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Physics

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Monday 14 September

Fluid Dynamics

Physics Informed Neural Network model for the dynamical study of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Adrián Robles Arques, Martín Ruiz Fernandez, Javier Sanchis et al. (+2 more)

We present the development and application of a three-dimensional Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) framework for the investigation of haemodynamic behaviour in the human aorta. The model incorporates a time-resolved simulation of pulsatile blood flow over a two-minute interval, enabling the extraction of pressure and velocity fields with high temporal fidelity. The mechanical stress exerted on the aortic wall was quantified through Laplace's law, with temporal averaging applied to derive representative stress distributions. This approach circumvents the computational overhead associated with conventional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods by eliminating mesh generation and exploiting the automatic differentiation capabilities inherent to neural networks. The proposed methodology demonstrates that PINNs can serve as an efficient and accurate alternative for modelling complex vascular flow phenomena, offering significant advantages in scalability and computational cost reduction while maintaining physical consistency.
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All authors Adrián Robles Arques, Martín Ruiz Fernandez, Javier Sanchis, Miguel A. Teruel, Juan Trujillo

Materials Science

Multiple Linear Regression-Enhanced RGB-based Luminescence Thermometry for High-sensitivity Thermal Readout

Y. Abe, M. Szymczak, Miguel A. Hernandez-Rodriguez et al. (+2 more)

The practical implementation of phosphors for luminescence-based thermal sensing and imaging requires simple, user-friendly approaches that enable convenient and sensitive temperature readout. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of combining RGB-based thermal imaging using a conventional digital camera with multiple linear regression (MLR) to achieve straightforward and highly sensitive temperature determination and spatially resolved thermal imaging. Importantly, the implementation of the MLR approach enhances the relative sensitivity by more than 3-fold, compared with conventional analysis based solely on the G/R or B/R intensity ratios. The application of Ca3Al2O6:Mn2+-Ce3+ as a luminescent temperature probe, in which the intensity ratio between the Ce3+ and Mn2+ emission bands exhibits a pronounced temperature dependence, enables temperature readout through several complementary approaches. These include conventional luminescence intensity ratio thermometry (SR = 1.46% K-1), analysis of the CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates (SRx = 0.45% K-1 and SRy = 0.14% K-1), as well as RGB-based thermal sensing and imaging using a digital camera. This multimodal optical response, together with the accessibility of camera-based readout and the substantial sensitivity enhancement enabled by MLR, establishes a practical strategy for spatially resolved luminescence thermometry.
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All authors Y. Abe, M. Szymczak, Miguel A. Hernandez-Rodriguez, M. Runowski, L. Marciniak

Accelerator Physics

High-Intense Gamma-Ray Emission from a Crystalline Undulator with Realistic Bending Profiles

R. Negrello, L. Malagutti, L. Bandiera et al. (+11 more)

The development of compact and intense $\gamma$-ray sources in the MeV energy range remains a significant frontier in radiation physics, with profound implications for nuclear physics, medicine and applied science. In this work, we present a comprehensive numerical investigation of the photon emission probability and brilliance of a Crystalline Undulator (CU) based on a periodically bent Si(110) crystal. Our approach integrates realistic deformation profiles obtained via Finite Element Method simulations of a realistic sample, where bending is induced by patterned Si$_3$N$_4$ surface stressors. Relativistic molecular dynamics simulations, performed using the MBN Explorer software package, consider a 10 GeV positron beam consistent with the foreseen FACET-II facility specifications. Our results reveal a distinct undulator radiation peak in the 1.6-2.1 MeV range, well-separated from the broader channeling radiation background. We show that for an optimal aperture angle of $1/2\gamma$, the source reaches a maximum peak brilliance of about $5\times10^{22}$~photons/s/mm$^2$/mrad$^2$/0.1%~BW. This performance is highly competitive with large-scale Gamma-Beam Systems and exceeds that of Inverse-Compton Scattering sources, confirming the potential of crystalline undulators as high-brilliance, compact light sources for the MeV domain.
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All authors R. Negrello, L. Malagutti, L. Bandiera, N. Canale, F. Cescato, P. Fedeli, V. Guidi, A. Mazzolari, G. Paternó, J. Reyes Garrido, M. Romagnoni, A. Sytov, A. V. Korol, A. V. Solov'yov

Quantum Physics

Biorthogonal Time-Dependent Variational Principle for Non-Hermitian Systems

Younes Javanmard and Sina Kazemian

We develop a biorthogonal time-dependent variational principle for real-time dynamics of non-Hermitian quantum many-body systems. Independent left and right matrix-product states obey coupled bivariational tangent-space equations whose cross-Gram matrix defines an oblique projection. A matrix-free scaled Taylor action propagates the resulting non-normal local generators without assembling dense matrices or storing a Krylov basis. We distinguish the fully coupled algorithm, which solves the cross-pairing problem and truncates the two bond bases jointly, from an efficient independently propagated approximation used for large systems. Independent truncation can make the retained left-right pairing nearly singular; overlap drift and the smallest singular value of the bond cross matrix expose this failure, while coupled truncation substantially delays it. Exact benchmarks and convergence tests validate the method. Applied to an interacting long-range non-Hermitian Ising chain, it resolves a biorthogonal dynamical quantum phase transition and shows that a weak imaginary field shifts the leading critical time from $t^{\ast}|J|=1.84$ to $1.04$.
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Soft Condensed Matter

Spontaneous Vortex Instability in Active Nematics

Niels de Graaf Sousa, Kristian Thijssen and Amin Doostmohammadi

One of the defining results in the study of active matter is the spontaneous flow instability, through which a homogeneous, uniformly aligned state breaks translational symmetry along a single direction and develops sustained flow. The vortex state that emerges at higher activity has instead been attributed to nonlinear dynamics. Using a Floquet-type linear stability analysis, we show that no such mechanism is required: the flowing state undergoes a secondary, zigzag instability that breaks the remaining translational symmetry and produces the vortex state. We further identify a regime in which the flowing state ceases to exist and vortices emerge directly from the uniformly aligned state. Under channel confinement, the instability selects a length scale that differs from the establishedactivelengthscale, andsetsthenumberofvorticesthatappear, leadingtoaconfinement- selected pattern reminiscent of a vortex lattice, opening a route toward direct experimental tests of this instability. Full nonlinear simulations reproduce the predicted onset activities and the selected vortex number.
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Disordered Systems and Neural Networks

Bias and Correlations in Quasiperiodicity: Impact on Localization in an Extended Aubry-André Model

Adithya J D, Ranjan Modak and Shaon Sahoo

Unlike in Anderson localization - where any amount of uncorrelated disorder localizes all eigenstates in one dimension - a one-dimensional system with quasiperiodic potential supports a richer range of localization behavior. This paper investigates the fundamental question of which potential characteristics govern localization properties. We characterize quasiperiodic potentials using two independent parameters, correlation and bias, and demonstrate that bias, in addition to correlation, critically influences localization. Through the study of an extended Aubry-André model, in which a tunable parameter allows systematic control over both the bias and correlation of the potential, we show that bias is key in determining the fraction of delocalized states. An increase in the potential strength generally enhances the tendency toward localization, while simultaneously strengthening the correlations in the quasiperiodic potential. This apparent counterintuitive behavior can be understood in terms of the bias parameter: increasing the potential strength reduces the bias, which in turn favors localization. For the family of Hamiltonians considered, we identify two critical bias thresholds: below the lower threshold, the entire spectrum is localized, whereas below the higher threshold, at most a fraction of the states can be delocalized, precluding delocalization of the entire spectrum. To further test our framework, we examine a quasiperiodic model with zero bias and find that, despite its correlated nature, all states become localized even at very weak potential strengths - recovering the Anderson-like scenario.
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Pattern Formation and Solitons

Deformation of sine-Gordon two-soliton solutions in $\varphi^4$ kink-antikink configurations

Aliakbar Moradi Marjaneh, Danial Saadatmand, Fabiano C. Simas et al. (+2 more)

In this work, we construct analytical kink-antikink $(K\bar{K})$ configurations in the non-integrable $\varphi^4$ model by mapping exact solutions of the integrable sine-Gordon system via a field deformation. This procedure yields two distinct classes of configurations, parametrized by the initial half-separation and velocity. We compare these profiles with the standard additive superposition Ansatz in terms of vacuum structure and equation-of-motion residuals, deriving explicit closed-form expressions for the corresponding integrated squared residuals. For small separations, the mapped soliton-antisoliton configurations exhibit appreciably smaller residuals than the naive superposition Ansatz, which in turn performs better than the mapped two-soliton configurations. Although the mapped fields are not exact solutions of the $\varphi^4$ equation of motion, they provide mathematically consistent, topologically sound, and physically motivated initial data for numerical studies of kink-antikink scattering and resonance phenomena.
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All authors Aliakbar Moradi Marjaneh, Danial Saadatmand, Fabiano C. Simas, Jarah Evslin, Dionisio Bazeia

Plasma Physics

Shape effects and Shafranov shift reversal in analytical Grad–Shafranov equilibria with non-convex boundaries

D. Abate

Analytical Solov'ev equilibria with freely prescribed plasma boundaries can be constructed by enforcing the boundary condition in a least-squares sense on a polynomial basis of homogeneous solutions. Within this approach, a systematic scan of boundary shape is carried out well beyond the convex regime: non-convex star polygons of arbitrary symmetry order and concavity are examined alongside conventional convex tokamak cross-sections, using a quantitative boundary-fidelity criterion to delimit the range of shapes the polynomial basis can represent. For standard convex shapes, poloidal beta is insensitive to shaping due to the Solov'ev current profile, while polygon boundaries raise it monotonically with the number of sides, driven by the flat sides compressing flux surfaces toward the axis. For the Shafranov shift, odd-fold boundaries admit a critical concavity below which the geometric centre of the boundary overtakes the magnetic axis, reversing the sign of $\Delta/a$; no such reversal occurs for even-fold boundaries, and the effect has no analogue among convex shapes.
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Quantum Physics · Cross-listed from cs.CC

Randomized query complexity can beat certificate complexity

Shalev Ben-David and Robin Kothari

A long-standing open question in query complexity asks whether there is a total Boolean function f with R(f) << C(f), where R(f) and C(f) denote its bounded-error randomized query complexity and certificate complexity, respectively. We construct a function with R(f) = O~(sqrt{C(f)}), which is optimal up to log factors. The same function also has $Q(f) = O~(C(f)^{1/4}), where Q(f) is the bounded-error quantum query complexity of f, which is also nearly optimal.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons

Non-Abelian chiral spin liquid in a spin-$1$ antiferromagnet on the square lattice

Xiao-Tian Zhang, Yuan Yang, D. N. Sheng et al. (+1 more)

Non-Abelian chiral spin liquids (CSLs) host non-Abelian anyon excitations and are promising platforms for topological quantum computation. However, realizing non-Abelian CSLs in short-range interacting spin systems remains elusive. Here, we study a spin-$1$ square-lattice model with the first- and second-neighbor bilinear ($J_1,J_2$) and biquadratic interactions ($K_1,K_2$), as well as the three-spin scalar chiral coupling $J_{\chi}$. Inspired by the evidence of the Moore-Read state in exact diagonalization and infinite Projected Entangled Pair States calculations, we fix $J_1=1.0$, $J_2/J_1=0.623$, $K_1/J_1=-0.176$, and obtain a quantum phase diagram for $0 \leq K_2/J_1 \leq 0.4$ and $0.3 \leq J_{\chi}/J_1 \leq 0.6$ by using the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) calculations. We identify a stripe antiferromagnetic phase, a Néel antiferromagnetic phase, a magnetically ordered chiral spin state phase, and a non-Abelian CSL phase emerging near the boundaries of the ordered phases. The unbiased DMRG results provide strong evidence for the Moore-Read state, including the three topological sectors, the quantized spin Chern number $C=1$, and the level counting of low-lying entanglement spectra which is consistent with the chiral SU(2)$_2$ conformal field theory. Our results may shed new light on searching for non-Abelian CSLs in other higher-spin ($S > 1/2$) systems with short-range couplings.
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All authors Xiao-Tian Zhang, Yuan Yang, D. N. Sheng, Shou-Shu Gong

Strongly Correlated Electrons

Observation of complex orbital order in MnV2O4

Chihaya Koyama, Shunsuke Kitou, Taishun Manjo et al. (+8 more)

Orbital ordering in vanadium spinel oxides with a geometrically frustrated pyrochlore structure has been a subject of controversy, owing to competing theoretical models and the absence of direct experimental evidence. Here we combine high-precision single-crystal synchrotron x-ray diffraction with core differential fourier synthesis to visualize the valence electron density (VED) of the orbital-ordered ground state in real space. By carefully investigating multiple-scattering artifacts, we identify the low-temperature structure as belonging to the I41/amd space group. The reconstructed VED around the V sites reveals an orbital-ordered state distinct from both previously proposed real- and complex-orbital models. Our results resolve the long-standing controversy in MnV2O4 and establish a route to identifying orbital states in frustrated spin-orbital systems.
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All authors Chihaya Koyama, Shunsuke Kitou, Taishun Manjo, Yuiga Nakamura, Takeshi Hara, Naoyuki Katayama, Takuro Katsufuji, Ryotaro Arita, Yusuke Nomura, Hiroshi Sawa, Taka-hisa Arima

Quantum Physics

Fermionic quantum error correction is never free

Yifan Tang, Ingo Roth, Philippe Faist et al. (+3 more)

Fermionic platforms offer compelling architectures for quantum computing, ranging from topologically protected Majorana-based qubits to fermionic cold atoms. To achieve scalability, however, they require quantum error correction. In this work, we prove that any exact and sufficiently accurate approximate fermionic quantum error correction necessarily requires non-Gaussian operations, beyond the free-fermion regime of quadratic dynamics. This is in sharp contrast to the qubit setting, where the efficiently classically simulable stabilizer operations form the standard framework for quantum error correction. Specifically, we show that the logical space of any non-trivial fermionic error-correcting code contains no pure fermionic Gaussian state, utilizing a fundamental incompatibility between fermionic error correction and Wick's theorem. We further show that the required number of bounded-weight non-Gaussian gates for unitary codeword preparation grows at least linearly with both the code distance and the number of encoded modes, revealing an intrinsic resource overhead that increases simultaneously with error-protection strength and logical capacity. Furthermore, we analyze the performance of fermionic Gaussian operations in entanglement distillation, revealing a distinction from their bosonic counterparts. Our results reveal fundamental difficulties for fermionic error correction from the perspectives of both physical implementation and classical simulation, suggesting connections to fermionic phases of matter and state preparation complexity.
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All authors Yifan Tang, Ingo Roth, Philippe Faist, Zi-Wen Liu, Jens Eisert, Zhenhuan Liu

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Open-channel radiation zeros and nonlinear damping of a critical-bubble internal mode

Tomohiro Inagaki and Yuko Murakami

We study radiation and nonlinear damping of a spherically symmetric localized mode of an $O(3)$ thermal critical bubble. The leading second-harmonic radiation amplitude is determined by the overlap between a nonlinear source and a continuum scattering wave. This overlap can vanish through destructive interference as the supercooling is varied, even when the second harmonic lies above the continuum threshold. A signed-overlap scan resolves five zeros in a finite parameter interval, including three on the thinner-wall side of the two representative roots studied in detail. For these representative roots, half-line Jost–Green calculations, threshold-preserving wall deformations, and constrained radial evolution verify the cancellation and its robustness. Near a selected root, fourth-order perturbation theory predicts an $A^2$ displacement of the finite-amplitude radiation minimum and an $A$-linear width of the third-harmonic-dominated region; radial evolution quantitatively tests both relations. At the selected zero, third-harmonic loss predicts $A\sim\tau^{-1/4}$, instead of the generic $A\sim\tau^{-1/2}$ law. Measured harmonic powers and a slow-envelope reconstruction support this hierarchy. Independent center-stable shooting recovers the unprojected third-harmonic coefficient, which differs from the fixed-projector value. The results connect a tunable radiation form factor to nonlinear relaxation of an internal mode on an unstable nucleation saddle.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Improved amplitude analysis of $\eta^\prime\to\pi^+\pi^-\pi^0$ and $\eta^\prime\to\pi^0\pi^0\pi^0$

M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson et al. (+775 more)

Using a sample of $(10087\pm44)\times 10^6$ $J/\psi$ events collected with the BESIII detector at BEPCII, we perform an amplitude analysis of the decays $\eta^\prime\to\pi^+\pi^-\pi^0$ and $\eta^\prime\to\pi^0\pi^0\pi^0$, where we observe significant $\pi^\pm\pi^0$ $P$-wave and $\pi$-$\pi$ $S$-wave interactions. Two different parameterizations, a $\pi$-$\pi$ scattering phase shift and the Gounaris-Sakurai Breit-Wigner formalism, are used to describe the $P$-wave propagator. Due to the large interference, the branching fractions for both the $P$- and the $S$-waves are found to be strongly model dependent.
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All authors M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, M. S. Anderson, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, D. Cabiati, H. Cai, M. H. Cai, X. Cai, A. Calcaterra, G. F. Cao, N. Cao, S. A. Cetin, X. Y. Chai, J. F. Chang, T. T. Chang, G. R. Che, Y. Z. Che, C. H. Chen, Chao Chen, G. Chen, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, S. M. Chen, T. Chen, W. Chen, X. R. Chen, X. T. Chen, X. Y. Chen, Y. B. Chen, Y. Q. Chen, Z. K. Chen, J. Cheng, L. N. Cheng, S. K. Choi, X. Chu, G. Cibinetto, F. Cossio, J. Cottee-Meldrum, H. L. Dai, J. P. Dai, X. C. Dai, A. Dbeyssi, R. E. de Boer, D. Dedovich, Z. Y. Deng, A. Denig, I. Denisenko, M. Destefanis, F. De Mori, E. Di Fiore, X. X. Ding, Y. Ding, Y. X. Ding, J. Dong, L. Y. Dong, M. Y. Dong, X. Dong, Z. J. Dong, M. C. Du, S. X. Du, Shaoxu Du, X. L. Du, Y. Q. Du, Y. Y. Duan, Z. H. Duan, P. Egorov, G. F. Fan, J. J. Fan, K. X. Fan, Y. H. Fan, J. Fang, Jin Fang, S. S. Fang, W. X. Fang, Y. Q. Fang, L. Fava, F. Feldbauer, G. Felici, C. Q. Feng, J. H. Feng, Q. X. Feng, Y. T. Feng, M. Fritsch, C. D. Fu, J. L. Fu, Y. W. Fu, H. Gao, Xu Gao, Y. Gao, Y. N. Gao, Y. Y. Gao, Yunong Gao, Z. Gao, S. Garbolino, I. Garzia, L. Ge, P. T. Ge, Z. W. Ge, C. Geng, A. Gilman, K. Goetzen, J. Gollub, J. B. Gong, J. D. Gong, L. Gong, W. X. Gong, W. Gradl, M. Greco, M. D. Gu, M. H. Gu, C. Y. Guan, A. Q. Guo, H. Guo, J. N. Guo, L. B. Guo, M. J. Guo, R. P. Guo, X. Guo, Y. P. Guo, Z. Guo, A. Guskov, J. Gutierrez, J. Y. Han, T. T. Han, X. Han, F. Hanisch, J. Y. Hao, K. D. Hao, X. Q. Hao, F. A. Harris, C. Z. He, K. K. He, K. L. He, F. H. Heinsius, C. H. Heinz, Y. K. Heng, C. Herold, N. D. Hoffman, P. C. Hong, G. Y. Hou, X. T. Hou, Y. R. Hou, Z. L. Hou, H. M. Hu, J. F. Hu, Q. P. Hu, S. L. Hu, T. Hu, Y. Hu, Y. X. Hu, Z. M. Hu, G. S. Huang, K. X. Huang, L. Q. Huang, P. Huang, X. T. Huang, Y. P. Huang, Y. S. Huang, T. Hussain, N. Hüsken, N. in der Wiesche, Q. Ji, Q. P. Ji, W. Ji, X. B. Ji, X. L. Ji, Y. Y. Ji, L. K. Jia, X. Q. Jia, D. Jiang, S. J. Jiang, X. S. Jiang, Y. Jiang, J. B. Jiao, J. K. Jiao, Z. Jiao, L. C. L. Jin, S. Jin, Y. Jin, M. Q. Jing, X. M. Jing, T. Johansson, S. Kabana, X. L. Kang, X. S. Kang, B. C. Ke, V. Khachatryan, A. Khoukaz, O. B. Kolcu, B. Kopf, L. Kröger, L. Krümmel, Y. Y. Kuang, M. Kuessner, X. Kui, N. Kumar, A. Kupsc, W. Kühn, Q. Lan, T. T. Lei, M. Lellmann, T. Lenz, C. Li, C. H. Li, C. K. Li, Chunkai Li, Cong Li, D. M. Li, F. Li, G. Li, H. B. Li, H. J. Li, H. L. Li, H. N. Li, H. P. Li, Hui Li, J. N. Li, J. S. Li, J. W. Li, K. Li, K. L. Li, L. J. Li, L. K. Li, Lei Li, M. H. Li, M. R. Li, M. T. Li, P. L. Li, P. R. Li, Q. M. Li, Q. X. Li, R. Li, S. Li, S. X. Li, S. Y. Li, Shanshan Li, T. Li, T. Y. Li, W. D. Li, W. G. Li, X. Li, X. H. Li, X. K. Li, X. L. Li, X. Y. Li, X. Z. Li, Y. H. Li, Y. B. Li, Y. C. Li, Y. G. Li, Y. P. Li, Yi Li, Z. H. Li, Z. J. Li, Z. L. Li, Z. X. Li, Z. Y. Li, Zaiyi Li, C. Liang, H. Liang, Y. F. Liang, Y. T. Liang, Z. Z. Liang, G. R. Liao, L. B. Liao, M. H. Liao, Y. P. Liao, J. Libby, A. Limphirat, C. C. Lin, C. X. Lin, D. X. Lin, T. Lin, B. J. Liu, B. X. Liu, C. Liu, C. X. Liu, F. Liu, F. H. Liu, Feng Liu, G. M. Liu, H. Liu, H. B. Liu, H. M. Liu, Huihui Liu, J. B. Liu, J. J. Liu, K. Liu, K. Y. Liu, Ke Liu, Kun Liu, L. Liu, L. C. Liu, Lu Liu, M. H. Liu, P. L. Liu, Q. Liu, S. B. Liu, T. Liu, W. T. Liu, X. Liu, X. K. Liu, X. L. Liu, X. P. Liu, X. T. Liu, X. Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. B. Liu, Yi Liu, Z. A. Liu, Z. D. Liu, Z. Q. Liu, Z. X. Liu, Z. Y. Liu, X. C. Lou, H. J. Lu, J. G. Lu, X. L. Lu, Y. Lu, Y. H. Lu, Y. P. Lu, Z. H. Lu, C. L. Luo, J. R. Luo, J. S. Luo, M. X. Luo, T. Luo, X. L. Luo, Z. Y. Lv, X. R. Lyu, Y. F. Lyu, Y. H. Lyu, C. L. Ma, F. C. Ma, H. L. Ma, Heng Ma, J. L. Ma, L. L. Ma, L. R. Ma, Q. M. Ma, R. Q. Ma, R. Y. Ma, T. Ma, X. T. Ma, X. Y. Ma, F. E. Maas, I. MacKay, M. Maggiora, S. Maity, S. Malde, Q. A. Malik, L. M. Mansur, Y. J. Mao, Z. P. Mao, S. Marcello, A. Marshall, F. M. Melendi, Y. H. Meng, Z. X. Meng, G. Mezzadri, H. Miao, T. J. Min, R. E. Mitchell, X. H. Mo, A. F. Mohammad, B. Moses, N. Yu. Muchnoi, J. Muskalla, Y. Nefedov, F. Nerling, H. Neuwirth, Z. Ning, S. Nisar, Q. L. Niu, W. D. Niu, Y. Niu, C. Normand, S. L. Olsen, Q. Ouyang, I. V. Ovtin, S. Pacetti, Y. Pan, C. Y. Pang, A. Pathak, Y. P. Pei, M. Pelizaeus, G. L. Peng, H. P. Peng, X. J. Peng, Y. Y. Peng, K. Peters, K. Petridis, J. L. Ping, R. G. Ping, S. Plura, V. Prasad, L. Pöpping, F. Z. Qi, H. R. Qi, L. Y. Qian, S. Qian, W. B. Qian, C. F. Qiao, J. H. Qiao, J. J. Qin, J. L. Qin, L. Q. Qin, L. Y. Qin, P. B. Qin, X. P. Qin, X. S. Qin, Z. H. Qin, J. F. Qiu, Z. H. Qu, J. Rademacker, K. Ravindran, C. F. Redmer, A. Rivetti, M. Rolo, G. Rong, S. S. Rong, F. Rosini, Ch. Rosner, M. Q. Ruan, W. R. Ruangyoo, N. Salone, A. Sarantsev, Y. Schelhaas, M. Schernau, K. Schoenning, M. Scodeggio, W. Shan, X. Y. Shan, Z. J. Shang, J. F. Shangguan, L. G. Shao, M. Shao, C. P. Shen, H. F. Shen, W. H. Shen, X. Y. Shen, B. A. Shi, Ch. Y. Shi, H. Shi, J. L. Shi, J. Y. Shi, M. H. Shi, S. Shi, S. Y. Shi, X. Shi, X. D. Shi, H. L. Song, J. J. Song, M. H. Song, T. Z. Song, W. M. Song, Y. X. Song, Zirong Song, S. Sosio, S. Spataro, S. Stansilaus, F. Stieler, M. Stolte, S. S Su, G. B. Sun, G. X. Sun, H. Sun, H. K. Sun, J. F. Sun, K. Sun, L. Sun, R. Sun, S. S. Sun, W. Y. Sun, Y. C. Sun, Y. H. Sun, Y. J. Sun, Y. Z. Sun, Z. Q. Sun, Z. T. Sun, H. Tabaharizato, N. T. Tagsinsit, C. J. Tang, G. Y. Tang, J. Tang, J. J. Tang, L. F. Tang, Y. A. Tang, Z. H. Tang, L. Y. Tao, M. Tat, J. X. Teng, J. Y. Tian, W. H. Tian, Y. Tian, Z. F. Tian, K. Yu. Todyshev, I. Uman, E. van der Smagt, B. Wang, Bin Wang, Bo Wang, C. Wang, Chao Wang, Cong Wang, D. Y. Wang, F. K. Wang, H. J. Wang, H. R. Wang, J. Wang, J. H. Wang, J. J. Wang, J. P. Wang, K. Wang, L. L. Wang, L. W. Wang, M. Wang, Mi Wang, N. Y. Wang, P. Wang, S. Wang, Shun Wang, T. Wang, W. Wang, W. P. Wang, X. F. Wang, X. L. Wang, X. N. Wang, Xin Wang, Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. F. Wang, Y. H. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. L. Wang, Y. N. Wang, Yanning Wang, Yaqian Wang, Yi Wang, Yuan Wang, Z. Wang, Z. L. Wang, Z. Q. Wang, Z. Y. Wang, Zhi Wang, Ziyi Wang, D. Wei, D. H. Wei, D. J. Wei, H. R. Wei, F. Weidner, H. R. Wen, S. P. Wen, U. Wiedner, G. Wilkinson, J. F. Wu, L. H. Wu, L. J. Wu, S. G. Wu, S. M. Wu, X. W. Wu, Z. Wu, H. L. Xia, L. Xia, B. H. Xiang, D. Xiao, G. Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, Y. L. Xiao, Z. J. Xiao, C. Xie, K. J. Xie, Y. Xie, Y. G. Xie, Y. H. Xie, Z. P. Xie, T. Y. Xing, D. B. Xiong, G. F. Xu, H. Y. Xu, Q. J. Xu, Q. N. Xu, T. D. Xu, X. P. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. C. Xu, Z. S. Xu, F. Yan, L. Yan, W. B. Yan, W. C. Yan, W. H. Yan, X. Q. Yan, Y. Y. Yan, H. J. Yang, H. L. Yang, H. X. Yang, J. H. Yang, L. Y. Yang, N. Yang, R. J. Yang, X. Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. G. Yang, Y. H. Yang, Y. M. Yang, Y. Q. Yang, Y. Z. 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Zhang, Z. L. Zhang, Z. R. Zhang, Z. X. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, Zh. Zh. Zhang, Zhaoke Zhang, Zhilong Zhang, Ziyang Zhang, Ziyu Zhang, G. Zhao, J.-P. Zhao, J. Y. Zhao, J. Z. Zhao, L. Zhao, Lei Zhao, M. G. Zhao, R. P. Zhao, Y. B. Zhao, Y. L. Zhao, Y. P. Zhao, Y. X. Zhao, Z. G. Zhao, A. Zhemchugov, B. Zheng, B. M. Zheng, J. P. Zheng, W. J. Zheng, W. Q. Zheng, X. R. Zheng, Y. H. Zheng, B. Zhong, C. Zhong, X. Zhong, H. Zhou, J. Q. Zhou, S. Zhou, X. Zhou, X. K. Zhou, X. R. Zhou, X. Y. Zhou, Y. X. Zhou, Y. Z. Zhou, A. N. Zhu, J. Zhu, K. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, K. S. Zhu, L. X. Zhu, Lin Zhu, S. H. Zhu, T. J. Zhu, W. D. Zhu, W. J. Zhu, W. Z. Zhu, Y. C. Zhu, Z. A. Zhu, X. Y. Zhuang, M. Zhuge, J. H. Zou, J. Zu

Materials Science

Scalable construction of force-constant basis sets for large-scale anharmonic lattice-dynamical calculations

Atsuto Seko and Atsushi Togo

A projector-based formulation of force constants in crystalline materials provides a systematic framework for constructing force-constant bases and determining force constants from force–displacement datasets while rigorously satisfying crystal symmetry, permutation symmetry, and translational invariance. In this work, we develop an efficient eigenvalue solver for projection matrices and integrate it into the projector-based framework. The proposed method substantially reduces the computational cost and enables practical calculations for large-scale systems, low-symmetry crystals, and higher-order force constants that are difficult to treat using conventional approaches. Applications to self-consistent phonon calculations for assessing the grain-boundary excess free energy, lattice thermal conductivity calculations in complex compounds, and fourth-order force-constant estimations demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed framework for large and complex materials systems.
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Plasma Physics

Phasor-particle-in-cell algorithm for bidirectional external-circuit coupling of inductively coupled plasma

Zhaoyu Chen, Zili Chen, Jingwen Xu et al. (+4 more)

We develop a self-consistent phasor-particle-in-cell algorithm to capture bidirectional inductive and capacitive feedback between an inductively coupled plasma and a distributed radio-frequency coil circuit. The method couples a two-dimensional axisymmetric particle-in-cell model with Monte Carlo collisions to a network that resolves the current and potential of each coil turn. Precomputed unit-current Helmholtz solutions provide the vacuum impedance matrix, while projection of the plasma-only field supplies the series back electromotive force. An established charge-based electrostatic coupling is extended to individual turns: surface charges obtained from a discrete Gauss law consistent with the Poisson solver yield shunt displacement currents through their fundamental harmonics. Both responses are accumulated over a complete radio-frequency period to update the relaxed circuit state once per period. Vacuum tests showed differences of -1.58 percent in single-solenoid inductance and -4.38 percent in mutual inductance relative to analytical references. A particle-free five-node manufactured benchmark with both coupling channels active yielded a scaled complex-state error of 1.90 x 10^-5 against the continuous reference and approximately second-order spatial convergence. Application to an unshielded argon reference cell reached statistically stationary states at coil-port powers of 60 and 100 W. Net capacitive heating accounted for 29.35 percent and 20.07 percent, respectively, of the combined inductive and capacitive plasma power. Independently accumulated field-side and circuit-side powers, including conductor loss, agreed within approximately 0.5 percent. These results support turn-resolved bidirectional field-circuit coupling for axisymmetric plasma simulations using a fundamental-frequency circuit representation.
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All authors Zhaoyu Chen, Zili Chen, Jingwen Xu, Yonghua Ding, Wei Jiang, Donghui Xia, Ya Zhang

Astrophysics of Galaxies

The driving mode of turbulence in disc galaxy simulations with adaptive mesh refinement

James Watt, Christoph Federrath, Thorsten Tepper-Garcia et al. (+2 more)

Turbulence is a key ingredient in controlling the structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) and star formation, yet we still lack a detailed understanding of its drivers in galaxies. Previous idealised simulations of turbulence employ a stochastic forcing field to drive turbulence. The geometry of this forcing field - whether it is predominantly solenoidal or compressive - is a key parameter governing how turbulence shapes the ISM density distribution and regulates the star formation rate. The turbulence driving parameter ($b$) quantifies the relative contribution of compressive versus solenoidal driving.. Therefore, accurate knowledge of the driving parameter is essential for understanding and predicting star formation, and for sub-grid modelling of ISM physics and the star formation rate. In this work, we introduce an algorithm to measure the turbulence driving parameter in adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations of galaxies. We focus our analysis on a synthetic Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), present-day analogue with a total mass $M \approx 10^{11}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$. We find that turbulence is driven primarily solenoidally ($b<0.4$) within the inner $\sim4\,\mathrm{kpc}$ of the galaxy, and becomes increasingly compressive with $b>0.4$ towards the outskirts, $R\gtrsim4.5\,\mathrm{kpc}$. The volume-weighted median across the disc, $b\simeq0.4$, is consistent with the natural mixture of driving modes. We further find that $b$ is weakly correlated with the strength of shear, in that solenoidal driving tends to be associated with regions of higher shear, as expected for the more central parts of galaxies. These trends persist over $\sim\!2\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ of the galaxy's evolution.
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All authors James Watt, Christoph Federrath, Thorsten Tepper-Garcia, Oscar Agertz, Joss Bland-Hawthorn

Quantum Physics

Scaling up multi-mode entanglement generated by mode swapping

Yuki Kodama and Holger F. Hofmann

Entanglement between two local multi-photon multi-mode systems can be generated by swapping a pair of modes between the two local multi-mode systems. In this presentation, we consider possible strategies for the efficient generation of entanglement between systems with three or more modes. It is shown that the choice of photon number inputs in the local systems adds a new degree of freedom to the non-local interference effects observed in the output photon number statistics.
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Materials Science

Thermally stimulated depolarization in hafnium oxide: experiment and numerical simulation

Yu. N. Novikov, D. E. Temnov, E. A. Volgina et al. (+2 more)

This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study of thermally stimulated depolarization (TSD) in hafnium oxide. Three different models for the probability of trap ionization are considered: the Frenkel effect and two variants of the multiphonon trap ionization mechanism, the multiphonon ionization mechanism of isolated traps at low trap concentrations and phonon-assisted tunneling between neighboring traps at high trap concentrations. The best agreement between the TSD experiment and theory is observed for the multiphonon ionization mechanism of isolated traps. Similar thermal energies of electron and hole traps in HfO2 are obtained ~ 1.3 eV.
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All authors Yu. N. Novikov, D. E. Temnov, E. A. Volgina, M. S. Lebedev, V. A. Gritsenko

Atomic Physics

Phase-Sensitive Heterodyne Detection of MW using EIT Harmonics in Rydberg Atoms

Mangesh Bhattarai, Rishav Hui, Sumanta Khan et al. (+3 more)

We investigate the generation and characterization of higher-order harmonics in the probe-laser absorption arising from nonlinear interactions in an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) ladder system involving Rydberg states and driven by two microwave fields in the heterodyne configuration. We characterize the amplitude and phase of the generated harmonics as a function of the relative frequency and phase of the applied microwave fields. The phase of the $n^{\mathrm{th}}$ harmonic follows the relation $\phi_n=n\phi$, demonstrating phase multiplication and suggesting that higher-order harmonics may offer an enhanced phase response for phase-sensitive measurements. We further characterize the harmonic amplitudes and bandwidths and find that the measured bandwidths are significantly larger than the intrinsic Rydberg-state linewidth, consistent with power broadening under the experimental conditions. The experimental observations are supported by density-matrix calculations, which reproduce the key features of the measured harmonic response.
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All authors Mangesh Bhattarai, Rishav Hui, Sumanta Khan, Vineet Bharti, Vasant Natarajan, Kanhaiya Pandey

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Search for charmonium(like) states $X$ in $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\gamma X\rightarrow\gamma D^{*0}\bar{D}^{*0}$ at BESIII

BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson et al. (+765 more)

A search is performed for a state $X$ decaying into $D^{*0}\bar{D}^{*0}$ produced in the process $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\gamma X$ using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1667.4 $\rm pb^{-1}$ collected at $\sqrt{s} = 4.682$ GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII. The state $X$ could be one of the $C$-even states $X(4013)$, $\eta_{c}(3S)$, $\chi_{c0}(3P)$, $\chi_{c1}(3P)$, or $\chi_{c2}(3P)$. No significant signal is observed in the corresponding signal region. Upper limits of $\sigma_{e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\gamma X}\cdot {\rm Br}_{X\rightarrow D^{*0}\bar{D}^{*0}}$ at 90% confidence level are provided, where $\sigma_{e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\gamma X}$ represents the cross section of the $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\gamma X$ process, and ${\rm Br}_{X\rightarrow D^{*0}\bar{D}^{*0}}$ is the branching fraction of the $X\rightarrow D^{*0}\bar{D}^{*0}$ process.
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All authors BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, M. S. Anderson, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, D. Cabiati, H. Cai, M. H. Cai, X. Cai, A. Calcaterra, G. F. Cao, N. Cao, S. A. Cetin, X. Y. Chai, J. F. Chang, T. T. Chang, G. R. Che, Y. Z. Che, C. H. Chen, Chao Chen, G. Chen, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, S. M. Chen, T. Chen, W. Chen, X. R. Chen, X. T. Chen, X. Y. Chen, Y. B. Chen, Y. Q. Chen, Z. K. Chen, J. Cheng, L. N. Cheng, S. K. Choi, X. Chu, G. Cibinetto, F. Cossio, J. Cottee-Meldrum, H. L. Dai, J. P. Dai, X. C. Dai, A. Dbeyssi, R. E. de Boer, D. Dedovich, C. Q. Deng, Z. Y. Deng, A. Denig, I. Denisenko, M. Destefanis, F. De Mori, E. Di Fiore, X. X. Ding, Y. Ding, Y. X. Ding, J. Dong, L. Y. Dong, M. Y. Dong, X. Dong, Z. J. Dong, M. C. Du, S. X. Du, Shaoxu Du, X. L. Du, Y. Q. Du, Y. Y. Duan, Z. H. Duan, P. Egorov, G. F. Fan, J. J. Fan, Y. H. Fan, J. Fang, Jin Fang, S. S. Fang, W. X. Fang, Y. Q. Fang, L. Fava, F. Feldbauer, G. Felici, C. Q. Feng, J. H. Feng, Q. X. Feng, Y. T. Feng, M. Fritsch, C. D. Fu, J. L. Fu, Y. W. Fu, H. Gao, Xu Gao, Y. Gao, Y. N. Gao, Y. Y. Gao, Yunong Gao, Z. Gao, S. Garbolino, I. Garzia, L. Ge, P. T. Ge, Z. W. Ge, C. Geng, A. Gilman, K. Goetzen, J. Gollub, J. B. Gong, J. D. Gong, L. Gong, W. X. Gong, W. Gradl, M. Greco, M. D. Gu, M. H. Gu, C. Y. Guan, A. Q. Guo, H. Guo, J. N. Guo, L. B. Guo, M. J. Guo, R. P. Guo, X. Guo, Y. P. Guo, Z. Guo, A. Guskov, J. Gutierrez, J. Y. Han, T. T. Han, X. Han, F. Hanisch, K. D. Hao, X. Q. Hao, F. A. Harris, C. Z. He, K. K. He, K. L. He, F. H. Heinsius, C. H. Heinz, Y. K. Heng, C. Herold, P. C. Hong, G. Y. Hou, X. T. Hou, Y. R. Hou, Z. L. Hou, H. M. Hu, J. F. Hu, Q. P. Hu, S. L. Hu, T. Hu, Y. Hu, Y. X. Hu, Z. M. 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Ma, X. T. Ma, X. Y. Ma, F. E. Maas, I. MacKay, M. Maggiora, S. Maity, S. Malde, Y. J. Mao, Z. P. Mao, S. Marcello, A. Marshall, F. M. Melendi, Y. H. Meng, Z. X. Meng, G. Mezzadri, H. Miao, T. J. Min, R. E. Mitchell, X. H. Mo, B. Moses, N. Yu. Muchnoi, J. Muskalla, Y. Nefedov, F. Nerling, H. Neuwirth, Z. Ning, S. Nisar, Q. L. Niu, W. D. Niu, Y. Niu, C. Normand, S. L. Olsen, Q. Ouyang, I. V. Ovtin, S. Pacetti, Y. Pan, A. Pathak, Y. P. Pei, M. Pelizaeus, G. L. Peng, H. P. Peng, X. J. Peng, Y. Y. Peng, K. Peters, K. Petridis, J. L. Ping, R. G. Ping, S. Plura, V. Prasad, L. Pöpping, F. Z. Qi, H. R. Qi, S. Qian, W. B. Qian, C. F. Qiao, J. H. Qiao, J. J. Qin, J. L. Qin, L. Q. Qin, L. Y. Qin, P. B. Qin, X. P. Qin, X. S. Qin, Z. H. Qin, J. F. Qiu, Z. H. Qu, J. Rademacker, K. Ravindran, C. F. Redmer, A. Rivetti, M. Rolo, G. Rong, S. S. Rong, F. Rosini, Ch. Rosner, M. Q. Ruan, W. R. Ruangyoo, N. Salone, A. Sarantsev, Y. Schelhaas, M. Schernau, K. Schoenning, M. Scodeggio, W. Shan, X. Y. Shan, Z. J. Shang, J. F. Shangguan, L. G. Shao, M. Shao, C. P. Shen, H. F. Shen, W. H. Shen, X. Y. Shen, B. A. Shi, Ch. Y. Shi, H. Shi, J. L. Shi, J. Y. Shi, M. H. Shi, S. Y. Shi, X. Shi, H. L. Song, J. J. Song, M. H. Song, T. Z. Song, W. M. Song, Y. X. Song, Zirong Song, S. Sosio, S. Spataro, S. Stansilaus, F. Stieler, M. Stolte, S. S Su, G. B. Sun, G. X. Sun, H. Sun, H. K. Sun, J. F. Sun, K. Sun, L. Sun, R. Sun, S. S. Sun, T. Sun, W. Y. Sun, Y. C. Sun, Y. H. Sun, Y. J. Sun, Y. Z. Sun, Z. Q. Sun, Z. T. Sun, H. Tabaharizato, N. T. Tagsinsit, C. J. Tang, G. Y. Tang, J. Tang, J. J. Tang, L. F. Tang, Y. A. Tang, Z. H. Tang, L. Y. Tao, M. Tat, J. X. Teng, J. Y. Tian, W. H. Tian, Y. Tian, Z. F. Tian, K. Yu. Todyshev, I. Uman, E. van der Smagt, B. Wang, Bin Wang, Bo Wang, C. Wang, Chao Wang, Cong Wang, D. Y. Wang, F. K. Wang, H. J. Wang, H. R. Wang, J. Wang, J. J. Wang, J. P. Wang, K. Wang, L. L. Wang, L. W. Wang, M. Wang, Mi Wang, N. Y. Wang, P. Wang, S. Wang, Shun Wang, T. Wang, W. Wang, W. P. Wang, X. F. Wang, X. L. Wang, X. N. Wang, Xin Wang, Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. F. Wang, Y. H. Wang, Y. J. Wang, Y. L. Wang, Y. N. Wang, Yanning Wang, Yaqian Wang, Yi Wang, Yuan Wang, Z. Wang, Z. L. Wang, Z. Q. Wang, Z. Y. Wang, Zhi Wang, Ziyi Wang, D. Wei, D. H. Wei, D. J. Wei, H. R. Wei, F. Weidner, H. R. Wen, S. P. Wen, U. Wiedner, G. Wilkinson, M. Wolke, J. F. Wu, L. H. Wu, L. J. Wu, Lianjie Wu, S. G. Wu, S. M. Wu, X. W. Wu, Z. Wu, H. L. Xia, L. Xia, B. H. Xiang, D. Xiao, G. Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, Y. L. Xiao, Z. J. Xiao, C. Xie, K. J. Xie, Y. Xie, Y. G. Xie, Y. H. Xie, Z. P. Xie, T. Y. Xing, D. B. Xiong, G. F. Xu, H. Y. Xu, Q. J. Xu, Q. N. Xu, T. D. Xu, X. P. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. C. Xu, Z. S. Xu, F. Yan, L. Yan, W. B. Yan, W. C. Yan, W. H. Yan, W. P. Yan, X. Q. Yan, Y. Y. Yan, H. J. Yang, H. L. Yang, H. X. Yang, J. H. Yang, R. J. Yang, X. Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. G. Yang, Y. H. Yang, Y. M. Yang, Y. Q. Yang, Y. Z. Yang, Youhua Yang, Z. Y. Yang, W. J. Yao, Z. P. Yao, M. Ye, M. H. Ye, Z. J. Ye, K. Yi, Junhao Yin, Z. Y. You, B. X. Yu, C. X. Yu, G. Yu, J. S. Yu, L. W. Yu, T. Yu, X. D. Yu, Y. C. Yu, Yongchao Yu, C. Z. Yuan, H. Yuan, J. Yuan, Jie Yuan, L. Yuan, M. K. Yuan, S. H. Yuan, Y. Yuan, C. X. Yue, Ying Yue, A. A. Zafar, F. R. Zeng, S. H. Zeng, X. Zeng, Y. J. Zeng, Yujie Zeng, Y. C. Zhai, Y. H. Zhan, B. L. Zhang, B. X. Zhang, D. H. Zhang, G. Y. Zhang, Gengyuan Zhang, H. Zhang, H. C. Zhang, H. H. Zhang, H. Q. Zhang, H. R. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, Han Zhang, J. Zhang, J. J. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. Q. Zhang, J. S. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, J. X. Zhang, J. Y. Zhang, J. Z. Zhang, Jianyu Zhang, Jin Zhang, Jiyuan Zhang, L. M. Zhang, Lei Zhang, N. Zhang, P. Zhang, Q. Zhang, Q. Y. Zhang, Q. Z. Zhang, R. Y. Zhang, S. H. Zhang, S. N. Zhang, Shulei Zhang, X. M. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. T. Zhang, Y. H. Zhang, Y. P. Zhang, Yao Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yu Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. D. Zhang, Z. H. Zhang, Z. L. Zhang, Z. X. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, Zh. Zh. Zhang, Zhilong Zhang, Ziyang Zhang, Ziyu Zhang, G. Zhao, J.-P. Zhao, J. Y. Zhao, J. Z. Zhao, L. Zhao, Lei Zhao, M. G. Zhao, R. P. Zhao, S. J. Zhao, Y. B. Zhao, Y. L. Zhao, Y. P. Zhao, Y. X. Zhao, Z. G. Zhao, A. Zhemchugov, B. Zheng, B. M. Zheng, J. P. Zheng, W. J. Zheng, W. Q. Zheng, X. R. Zheng, Y. H. Zheng, B. Zhong, C. Zhong, X. Zhong, H. Zhou, J. Q. Zhou, S. Zhou, X. Zhou, X. K. Zhou, X. R. Zhou, X. Y. Zhou, Y. X. Zhou, Y. Z. Zhou, A. N. Zhu, J. Zhu, K. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, K. S. Zhu, L. X. Zhu, Lin Zhu, S. H. Zhu, T. J. Zhu, W. D. Zhu, W. J. Zhu, W. Z. Zhu, Y. C. Zhu, Z. A. Zhu, X. Y. Zhuang, M. Zhuge, J. H. Zou, J. Zu

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Inelastic Dark Matter at LZ from Radiative Dirac Neutrino Mass Paradigm

Pankaj Borah, Satyabrata Mahapatra and Newton Nath

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment has reported a high-energy nuclear recoil candidate, LZ230616, at $E_R = 248 \pm 23_{\rm stat} \pm 23_{\rm sys}\,$keV, which is difficult to reconcile with elastic scattering of halo dark matter (DM). Endothermic inelastic scattering offers a natural explanation, but it rests on a nucleon coupling that is off-diagonal rather than diagonal. We show that this feature arises automatically within a radiative Dirac neutrino mass framework. The Standard Model is extended by three right-handed neutrinos (RHNs), a pair of vector-like neutral fermions for each generations, and a scalar sector comprising an inert doublet and a real singlet, governed by a $\mathcal{Z}_2 \times \mathcal{Z}_4$ symmetry. The $\mathcal{Z}_2$ symmetry stabilizes the DM, while the $\mathcal{Z}_4$ symmetry forbids the tree-level Dirac Yukawa coupling together with all renormalizable Majorana mass terms, thereby allowing the generation of Dirac neutrino masses at the one-loop level through a softly broken scalar trilinear coupling `$\kappa$'. Since the neutral dark-sector fields can be expressed in terms of real scalar mass eigenstates, the $Z$ boson couples to them purely off-diagonally and elastic $Z$-mediated scattering is absent identically rather than simply suppressed. The singlet–doublet mixing induced by `$\kappa$' governs both the inelastic rate and the one-loop Dirac neutrino mass, which therefore vanish as $\kappa \to 0$. We find that DM masses in the few hundred GeV to TeV range, with splittings of $\mathcal{O}(340-360)\,$ keV, simultaneously reproduce the observed relic abundance, account for the LZ event and yield neutrino masses of the correct order, while respecting elastic direct-detection limits and all relevant theoretical and experimental constraints. A substantial part of the surviving parameter space lies within reach of DARWIN.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Vacuum Polarization Effects from Dark Fermion Loops in $Z'$ Mediator Models and their Impact on Angular Observables in $B \to K^* \mu^+\mu^-$ Decays

Suhani Gupta and Sunil Dogra

Rare flavour changing neutral current decays such as $B \to K^{*}\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$ provide sensitive probes of physics beyond the Standard Model (SM), being forbidden at tree level and arising only through loop induced processes. Angular analyses yield observables sensitive to short distance dynamics. The optimized observable $P'_5$ shows a persistent $\sim 3\sigma$ deviation from SM predictions in $q^{2}\in[1.1,6.0]\,\mathrm{GeV}^{2}$, motivating modified Wilson coefficients. A theoretically motivated framework is investigated in which vacuum polarization of a Dirac dark fermion $\chi$ modifies the propagator of a heavy $Z'$ boson, inducing a momentum dependent contribution to $C_{9}(q^{2})$. The loop corrected propagator is incorporated into the effective weak Hamiltonian for $b\to s\ell^{+}\ell^{-}$. Bin averaged angular observables are computed with flavio, and $34{,}997$ parameter points are scanned over different chiral structures of the $Z'$ couplings. A $\chi^{2}$ analysis identifies preferred regions that are vector dominated and chirally asymmetric. The best fit solution significantly alleviates the $P'_5$ tension, reducing the deviation in the central $q^{2}$ bin to $0.12\sigma$, an improvement of approximately $96\%$ relative to the SM. This improvement is driven by tree level $Z'$ exchange, which induces $\Delta C_{9}\simeq-1.2$, consistent with global fits and compatible with other angular observables and $B_{s}\to\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$. Dark fermion vacuum polarization adds a subleading $q^{2}$ dependence to $C_{9}$; it does not dominate the fit, but supplies a distinctive threshold structure testable with finer binning. These results show that a $Z'$ portal to a dark fermion provides a phenomenologically consistent description of the $P'_5$ anomaly and a concrete benchmark for LHCb Run~3 analyses.
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Nuclear Theory

Inclusive Neutral-Kaon Photoproduction on the Deuteron

Mutoharoh, Agus Salam and Terry Mart

We report on our study of inclusive neutral-kaon photoproduction on the deuteron, $d(\gamma,K^0)YN$, for photon energies between 0.9 and 1.1 GeV. The calculation is performed in the impulse approximation, with the deuteron wave function generated from the Bonn One-Boson-Exchange-Potential in $q$-space (OBEPQ) within a non-relativistic framework, while the kinematics and the elementary operator are kept relativistic. For the elementary operator we employ a recently developed isobar model that includes high-spin nucleon and $\Delta$ resonances and has been constrained by nearly 20,000 data points, and we compare its predictions systematically with those of the Kaon-Maid model. For the first time, the NKS1 and NKS2 data are subjected to a quantitative analysis within a modern elementary production framework. The New Operator provides a considerably better description of the data, whereas Kaon-Maid overestimates the measured cross section by up to a factor of four at the higher photon energies, a discrepancy that can be traced back to its unconstrained $\gamma n \to K^0\Lambda$ amplitude. We further show that the finite photon-energy and kaon-angle bins of the existing measurements generate a theoretical uncertainty comparable to the difference between the two models, so that a proper comparison with the data requires the calculation to be averaged over the experimental acceptance. A three-dimensional mapping of the cross section over the kaon momentum and angle reveals a narrow quasi-free ridge, accompanied by a second structure associated with the opening of the $\Sigma$ channels, from which we identify the kinematics most favorable for future measurements. Finally, the tensor target asymmetries are found to be far less sensitive to the elementary operator than the cross section, and therefore probe the nuclear dynamics in a way that is complementary to the cross section.
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Quantum Physics

Failure of the Asymptotic Equipartition Property for Quantum Channels

Gilad Gour

We establish two results on the asymptotic equipartition property (AEP) for quantum channels. First, the AEP formulated using smoothing over completely positive trace-preserving maps fails in general. Second, the AEP with smoothing over subchannels (completely positive trace-nonincreasing maps) is equivalent to the strong converse for parallel quantum channel Stein's lemma, to a sharp threshold for the channel hockey-stick divergence, and to an AEP for the channel Lorenz divergence. The counterexample reveals a surprising separation between channel and subchannel smoothing. Although states and classical channels admit a sharp, dimension-independent completion bound, which we establish, the corresponding single-shot gap for quantum channels is unbounded already for qubits. This separation persists asymptotically: we construct qutrit channel pairs with finite max-relative entropy whose CPTP-smoothed rate strictly exceeds the regularized channel relative entropy. The asymptotic gap between channel and subchannel smoothing is unbounded across the family, even when the subchannel approximation error decays exponentially. To establish the equivalences, we develop a uniform filter that converts Lorenz smoothing into a single nearby subchannel. The four conjectured formulations thus share a common asymptotic threshold, whose validity for general channel pairs remains open. Together, these results separate this threshold question from the obstruction imposed by exact trace preservation.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

Nexus-CDM: Isolated Galaxy Simulations with Cosmologically Evolving Dark-Matter Halos I. Method and Validation

Thor Tepper-García, Joss Bland-Hawthorn, Oscar Agertz et al. (+1 more)

Galaxy evolution can be modelled in two complementary ways. Standalone simulations place a single galaxy in isolation, evolving it under controlled initial conditions without the surrounding cosmic web. This approach offers high resolution and computational efficiency, making it well suited to disentangle specific physical processes (e.g. feedback and disc instabilities) and testing them cleanly, though at the cost of ignoring environmental context, gas accretion from the broader large-scale structure, and the hierarchical assembly that feeds real galaxies over cosmic time. Cosmological simulations, by contrast, form galaxies self-consistently within an expanding universe, capturing large-scale structure formation, mergers, gas inflows, and environmental effects such as tidal stripping and ram-pressure. This realism comes at a steep computational cost, requiring coarser resolution or simplified sub-grid physics for star formation and feedback. Here, we explore a new paradigm that combines the relative merits of both methods – what we call the Nexus-CDM framework. This approach naturally incorporates galaxy mass growth, which is absent from existing standalone simulations, reinforcing the limitations of static halo models used in galaxy formation and evolution research. The viability of the framework is demonstrated in an idealised setup, where it successfully reproduces the formation and subsequent evolution of a realistic stellar disc. We present some early results, in particular, discs form readily in a gravitational potential with a shallow central gradient, contrary to recent claims.
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All authors Thor Tepper-García, Joss Bland-Hawthorn, Oscar Agertz, Christoph Federrath

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Optical spectroscopy of the VHE flat-spectrum radio quasar PKS 0903-57

E. Kasai, P. Goldoni, C. Boisson et al. (+5 more)

We report new optical spectroscopic results for the gamma-ray blazar PKS~0903$-$57. The optical properties of this source have historically been complicated to establish, due to a bright foreground star separated from the blazar by only 0.67$^{\prime\prime}$. During its strong high-energy (HE) and very high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray flaring period between 2020 and 2022, the Southern African Large Telescope and Very Large Telescope (VLT) took spectra of its optical counterpart. Photometric monitoring with the Rapid Eye Mount (REM) telescope complemented the observations. The observational results were inconclusive. A major improvement was achieved with a repeat of the VLT observations in 2024 using a 0.5$^{\prime\prime}$ slit under excellent seeing conditions. This led to the detection of five narrow emission features in the spectra, yielding a robust redshift measurement of $z$ = 0.2621 $\pm$ 0.0006. We also detected a broad symmetric H$\alpha$ emission component with a full width at half maximum of 4020 $\pm$ 30 km/s in the spectra. Non-thermal jet emission was found to dominate the continuum, supporting the classification of PKS~0903$-$57 as a flat-spectrum radio quasar. Another interesting observation was a significant velocity displacement of $\sim$1500~km/s between the broad H$\alpha$ line and its corresponding narrow line. Such a displacement may be associated with unusual dynamics in the broad-line region or accretion flow, a system containing two supermassive black holes, or a recoiling black hole produced following a supermassive black-hole merger. Building on these results, we carried out additional VLT, REM, and Swift observations towards the end of 2024 and during 2025. We present in this paper the preliminary results from the analysis of these new data.
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All authors E. Kasai, P. Goldoni, C. Boisson, S. Pita, W. Max-Moerbeck, F. D'Ammando, B. Rajput, M. Backes

Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems

Multivariable Painleve'-II equation: connection formulas for arbitrary system size

Nikolai A. Sinitsyn

Connection formulas for the asymptotic solutions of a system of n> 1 coupled Painleve'-II equations with symmetry-breaking parameters are written explicitly. An asymptotically exact WKB approach to these formulas relies on the quantum-mechanical independent crossing approximation for an explicitly time-dependent Schroedinger equation.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons

Heisenberg-like critical behavior in the quasi-two-dimensional metallic ferromagnet LaCrSb3

Qianhui Mao, Haotian Deng, Bin Chen et al. (+1 more)

LaCrSb3 is a material exhibiting both quasi-two-dimensional spin fluctuations and three-dimensional magnetic interaction characteristics. By measuring the isothermal magnetization of single-crystals and conducting a systematic critical behavior analysis, we clarify the critical properties of its ferromagnetic phase transition and the intrinsic magnetic interaction mechanism. Based on high-precision isothermal magnetization data measured in the vicinity of the critical point, the Curie temperature for the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition is determined to be TC = 126 K, with the critical exponents obtained as $\beta$ = 0.376, $\gamma$ = 1.417 and $\delta$ = 4.76 via the self-consistent iterative method based on the Arrott-Noakes equation. The reliability of these critical exponents is verified by the Widom scaling law, the magnetic state scaling equation and other analyses. A comparison with theoretical models demonstrates that the critical behavior of the magnetic phase transition in this system basically belongs to the universality class of the three-dimensional Heisenberg model. This conclusion is further confirmed by the distance-dependent decay behavior of the exchange interaction J(r), revealing the dominant role of isotropic direct exchange interactions in this system. Finally, drawing on research findings of other quasi-two-dimensional magnetic materials, this work proposes that LaCrSb3 may exhibit finite-temperature magnetic order in the two-dimensional limit, thereby possessing important theoretical research significance and promising practical application prospects.
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All authors Qianhui Mao, Haotian Deng, Bin Chen, Jinhu Yang

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

1D Interface-Induced Real-Space Berry Curvature Gradient Encoded in SpinValley-Coupled Nonlinear Photocurrent in Lateral Heterostructure

Suman Kumar Chakraborty, Jinu James, Biswajeet Nayak et al. (+6 more)

Symmetry breaking enables helicity-dependent optoelectronic responses in quantum materials. In two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), circular photocurrent (CPC) is typically observed under oblique illumination via the circular photon drag effect, while realization of the intrinsic circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE) under normal incidence remains challenging. Here, we report a clear signature of CPGE in chemical vapor deposition-grown monolayer 2D lateral heterostructure (LHS). By probing the nonlocal photocurrent across the 1D hetero-interface, we observe a helicity-dependent photocurrent consistent with a spin-valley-coupled CPGE-dominated mechanism driven by interface-induced Berry-curvature asymmetry, i.e., Berry curvature dipole. Spatially and spectrally resolved measurements under selective excitation of the MoSe2, WSe2, and the interface regions exhibit distinct magnitudes and polarities of the CPG responses. These contrasting behaviors highlight the opposite spin-valley dichroism for MoSe2 and WSe2, as well as enhanced valley mixing at the 1D interface. Our findings establish LHS as a robust platform for realizing a hetero-interface-induced CPGE-like response and highlight its potential for valleytronics and optospintronics.
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All authors Suman Kumar Chakraborty, Jinu James, Biswajeet Nayak, David Tebbe, Purbasha Ray, Christoph Stampfer, Bernd Beschoten, Lutz Waldecker, Prasana Kumar Sahoo