einstein gravity and motivates studying its boundary and global sectors.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Orbital transfer reveals material-selective structure in Rydberg excitons

Mengli Wang, Peng Chen, Wenqi Xue et al. (+3 more)

Rydberg excitons in atomically thin semiconductors offer a sensitive view of dielectric screening and electronic structure. As their spectra become increasingly well resolved, a central question is how much material information an effective Hamiltonian can predict beyond the states used to determine it. Using the 1s, 2p and 2s levels to determine a scalar Rytova-Keldysh Hamiltonian, we test its transfer to the excluded 3p state. The transfer deviations have opposite signs: the observed 3p lies 7.38 meV below the prediction in MoSe2 and 5.58 meV above it in WS2; the opposite signs persist across the complete reported +/-2-sigma peak-error boxes. In a separate high-field-calibrated benchmark, RK removes 66.8% of the orbital error of a pure two-dimensional Coulomb reference, making the remaining state-selective deviations particularly informative. After separating gap and common-scale contributions, the residuals reveal distinct material-dependent orbital patterns and constrain simple multichannel descriptions. For WS2, the measured 2p/3p curvatures yield a parameter-fixed prediction, Q4p=+4.08 meV, for a future same-platform measurement. Together these results show how a well-performing spectral model can be tested for transferable physical information, with the next unmeasured state providing an independent experimental check.
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All authors Mengli Wang, Peng Chen, Wenqi Xue, Haonan Xia, Hong Zhang, Benniu Zhang

Geophysics

Is the Number of Foreshocks Underestimated? The Role of Declustering Symmetry

Herbian Hokky Prabowo, Eugenio Lippiello, Sebastian Hainzl et al. (+1 more)

The physical origin of foreshocks remains one of the major unresolved problems in statistical seismology. In bottom-up (BU) triggering models, foreshocks are interpreted as ordinary earthquakes that stochastically trigger a larger event through cascading interactions, as in the Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) model. In contrast, top-down (TD) models interpret foreshocks as manifestations of a preparatory process preceding the mainshock. This ambiguity has important implications not only for earthquake forecasting, but also for declustering itself, since the inferred number of foreshocks may depend on the assumed physical mechanism governing seismicity. Here we investigate the detectability of foreshocks using synthetic catalogues representing two limiting physical scenarios: purely bottom-up triggering and mixed preparatory-triggering dynamics. These cases are implemented through the ETAS and ETAFS models, respectively. We compare the classical nearest-neighbor (NN) declustering metric with a reverse nearest-neighbor metric (rNN) introduced here. While the standard NN metric scales the correlation metric to the magnitude of the earlier event, rNN scales it with the magnitude of the later event. We show that rNN is mathematically equivalent to applying the standard nearest-neighbor metric to the time-reversed catalog, establishing a direct symmetry between the two approaches. Our simulations reveal [...]
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All authors Herbian Hokky Prabowo, Eugenio Lippiello, Sebastian Hainzl, Giuseppe Petrillo

Quantum Physics

Pulsed control of an entanglement-breaking index: thermal valleys, a certified valve, and its open-close asymmetry

Eran Kopel

The entanglement-breaking index of a channel is the number of self-compositions after which all entanglement with a reference system is destroyed. In a thermal qubit collision loop whose round is affine in the bath polarisation p, some circuits have thermal valleys: on an interior window of p the index falls below its infinite-temperature value. Rounds at different p compose exactly, so every schedule of polarisations defines a composite channel whose entanglement-breaking status can be certified in ball arithmetic. A gated search of 33 million random circuits finds no valley with contrast above about 3e-3, with an interior maximum near index 90, and yields six certified targets. At the reference target, held inside its window for 88 rounds, a centred excursion to p = 0.05 restores entanglement at exactly eight rounds: every shorter centred pulse certifiably fails, and so do the same eight rounds at the start. A 53-round pulse certifiably beats the static protocol, a depth-three valley is walked down its staircase by pulse duration, and a 1.2 per cent coherent tilt of the ancilla opens the switch at fixed population. Closing the switch costs 21 to 35 rounds. The asymmetry is not one of local rates, which agree to within about two per cent at matched circuit positions (certified). It is one of distance and response: closing must remove an entanglement margin 2.2 times larger, and while hot rounds added to a window hold act almost independently, window rounds added to a hot hold act collectively. Near the crossing, the lever of the log-margin is that of a linear approach to the entanglement-breaking boundary, with no free parameter. At the reference target, depolarising noise of about $4\nu/n$ per round kills a signature of size $\nu$ read after $n$ rounds: 1.3e-4 for the static signal, 6.5e-6 for the eight-round switch.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Star Cluster Ecology VIII. – Dynamically Forming S-Type and $\alpha$Centauri-like Systems

Erwan Hochart and Simon Portegies Zwart

Aims: To analyse the impact of dynamically formed binaries emerging naturally from various star cluster environments on already established planetary systems. Methods: Numerical simulations replicating the star-forming region NGC 1333 are conducted. We consider three models, each using identical cluster realisations and simulation parameters. The cluster itself is initially sub-virial and fractally distributed. Model~A assumes planetary systems are initially in mean motion resonance. In Model~B, the same planetary systems are moved out of resonance, but remain intrinsically stable. Finally, Model~C removes all planets from the simulation. Ten independent realisations are integrated per model until 30 Myr. Results: Dynamically formed binaries emerge at similar rates across models, indicating planets play little role in their formation. We also find a higher production rate of wide binaries compared to previous numerical studies which we attribute to the sub-virial and sub-clustered initial conditions. S-type and binary S-type planetary systems naturally emerge in our simulations, while P-type systems are rare. For Model~A, the fraction of S-type or binary S-type systems is f_S=0.02 and $f_Bin,\, S=0.05, respectively. Rogue planets originating from a binary system are ejected with a substantially larger velocity than those around singletons. Planet-star collisions and planet capture events occur disproportionately within binary systems. Finally, several \alphaCentauri-like systems emerge in our simulations, suggesting that the nearest stellar system to the Sun may have a dynamical origin.
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Superconductivity

Electron- and hole-doped superconductivity in two-dimensional electride ZrX$_2$ (X = Cl, Br, I)

Tian-Xin Liu, Xin-Yang Li, Zuo-Wei Yin et al. (+5 more)

Two-dimensional (2D) superconducting systems have recently emerged as a frontier in condensed matter physics, driven by their unique physical properties and potential applications. Using first-principles calculations, we show that monolayer ZrX$_2$ (X = Cl, Br, I), which is a family of 2D semiconducting electrides, hosts phonon-mediated superconductivity under both electron and hole dopings. Electron doping in ZrX$_{2}$ can achieve high superconducting transition temperatures at very low concentrations, with ZrBr$_2$ reaching $T_c = 30.0$ K at 0.01 e/f.u., followed by ZrCl$_2$ (22.5 K at 0.05 e/f.u.) and ZrI$_2$ (18.1 K at 0.01 e/f.u.), for which the high $T_c$ originates from the flat conduction band minimum, with Van Hove singularities nearby enhancing the density of states. In contrast, hole doping requires higher concentrations (0.2–0.25 h/f.u.) to activate superconductivity, yielding $T_c \sim 2$ K, and approaches a magnetic instability at elevated doping levels. By comparing with InSe and LaBr$_2$, we identify the spatial location and orbital character of excess electrons as key factors determining the strength of hole-doped superconductivity and the nature of competing orders. These findings establish monolayer ZrX$_2$ as a platform for bipolar superconductivity in a 2D electride and provide insights into flat-band engineering for high-$T_c$ superconductors.
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All authors Tian-Xin Liu, Xin-Yang Li, Zuo-Wei Yin, Jing Jiang, Ben-Chao Gong, Wei Fan, Xiao-Le Qiu, Kai Liu

Materials Science

Assessing quantitative phase reliability in electron ptychography using a twisted trilayer WS2 thickness staircase

Hu Bao, Qilong Feng, Kun Ye et al. (+6 more)

The phase of an electron wave is sensitive to the local electrostatic environment and can therefore provide information about atomic-scale structural variations. In electron ptychography, however, specimen thickness, multiple scattering and projected atomic overlap can complicate the quantitative interpretation of the reconstructed phase. Here, we use a twisted trilayer WS2 thickness staircase containing monolayer, bilayer and trilayer regions as an internal reference, with all regions measured under identical experimental conditions. The mean W-column phase increases by approximately 13.2% from the monolayer to the bilayer region, compared with only 4.7% from the bilayer to the trilayer region, revealing a nonlinear thickness dependence. W-S overlap has little effect on the W-column phase, whereas short-range projected W-W overlap increases it by approximately 8-9%. These results provide a benchmark for evaluating quantitative phase measurement in multilayer WS2 and for assessing phase-based mapping of local electrostatic potential, charge-density and three-dimensional atomic-scale polarization.
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All authors Hu Bao, Qilong Feng, Kun Ye, Tianyu Xue, Stephen J. Pennycook, Yihan Zhu, Anmin Nie, Shoucong Ning, Jing Tao

Quantum Physics

Temporal-Access Resource Theory for Continuous Process Tensors

He Wang

The uncontrolled endpoint channel can conceal how well a quantum process can protect a logical task under time-resolved control. We formulate a fixed-task resource theory of continuous process tensors with physical access interfaces, entrance-erasing free objects, and budgeted free conversions. Complete-record total-variation error measures performance; the calibrated capability is monotone under conversions that preserve a common free baseline. For unknown-state transmission the baseline is exactly $1-d^{-2}$. Two qubit processes with the same endpoint channel have optimal errors $0$ and $p=\sin^2(2gh)$ at the same finite pulse budget in an ideal-transparent system-only window architecture, forcing any endpoint-only predictor to err by at least $p/2$ on one of them. An exactly solvable family shows how the allocation of a fixed interaction phase around a control window sets the attainable error, and a nontrivial perfect echo requires and attains total control action $\pi$ in that architecture. The separation extends directly to every qubit unitary target at a budget that includes its boundary gate, while unitary tasks in any dimension have baseline $1-d^{-2}$ whenever a budget-feasible free realization gives the depolarizing output. Complete-record implementation bounds quantify coherent and dissipative control imperfections. Continuous-process randomized compilation supplies physical instrument pullbacks; compatible completion conditions extend their action, and certified dynamical bounds yield achievable task-error and capability guarantees. The resulting theory identifies temporal structure and control investment that endpoint characterization alone cannot resolve.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Causality, Redshift, and Matching-Scale Cancellation for Reflective Black-Hole Horizons

Masahiro Kaminaga

The Boltzmann flux reflectivity used in quantum-horizon models does not by itself define a causal black-hole boundary response. We study two related questions for stationary Schwarzschild scattering. First, a classical Hardy-space condition excludes an exact Boltzmann modulus on the entire positive frequency axis for any nonzero bounded causal reflection amplitude at a fixed matching plane. We construct causal completions that preserve the modulus on any prescribed finite band. Second, we prove a low-frequency outer-phase expansion for a class of completions with fixed profiles and a common Boltzmann slope, including an exact-band completion and a smooth crossover completion. The logarithmic coefficient is common to this class, while the linear constant is an explicit functional of the completion. When the fixed proper-frame cutoff is redshifted to the matching surface and the local temperature is the Tolman redshift of the Hawking temperature, the outer phase cancels the leading logarithmic dependence of the propagation phase on the matching distance. The geometric remainder is quadratic in the proper distance, while a separate dispersive remainder depends on the completion. This is a low-energy comparison of specified response families, not an exact matching invariance or a phase fixed by causality alone. In an axial Schwarzschild example at a fixed matching plane, accounting for the predicted linear-delay difference reduces the maximum relative cavity-factor difference between two cutoffs from about $21\%$ to $0.11\%$ on the sampled frequency band. A passive quantum completion supplies the associated absorption-noise relation and checks the consistency of the asymptotic output.
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Materials Science

Role of composition-tuned disorder on magnetic exchange interactions in NiRuMnGa

Manikantha Panda, Prabuddha Kant Mishra, Vinod Kumar et al. (+3 more)

We report the experimental investigation of the quaternary Heusler alloy NiRuMnGa, complemented by first-principles calculations. The energetically favorable crystal structure was identified from first-principles calculations and subsequently used as the structural model for refinement of the powder X-ray diffraction data. The refinement shows good agreement with the experimental pattern and reveals substantial B2-type disorder involving Ni/Ru and Mn/Ga site intermixing. The dc magnetic response exhibits pronounced ZFC–FC irreversibility near $\sim 48$ K, with the irreversibility temperature shifting toward lower temperatures under increasing magnetic field, indicating a field-sensitive glassy state. The isothermal magnetization remains unsaturated up to 7 T, reaching only $\sim 0.4\,\mu_{\mathrm{B}}$/f.u., accompanied by pronounced hysteresis, suggesting competing exchange interactions and frustrated magnetic moments. AC susceptibility, together with magnetic relaxation and memory measurements, confirms slow spin dynamics characteristic of a cluster glass state. The lack of a discernible heat-capacity anomaly near the irreversibility temperature further supports the absence of conventional long-range magnetic order. Collectively, these results demonstrate that competition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions in NiRuMnGa leads to magnetic frustration and stabilizes a cluster glass state.
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All authors Manikantha Panda, Prabuddha Kant Mishra, Vinod Kumar, Wilfrid Prellier, Rahul Sharma, Tapas Paramanik

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Determination of $U$-spin breaking parameters with an amplitude analysis of the decay $D^{0}\to K_{\text{S},\text{L}}^{0}\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$

BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson et al. (+771 more)

We perform a simultaneous amplitude analysis of the decays $D^0 \to K_{\text{S}}^{0}\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ and $D^0 \to K_{\text{L}}^{0}\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ using an $e^+e^-$ collision data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $20.3\,\text{fb}^{-1}$, collected at the centre-of-mass energy of $3.773\,\text{GeV}$ with the BESIII detector. This study, based on a significantly larger dataset than that used in previous work, presents an updated measurement of the complex $U$-spin breaking parameters ($\hat{\rho}$) associated with various $CP$ eigenstate resonant modes mediating the three-body decays. The magnitudes of the $\hat{\rho}$ parameters range from $0.62$ to $4.45$, indicating substantial $U$-spin symmetry breaking. We also report the resonant fit fraction and obtain a model prediction for the average strong-phase parameters over regions of phase space for both decay modes.
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All authors BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, L. P. An, Q. An, M. S. Anderson, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, D. Cabiati, H. Cai, M. H. Cai, X. Cai, A. Calcaterra, G. F. Cao, N. Cao, X. Cao, S. A. Cetin, X. Y. Chai, J. F. Chang, T. T. Chang, G. R. Che, Y. Z. Che, C. H. Chen, Chao Chen, G. Chen, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, J. D. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, S. M. Chen, T. Chen, W. Chen, X. R. Chen, X. T. Chen, X. Y. Chen, Y. B. Chen, Y. Q. Chen, Z. K. Chen, J. Cheng, L. N. Cheng, S. K. Choi, X. Chu, G. Cibinetto, F. Cossio, J. Cottee-Meldrum, H. L. Dai, J. P. Dai, X. C. Dai, A. Dbeyssi, R. E. de Boer, D. Dedovich, Z. Y. Deng, A. Denig, I. Denisenko, M. Destefanis, F. De Mori, E. Di Fiore, X. X. Ding, Y. Ding, J. Dong, L. Y. Dong, M. Y. Dong, Z. J. Dong, M. C. Du, S. X. Du, Shaoxu Du, X. L. Du, Y. Q. Du, C. D. Duan, Z. H. Duan, P. Egorov, G. F. Fan, K. X. Fan, Y. H. Fan, Z. F. Fan, J. Fang, Jin Fang, S. S. Fang, W. X. Fang, L. Fava, F. Feldbauer, G. Felici, C. Q. Feng, J. H. Feng, Q. X. Feng, Y. T. Feng, M. Fritsch, C. D. Fu, J. L. Fu, Y. W. Fu, Xu Gao, Y. Gao, Y. N. Gao, Yunong Gao, Z. Gao, S. Garbolino, I. Garzia, L. Ge, L. Q. Ge, P. T. Ge, C. Geng, A. Gilman, K. Goetzen, J. Gollub, J. B. Gong, J. D. Gong, L. Gong, W. X. Gong, W. Gradl, M. Greco, M. D. Gu, M. H. Gu, C. Y. Guan, A. Q. Guo, H. Guo, J. N. Guo, L. B. Guo, M. J. Guo, R. P. Guo, X. Guo, Y. P. Guo, Z. Guo, A. Guskov, J. Gutierrez, J. Y. Han, T. T. Han, X. Han, F. Hanisch, J. Y. Hao, K. D. Hao, X. Q. Hao, F. A. Harris, C. Z. He, K. K. He, K. L. He, F. H. Heinsius, C. H. Heinz, Y. K. Heng, C. Herold, N. D. Hoffman, P. C. Hong, G. Y. Hou, X. T. Hou, Y. R. Hou, Z. L. Hou, H. M. Hu, J. F. Hu, Q. P. Hu, S. L. Hu, T. Hu, Y. Hu, Y. X. Hu, Z. M. Hu, G. S. Huang, K. X. Huang, L. Q. Huang, P. Huang, X. T. Huang, Y. P. Huang, Y. S. Huang, T. Hussain, N. Hüsken, N. in der Wiesche, Q. Ji, Q. P. Ji, W. Ji, X. B. Ji, X. L. Ji, Y. Y. Ji, L. K. Jia, S. Jia, X. Q. Jia, D. Jiang, H. B. Jiang, S. J. Jiang, X. S. Jiang, Y. Jiang, J. B. Jiao, J. K. Jiao, Z. Jiao, L. C. L. Jin, S. Jin, Y. Jin, M. Q. Jing, X. M. Jing, T. Johansson, S. Kabana, X. L. Kang, X. S. Kang, B. C. Ke, A. Khoukaz, O. B. Kolcu, B. Kopf, L. Kröger, L. Krümmel, Y. Y. Kuang, M. Kuessner, X. Kui, N. Kumar, A. Kupsc, W. Kühn, Q. Lan, J. Y. Lee, T. T. Lei, M. Lellmann, T. Lenz, C. Li, C. H. Li, C. J. Li, C. K. Li, Chunkai Li, Cong Li, D. M. Li, F. Li, G. Li, H. B. Li, H. J. Li, H. L. Li, H. N. Li, H. P. Li, Hui Li, J. N. Li, J. S. Li, J. W. Li, K. Li, K. L. Li, L. J. Li, L. K. Li, Lei Li, M. H. Li, M. R. Li, M. T. Li, P. L. Li, P. R. Li, Q. M. Li, Q. X. Li, S. Li, S. X. Li, S. Y. Li, Shanshan Li, T. Li, T. Y. Li, W. D. Li, W. G. Li, X. Li, X. H. Li, X. K. Li, X. L. Li, X. Y. Li, X. Z. Li, Y. H. Li, Y. B. Li, Y. C. Li, Y. G. Li, Y. L. Li, Y. P. Li, Yi Li, Z. H. Li, Z. J. Li, Z. L. Li, Z. X. Li, Z. Y. Li, Zaiyi Li, C. Liang, H. Liang, Y. F. Liang, Y. T. Liang, Z. Z. Liang, G. R. Liao, L. B. Liao, M. H. Liao, Y. P. Liao, J. Libby, A. Limphirat, C. X. Lin, D. X. Lin, T. Lin, B. J. Liu, C. Liu, C. X. Liu, F. Liu, F. H. Liu, Feng Liu, G. M. Liu, H. Liu, H. B. Liu, H. M. Liu, Huihui Liu, J. B. Liu, J. J. Liu, K. Liu, K. Y. Liu, Ke Liu, Kun Liu, L. Liu, L. C. Liu, Lu Liu, M. H. Liu, P. L. Liu, Q. Liu, S. B. Liu, T. Liu, W. T. Liu, X. Liu, X. K. Liu, X. L. Liu, X. P. Liu, X. T. Liu, X. Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. B. Liu, Yi Liu, Z. A. Liu, Z. D. Liu, Z. Q. Liu, Z. X. Liu, Z. Y. Liu, X. C. Lou, H. J. Lu, J. G. Lu, X. L. Lu, Y. Lu, Y. H. Lu, Y. P. Lu, C. L. Luo, J. R. Luo, J. S. Luo, M. X. Luo, T. Luo, X. L. Luo, XiaoRong Lv, Z. Y. Lv, X. R. Lyu, Y. F. Lyu, Y. H. Lyu, C. L. Ma, F. C. Ma, H. L. Ma, Heng Ma, J. L. Ma, L. L. Ma, Q. M. Ma, R. Q. Ma, T. Ma, X. T. Ma, X. Y. Ma, F. E. Maas, M. Maggiora, S. Maity, S. Malde, Q. A. Malik, L. M. Mansur, Y. J. Mao, Z. P. Mao, S. Marcello, A. Marshall, F. M. Melendi, Z. X. Meng, G. Mezzadri, H. Miao, T. J. Min, T. Mineeva, R. E. Mitchell, X. H. Mo, A. F. Mohammed, B. Moses, N. Yu. Muchnoi, J. Muskalla, Y. Nefedov, F. Nerling, H. Neuwirth, Z. Ning, S. Nisar, Q. L. Niu, W. D. Niu, Y. Niu, C. Normand, S. L. Olsen, Q. Ouyang, I. V. Ovtin, S. Pacetti, Y. Pan, C. Y. Pang, A. Pathak, Y. P. Pei, M. Pelizaeus, G. L. Peng, H. P. Peng, X. J. Peng, Y. Y. Peng, K. Peters, K. Petridis, J. L. Ping, R. G. Ping, S. Plura, S. Polikarpov, V. Prasad, L. Pöpping, F. Z. Qi, H. R. Qi, L. Y. Qian, S. Qian, W. B. Qian, C. F. Qiao, J. H. Qiao, J. J. Qin, J. L. Qin, L. Q. Qin, L. Y. Qin, P. B. Qin, X. P. Qin, X. S. Qin, Z. H. Qin, J. F. Qiu, J. Rademacker, K. Ravindran, C. F. Redmer, A. Rivetti, M. Rolo, G. Rong, S. S. Rong, F. Rosini, Ch. Rosner, M. Q. Ruan, W. R. Ruangyoo, N. Salone, A. Sarantsev, Y. Schelhaas, M. Schernau, K. Schoenning, M. Scodeggio, W. Shan, X. Y. Shan, Z. J. Shang, J. F. Shangguan, L. G. Shao, M. Shao, C. P. Shen, H. F. Shen, W. H. Shen, X. Y. Shen, B. A. Shi, Ch. Y. Shi, H. Shi, J. L. Shi, J. Y. Shi, M. H. Shi, S. Shi, X. Shi, X. D. Shi, H. L. Song, J. J. Song, M. H. Song, T. Z. Song, W. M. Song, Y. X. Song, Zirong Song, S. Sosio, S. Spataro, S. Stansilaus, F. Stieler, M. Stolte, S. S Su, G. B. Sun, G. X. Sun, H. Sun, H. K. Sun, J. F. Sun, K. Sun, L. Sun, R. Sun, S. S. Sun, W. Y. Sun, Y. C. Sun, Y. J. Sun, Y. S. Sun, Y. Z. Sun, Z. Q. Sun, Z. T. Sun, H. Tabaharizato, N. T. Tagsinsit, C. J. Tang, G. Y. Tang, J. Tang, J. J. Tang, L. F. Tang, Y. A. Tang, Z. H. Tang, L. Y. Tao, M. Tat, J. X. Teng, J. Y. Tian, W. H. Tian, Y. Tian, K. Yu. Todyshev, I. Uman, E. van der Smagt, S. W. Wan, X. Wan, B. Wang, B. Q. Wang, Bin Wang, Bo Wang, C. Wang, Cong Wang, D. Y. Wang, F. K. Wang, H. J. Wang, H. R. Wang, J. Wang, J. H. Wang, J. J. Wang, J. P. Wang, K. Wang, L. L. Wang, M. Wang, Mi Wang, N. Y. Wang, P. Wang, S. Wang, Shun Wang, W. Wang, W. P. Wang, X. F. Wang, X. L. Wang, X. N. Wang, Xin Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-K. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. F. Wang, Y. H. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. L. Wang, Y. N. Wang, Yanning Wang, Yaqian Wang, Yi Wang, Yuan Wang, Z. Wang, Z. L. Wang, Z. Q. Wang, Z. Y. Wang, Zhi Wang, D. Wei, D. H. Wei, D. J. Wei, H. R. Wei, F. Weidner, H. R. Wen, S. P. Wen, U. Wiedner, G. Wilkinson, J. F. Wu, L. H. Wu, L. J. Wu, S. G. Wu, S. M. Wu, X. W. Wu, Y. C. Wu, Z. Wu, H. L. Xia, L. Xia, B. H. Xiang, D. Xiao, G. Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, Y. L. Xiao, Z. J. Xiao, C. Xie, K. J. Xie, Y. Xie, Y. G. Xie, Y. H. Xie, Z. P. Xie, T. Y. Xing, D. B. Xiong, G. F. Xu, H. Y. Xu, Q. J. Xu, Q. N. Xu, T. D. Xu, X. P. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. C. Xu, Z. S. Xu, F. Yan, J. Z. Yan, L. Yan, W. B. Yan, W. C. Yan, W. H. Yan, X. Q. Yan, Y. Y. Yan, H. J. Yang, H. L. Yang, H. X. Yang, J. H. Yang, L. Y. Yang, N. Yang, R. J. Yang, X. Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. G. Yang, Y. H. Yang, Y. M. Yang, Y. Q. Yang, Y. Z. Yang, Z. B. Yang, Z. W. Yang, W. J. Yao, Z. P. Yao, M. Ye, M. H. Ye, M. Y. Ye, Z. J. Ye, K. Yi, Junhao Yin, Qiqin Yin, Z. Y. You, B. X. Yu, C. X. Yu, G. Yu, J. S. Yu, L. W. Yu, T. Yu, X. D. Yu, Yongchao Yu, C. Z. Yuan, H. Yuan, J. Yuan, Jie Yuan, L. Yuan, M. K. Yuan, S. H. Yuan, Y. Yuan, Z. Y. Yuan, C. X. Yue, Ying Yue, A. A. Zafar, F. R. Zeng, S. H. Zeng, X. Zeng, Y. J. Zeng, Yujie Zeng, M. Z. Zhai, Y. C. Zhai, Y. H. Zhan, B. L. Zhang, B. R. Zhang, D. H. Zhang, G. Y. Zhang, Gengyuan Zhang, H. Zhang, H. C. Zhang, H. H. Zhang, H. L. Zhang, H. Q. Zhang, H. R. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, H. Z. Zhang, Han Zhang, J. Zhang, J. J. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. Q. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, J. Y. Zhang, J. Z. Zhang, Jianyu Zhang, Jin Zhang, Jiyuan Zhang, L. M. Zhang, Lei Zhang, N. Zhang, P. Zhang, Q. Y. Zhang, Q. Z. Zhang, R. Y. Zhang, Rui Zhang, S. H. Zhang, S. N. Zhang, Shulei Zhang, W.-C. Zhang, X. M. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. T. Zhang, Y. H. Zhang, Y. P. Zhang, Y. X. Zhang, Yao Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yu Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. D. Zhang, Z. H. Zhang, Z. R. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, Zh. Zh. Zhang, Zhaoke Zhang, Zhilong Zhang, Ziyang Zhang, Ziyu Zhang, G. Zhao, J.-P. Zhao, J. Y. Zhao, J. Z. Zhao, L. Zhao, Lei Zhao, M. G. Zhao, R. P. Zhao, Y. B. Zhao, Y. L. Zhao, Y. P. Zhao, Y. X. Zhao, Z. G. Zhao, A. Zhemchugov, B. Zheng, B. M. Zheng, J. P. Zheng, W. J. Zheng, W. Q. Zheng, X. R. Zheng, Y. H. Zheng, B. Zhong, C. Zhong, X. Zhong, H. Zhou, J. Q. Zhou, S. Zhou, X. Zhou, X. K. Zhou, X. R. Zhou, X. Y. Zhou, Y. X. Zhou, Y. Z. Zhou, A. N. Zhu, J. Zhu, K. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, K. S. Zhu, Lin Zhu, S. H. Zhu, T. J. Zhu, W. D. Zhu, W. J. Zhu, W. Z. Zhu, Y. C. Zhu, Z. A. Zhu, X. Y. Zhuang, M. Zhuge, J. H. Zou, J. Zu

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.DS

Finiteness of planar central configurations of five bodies for all positive masses

Tejasvi Singh Tomar

We prove that for every choice of five positive masses the planar five-body problem has finitely many central configurations up to similarity. This settles Smale's sixth problem for five bodies in the plane. Albouy and Kaloshin proved it for masses outside a closed algebraic subset of codimension two. We follow their method. Infinitely many central configurations would give an algebraic curve of complex solutions. At the places at infinity of the curve the valuations of the mutual distances must balance. We determine the possible valuation vectors at all positive masses, together with the mass conditions under which each can occur. We treat limits in which four bodies form a cluster of zero potential energy by expanding the potential, which is constant along the curve, at a place. This excludes, at every positive mass, one of the two diagrams in which such clusters occur, and part of the other. The same expansion excludes one further diagram at every positive mass. What remains is an exact analysis, by computer algebra, of the sets of mass conditions that can hold together at positive masses. Exact rational certificates show that the balance fails under each of them, except on a few one-parameter families of masses, which we treat separately. On the rays through $(1,4,4,4,4)$ and $(1,1,4,4,4)$ the certificates do not apply. On the first ray they cannot apply: there the complex equations have a continuum of solutions, as Albouy and Kaloshin observed. On these rays we count the real central configurations: there are 306 and 294 up to orientation-preserving similarity. The certificates, the programs that check them and a proof of the theorem in the Lean proof assistant are available.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Observation of a Threshold Enhancement in the $\pi^0\pi^0$ Mass Spectrum in $\psi(3686) \rightarrow \pi^{0}\pi^{0}J/\psi$ Decays

BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson et al. (+779 more)

Using a data sample of $(2712.4\pm14.4)\times 10^{6}$ $\psi(3686)$ events collected with the BESIII detector, we report a high-precision study of the $\pi^{0}\pi^{0}$ mass spectrum from $\psi(3686)\rightarrow\pi^{0}\pi^{0}J/\psi$ decays. The enhancement previously observed near the $\pi\pi$ mass threshold in the $\pi^+\pi^-$ channel is confirmed, with a statistical significance exceeding 10$\sigma$. A fit with a Breit-Wigner function yields a mass of $M = 274.3\pm 2.1_{\rm stat.}\pm0.6_{\rm syst.}~{\rm MeV}/c^2$ and a width of $\Gamma = 17.1\pm 1.5_{\rm stat.}\pm0.5_{\rm syst.}~{\rm MeV}$, consistent with those from the $\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ channel. By including final-state interactions, we analyze the data using both chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) and QCD multipole expansion (QCDME). While the ChPT model describes the higher-mass region above 0.3 GeV/$c^2$ well, it fails to reproduce the significant threshold enhancement. In contrast, the QCDME model, which incorporates the $S$- and $D$-wave admixture structure of $\psi(3686)$, provides a better description of the full $\pi^{0}\pi^{0}$ mass spectrum.
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All authors BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, M. S. Anderson, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, D. Cabiati, H. Cai, M. H. Cai, X. Cai, A. Calcaterra, G. F. Cao, N. Cao, S. A. Cetin, X. Y. Chai, J. F. Chang, T. T. Chang, G. R. Che, Y. Z. Che, C. H. Chen, Chao Chen, G. Chen, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, S. M. Chen, T. Chen, W. Chen, X. R. Chen, X. T. Chen, X. Y. Chen, Y. B. Chen, Y. Q. Chen, Z. K. Chen, J. Cheng, L. N. Cheng, S. K. Choi, X. Chu, G. Cibinetto, F. Cossio, J. Cottee-Meldrum, H. L. Dai, J. P. Dai, X. C. Dai, A. Dbeyssi, R. E. de Boer, D. Dedovich, C. Q. Deng, Z. Y. Deng, A. Denig, I. Denisenko, M. Destefanis, F. De Mori, E. Di Fiore, X. X. Ding, Y. Ding, Y. X. Ding, J. Dong, L. Y. 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