High Energy Physics (Theory)
Dominant Young Diagrams in Matrix Models and Partial Deconfinement
Hidehiko Shimada and Hiromasa Watanabe
We discuss dominant representations (or Young diagrams), in thermal
matrix models with gauge
symmetry from the perspective of partial deconfinement. We propose a prescription for defining the dominant representations for thermal
matrix models with interaction terms. As an explicit example, we consider the large-$N$ Gaussian
matrix model. We obtain the Vershik–Kerov–Logan–Shepp (VKLS) shape of the dominant Young diagrams through a new analytic saddle-point analysis based on a mapping of the representation theory of U($\infty$) to free
fermions in two spacetime dimensions. This computation provides a direct derivation of the previously observed functional relation between the shape of the dominant Young diagrams and the
eigenvalue distribution of the thermal holonomy: the position of the complex saddle point is naturally identified with the
eigenvalue. The dominant Young diagrams admit a natural interpretation in terms of partial deconfinement: the number of rows in the dominant Young diagrams matches the size of the submatrix corresponding to the deconfined subsector.
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Quantum Physics
Error Correction in a Distributed Quantum Computer
E. M. Ainley, A. Agrawal, T. Araki et al. (+12 more)
Building fault-tolerant
quantum computers with large numbers of logical
qubits requires both scalable hardware architectures and error-correcting codes that make efficient use of physical
qubits. Photonic interconnects address both of these challenges by allowing the physical
qubits to be distributed across multiple processors while providing the non-local connectivity necessary to implement resource-efficient codes such as high-rate
quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes. A key requirement for realising this architecture is the ability to perform stabiliser measurements between remote processors, which has not previously been demonstrated experimentally. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of distributed
quantum error detection and correction. We generate
entanglement between network
qubits in two separate trapped-ion processors and use it to perform remote syndrome measurements on data
qubits. We first realise a distributed [[2, 1, 1]] repetition code, detecting phase-flip errors on a logical
qubit encoded across the two modules in real time and suppressing logical errors. We then combine these mid-
circuit syndrome measurements with real-time feedforward to actively correct arbitrary single-
qubit Pauli errors on a distributed Bell state. These results provide an experimental foundation for
quantum error correction (QEC) across modular
quantum architectures.
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All authors E. M. Ainley, A. Agrawal, T. Araki, A. R. Martínez, D. Main, E. Malinowski, J. A. Blackmore, S. Chen, P. Drmota, M. Mallweger, D. P. Nadlinger, R. Srinivas, S. C. Benjamin, G. Araneda, D. M. Lucas
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Particlelike solutions of the Einstein-Dirac-Higgs equations: ground, excited, and many-fermion states
Reinosuke Kusano, Keith Horne, Peter E. D. Leith et al. (+2 more)
We present an extended study of the gravitationally localized
soliton-like solutions to the minimally-coupled Einstein-Dirac-
Higgs equations, embedded in asymptotically Minkowski spacetimes. The equations of motion describing these Yukawa-coupled Dirac
stars are generalized to any even number of constituent
fermions. We first expand the discussion of two-
fermion ground-state solutions initially analyzed in Leith et al. [Phys. Rev. D. 107, 106020 (2023)]. Upon extending our analysis to excited states and many-
fermion states, we find that both exhibit different behaviors to their two-
fermion ground-state counterparts. In these excited states and many-
fermion states, the
Higgs field may exhibit stepwise increases and at times decrease within the
soliton, which has not been seen for the two-
fermion ground states. We also propose the potential cause of a significant degree of ADM-to-
fermion mass disparity, which is present in states with strong Yukawa-coupling.
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All authors Reinosuke Kusano, Keith Horne, Peter E. D. Leith, Miguel Yulo Asuncion, Chris A. Hooley
Fluid Dynamics
How turbulent flows grow vorticity at a point
Timo Schorlepp, Vladimir Rosenhaus and Gregory Falkovich
We describe how strong vorticity fluctuations appear in three-dimensional incompressible
turbulence driven by a large-scale random force. By combining analytical and numerical methods, we construct a vorticity instanton: the most probable force history driving the flow to a prescribed large vorticity at a given point and time. We show how the smooth, large-scale force produces a long
vortex filament with a thin, viscous-scale core. Our main finding is that the standard mechanism of amplifying a
vortex tube through radial compression and axial stretching is only effective up to a threshold value. Producing vorticity above the threshold requires an additional ingredient: vorticity waves propagating along the tube. The final vorticity is the result of two colliding waves. This mechanism has striking similarities to the one recently suggested by OpenAI for creating infinite vorticity in finite-time Navier–Stokes blow-up.
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Quantum Physics
Unified scaling of transmon sub-resonant parametric drive strength limits
Jacob Repicky, Girish Kumbhar, Mingkang Xia et al. (+6 more)
Achieving fast gates and high-fidelity readout in superconducting
quantum circuits often benefits from the use of large amplitude microwave drives. As the strength increases, unwanted effects such as excitation out of the logical states also become more prevalent. In transmon
qubits, coherent controls relying on sub-resonant drives are fundamentally limited by the eventual appearance of strong hybridization in the spectrum. Understanding how this threshold depends on intrinsic device parameters is vital for the design and operation of
circuits utilizing the transmon as a source of nonlinearity. In this work, we present an experimental study of 14 transmons with a wide range of anharmonicities, and use comparison with Floquet branch analysis and semiclassical simulations to establish a straightforward relationship between the critical value of the effective drive amplitude $\eta_{\max}$ and the ratio $\gamma=\omega_q/\alpha$, where $\omega_q$ is the transmon frequency and $-\alpha$ is the anharmonicity. For the case where the transmon is used as a parametrically driven coupler, these results further allow us to estimate maximum parametric interaction rates, which informs the
circuit design process for optimizing gate rates and fidelities.
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All authors Jacob Repicky, Girish Kumbhar, Mingkang Xia, Roman Baskov, Param Patel, Maria Nowicki, Luigi Frunzio, Steven M. Girvin, Michael Hatridge
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
The atomic C/O ratio of KELT-9b
Stefan Pelletier, Nicholas W. Borsato, Jacob L. Bean et al. (+12 more)
The carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio of a
giant planet's atmosphere has long been theorised to hold compositional information that can be traced back to its formation history. Typically, the C/O ratio of an exoplanetary atmosphere is inferred from abundance measurements of major C- and O-bearing molecules such as CO, CO$_2$, H$_2$O, and OH. However, some
exoplanets have such elevated temperatures that molecules can be nearly completely thermally dissociated at the pressure levels that observations probe, making it difficult to measure their C/O ratio via these traditional tracers. Here, rather than using molecules, we aim to retrieve the C/O ratio of KELT-9b (T$_\mathrm{eq} = 4000$K) directly from atomic C and O, which are detected in its atmosphere. We analysed two transits of KELT-9b observed with the MAROON-X high-resolution spectrograph, finding absorption cross-correlation signals from atomic C and O as well as refractory metals. From this, we inferred the vertical temperature structure, the relative proportions of volatile and refractory species, and the C/O ratio of KELT-9b using a 1D local thermodynamic
equilibrium atmospheric
retrieval framework applied only to spectral regions mostly unaffected by non-local thermodynamic
equilibrium effects. We measure the atomic C/O ratio of the atmosphere of KELT-9b to be $0.20_{-0.07}^{+0.13}$, which is slightly lower than the
stellar value of $0.38\pm0.15$ and significantly below the
solar value of $0.59\pm0.07$. We otherwise confirm previous investigations of the terminator region, finding KELT-9b's atmosphere to be thermally inverted and slightly metal-rich. We measure the volatile-to-refractory ratio, a proxy for the ice-to-rock ratio, to be $1.24_{-0.78}^{+1.93}$ $\times$
solar ($[$M$_{\mathrm{vol}}$/M$_{\mathrm{ref}}]$ = $0.09_{-0.20}^{+0.19}$), which is consistent with both KELT-9 and the Sun.
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All authors Stefan Pelletier, Nicholas W. Borsato, Jacob L. Bean, Andreas Seifahrt, David Kasper, Julian Stürmer, Ana Rita Costa Silva, David Ehrenreich, Luca Fossati, Jens Hoeijmakers, Bibiana Prinoth, Michal Steiner, Brian Thorsbro, Valentina Vaulato, Daniel B. Zucker
Strongly Correlated Electrons
2D Weak Localization in Trilayer Ruddelsden-Popper Nickelates
Hyo-Bin Ahn, Xinglong Chen, Yu Zhang et al. (+5 more)
Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) nickelates superconduct when pressure suppresses intertwined charge- and
spin-density waves. Here, we employ measurements of
quantum corrections to magnetoconductivity as a probe of the dimensionality, phase coherence, and scattering mechanisms of the underlying single
crystal trilayer RP nickelate Pr4Ni3O10 and La4Ni3O10. We observe signatures of 2D Weak Localization (WL), implying that the in-plane electron transport is in the
quantum diffusive regime, while the out-of-plane transport is incoherent, and the electronic ground state is a quasi-2D disordered
Fermi liquid. Application of pressure up to 3 GPa continuously suppresses signatures of WL, potentially signaling a 2D/3D dimensional crossover and an eventual pressure-driven transition into a
superconductor.
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All authors Hyo-Bin Ahn, Xinglong Chen, Yu Zhang, Hong Zheng, Michael R. Norman, J. F. Mitchell, Daniel Phelan, Ulrich Welp
Astrophysics of Galaxies
High-redshift supermassive black hole population from core-collapse in self-interacting dark matter halos
Sambo Sarkar and Ujjal Kumar Dey
Self-interactions between dark matter (DM) particles facilitate the inter-particle redistribution of energy within the central region of DM
halos. Recent studies of dark matter spikes around massive black holes, and the diversity in rotation curves of dark matter rich low-mass
galaxies motivate the exploration of self-interaction cross-section $\mathcal{O}(10)\,\rm cm^2/gm$. At such high scattering rates, DM can lead to the formation of supermassive black hole seeds, through the gravothermal collapse of
halo cores, under certain cosmological conditions.
Quasars near
cosmic dawn are powerful probes for examining the formation scenario of high
redshift supermassive black holes, and their connection to structure formation. In this work we point out the favorable initial cosmological conditions that are likely to provide the black hole seeds resulting in supermassive black holes, mediated by core-collapse in self-interacting dark matter
halos. Employing a semi-analytic prescription of core formation, and realistic mass
accretion and
halo merger histories, we compare the existing observations of high-
redshift supermassive black holes with those predicted for our core-collapse framework. We find the median values of velocity-dependent self-interacting dark matter parameter space $\sigma/m_{\chi}\sim 56\, \rm cm^2/gm$, and $\omega=101\,\rm km/s$, assuming an Eddington
accretion rate of unity. Sub-leading values are also presented for sub and super-Eddington
accretion rates. We also report the derived self-interacting dark matter model parameters to account for the observed binned supermassive black hole mass functions at high-
redshifts.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Can a minimal radiative seesaw explain the LZ 248 keV event?
Hiroshi Okada, Yoshihiro Shigekami and Jia-Jun Wu
We interpret the recently reported 248~keV
nuclear recoil event in the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment via inelastic dark matter scattering within the minimal Scotogenic model. A sub-MeV mass splitting between neutral inert scalars suppresses low-energy scattering while permitting signals from the high-velocity
halo tail. Crucially, co-annihilation with nearly degenerate right-handed
fermions accommodates the thermal relic density for dark matter masses up to $\sim {\cal O} (1)$~TeV, extending the viable range significantly beyond the pure inert doublet model limit while evading direct detection bounds. However, to resolve the severe tension with IceCube
neutrino limits on
solar capture, we extend this minimal framework by introducing a hidden $U(1)_X$ gauge
symmetry that naturally leads us to tiny $\lambda_5$ coupling at the one-loop level. This realizes an isospin-violating scenario that suppresses dark matter capture in the Sun while preserving the coherent scattering signal in the Xenon-based LZ detector. We numerically verify that this extended framework naturally generates
neutrino masses and satisfies constraints from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and indirect detection, providing a robust and testable solution to the LZ anomaly.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Thermodynamics of Lorentzian Taub-NUT spacetimes in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet AdS gravity
Borja Diez
We study the thermodynamics of Lorentzian Taub-NUT spacetimes in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet AdS
gravity in arbitrary even dimensions, constructed as $U(1)$ fibrations over Einstein-Kähler base
manifolds. We compute the temperature from the surface
gravity and the energy as the conserved charge associated with the stationary Killing vector using the off-shell Abbott-Deser-Tekin formalism. Within the same framework, we obtain the
entropy as a horizon Noether charge. The result agrees with the Iyer-Wald formula and includes a Gauss-Bonnet correction to the Bekenstein-Hawking area law. Retaining the Misner strings whenever present, we formulate a first law of full cohomogeneity in which the NUT parameter varies independently of the horizon radius. This requires an additional NUT-related thermodynamic variable and its conjugate potential, which we determine explicitly. We also briefly discuss the static limit.
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Materials Science
Mesoscale Crystallographic Helicity in Confined Tellurium Quantum Wires
Moniruzzaman Jamal, I K M Reaz Rahman, Ke Ma et al. (+7 more)
Helical order can facilitate
symmetry breaking and emergent physical responses in crystalline materials, yet how intrinsic chirality manifests beyond atomic length scales remains poorly understood. Here, the direct observation and quantitative characterization of long-range crystallographic helicity in template-grown tellurium (Te)
quantum wires on amorphous substrates are reported. Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) enables quantitative mapping of crystallographic orientation with nanometer-scale spatial resolution. The resulting orientation maps establish continuous mesoscale
lattice twisting, providing direct evidence of long-range crystallographic helicity. Correlated orientation and strain mapping reveal pronounced lateral strain heterogeneity, with compressive strain concentrated within the wire interior. Systematic analysis across multiple wires suggests that higher twist rates are generally associated with weaker lateral compressive strain, narrower wires, and better atomic chain - template axis
alignment. Complementary first-principles calculations on finite Te nanorods further suggest that twisting is intrinsically accessible in
nucleus-scale Te clusters and strain can bias the preferred torsional state. Together, these results support a growth-incorporated, strain-biased picture in which nanoscale confinement and anisotropic strain facilitate torsional relaxation and stabilize mesoscale helicity in Te nanostructures highlighting strain and confinement as potential routes for engineering
chiral lattice states in van der Waals nanostructures.
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All authors Moniruzzaman Jamal, I K M Reaz Rahman, Ke Ma, Juhyeok Lee, Karen C. Bustillo, Mark Asta, Matthew P. Sherburne, Daryl C. Chrzan, Ali Javey, Mary Scott
Nuclear Experiment
Results on $^{235}$U(n$_{\mathrm{th}}$,f) isotopic fission yields using prompt and delayed gamma rays at the FIPPS spectrometer of the ILL
T. Materna, P. Herran, M. Ballu et al. (+11 more)
We present preliminary results from a measurement campaign conducted with the FIPPS $\gamma$-ray spectrometer at the ILL using an active target made of $^{235}$U dissolved in a
liquid scintillator.
Prompt $\gamma$ rays were used to extract absolute, independent isotopic fission yields. We obtained yields for a selected set of well-produced even-even
nuclei from the $^{235}$U(n$_{\mathrm{th}}$,f) reaction and compared them with JEFF-3.3 evaluated data. This included the doubly magic
nucleus $^{132}$Sn, for which we observed a pronounced deficit (about a factor 7) with respect to JEFF-3.3. Using the FIFRELIN fission fragment de-excitation code, we interpreted this discrepancy as evidence that $^{132}$Sn is mainly produced in its ground state at scission or after
neutron evaporation. Delayed $\gamma$ rays recorded in the same experiment were also analysed. No deviation was found in the beta decay of $^{132}$Sn compared to the
nuclear database. However, an excess of about a 40% was found in the $\beta$ decay of $^{90}$Kr, which may originate from an overestimated ground-state feeding of $^{90}$Rb in the evaluated data.
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All authors T. Materna, P. Herran, M. Ballu, Q. Poirier, A. Letourneau, D. Doré, L. Thulliez, C. Michelagnoli, F. Kandzia, Y. H. Kim, U. Köster, O. Litaize, O. Sérot, A. Chebboubi
Quantum Physics
QMA has perfect completeness
Sabee Grewal and Dorian Rudolph
We prove $\mathsf{QMA} = \mathsf{QMA_1}$, i.e., every
quantum Merlin-Arthur proof system can be made perfectly complete. Our construction uses only Hadamard, Toffoli, and $X$ gates, yielding a universal gate set for $\mathsf{QMA_1}$. As a consequence,
quantum $3$-SAT is $\mathsf{QMA}$-complete. The construction relativizes to classical oracles, so known classical-oracle separations of $\mathsf{QMA}$ from $\mathsf{QCMA}$ extend to $\mathsf{QMA_1}$.
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Physics and Society
Geometry of Urban Order
Marc Barthelemy and Geoff Boeing
Urban street networks are modeled as spatial graphs whose geometry reflects planning, history, and physical constraints. Global orientation measures describe the overall order of a city but do not reveal how street directions form coherent neighborhoods. Here we introduce bearings communities—spatially connected domains whose streets share a common orientation—and analyze them using concepts from the physics of polycrystalline materials. Across $1025$ large cities worldwide, these domains are almost perfectly ordered: their mean coherence is $0.964$ and varies by only $1.4\%$ from one city to the next, far above the value expected for randomly oriented streets. Every city is therefore a mosaic of well-ordered orientational grains, differing only in their number, size, and mutual
alignment. Because the grains are equally regular everywhere, a city's global order is set mainly by how many of them it averages over: a city appears ordered because it is built from a few large grains, not because its fabric is locally more regular. A null model in which grain orientations are randomized confirms this grain-counting mechanism. Finally, the interface fraction $\gamma$ measures how strongly domains interlock, yielding a morphology diagram that organizes cities continuously between grid-like, polycrystalline, and fragmented limits.
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Quantum Physics
Sebastian Gemsheim, Fabian Klüpfel, Max Kneiß et al. (+8 more)
Grover's
algorithm is executed on a commercial
quantum computer based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond operating under ambient conditions, achieving fidelities up to $99.98\,\%$. Within a $N=8$ search space of three solid-state
nuclear spin qubits, the measured success probabilities of finding a single or two marked states are $(77.3 \pm 3.4)\,\%$ and $(87.0 \pm 4.2)\,\%$, respectively. These values surpass published results for superconducting
qubits or any
quantum computer operating at room temperature. In addition, the paper also details the calibrated fidelities of the implemented universal gate set.
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All authors Sebastian Gemsheim, Fabian Klüpfel, Max Kneiß, Nicole Raatz, Tobias Herzig, Matthias Mendt, Evgeny Kreissig, Ulrike Rückert, Albrecht Hänel, Jan Meijer, Marius Grundmann
Computational Physics
Physically Consistent 2D to 3D Pore Space Synthesis: 1. Dynamic Grain Packing Under Strict Morphology Constraints
Dmitry Kulygin, Andrey Ananev and Aleksey Khlyupin
The 3D digital reconstruction of multi-scale, heterogeneous porous media is traditionally limited by the resolution boundaries and artifacts of X-ray computed
tomography (XCT). This paper introduces a physically consistent 2D to 3D pore space synthesis framework that supersedes conventional
geometric shuffling with dynamic Newtonian gravitational deposition using a high-performance rigid-body mechanics engine. To honor strict physical contact mechanics, statistical 2D targets, and morphological constraints, we develop a two-stage dynamic packing pipeline that combines realistic 3D grain shapes with a virtual sub-particle insertion engine. The framework is validated against synthetic and natural core
benchmarks. First, we show that our stereological integral equation systematically converts size distributions; bypassing this inversion step induces a systematic 50% deviation in permeability predictions despite identical total porosities, independently altering flow channel
topology. Second, temporary virtual spheres serve as architectural placeholders to stabilize large non-
equilibrium dissolution voids, ensuring the reconstructed model satisfies target flow metrics within the prescribed tolerance. Finally, when applied to a fine-grained, weakly consolidated sandstone, the workflow exposes and suppresses systematic XCT artifacts, including phantom internal porosity. Ensembles of two-point correlation functions demonstrate that the hydrodynamically and structurally synthesized digital twins quantitatively exhibit closer structural proximity to the uncorrupted rock geometry than the reference XCT
dataset itself. This methodology establishes a scalable foundation for high-fidelity multi-phase rock reconstruction, with potential extensions toward complex amorphous cement phases.
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Chemical Physics
First application of the transcorrelated method to noncovalent interactions: The A24 dataset
Johannes Hauskrecht, Stephanie Lambie, Evelin Martine Corvid Christlmaier et al. (+3 more)
We present the first application of transcorrelated (TC) coupled-cluster (CC) theory to noncovalent interactions within the xTC approximation. The method is assessed for the A24
dataset of hydrogen-bonded, mixed and pure dispersion bound dimers. The xTC interaction energies are computed at the CCSD, DCSD, and CCSD(T) levels in aug-cc-pVDZ (AVDZ), aug-cc-pVTZ (AVTZ) basis sets, and are compared with both canonical and explicitly correlated F12 methods. Because non-covalent interaction energies rely on delicate error cancellation between dimers and monomers, we optimize the TC Jastrow factor for each dimer, and reuse the same parameters for the corresponding monomer calculations. This shared-parameter strategy reduces
stochastic optimization noise which would otherwise dominate the interaction energies. The results show that the xTC-CCSD(T)/AVTZ method performs extremely well for the hydrogen-bonded systems, with a mean-absolute error of only 0.007 kcal/mol in the interaction energies, with respect to the
benchmark values generated with CCSD(T)/CBS + $\Delta$CCSDT(Q) + core corrections. For pure dispersion bound systems the errors are slightly larger (0.055 kcal/mol), leading to an overall MAE of 0.030 kcal/mol for the entire
dataset. Adding a $\Delta$MP2 correction to the xTC-CCSD(T)/AVDZ brings these results close to AVTZ quality and provides a practical route toward larger noncovalent systems. A decomposition of the xTC interaction energy into a mean-field and correlation contribution shows that part of the correlation contribution is systematically shifted by the TC method to the mean-field contribution. This physically appealing feature indicates that the TC method has great potential for the quantitative description of noncovalent interactions, and opens a new route for high-accuracy
quantum chemistry to be applied to systems of biological and soft-matter interest.
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All authors Johannes Hauskrecht, Stephanie Lambie, Evelin Martine Corvid Christlmaier, Thomas Schraivogel, Daniel Kats, Ali Alavi
History and Philosophy of Physics
Gauge Matters More Than Curvature
Henrique Gomes and Bryan W Roberts
Recent orthodoxy, which we call
Curvature Fundamentalism, posits that the field strength $F$ on spacetime exhausts the physically significant content of electromagnetism, at least on prosaic (contractible) spacetimes. We argue that it is gauge invariance that constrains physical significance. As a result, there are physically significant quantities that $F$ does not capture, even on contractible spacetimes. We show that this result is robust: in the presence of charged matter fields, there are interference experiments whose outcome cannot be predicted by $F$ or any other point-local gauge invariant quantities on the basis of initial Cauchy data. We prove this using the example of relative phase of a Klein-Gordon-Maxwell field, and use it to identify a context in which the widely-claimed equivalence between the Maxwell-Faraday formulation $EM_1$ and the gauge formulation $EM_2$ of electromagnetism is untenable, and that new strategies may be needed for the reductionist project.
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Materials Science
Reliable training of neural hyperelastic models via full-field data
Konrad Friedrichs, Franz Dammaß, Karl A. Kalina et al. (+1 more)
We present a systematic investigation of the robustness and limitations of
equilibrium gap-based calibrations for hyperelastic physics-augmented neural networks (PANNs), where we consider the special case of isotropic and polyconvex PANNs. In full-field parameterizations, it is commonly assumed that the displacement field is captured with sufficient spatial resolution for an accurate evaluation of the deformation field, and that the specimen is thin enough for plane stress to hold to a good approximation. Since these assumptions are never ideally satisfied in real experiments, we investigate, using synthetically generated data, how severely an under-resolved surface measurement and a non-negligible specimen thickness can affect the model parameterization. Furthermore, we perform calibration on real experimental data for a set of inhomogeneous specimen geometries. We show that the coverage of the admissible deformation states during calibration governs the ability of a model to generalize to unseen geometries and load cases; this ability can be improved further by appropriate combinations of specimens. Accurately depicting the material behavior underlying this rich data, however, requires a sufficiently flexible constitutive model, for which PANNs are well suited. Yet a rich coverage of deformation states alone is not sufficient: unless the calibration data comprise biaxial-tension-like states, models that include the second deformation invariant extrapolate unphysically towards equi-biaxial tension, whereas restricting the PANN to the first invariant remains reliable.
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All authors Konrad Friedrichs, Franz Dammaß, Karl A. Kalina, Markus Kästner
Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.AP
Dispersive estimates for the Landau Hamiltonian on the hyperbolic plane
Huanqing Guo, Haoran Wang, Junyong Zhang et al. (+1 more)
In this paper, We obtain dispersive estimates for solutions to the Schrödinger equation with a uniform
magnetic field on the
hyperbolic plane \(\mathbb{H}\). The key ingredient is an explicit representation formula for the kernel of the corresponding Schrödinger propagator. As a consequence, we prove the corresponding Strichartz estimates for all admissible pairs on \(\mathbb{H}\).
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All authors Huanqing Guo, Haoran Wang, Junyong Zhang, Jiqiang Zheng
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
An efficient approach to resistive GRMHD simulations of binary neutron star mergers
Miquel Miravet-Tenés, Ian Hawke, Rahime Matur et al. (+1 more)
Astrophysical
plasmas are often highly conducting, but finite resistivity can nevertheless influence the
evolution of strongly magnetised systems. Capturing these effects in general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics is computationally challenging because high conductivity leads to stiff source terms in the
evolution equations. Standard numerical approaches rely on implicit-explicit (IMEX) time integration to maintain stability, but this substantially increases the complexity and computational cost of the simulations. Building upon the previously developed Resistive Extension upGrade for Ideal MagnEtohydrodynamics (REGIME), we present a new fluid-frame formulation that simplifies the incorporation of leading-order resistive effects by avoiding
matrix inversions required in previous approaches. The method is implemented in a general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics code and validated through one-dimensional current-sheet tests and simulations of isolated magnetised
neutron stars and binary
neutron star mergers. We find that the new formulation reproduces the expected resistive behaviour with accuracy comparable to IMEX-based methods, while substantially reducing the computational cost and complexity of the simulations. In binary
neutron star mergers, finite resistivity leads to measurable differences in the post-merger gravitational-wave signal and remnant structure, showing that resistive effects can produce measurable changes in the post-merger dynamics even in the high-conductivity regime.
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All authors Miquel Miravet-Tenés, Ian Hawke, Rahime Matur, Alex J. Wright
Medical Physics · Cross-listed from cs.CV
SV-Cine: Diagnosis-Conditioned Segmentation of Single Ventricle Physiology via Generative Data Augmentation
Lila Cunge
Single Ventricle Physiology (SVP) is a rare subtype of congenital heart disease characterized by the presence of a single functional cardiac ventricle with atypical anatomic configurations that challenge conventional image
segmentation approaches. The scarcity of clinical data and the morphological diversity across SVP subtypes make the development of robust
segmentation methods particularly difficult. To address these limitations, we propose a cardiac MRI
segmentation framework focused on ventricular chambers and myocardium
segmentation tailored for SVP. First, we introduce a data augmentation pipeline that generates synthetic 3D cardiac meshes using SDF4CHD and corresponding synthetic cardiac MRI through generative modeling. Second, we introduce SV-Cine, a diagnosis-conditioned adaptation of the foundation model CineMA that incorporates patient-level diagnostic information through Feature-wise Linear Modulation layers, enabling diagnosis-aware feature adaptation during
segmentation. We evaluated the framework on an internal cohort with varying SVP subtypes. SV-Cine achieved median Dice scores of 0.89 (IQR: 0.80–0.91) for the left ventricle and 0.72 (IQR: 0.54–0.84) for the right ventricle, outperforming the strongest baseline, nnU-Net, by 0.39 Dice points on right ventricle
segmentation. It also yields a median ejection fraction error of 5.55 percentage points (IQR: 3.41–7.69) for the dominant ventricle. Compared with the internal cohort, LV and myocardium
segmentation performance was lower for the external cohort; whereas RV Dice scores were comparable for both cohorts. Our findings suggest that a pretrained foundation model can be adapted for highly specialized downstream tasks through usage of diagnosis priors while leveraging anatomic knowledge learned from large-scale MRI
datasets during pretraining.
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Fluid Dynamics
A free-surface-only closure model for linear waves on general deep-water flows
Emanuele Zuccoli, Edward James Brambley and Dwight Barkley
We present a novel, spatially two-dimensional (2D) set of equations to study the propagation of linear deep-water surface waves over a general steady three-dimensional (3D) background free surface flow. No assumptions of a flat background free surface, nor of an irrotational background flow, are made. The resulting model is not only a significant theoretical simplification, but also results in orders of magnitude faster computations. The linearized Euler equations are evaluated on the free surface of the base flow, and a closure condition is proposed to account for the vertical derivatives at the free surface. This generalizes a recent result for purely rotating background flows (Zuccoli, Brambley & Barkley, 2025, arXiv:2405.12078). The final model consists of five coupled first order partial differential equations (PDEs) to be solved on the 2D free surface, involving five unknowns: the horizontal and vertical perturbation velocities; the free surface perturbation height; and unexpectedly the gradient of perturbation pressure with depth at the surface. Two test problems are used to validate the model: a uni-directional vortical depth-varying base flow with a flat free surface; and perturbations to a travelling Gerstner wave solution.
Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the linearized Euler equations are computed and compared with those of the model. Results show remarkable agreement between the two. Our study finds for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that sufficiently steep two-dimensional Gerstner waves are unstable.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
Magnetized interstellar molecular clouds - III. Filament Collisions and Core Formation: Insights into Substructures and Evolution
Pak Shing Li, Christopher F. McKee and Richard I. Klein
We present the results of a driven, ideal magnetohydrodynamics simulation of a molecular cloud to study the formation of filamentary structures in molecular clouds and their fragmentation into dense cloud cores. Shock compression results in the formation of sub-parsec long filamentary structures. Large-scale supersonic flows push these small filaments together and form massive filamentary clouds. The main filament that forms stretches across the full 4.4 pc length of the simulation and has a median FWHM of 0.075 pc, similar to that observed in many molecular clouds. Subfilaments inside the main filament have a median FWHM of 0.03-0.04 pc, similar to the “fibers" observed in molecular lines. The collision and merger of subcritical subfilaments is an important mechanism for the formation of prestellar cores. Colliding subfilaments and the resulting core at their intersection is a hub-filament system similar to that associated with massive
star formation, but on a smaller scale. Core mergers can be significant in the growth of pre-
stellar cores and may play a role in the formation of binary
stars.
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Quantum Physics
Inverse Problem of Alchemical Resource Theory: Replication and Universal Simulation Single Out Imaginarity and Parity Asymmetry
Yasuaki Nakayama and Hayato Arai
Quantum resource theories usually begin with a prescribed free structure and ask what tasks become possible when a resource is supplied. We study the inverse problem of alchemical resource theories, which we define as resource theories admitting a resource that can both replicate itself exactly and universally simulate
quantum instruments. Under natural consistency assumptions and branchwise complete freeness, we show that for multi-
qubit systems only two nontrivial theories survive, up to a common local
unitary change of basis: parity asymmetry and imaginarity. We further show that exact universality exhibits an all-or-nothing trade-off: any nonmaximal resource state can exactly simulate only free
unitaries. These results demonstrate that prescribed operational capabilities can strongly constrain the underlying resource structure and reveal a fundamental trade-off between computational capability and the precision required for physical implementation.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
cWB-space: A time-frequency unmodelled transient-search pipeline for LISA
Shubhanshu Tiwari, Yumeng Xu and Giovanni A. Prodi
The
Laser Interferometer Space
Antenna (LISA) will observe massive-black-hole mergers and other transient phenomena alongside many long-lived gravitational-wave signals. Some transients may be incompletely modeled or have waveforms that have not been anticipated. We present cWB-space, a pipeline that combines an unmodeled transient search, waveform reconstruction, and a time-frequency glitch classifier. The search identifies concentrations of signal power in time and frequency and reconstructs candidate waveforms without requiring a source template. The glitch classifier compares how candidates appear in different combinations of LISA's
laser measurements, with the background estimated from the observed data. We test the pipeline with simulated black-hole binaries with aligned and precessing
spins, burst signals with different shapes, and instrumental glitches. The response comparisons help assess a candidate's astrophysical or instrumental origin, while also revealing correlated glitches that can resemble gravitational waves. In the Sangria simulated LISA data, the search recovers all six injected massive-black-hole binaries as its six highest-ranked candidates. Their local reconstructions recover the main features of the injected waveforms over the intervals studied. These results demonstrate how an unmodeled search can connect transient identification with investigation of a candidate's origin and waveform recovery.
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Materials Science
Assessing the magnetic states and the accuracy of first-principles Hubbard corrections for the battery cathode Li$_x$CoO$_2$ ($x=0,1$)
Valentina Sanella, Cristiano Malica, Alberto Carta et al. (+4 more)
Li$_x$CoO$_2$ is a prototypical layered cathode material for Li-ion batteries, yet its accurate description from first principles remains challenging because of self-interaction errors, weak interlayer interactions, and a complex
magnetic energy landscape. Here, we present a systematic investigation of the structural, electronic,
magnetic, and electrochemical properties of Li$_x$CoO$_2$ ($x=0,1$) using density-functional theory augmented with self-consistent Hubbard corrections and long-range van der Waals interactions, together with a systematic exploration of possible
magnetic states. The on-site interactions on Co-$3d$ and O-$2p$ states, as well as inter-site Co-O interactions, are determined from first principles using linear-response theory in the framework of density-functional perturbation theory, with Löwdin-orthogonalized atomic orbitals employed as Hubbard projectors. For LiCoO$_2$, the inclusion of Hubbard corrections provides an accurate description of the structural properties, while the electronic structure is very sensitive to the choice of Hubbard projectors. In particular, frontier Wannier-function projectors substantially improve the description of the occupied electronic states compared with localized atomic orbitals. For CoO$_2$, we demonstrate that a systematic exploration of the
magnetic energy landscape is essential to identify the lowest-energy low-
spin ground state. However, the resulting Hubbard-corrected electronic structure is insulating, consistent with the prediction of the HSE06 hybrid functional, but in contrast to the experimentally observed metallic behavior. Structural relaxation further drives the system toward a different metallic solution with an electronic configuration inconsistent with low-
spin Co$^{4+}$ character. Despite these limitations, the calculated intercalation voltages agree well with experiment, with deviations as small as 2%.
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All authors Valentina Sanella, Cristiano Malica, Alberto Carta, Maria Andolfatto, Nicola Marzari, Livia Giordano, Iurii Timrov
Nuclear Theory
Spin-orbital entanglement and spatial anisotropy of deuteron
Ryota Tateishi and Tokuro Fukui
Background: The
nuclear tensor force couples the
spin and orbital degrees of freedom, thereby generating
spin-orbital (SO)
entanglement. This interaction also induces spatial anisotropy of density distributions. While the tensor force underlies both phenomena, the direct connection between them remains unclear. Purpose: We clarify the quantitative relationship between the SO
entanglement and spatial anisotropy of the deuteron. This system provides a fully analytical description of both features. Methods: We quantify the SO
entanglement by the
entanglement entropy and spatial anisotropy by the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence. Their
evolution is traced by continuously varying the $S$-$D$ coupling in the deuteron. Results: We derive analytical expressions for the
entanglement entropy and KL divergence, both of which depend on $M$, the projection of the deuteron total angular momentum $J=1$. The stronger the tensor-force-induced $S$-$D$ coupling is, the larger both the
entanglement entropy and KL divergence become. Conclusions: The analytical results and the positive correlation between the two quantities clearly demonstrate that the two features stem from the same underlying coupling mechanism governed by the algebraic structure of the deuteron wave function.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Late-Time Evolution of the Massive Stellar Merger M101 OT2015-1
Marco A. Gómez-Muñoz, Nadejda Blagorodnova, Tomasz Kamiński et al. (+6 more)
Luminous red novae (LRNe) are astronomical transients arising from unstable mass transfer and common envelope phases in close binary systems, culminating in
stellar mergers. Their cold, expanding ejecta provide the ideal conditions for molecule and
dust formation. We investigate the late-time
dust and molecular
evolution of the LRN M101 OT2015-1, a high-mass LRN progenitor ($18\pm 1$M$_\odot$), using multi-band near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) observations spanning up to ~5 years post-outburst. Archival and unpublished photometry from NEOWISE, Spitzer, Keck NIRC2 and MOSFIRE, are interpolated via 2D Gaussian process regression. Spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are modelled with 1D spherical radiative transfer models to track the
evolution of
dust mass,
dust temperature, and central source properties. At +150d post-peak, the SED is well-fit by a pure
stellar blackbody ($T_{\rm eff}=3330$K) with negligible
dust (log$M_{\rm dust}/$M$_\odot<-6.36$). Rapid
dust condensation begins around day +200 ($T_{\rm dust}=1591$K), with
dust mass increasing to log$M_{\rm dust}/$M$_\odot =-3.65$ and optical depth reaching $\tau_V =64$ by +1300d. A prominent NIR re-brightening at ~600d ($M_K=-12.04$), accompanied by a
dust reheating bump ($T_{\rm dust}=1567$K), highlights a second phase of
dust nucleation likely driven by shock interactions. Low-resolution NIR MOSFIRE spectra are analysed for line identification and also using an LTE isothermal slab model to characterise CO molecular features. The MOSFIRE spectra reveal an O-rich environment with photospheric expansion velocities of ~$430-530$km s$^{-1}$, as measured in the Pa$\beta$ emission line, and high CO column densities (log$N_{\rm CO}$/cm$^{-2}=20.9$ and $20.7$ at +142d and +197d, respectively). These results confirm that LRNe from massive progenitors are prolific producers of
cosmic dust and are efficient molecular factories.
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All authors Marco A. Gómez-Muñoz, Nadejda Blagorodnova, Tomasz Kamiński, Gerard Garcia-Moreno, Maxime Wavasseur, Hugo Tranin, Grace Katusiime, Jacob E. Jencson, Mansi M. Kasliwal
Quantum Physics
Transpilation-Aware Runtime Prediction for Noisy Quantum Circuit Simulation
Davud Azizov, Javier Vela-Tambo and Tian Guo
Predicting the runtime of noisy
quantum circuit simulations is important for scheduling, resource allocation, and performance optimization. However, accurate prediction is challenging because backend-aware transpilation can substantially alter the original
circuit structure, while the backend-derived noise model and simulator execution behavior can introduce additional runtime variation. We study the effectiveness of graph neural networks (GNNs) and conventional regression methods in predicting Qiskit Aer simulation runtime measured after transpilation. We construct a
dataset from a
benchmark pool of 1,402 unique
circuits spanning 22
circuit families, two Qiskit fake-backend configurations, and four transpiler optimization levels. Specifically, we compare a source GNN using original
circuit information, hybrid GNN combining source-level graph with post-transpilation features, and transpiled GNN using only transpiled
circuit information, along with five regression models. In the overall-model setting, the transpiled GNN achieves the strongest performance among the graph-based representations at all four optimization levels, obtaining $R^2$ values of 0.974, 0.713, 0.745, and 0.605 for optimization levels 0 through 3, respectively. However, under backend-specific evaluation, the advantage of GNN decreases, with conventional regression models matching or outperforming the GNNs in several settings. These results indicate that post-transpilation information is useful, while the value of explicit graph modeling depends on the backend and optimization level.
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