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Physics

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Thursday 17 September

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Cross-listed from math.DS

Physical and emergent nonpairwise interactions in oscillator networks: from higher-order phase reduction to coupling design

Riccardo Muolo, Hiroya Nakao and Christian Bick

Phase reduction is a powerful technique to obtain phase models from highly dimensional oscillatory systems. Starting from pairwise interactions, a first order approximation yields Kuramoto and Winfree phase models, while nonpairwise interactions emerge at the second order. Recently, phase models have been extended to account for nonpairwise interactions, notably, the higher-order Kuramoto model. Is there an intrinsic difference between physical and emergent nonpairwise interactions? And can we make use of the former to even out the effects of the latter? In this work, we exploit a recently developed parametrization method to compute the phase reduction and answer these questions. After a comparison of the new method with the classic Kuramoto-style phase reduction, we solve the network motifs of the emergent nonpairwise interactions and compare them with the physical once. Lastly, we exploit the motifs to adopt a coupling design approach. Our framework paves the way for further exploitations of physical nonpairwise interactions for applications in synchronization engineering.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

New Bethe vacua for $\mathcal{N}=2$ elliptic models

Antonio Amariti, Pietro Glorioso, Chiara Mascherpa et al. (+1 more)

We study the superconformal index of four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ elliptic models through the Bethe Ansatz approach, where the index is evaluated as a sum of vacua arising from a set of transcendental equations. Starting from the known discrete solutions of these equations, that we refer to as progenitors, we show that there exist large classes of new descendant solutions. We then show that the solutions can be organized into orbits of the S-duality group, mimicking its action on the massive vacua of the $\mathcal{N}=1^*$ deformations of the elliptic spin Calogero-Moser models. In this way we generalize the results already obtained for $\mathcal{N}=4$ $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ SYM, where a relation between the discrete solutions to the Bethe Ansatz Equations and the massive vacua of its $\mathcal{N}=1^*$ massive deformation was conjectured. We conclude our analysis by determining the contributions of the new descendant solutions to the index.
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All authors Antonio Amariti, Pietro Glorioso, Chiara Mascherpa, Andrea Zanetti

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

On the Extended Kerr-Newman-Bertotti-Robinson Spacetime: Two Black Holes and a Naked Singularity in Bertotti-Robinson Universe

Yu-Sen Zhou, Wen-Tao Fu, Li-Ming Cao et al. (+1 more)

We introduce new coordinates that extend the Kerr–Newman–Bertotti–Robinson spacetime consistently with the previous reciprocal continuation. In these coordinates, the two points at $\Omega=0$ are resolved into complete Bertotti–Robinson null infinities. The extended spacetime describes two black holes sharing a common exterior of nontrivial topology, together with a naked ring singularity. In the regular static limit, the new coordinates globally identify the spacetime with the balanced Alekseev–García geometry.
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All authors Yu-Sen Zhou, Wen-Tao Fu, Li-Ming Cao, Rong-Gen Cai

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Palatini inflationary (non-)attractors: Universal mapping of observables

Christian Dioguardi, Francesco Gianesello and Antonio Racioppi

We study single-field slow-roll inflation in the context of Palatini gravity for the class of non-minimally coupled $\xi$-attractors, i.e.,\ models where the same function $f(\phi)$ fixes both the non-minimal coupling, $1+\xi f(\phi)$, and the inflationary potential, $V(\phi) = M^4 f(\phi)^2$. For an arbitrary $f(\phi)$, the number of $e$-folds is, at leading order, independent of $\xi$. Thanks to this, we provide an immediate mapping between the observables of the non-minimally coupled setup and those of the minimally coupled one. In the strong coupling limit, the tensor-to-scalar ratio is, as usual, suppressed, while the scalar spectral index is shifted towards larger values, with the magnitude of the shift depending only on the tensor-to-scalar ratio associated with the original potential $V(\phi)$.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Gravity from Invariant Weyl-Integrable space-time (IWIST)

José Edgar Madriz Aguilar, A. Bernal, M. Montes et al. (+1 more)

In this paper we propose a geometrically motivated formulation of gravity in an invariant Weyl–Integrable space-time (IWIST), in which the background geometry is not imposed a priori but is dynamically determined through the Palatini variational principle. For a scalar field non-minimally coupled to gravity action, the resulting compatibility condition defines a Weyl–Integrable geometry which is preserved by a local Weyl transformation of the metric and the geo\-me\-tri\-cal scalar field. We construct an action invariant under both diffeomorphisms and Weyl transformations and introduce a Weyl-covariant variational procedure based on an invariant extension of the divergence theorem. The corresponding field equations are obtained for the metric, the Weyl scalar, and the Weyl gauge field. We further formulate the theory in the Einstein–Riemann frame, where the effective metric is Riemannian and the scalar field is re\-inter\-pre\-ted as a phy\-si\-cal degree of freedom of geometric origin. Finally, we propose a geometrical mechanism for the explicit breaking of Weyl symmetry by introducing a coupling between the Weyl gauge field and a current constructed from the scalar sector. The resulting theory remains diffeomorphism covariant while departing from local Weyl invariance. The Einstein–Riemann representation of the broken theory contains an additional generally covariant interaction, making the Weyl-invariant model a particular limit of a more general gravitational theory.
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All authors José Edgar Madriz Aguilar, A. Bernal, M. Montes, J. Zamarripa

Materials Science

Spin-Lattice Dynamics and Interactions in Magnonic Spinels

Hari Paudyal, Yuri Suzuki, Michael E. Flatté et al. (+1 more)

Minimizing magnetic damping while understanding spin-lattice interactions remains a key challenge for magnonics. We show site-specific Al/Li ordering in spinel ferrites drives a ferrimagnetic insulating state, quenching the Fermi-level density of states. Ab initio calculations reveal collective acoustic modes alongside sub-lattice-selective optical modes on tetrahedral and octahedral networks, providing a microscopic understanding of substitution-driven spin dynamics. Crucially, the low-frequency magnon and acoustic phonon modes intersect, driving strong hybridization for low-loss technologies.
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All authors Hari Paudyal, Yuri Suzuki, Michael E. Flatté, Durga Paudyal

Optics

A Simplified Model for Linear Mode Coupling in Multimode Fibers with Experimental Assessment

Paolo Carniello, Filipe M. Ferreira, Fabio A. Barbosa et al. (+2 more)

We propose a novel surrogate model for linear coupling in graded-index multimode fibers that is computationally more efficient than existing models, and can be tuned through a single measurable parameter. The model is benchmarked numerically and experimentally on a 90-polarization-mode fiber.
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All authors Paolo Carniello, Filipe M. Ferreira, Fabio A. Barbosa, Ming-Jun Li, Norbert Hanik

Materials Science

Magnon-Phonon Dynamics in Multidimensional Antiferromagnetic Oxides

Yogendra Limbu, Michael E. Flatté and Durga Paudyal

Antiferromagnetic oxides offer a compelling paradigm for magnonics. Combining ab initio and spin Hamiltonian modeling, we map Cr2O3 from bulk to monolayer limits, verifying stability via phonon spectra. Contrary to previously predicted half-metallic ferromagnetic monolayer phases, we conclusively demonstrate that monolayer and bilayer configurations preserve an antiferromagnetic semiconductor ground state despite systematic gap narrowing. Intersecting magnon and phonon branches drive strong hybridization, establishing low-dimensional Cr2O3 as an ideal platform for quantum spintronics.
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Optics

Quantum Battery Enhancement via Degenerate Optical Parametric Amplifier and Common Reservoirs

Y. Y. Yang, H. N. Liu, Gangcheng Wang et al. (+2 more)

We investigate a nonreciprocal quantum battery in which the charger and battery share one or two common reservoirs, with the charger driven by a degenerate optical parametric amplifier (DOPA). Reservoir-mediated dissipative interactions enable directional energy transfer, while the DOPA provides additional parametric am plification. We show that, in the stable below-threshold regime, the DOPA can enhance the battery energy and average charging power, with the nonlinear gain and pump phase providing effective control of the charging dynamics. Further optimization of the dissipative-coupling asymmetry improves the stored energy. These fea tures persist for both single- and two-common-reservoir configurations, demonstrating a tunable strategy for enhancing open-system quantum-battery charging.
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All authors Y. Y. Yang, H. N. Liu, Gangcheng Wang, T. Z. Luan, H. Z. Shen

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Coupled Orbital and Interior Evolution of Sub-Neptunes

Ritika Sethi, Sarah Millholland and Tim Hallatt

Recent observations have yielded the first measurements of young exoplanet demographics. Close-in sub-Neptune occurrence rates appear to rise from young ($10-100$ Myr) to intermediate (100 Myr $-$ 1 Gyr) ages and then decline sharply in the old ($\gtrsim 1$ Gyr) Kepler field population. In this paper, we test whether these observations can be explained by the effects of planetary cooling, atmospheric mass loss, and tidal orbital migration, which we model through a fully coupled evolution framework. The orbital evolution is assumed to operate exclusively through high-eccentricity migration, in effort to estimate the maximum possible contribution from this migration channel. In reality, only a subset of planetary systems are expected to undergo HEM. We find that high-eccentricity migration rapidly populates the close-in sub-Neptune bin, producing a sharp rise in occurrence within the first $\sim 15$ Myr. After this early phase, the occurrence evolves only weakly. While the modeled young to intermediate-age evolution is broadly consistent with the observed trend within the uncertainty limits, it does not support the idea of a sustained young-to-intermediate rise driven by tidal migration. It also fails to reproduce the sharp decline in occurrence seen from intermediate to old ages, motivating additional physics or formation channels to be included in future models.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Formation of Ryugu's parent planetesimal beyond the CO$_{2}$ snow line from small pebbles: insights from thermal evolution modeling

Sota Arakawa, Hidenori Genda, Noriyuki Kawasaki et al. (+3 more)

Astronomical observations of planet-forming circumstellar disks indicate that planetesimals form from 0.1-mm- to 1-cm-sized dust aggregates, commonly called “pebbles.” When such pebbles accrete beyond the water snow line, the resulting icy planetesimals undergo water–rock differentiation and develop porous pebble-pile cores whose voids are saturated with liquid water. Circulation of this water enhances heat transport in the core, suppressing the temperature rise caused by the decay of radionuclides. In this study, we constrain the accretion age and constituent pebble size of Ryugu's parent planetesimal by modeling the thermal evolution of icy planetesimals and comparing the results with the precipitation ages and temperatures of aqueously formed minerals identified in samples returned from asteroid Ryugu. Our numerical results suggest that Ryugu's parent planetesimal accreted within 2.0 Myr of the formation of calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions. The inferred early accretion age supports the hypothesis that Ryugu's parent planetesimal formed earlier than most chondrule-bearing carbonaceous chondrite parent planetesimals, potentially explaining the absence of chondrules in Ryugu samples. We also found that the core of the parent planetesimal was composed of pebbles no larger than a few millimeters. Such small pebble sizes are consistent with theoretical predictions for planetesimals formed beyond the CO$_{2}$ snow line.
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All authors Sota Arakawa, Hidenori Genda, Noriyuki Kawasaki, Wataru Fujiya, Yosei Iwasaki, Shigeru Wakita

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.PR

The Airy line ensemble at the edge of uniform alternating sign matrices

Yuchen Liao

We prove that the height-level path ensemble of a uniform alternating sign matrix converges to the Airy line ensemble near every interior point of the north-west arctic arc. Under the standard bijection, this is equivalently a limit theorem for the osculating paths of the domain-wall six-vertex model at the ice point. The proof has two main inputs. The integrable input is a new Pfaffian formula for rectangular frozen-corner probabilities, from which we obtain one-point convergence of the top path to the GUE Tracy–Widom distribution. The probabilistic input is an exact resampling law and accompanying bridge estimates for a strictly ordered midpoint encoding of the paths; these yield tightness and the Brownian Gibbs property for every subsequential limit. Aggarwal and Huang's strong characterization then identifies each such limit as the Airy line ensemble.
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Quantum Physics

Proof of Shor's conjecture on the accessible information of quantum dichotomies

Michele Dall'Arno

The accessible information of any given quantum ensemble quantifies the maximum amount of Shannon information that can be extracted from the ensemble by any quantum measurement. Almost three decades ago, Shor conjectured that the accessible information of any quantum dichotomy, that is, an ensemble of two states, is attained by a projective measurement. Recently, a proof of this conjecture restricted to the qubit case was published by Keil. Here, we conclusively settle this longstanding open problem. First, we show that Shor's conjecture follows, in arbitrary dimension, from a recent result by Fang, Fawzi and Fawzi, and we provide a self-contained, elementary proof. Second, for any given dichotomy and measurement, we provide the explicit construction of a projective measurement that outperforms such a measurement in extracting information from the given dichotomy. Third, while the computation of the accessible information is known to be non-convex in general, we frame the computation of the accessible information of dihotomies as a convex problem.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons

Lyapunov-controlled thermalization: an exact real-time example

Jonas Loy and Jan C. Louw

A verified Kubo-Martin-Schwinger (KMS) relation, after a drive has ceased, is not sufficient evidence to prove equilibrium. We demonstrate this in a large-$N$ large-$q$ Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) quench protocol. Although all post-quench fermion correlators are exactly thermal, a second quench back to the initial Hamiltonian reveals hidden memory of the initial state. It is encoded in correlators connecting to times before the first quench. This memory is an extensive nonequilibrium (NEQ) witness with its decay rate being the Lyapunov exponent $\lambda_L$. Thus $\lambda_L$ sets the rate at which the state becomes effectively indistinguishable from a Gibbs state. Despite being a unitary interacting many-body system, the complete NEQ real-time evolution is obtained exactly in the large-$N$, large-$q$ limit, making the setup ideal for analytically studying thermalization.
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Quantum Physics

Experimental demonstration of finite-size general security via discrete-modulated CVQKD with real time postprocessing

Sven Bodenstedt, Carlos Pascual-García, Nil Canta i Pujol et al. (+5 more)

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is compatible with telecommunication infrastructure, but implementing composable security with experimentally practical resources has remained challenging, particularly for discrete-modulated (DM) protocols. We report the first experimental demonstration of a DM CVQKD system that generates composable secret keys against general attacks with finite-size block lengths on the order of $\sim 10^{6}$ rounds via a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) system. Our implementation follows a variable-length, general security framework enabled by modern entropy accumulation techniques and conic optimization, whose experimental pipeline allows real-time operation on near-commercial hardware.
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All authors Sven Bodenstedt, Carlos Pascual-García, Nil Canta i Pujol, Martí Sales-Moragues, Mariana Navarro, Pau Gómez Kabelka, Sebastián Etcheverry, Saeed Ghasemi

Biological Physics

The Motile-Units model: Interacting spins model of cell polarization and motility

Jonathan E. Ron and Nir S. Gov

We introduce a coarse-grained interacting-spin model for two-dimensional cell motility, in which the cell perimeter is discretized into stochastic binary spins that switch between active and inactive states. Each perimeter spin represents a "motile-unit" that is a source of protrusive force and retrograde flow when active. Long-range interactions between the motile-units arise through a polarity cue advected by the collective actin retrograde flow, providing a minimal realization of spontaneous symmetry breaking and self-propulsion. The model exhibits three dynamical phases, a random walk phase, persistent random walk phase, and an intermittent bistable phase characterized by run-and-tumble migration. Additional nearest-neighbor interactions modulate speed and persistence without altering the overall phase structure. Owing to its simplicity, the framework naturally incorporates external cues, reproducing chemotactic migration, steering by localized optogenetic activation, and directional decision-making (symmetry breaking) under competing stimuli. The model introduces a new class of active-particle model in which both speed and polarity emerge from internal stochastic spin dynamics, rather than being imposed as particle-level variables, offering a framework for the study of cell migration and extends the scope of active-matter physics.
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Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.PR

Limit shape for domain-wall six-vertex model

Alexey Bufetov

In this note we announce limit shape theorems for the height function of the six-vertex model in the antiferroelectric (for arbitrary $\Delta <-1$) and disordered (in a restricted range $-1 < \Delta \le 1/2$) regimes under domain-wall boundary conditions.

Quantum Physics

FT-Weave: Real-Time Compilation Framework for Reconfigurable Fault-Tolerant Quantum Architectures

Wan-Hsuan Lin, Milan Kornjača, Chen Zhao et al. (+2 more)

Fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) is essential for large-scale quantum computation, but realizing useful application throughput requires coordinating resource preparation, assignment, routing, and logical execution under strict hardware and timing constraints. Many FTQC compilation approaches construct offline schedules using nominal or fixed magic-state factory throughput. Such schedules cannot respond to stochastic resource-preparation and teleportation outcomes, leading to execution stalls and hardware underutilization. In this work, we introduce FT-Weave, a stage-aware real-time FTQC compilation framework that jointly coordinates resource preparation, resource assignment, teleportation routing, and correction handling. By adapting to runtime resource availability and hardware constraints, FT-Weave allows preparation, communication, and logical execution to overlap. We instantiate FT-Weave on two representative neutral-atom, early FTQC architectures: transversal STAR and a T-state cultivation architecture. Under the evaluated hardware and latency model, FT-Weave achieves a speedup of up to 3X over a baseline compilation flow for simulations of the two-dimensional transverse-field Ising model. In the case study, we further find that maximizing exposed concurrency does not necessarily minimize execution time. Although fine-grained asynchronous execution can reduce local idle time, its smaller optimization windows and increased routing contention can outweigh these gains. Together, these results show that effective runtime coordination, rather then exposed parallelism alone, determines how efficiently FTQC resources translate into application throughput:FT-Weave provides a blueprint for solving this real-time orchestration problem across resource protocols and architectures.
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All authors Wan-Hsuan Lin, Milan Kornjača, Chen Zhao, Sheng-Tao Wang, Jason Cong

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Euclid: Galaxy cluster detection through the weak lensing effect - algorithm assessment and selection

A. Manjón-García, G. Leroy, S. Pires et al. (+164 more)

Weak gravitational lensing offers a powerful way to detect galaxy clusters by directly tracing their total matter content. Its effectiveness increases with the density of background galaxies, a requirement that is now being met by the high sensitivity and wide coverage of current large-area surveys. A prime example is the Euclid telescope, which will map approximately 14 000 deg2 of the sky, measuring the shapes of billions of galaxies and opening a meaningful window for detecting galaxy clusters uniquely through their weak lensing signal. We present the results of nine galaxy cluster detection algorithms in a blind challenge, using 1200 deg2 of Euclid-like weak lensing observations from the DEMNUni-Cov simulations. The performance of these methods was assessed by matching their detections to known synthetic clusters with signal-to-noise ratios greater than 2, satisfying the z-M selection cut, and adopting two different matching procedures. The purpose of the challenge was to identify and improve strategies for galaxy cluster detection via weak lensing for the upcoming Euclid data releases. We pre-selected four methods based on their individual performance and complementarity. Each pre-selected method adopts a distinct approach: AMICO-WL uses an optimal filtering technique, DoG employs Gaussian filtering, O21 relies on aperture-mass filtering, and W234 applies multi-scale wavelet filtering. Together, the results of these methods can be merged to enhance the processing of Euclid data. Individually, these algorithms reach approximately 10% completeness for a mean purity of 90%, while their combination leads to roughly a two-fold improvement in overall performance, exceeding 70% completeness for low-redshift, high-mass clusters. When extrapolating the results of this work to Euclid Data Release 1, we expect to detect approximately 2500 galaxy clusters via weak gravitational lensing.
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All authors A. Manjón-García, G. Leroy, S. Pires, J. M. Diego, C. Giocoli, L. Trobbiani, A. Díaz-Sánchez, M. Maturi, M. Oguri, G. Panebianco, G. W. Pratt, S. Andreon, L. Moscardini, M. Sereno, C. Carbone, A. M. C. Le Brun, M. Lieu, L. Chappuis, B. Altieri, T. Castro, M. Douspis, D. Eckert, S. Farrens, R. Gavazzi, A. H. Gonzalez, L. Ingoglia, E. Jullo, S. Maurogordato, J.-B. Melin, N. Okabe, F. Pacaud, M. Radovich, Z. Sakr, L. Salvati, B. Sartoris, S. A. Stanford, J. E. Taylor, J. Weller, C. Wood, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, V. Capobianco, V. F. Cardone, J. Carretero, M. Castellano, G. Castignani, S. Cavuoti, A. Cimatti, C. Colodro-Conde, G. Congedo, L. Conversi, Y. Copin, F. Courbin, H. M. Courtois, H. Degaudenzi, S. de la Torre, G. De Lucia, H. Dole, F. Dubath, X. Dupac, S. Escoffier, M. Farina, R. Farinelli, S. Ferriol, F. Finelli, P. Fosalba, S. Fotopoulou, M. Frailis, E. Franceschi, M. Fumana, S. Galeotta, K. George, B. Gillis, P. Gómez-Alvarez, J. Gracia-Carpio, A. Grazian, F. Grupp, S. V. H. Haugan, H. Hoekstra, M. S. Holliman, W. Holmes, F. Hormuth, A. Hornstrup, K. Jahnke, M. Jhabvala, B. Joachimi, S. Kermiche, A. Kiessling, B. Kubik, M. Kunz, H. Kurki-Suonio, S. Ligori, P. B. Lilje, V. Lindholm, I. Lloro, G. Mainetti, O. Mansutti, O. Marggraf, M. Martinelli, N. Martinet, F. Marulli, R. J. Massey, E. Medinaceli, M. Meneghetti, E. Merlin, G. Meylan, A. Mora, M. Moresco, E. Munari, R. Nakajima, C. Neissner, S.-M. Niemi, J. W. Nightingale, C. Padilla, S. Paltani, F. Pasian, K. Pedersen, V. Pettorino, G. Polenta, M. Poncet, L. A. Popa, L. Pozzetti, F. Raison, A. Renzi, J. Rhodes, G. Riccio, E. Romelli, M. Roncarelli, C. Rosset, R. Saglia, A. G. Sánchez, D. Sapone, M. Schirmer, P. Schneider, A. Secroun, G. Seidel, E. Sihvola, P. Simon, C. Sirignano, G. Sirri, L. Stanco, P. Tallada-Crespí, A. N. Taylor, I. Tereno, N. Tessore, S. Toft, R. Toledo-Moreo, F. Torradeflot, I. Tutusaus, J. Valiviita, T. Vassallo, G. Verdoes Kleijn, Y. Wang, A. Zacchei, G. Zamorani, F. M. Zerbi, E. Zucca, J. García-Bellido, J. Martín-Fleitas, V. Scottez, M. Viel

Geophysics

Multi-Track Time-Series Burst-Overlap Interferometry for Resolving Horizontal Deformation in Earthquake-Cycle Studies

Xing Li, Zhuang Gao, Han Chen et al. (+3 more)

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is intrinsically insensitive to the north-south component of crustal motion because of its near-polar geometry, which makes accurate quantification of this deformation a persistent limitation of InSAR. We introduce a Multi-track Time-Series Burst-Overlap Interferometry (MTSB) framework that delivers absolute, ITRF-referenced deformation fields across representative interseismic, coseismic, and postseismic applications by combining optimized phase linking, a unified time-series framework for separating deformation and residual misregistration, and block-wise spectral analysis. Case studies spanning co-, inter-, and postseismic phases demonstrate that MTSB accurately resolves along-track horizontal deformation, with primary sensitivity to north-south motion, while substantially reducing orbit-related artifacts. Independent comparisons with GNSS indicate centimeter-level agreement for postseismic and coseismic displacement estimates and millimeter-per-year agreement for interseismic velocities. The resulting deformation fields improve constraints on regional plate kinematics and fault kinematics, facilitate more reliable Euler-pole estimation, and provide by-product orbital corrections for conventional InSAR processing.
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All authors Xing Li, Zhuang Gao, Han Chen, Zhangfeng Ma, Yangkang Chen, Alexandros Savvaidis

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Intracluster light in the infall region of simulated protoclusters of galaxies

S. V. Werner, M. Jauzac, M. Montes et al. (+4 more)

Intracluster light (ICL) is a diffuse stellar component in galaxy clusters, made of stars following the potential of the cluster. Despite its potential to unveil the accretion history of clusters, the ICL in protoclusters remains poorly understood in simulations and observations. We analyse protoclusters in TNG-Cluster and Manhattan Suite simulations to investigate when ICL forms, its host progenitors, and environments where it forms. We find a considerable amount of ICL in the infall region of protoclusters at 2<z<4, ranging from $\rm 0.1\times10^{11}$<$M_{*}/M_{\odot}$<$3\times10^{11}$. ICL star formation in protoclusters peaks at 3<z<4, with stars formed in the main halo forming earlier than those born in the infall regions. We find that $74.2_{-1.7}^{+1.7}\%$ of ICL stars in TNG-Cluster and $69.2_{-3.7}^{+3.6}\%$ in Manhattan Suite were stripped from galaxies within the main halo. However, most ICL stars in protoclusters at z=2 formed in the infall region, accounting for $57.6_{-1.6}^{+1.7}\%$ and $55.6_{-2.3}^{+2.3}\%$ in TNG-Cluster and Manhattan Suite, respectively. By the time the ICL stars are stripped, their host galaxies are 3-4 times more massive than the galaxies in which the stars originally formed, implying growth of the progenitor galaxies and/or accretion of the stars onto more massive galaxies prior to stripping. The ICL stellar masses measured in simulations agree with observations at z$\leq$2. Our findings highlight the importance of investigating the diffuse light in the outer regions of protoclusters to constrain the formation and assembly of the ICL and galaxy clusters.
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All authors S. V. Werner, M. Jauzac, M. Montes, D. Rennehan, G. Mahler, A. Niemiec, Y. Jiménez-Teja

Optics

High-order correlations and ultrafast Wigner negativities in bright-squeezed-vacuum-driven high-harmonic generation

Sebastián de-la-Peña, Heiko Appel, Marcelo F. Ciappina et al. (+2 more)

High-harmonic generation (HHG) is a prototypical strong-field process in which intense light drives matter to emit radiation at integer multiples of the driving frequency. Extending HHG into the quantum-optical regime offers new opportunities to probe and control strongly nonlinear light-matter interactions using nonclassical states of light. Yet describing this regime requires a fully quantum treatment of the correlated electron-photon dynamics, which becomes computationally challenging for broadband, strongly squeezed fields. Here we solve the quantum-electrodynamical dynamics of a two-level system driven by bright squeezed vacuum in a converged multimode Hilbert space. Both the driving field and emitted harmonics are fully quantized, with the light-matter interaction treated nonperturbatively. This enables direct access to the multimode quantum state and its higher-order correlations beyond semiclassical sampling or perturbative descriptions. We show that squeezed-vacuum driving produces harmonic emission with qualitatively distinct second- and third-order photon correlations compared with coherent excitation. Moreover, back-action from the driven emitter strongly reshapes the incident squeezed field, generating pronounced Wigner-function negativities that evolve on attosecond timescales. Our results establish a fully quantum framework for broadband strong-field dynamics with squeezed light and provide a route to predicting and interpreting quantum-HHG experiments and their extension to more complex emitters.
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All authors Sebastián de-la-Peña, Heiko Appel, Marcelo F. Ciappina, Ofer Neufeld, Angel Rubio

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

A quantum representation of $\pi$ fragmentation functions through variational quantum circuits

David F. Rentería-Estrada, Roger J. Hernández-Pinto, Germán Rodrigo et al. (+2 more)

We present a variational quantum-circuit model for fragmentation functions (FFs). Isospin and charge-conjugation symmetries are imposed to construct an independent six-flavor basis describing charged and neutral pion production, while physics-inspired Ansätze, including logarithmic feature maps and mass thresholds, encode the relevant kinematics. This quantum architecture substantially reduces the quantum circuit redundancies and improve optimization convergence. Using the DSS14 pion FF set as a benchmark, we first develop a one-dimensional variational representation (FF-VQR) in the momentum fraction at fixed energy scale, and show how entanglement between quark and gluon FFs yields a significant improvement, with accurate results already obtained using just two variational layers. A spectral analysis further demonstrates that the quantum model achieves high expressivity with a limited number of Fourier modes, supporting its use as a compact non-perturbative parametrization suitable for DGLAP evolution. We then extend the FF-VQR to two dimensions by incorporating the energy-scale dependence. By encoding all flavor channels within a single entangled quantum circuit, the quantum model provides a unified representation with higher accuracy than an independent encoding for each partonic species.
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All authors David F. Rentería-Estrada, Roger J. Hernández-Pinto, Germán Rodrigo, Rodolfo Sassot, German F. R. Sborlini

Instrumentation and Detectors

Mineral Detection of Neutrinos and Dark Matter 2026 Proceedings

Alexey Elykov, Patrick Stengel, Natsue Abe et al. (+81 more)

The fourth "Mineral Detection of Neutrinos and Dark Matter" (MDvDM'26) meeting was held April 14-17, 2026 in Karlsruhe, Germany, hosted by the Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP) at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). These proceedings detail the contributions that were presented during MDvDM'26, illustrating the unprecedented progress in theoretical, computational and experimental studies towards the realization of the concept of mineral detectors. Mineral detectors represent an emerging particle detection concept that has risen in prominence in recent years due to the advent of modern computational and high-resolution microscopy techniques. Natural and synthetic crystals are capable of retaining microscopic damage features induced by nuclear recoils, which could be then read out with a variety of micrometer and nanometer resolution microscopy techniques. On laboratory time scales mineral detectors could be employed for reactor neutrino monitoring and dark matter detection, with the potential to measure the directions as well as the energies of the induced nuclear recoils. Uniquely, ancient natural crystals (so-called paleo-detectors) that have been recording nuclear recoils over geological timescales could be used for studying astrophysical neutrinos, cosmic rays, dark matter and heavy exotic particles, as well as the variation of their fluxes over our Galaxy's lifetime. In recent years the international MDvDM community has been successfully tackling the challenges associated with realizing the concept of mineral detectors, opening the pathway towards a fully fledged experimental program and potential future discoveries.
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All authors Alexey Elykov, Patrick Stengel, Natsue Abe, Daniel Ang, Lorenzo Apollonio, Levente Balogh, Laura Baudis, Chinmay Bharathulwar, Priyanshu Bhattacharya, Yilda Boukhtouchen, Joseph Bramante, Vincent Breton, Andrew Buchanan, Jens Burkhart, Lorenzo Caccianiga, Andrew Calabrese-Day, Mason Camp, Jordan Chapman, Anson Cook, Reza Ebadi, Denis Erkal, Katherine Freese, Audrey Fung, Shota Futamura, Claudio Galelli, Kevin Gao, Peter W. Graham, Thomas Haddock, Minako Hashiguchi, Alexander Hayes, Adam A. Hecht, Samuel C. Hedges, Shigenobu Hirose, Luisa M. Hötzsch, Patrick Huber, Yohei Igami, Vsevolod Ivanov, Florian Jörg, Ayuki Kamada, Takenori Kato, Yoji Kawamura, Katharina Kehl, Chris Kelso, Holger Kluck, Emilie M. LaVoie-Ingram, Matthew Leybourne, Gavishta H. M. Liyanage, Thalles Lucas, Brenden A. Magill, Paolo Magnani, Jennika McIntosh, Naoki Mizutani, Kohta Murase, Tatsuhiro Naka, Lina Necib, Pranav Parvathaneni, Andre Peterson, Zachary S. C. Picker, Rabeya Rabu, Harikrishnan Ramani, Anupam Ray, Morteza Roostaeinia, Hannah Ross, Issei Saikyo, Lukas Scherne, Maximilian Shen, Aaron Shugar, Joshua Spitz, Kai Sun, Jiashen Tang, Erwin H. Tanin, Dionysios P. Theodosopoulos, Yoichi Usui, Pieter Vermeesch, Aaron Vincent, Ronald Walsworth, Jin-Wei Wang, David Waters, Samuel S. Y. Wong, Audrey Wu, Gregory Wurtz, Wen Yin, Xiuyuan Zhang, Zhexian Zhang

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Interstellar disparity: N- vs O-bearing molecules: A multidisciplinary perspective across interstellar environments

Mathilde Bouvier, Joan Enrique-Romero and Marta De Simone

Observations of O- and N-bearing molecules reveal systematic chemical differentiation across a wide range of interstellar environments. This pattern is peculiar and its origin likely reflects a combination of physical conditions, chemical pathways, and observational effects rather than a single mechanism. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the N-bearing and O-bearing species and their relative behaviour in the interstellar medium, integrating results from observations, laboratory experiments, chemical modelling, and theoretical studies. While inspired by discussions at the Lorentz Center workshop held in Leiden in August 2025, this work goes beyond a summary of the meeting and instead synthesizes the state of the field, highlights key open questions, and outlines future directions. We identify several key observational, experimental, and theoretical challenges that must be addressed to determine the origin of this chemical differentiation.
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Quantum Physics

Scalable logical qubits

Matthias Troyer, Chetan Nayak and John Martinis

Utility-scale quantum computing will require executing long, complex algorithms with end-to-end error rates far below what physical qubits can support directly. Error-corrected logical qubits are needed to achieve this goal. To make the progress on logical qubits measurable and comparable we introduce the definition of scalable logical qubits: logical qubits preserved for long computations by repeated quantum error correction, capable of fault-tolerant universal operations with low-latency real-time decoding and feedback, and replicable to the hundreds or thousands, as required by applications. We characterize these scalable logical qubits along four coupled dimensions: reliability, scale, capability, and performance, and discuss trade-offs among these dimensions.
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Lattice Field Theory

Computability of GPDs near $x=\pm\xi$ in Lattice QCD

Yushan Su, Xiangdong Ji, Yizhuang Liu et al. (+1 more)

In lattice QCD computations of generalized parton distributions (GPDs), the large momentum expansion generally requires all hard scales, $2|x\pm\xi|P^z$ and $2|1\pm x|P^z$, to be much larger than $\Lambda_{\rm QCD}$. We show that this condition can be relaxed for $2|x\pm\xi|P^z$ at large $\xi$, making the important $x\sim\pm\xi$ regions accessible to lattice calculations and considerably expanding the region of computability. Revisiting previous lattice results with complete one-loop matching, we obtain the expected partonic threshold behavior—GPDs continuous at $x=\pm\xi$ but with discontinuous derivatives—which has not previously been observed on the lattice. We thus obtain, for the first time, important prediction for GPDs in the distribution-amplitude-like region, which smoothly connects the quark and antiquark PDF-like behaviors.
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All authors Yushan Su, Xiangdong Ji, Yizhuang Liu, Rui Zhang

Quantum Physics

Technical Report OFDM-Assisted Simultaneous Quantum and Classical THz Communications

Xin Liu, Chao Xu, Soon Xin Ng et al. (+4 more)

The feasibility of cost-effective simultaneous quantum and classical communication (SQCC) transmitting both the quantum key and classical information via a superimposed coherent state is investigated both in optical and Terahertz (THz) bands. Since the existing THz SQCC schemes assume single-carrier (SC) transmission over flat fading channels, we embark on investigating SQCC in realistic frequency-selective multipath THz fading channels. We then propose an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based SQCC system for time-invariant frequency-selective THz scenarios, supported by low-density parity-check coded (LDPC) multidimensional QKD reconciliation schemes. Our simulation results demonstrate that the OFDM-based SQCC scheme is capable of achieving a practical secret key rate (SKR) over a wide range of power sharing scenarios between the classical and quantum signals. By contrast its single-carrier counterpart requires the classical signal to be at least 100 times stronger than the quantum signal in THz SQCC.
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All authors Xin Liu, Chao Xu, Soon Xin Ng, Mohammed El-Hajjar, Phuc V. Trinh, Shinya Sugiura, Lajos Hanzo

Quantum Physics

Coherent error threshold for quantum LDPC codes

Zhengyi Han, Yuanchen Zhao, Yijia Xu et al. (+2 more)

A key appeal of quantum low-density parity check (qLDPC) codes is their ability to suppress stochastic Pauli noise below nonzero thresholds. Coherent errors are fundamentally different: they produce superpositions of error patterns whose amplitudes can interfere even after syndrome measurement. Rigorous understanding of coherent errors remains limited. Here we show that general qLDPC codes admit a nonzero code capacity threshold against local coherent noise and more generally local channel noise. For any family of qLDPC codes with distance $d=\Omega(\log n)$, we show that there is a constant noise strength below which the logical recovery error in diamond distance decays exponentially with the code distance. The result is established for optimal recovery as well as the minimum-weight decoder. The key technical ingredient is what we call a cluster resummation: rather than bounding superposed error configurations one by one, we isolate a large connected error cluster in the channel expansion and exactly resum all errors disconnected from it before taking norms. Standard cluster counting then yields exponential suppression. This work resolves a longstanding challenge in fault tolerance theory, providing general robustness guarantees for qLDPC codes against coherent noise and laying a rigorous foundation for future studies of fault-tolerant quantum technologies.
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All authors Zhengyi Han, Yuanchen Zhao, Yijia Xu, Yixu Wang, Zi-Wen Liu

Lattice Field Theory

Numerical Investigations of Phase Transitions in Lattice Field Theories

Vamika Longia

The study of phase transitions plays an important role in understanding qualitative changes in the behaviour of physical systems at criticality. Despite decades of progress, there is still a strong demand for high-precision numerical tools capable of resolving subtle critical phenomena. Motivated by this need, in this thesis, we present two complementary numerical investigations of phase transitions in lattice systems. The first uses GPU-accelerated higher-order tensor renormalization group (HOTRG) techniques to study the two-dimensional generalized XY model, characterizing its ferromagnetic, nematic, and paramagnetic phases and mapping their phase boundaries using thermodynamic observables in the thermodynamic limit. The second develops and benchmarks a configurational temperature estimator, constructed from gradients and Hessians of the Euclidean lattice action, in compact U(1) lattice gauge theories. On one hand, tensor network methods capture rich phase structures when truncation and finite-bond effects are adequately controlled. On the other hand, the configurational temperature estimator provides an independent, low-overhead means of validating thermal sampling across different algorithms and models, and can also be used as a runtime diagnostic to identify sampling pathologies before large-scale production runs.
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