Papers

Reliable and scalable readout strategies are essential for quantum technologies. As quantum processors grow, extracting useful information must remain feasible without measurement circuits becoming a dominant bottleneck. Randomized measurements and classical shadows provide a powerful route, but global estimation is conventionally associated with highly random ensembles that require increasing circuit depth and hence substantial experimental overhead. In this work, we show that substantially less randomness suffices when the readout is meaningfully adapted to the quantities being estimated. We introduce shallow phase shadows, based on a sparse Clifford-IQP ensemble, and prove efficient global estimation of stabilizer-state fidelities despite the ensemble not forming an approximate relative-error design. On all-to-all architectures, the protocol admits a constant-depth implementation using mid-circuit measurements and classical feedforward, or logarithmic depth without auxiliary systems. The protocol requires only controlled-phase entangling gates and offers a tunable trade-off between circuit resources and estimation accuracy, making it particularly amenable to experimentally relevant architectures with long-range connectivity. Our results show that scalable quantum readout need not reproduce generic randomness: task-adapted randomization can enable substantially shallower global characterization protocols.

Temporal-network models place the memory seen in contact data either on nodes, through self-excitation (branching ratio n_node), or on ties, through reinforcement (kappa). The two choices reproduce the same coarse statistics but predict different epidemics. We ask whether contact data can tell them apart and find two limits. The first is attribution. When the initiator of every event is recorded, the likelihood factorises into a timing block containing n_node and a selection block containing kappa, so the two are estimated independently. When it is not, as in proximity data, a missing-information term couples them, with a size set by the entropy of the initiator posterior. The second issue is interpretation. Even where the mechanisms separate, the fitted n_node might not accurately measure memory and it may be set by the distribution of waiting times between events. Shuffling each node's inter-event order, which keeps that distribution, typically changes the estimated n_node by less than 10%; this is a bias that longer records and a flexible scale-free kernel do not remove. Whether node memory is present must therefore be decided by model-free statistics, which find only weak order memory in the proximity records, far less than the fitted n_node around 0.9 would imply. Tie reinforcement remains recoverable, although a latent initiator inflates it by 28%-45%. The two limits lead to two recommendations: record who initiates each contact, and test a fitted node memory against shuffled and model-free benchmarks before interpreting it. On a high-school record, simulating from the fitted node memory under-predicts outbreak sizes by up to a factor of 2, whereas keeping tie reinforcement alone is closer at low transmissibility but overshoots at high.

The M1 and E2 {\gamma} strength functions ({\gamma}sf) have been calculated for extended series of the Mo, Fe, Sn, Ge and Gd isotopes using the conventional spherical shell model (SSM) and, as a new tool, the triaxial projected shell model (TPSM). For almost all cases the strong enhancement of the M1 {\gamma}sf (low energy magnetic radiation-LEMAR) is found. In the mid-shell region, a bimodal structure of the LEMAR spike and a bump around 3 MeV, interpreted as the scissors resonance (SR), develops. The combination of LEMAR and the SR is generated by the splitting of the spherical single particle multiplets of given j caused by deformation and their fragmentation over nearby quasiparticle configurations.

A compressible, non-isothermal dilute polymer solution is formulated as a Class-II binary mixture with separate solvent and polymer mass and momentum balances and with total energy and entropy balances for the complete mixture. The entropy exploitation is sharpened by a balance-anchoring axiom introduced here: in a fixed balance representative, each selected binary dissipative product contains a constitutive factor from an unclosed balance flux or source. Polymer configuration is resolved first by a connector distribution and then by its conformation tensor. Population kinematics fix polymer transport and, by moments, yield a two-velocity upper-convected rate; objectivity verifies covariance rather than selecting it. Within the total entropy balance, configurational transport and deformation powers cancel their chemical-potential and elastic partial-stress counterparts when deformation and stress-decomposition weights match. A Gordon–Schowalter test independently requires the affine upper-convected choice for the stated dumbbell free energy and Kramers stress unless an additional reversible channel is supplied. Coordinated stress–interaction changes shift the local entropy flux/production pair by a divergence, exposing representation dependence of local mechanism-wise production. An entropy-invariant Class-II-to-Class-I reduction selects a descendant entropy flux preserving the parent production and yields thermo-chemical, configurational-stress and partial-viscous-stress diffusion terms. The omitted quadratic relative-inertia flux is paired with relative kinetic-energy storage and transport and is a reversible truncation, not missing entropy production. The resulting compressible non-isothermal Hookean stress and temperature equations reduce to Oldroyd-B/UCM only after one-velocity, incompressible and isothermal limits.

We study factorizations of the single-particle spectrum of non-interacting quantum systems and their consequences for many-particle statistics. Representing the single-particle partition function by a spectral alphabet, tensor factorizations become multiplicative factorizations of the alphabet, which can be lifted to canonical Bose and Fermi partition functions using standard symmetric-function and $\lambda$-ring identities. We show how product spectra arise from different factorizations, how antisymmetrization can be assigned across an odd number of factors, and which tensor factorizations are compatible with a fixed spectrum. The paper therefore studies spectral factorization and provides a consolidated combinatorial framework for canonical Bose and Fermi partition functions.

We provide a unified analysis of scalar-field quantization and detector response in relativistic rotating frames, comparing rigid and Trocheris-Takeno (TT) descriptions in unbounded Minkowski spacetime. We distinguish three questions that are often conflated: (i) how a fixed quantum state is represented in rotating coordinates, (ii) whether rotating time evolution selects a global ground state, and (iii) how a rotating detector responds to the vacuum. Coordinate-transformed rigid and TT modes span the same positive-frequency subspace as inertial modes: their Bogoliubov beta coefficients vanish and their mode sums reproduce the Minkowski Wightman function. Neither rotating time flow selects a global scalar ground state, although for different reasons: the rigid generator is not globally timelike and is unbounded below, whereas TT time translation is not a Killing symmetry. Nevertheless, a circular Unruh-DeWitt detector in the Minkowski vacuum has a stationary, nonzero response. We relate this response to negative corotating frequencies, evaluate it after an explicit Hadamard subtraction, and show that it is nonthermal. Thus vanishing Bogoliubov mixing, the absence of a symmetry-selected rotating vacuum, and detector excitation are mutually consistent.

Complex patterns in physical and biological systems often emerge through slow collective dynamics governed by a small number of key variables. In nonlinear optical resonators, dissipative Kerr solitons provide an important example, where interactions between well-separated solitons can evolve over timescales far longer than the characteristic loss and gain timescales. Direct numerical simulation of these dynamics is challenging because stiffness forces conventional methods to resolve many rapidly damped degrees-of-freedom with very small time steps. We present a numerical scheme, the synergetic method, that eliminates these rapidly damped degrees-of-freedom and retains the slowly evolving modes, enabling time steps many orders of magnitude larger than those used in conventional approaches. Applied to soliton molecules in driven Kerr cavities, the method achieves speedups of $10^3$ to $10^5$ while capturing dynamics on laboratory timescales. We use it to model the full interaction dynamics of a three-soliton molecule and the evolution of an eight-soliton molecule. The approach provides an efficient framework for studying slow pattern formation in nonlinear systems with widely separated timescales.

Spectral gaps are widely interpreted as signatures of collective organization, yet it is rarely clear whether the resulting modes correspond to physical variables or merely to convenient mathematical coordinates. Here we show that, in resistor-coupled LC networks, the graph Laplacian defines an experimentally accessible hierarchy of electrical descriptions. Its eigenvectors become measurable voltage patterns, while its eigenvalues quantify the coupling-induced resistive damping of those patterns. When coupling is strong within regions and weak between them, microscopic voltages collapse into nested collective variables. A network of 1002 resonators reduces first to 42 regional voltages and then to four geometry-controlled global modes. Summing the microscopic Kirchhoff equations produces a directly constructible 42-node RLC circuit, without parameter fitting, that reproduces regional dynamics with 1.4 to 4.6% global RMS error. Finer modal coordinates improve accuracy but no longer correspond generally to simple resistor graphs. Robustness tests show that the regional level survives substantial conductance disorder and internal rewiring, but weakens when perturbations impair mixing within a region; changes in interregional connectivity selectively disrupt the global level. Thus the Laplacian spectrum becomes a physical design principle: it identifies which collective electrical variables emerge, how they can be constructed, and when they provide an adequate reduced description.

Rapid, precise localization of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) requires continuous wide-field imaging at hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray energies. We develop a fixed (non-rotating) modulation-collimator architecture to address this challenge. A bigrid collimator, a pair of aligned, periodic slit grids in front of a simple, non-imaging photon-counting detector, transmits an off-axis source through a triangular fringe pattern whose local angular position, the source phase, is recovered from simultaneous count rates in several grid pairs at fixed relative phase offsets, rather than by mechanically rotating a single grid pair as in the classical rotating modulation collimator. Four-phase demodulation of these count rates robustly cancels detector background and grid leakage without requiring rotation. Because the fringe pattern repeats across the sky, a phase measurement corresponds to many candidate source positions; we resolve this ambiguity over an arbitrarily wide field of view using a cascade of progressively coarser-pitched grid stages, generalizing the two-grid vernier-scale technique originally used to localize Sco X-1. This vernier cascade technique reduces the required photon counts and grid-calibration accuracy required to achieve fine angular resolution over a broad field of view. Generalized to two dimensions with orthogonal cascades, the resulting architecture achieves wide-field localization with no moving parts, no time modulation, and only simple photon-counting detectors, a promising candidate for simple, inexpensive, continuous-monitoring instruments supporting time-domain and multi-messenger astrophysics.

Since neutrinos are quantum systems inherently, the precision with which oscillation parameters can be estimated ultimately depends on how much information about these parameters is encoded in the neutrino state and how efficiently that information can be extracted through measurement. In this work, we quantify how information encoded in reactor antineutrino states flows through the measurement process to the events observed at the detector, using quantum and classical Fisher information. We establish the information ladder for JUNO, revealing that the loss of precision across different information levels is strongly parameter dependent. We demonstrate that the JUNO configuration approaches the optimal statistical limit for the oscillation parameters of the solar sector, while information on $\theta_{13}$ and $\Delta m_{31}^{2}$ is significantly degraded by the measurement strategy and detector effects. Despite this information loss, the remaining information is sufficient for JUNO to achieve sub-percent precision on $\Delta m_{31}^{2}$ within six years.

Finding new physics (NP) is the most important problem in particle physics today. Studying “anomalies”, i.e., measurements of low-energy observables whose values disagree with the predictions of the Standard Model (SM), is a powerful search strategy. The SM Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) provides a general model-independent framework for parameterizing NP; it is natural to try to find the SMEFT operator(s) that can explain such anomalies. This is a challenging task because (i) the number of SMEFT operators is enormous, and (ii) at loop level there are very complicated correlations among the operators. Analyses by humans typically rely on phenomenological intuition to decide which operators are relevant. This is often biased and does not explore the complete SMEFT operator space. Interestingly, reinforcement learning (RL) techniques excel at tasks that require decision making to achieve their goals. In this paper, we introduce an RL method that can be used to find the SMEFT operators that explain any anomalies. We test it on the CDF $W$-mass anomaly, and show that it reproduces (and improves upon) known results. We then consider a far more complicated situation with multiple anomalies and show that, even here, this method is able to find the SMEFT operators that explain the data. Our RL method can therefore be used to efficiently search for NP at the level of SMEFT.

A microscopic understanding of topological superconductivity (TSC) in real materials requires a materials-informed approach that integrates first-principles electronic structure, superconductivity, and topology within a unified computational framework. Here, we develop such an approach by combining density functional theory, Wannier-based low-energy Hamiltonians, Bogoliubov-de Gennes theory, and Matsubara Green's-function-based Chern number calculations performed directly on realistic multiorbital superconducting Hamiltonians. We apply this framework to bulk-like and monolayer FeTeSe and to FeSe/GaAs heterostructures, enabling a unified investigation of both intrinsic and proximity-induced topological superconductivity. We identify key electronic-structure ingredients that promote robust TSC, including Rashba-active states near the Fermi level, strong induced superconducting pairing, and substantial orbital hybridization between spin-orbit-active and superconducting sectors. Guided by these design principles, we predict multiple topological superconducting phases in Fe-based materials and demonstrate that FeSe/GaAs heterostructures are particularly promising, exhibiting topological transitions at experimentally accessible chemical potentials and low Zeeman fields. Complementing the theoretical predictions, we demonstrate the growth and structural characterization of FeSe/GaAs heterostructures, establishing the experimental feasibility of the proposed materials platform. Our results provide a quantitative route for engineering and screening candidate Majorana materials and heterostructures directly from realistic electronic structures and establish a foundation for future materials-by-design approaches to topological superconductivity.

The potential of crossing climate tipping points (TP) has reached the attention of many researchers and the general public. On the one hand, the basis for this concern is strengthening, with simulations showing that abrupt transitions might occur even for moderate emission scenarios. On the other hand, our understanding of what constitutes such transitions mathematically is becoming more nuanced. This leads to challenges for the fidelity of early-warning signals (EWS), which accompany bifurcations in systems that closely track a slowly changing steady state. Different kinds of out-of-equilibrium dynamics in a rapidly changing climate, as well as chaos, blur the critical tipping threshold and imply limits in predictability. Using EWS to detect loss of local stability from data requires careful evaluation in the high-dimensional system, and may have limited predictive power in a highly multistable climate, where there is more than a single, well-known alternative state. This calls for new methods using non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and dynamical systems to efficiently probe the global stability properties of climate models and observations.

Substructures appear to be a common trait of all extended protoplanetary discs. They are found notably in discs still surrounded by ambient, possibly infalling material. In this study, we revisit the observational signatures of gravitational instability (GI) in the dust and gas emission of protoplanetary discs. We focus on discs undergoing a short-lived episode of late infall that triggers spirals via GI, in order to investigate the long-term dynamics of millimetre-sized dust. We performed 2D hydrodynamical simulations modelling gas and millimetre-sized dust in a self-gravitating disc, with a simplified treatment of stellar irradiation and infall. Results were post-processed by 3D radiative transfer calculations. During infall, GI sets in and the disc develops a gravitoturbulent state characterised by the continuous formation of spirals. Shortly after infall ends, the millimetre-sized dust remains well coupled to the gas, and the dust emission exhibits large-scale spirals in both near-infrared scattered light and continuum emission. Even long after infall has ceased, two-armed spirals are persistently excited by GI in specific regions of the disc. Their dissipation entails the formation of multiple long-lasting pressure maxima, which can be viewed as vestiges of shocks induced by the spirals. They form persistent dust rings that are more or less axisymmetrical. Consequently, once late infall ends, a massive disc can gradually evolve from a disc with spirals in the continuum into one featuring multiple, potentially lopsided bright rings in the continuum. In near-infrared scattered light, the disc initially displays multiple spirals during infall or shortly after it ceases, before ultimately exhibiting multiple rings. The persistent excitation of spirals implies, however, that the residual line-of-sight velocity, derived from line emission, shows large-scale spirals across the disc.

This work concerns a procedure for removing gauge dependence from graviton corrections to the effective field equations for a massless, minimally coupled scalar on de Sitter background. The procedure involves combining diagrams in the same way as the scattering amplitude for the $t$-channel exchange of the massless scalar between two massive particles, but without taking the asymptotic limits which are problematic in cosmology. Implementing this at 1-loop on flat space background requires five classes of diagrams, in addition to the naive exchange, and the combination of those diagrams does eliminate dependence on the graviton gauge fixing functional. When those same diagrams are generalized to de Sitter background, their combination cancels the most important (“nonlocal”) secular gauge dependence, but it leaves (“local”) secular gauge dependence that is associated with external legs. Local secular gauge dependence can be removed by adding two additional classes of diagrams, and making secular corrections to the external wavefunctions. The purpose of this paper is to include these additional corrections on de Sitter background in order to derive fully gauge independent effective field equations at 1-loop order.

The magnetic fields that make up the internal structure of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are thought to be organised in a flux rope configuration, consisting of twisted magnetic fields that wind about a central axis. Remote-sensing observations of CMEs show a wide range of morphologies, dynamics, and evolution, including rotation, non-uniform expansion, deflection, and interaction with the ambient solar wind. In-situ measurements, however, typically consist of a single 1D spacecraft trajectory through a large 3D structure (or few at best), restricting our ability to determine how CME magnetic structure varies in space and time. In this work, we analyse the magnetic configuration of two idealised CMEs during their early evolution in the range 1-30 $R_{\odot}$ using the Magnetohydrodynamic Algorithm Outside a Sphere code. The initial flux ropes differ only in their orientation with respect to the global dipole and erupt from a bipolar active region below the streamer belt in a simplified coronal environment. We deploy a fleet of synthetic spacecraft throughout the CMEs' paths at different combinations of latitudes, longitudes, and heliocentric distances. We identify and examine flux rope signatures in the synthetic in-situ profiles to characterise radial variations as well as latitudinal/longitudinal ones. We find that, even in a simplified CME erupting under solar minimum-like conditions, the sampling location significantly affects the global structure that would be deduced from common flux rope reconstruction and analysis techniques used for in-situ measurements. Additionally, we consider possible in-situ signatures that may serve as indicators of the source region's topology.

Quantifying the degree of order/disorder in many-particle systems remains an outstanding problem in physics, materials science, and mathematics. To this end, we consider the translational order metric $\tau_T$, defined as the squared $L^2$ norm of the total correlation function $h(\mathbf{r})$, and introduce its bond-orientational analogue $\tau_O$, defined from the weighted total correlation function $h_{\mathbf{f}}(\mathbf{r})$ using local orientational weights (S. Torquato et al., Phys. Rev. X 16, 011042 (2026)). The pair $(\tau_T,\tau_O)$ places both forms of order on a common two-point statistical footing. We compute both metrics for two nonhyperuniform sphere-packing models in 2D and 3D as functions of packing fraction $\phi$: 1) equilibrium hard particles and 2) nonequilibrium random sequential addition (RSA) packings. For the nonhyperuniform systems, bond-orientational order remains subdominant along the equilibrium-fluid and RSA configurations; however, its magnitude relative to the translational metric increases near the upper end of the equilibrium-fluid branches, much more strongly in 2D than in 3D, and the two metrics become comparable along the sampled crystal branches. At common packing fractions, equilibrium fluids and RSA packings trace distinct $(\tau_T,\tau_O)$ trajectories, revealing preparation-dependent differences in structural order. As a representative hyperuniform family, we study 2D disordered stealthy hyperuniform (SHU) ground states for $0<\chi<1/2$, where $\chi$ is the stealthiness parameter. Within the disordered SHU phase, bond-orientational order remains subdominant, but its magnitude relative to the translational metric increases toward the disorder-to-order threshold. In all three models, $\tau_T$ and $\tau_O$ are positively correlated beyond the Poisson-reference regime: $\tau_O$ increases monotonically with $\tau_T$ across the sampled state points.

Adopting pseudo-random noise (PRN) codes for inter-satellite ranging, the resulting data-encoded PRN signal induces excessive laser phase measurement noise under the currently adopted integrated scheme in space-based gravitational wave (GW) detection systems. To suppress the noise, a scheme of inter-satellite integrated laser link is presented in this Letter, in which the data-encoded PRN signal for inter-satellite absolute distance measurement and communication is phase-modulated onto the ultra-stable oscillator (USO) clock signal before phase modulation onto the laser carrier. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that in the proposed scheme the noise is significantly suppressed compared with the currently-adopted one, while the noise stemming from the data-encoded PRN signal on clock noise transfer is limited within the requirement.

We numerically study the bulk correlation functions in the two-dimensional Abelian sandpile model, aiming both to compare with the predictions of logarithmic conformal field theory and to extend the analysis to lattices where analytical methods are difficult to apply. Wilson's algorithm efficiently generates large-scale uniform spanning trees in parallel, which can be mapped to independent recurrent configurations via the Majumdar–Dhar burning bijection, eliminating sample autocorrelations and yielding fast convergence. On the square (single-sublattice) and honeycomb (two-sublattice) lattices our results agree well with the analytical predictions. For the kagome lattice we provide the first systematic numerical study of the bulk correlation functions, and cross-check the bulk height-1 probability against a closed-form analytical expression that we also derive here via the lattice Green function.

We report on time- and spectrally resolved pump-probe spectroscopy measurement on the charge-density wave (CDW) state of TiSe$_2$ at helium temperatures. The non-oscillatory component of the spectrally resolved signals exhibit a sign reversal near 1.5 eV, which was interpreted as a redshift of the optical transition energy originated from the interband transition between the Se $p$-based valence band to the Ti $d$-derived conduction band. Furthermore, the oscillatory components exhibit distinct spectral dependences between the optical phonons and the CDW-derived modes, suggesting the mode-selective coupling.

Parity invariance of general relativity imposes exact relations between waveforms and remnant properties of binary-black-hole configurations related by reversal of the in-plane spins and observer direction. We summarize these relations and construct consistency tests for spin-precessing waveform and remnant models. Applying a conservative, unmaximized overlap diagnostic to seven state-of-the-art waveform models, we find that models built from aligned-spin calibrated waveforms and parity-covariant precession dynamics satisfy the symmetry to numerical precision. The original IMRPhenomXO4a and IMRPhenomXPNR implementations instead exhibit median parity residuals of approximately $1.6\times10^{-3}$ with broad upper tails, while NRSur7dq4 shows its largest violations at high mass ratio and large spin magnitude. The asymmetric extension of SEOBNRv5PHM exhibits a smaller, localized violation, while NRSur7dq4Remnant shows larger residuals in the recoil than in the final mass and spin. We trace these violations to an observer-dependent phase anchor in the IMRPhenom antisymmetric mode, non-invariant parameterization of the NRSur7dq4 surrogate fits, and one non-invariant NR-calibrated coefficient in the asymmetric SEOBNRv5PHM extension. Local corrections restore waveform parity to numerical precision for the IMRPhenom and SEOBNRv5PHM cases; restoring it in NRSur7dq4 requires refitting the surrogate. Reanalyses of eight GWTC-5.0 events show no qualitative change in astrophysical interpretation, although the IMRPhenom correction yields Jensen-Shannon divergences up to $5\times10^{-2}$ in individual marginalized posteriors. Exact symmetries thus provide inexpensive, model-independent consistency tests and should be imposed by construction in calibrated waveform models.

The critical phase of a non-Hermitian quasicrystal can support stronger transport than its surrounding delocalized phase. We demonstrate this anomalous behavior in the one-dimensional nonreciprocal Aubry-André-Harper model through a combined study of dynamical quantum phase transitions (DQPTs) and wavepacket diffusion. Using a parity-sorted energy-spectrum classification that directly encodes the generalized $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry, we find that DQPTs in this system are energy-resolved, in contrast to the energy-independent DQPTs of Hermitian quasicrystals. The energy-resolved features are most pronounced when the initial and final Hamiltonians belong to different phases (localized or extended), and they are tied to the even-odd index structure of the spectrum, which we exploit to organize the quench-dynamical landscape. For wavepacket dynamics after a single-site quench, the diffusion exponent $\beta$, extracted from the long-time power-law scaling of the root-mean-square displacement $\sigma(\tau)$, partitions the phase diagram into four distinct regimes. In the Hermitian limit the extended phase is ballistic ($\beta=1$), the critical phase is normally diffusive ($\beta=0.5$), and the localized phase yields $\beta\to 0$. Nonreciprocity reverses this hierarchy: the extended phase becomes normally diffusive, while the critical phase turns ballistic. We trace the anomalous $\beta=1$ at criticality to the self-similar multifractal structure of the critical eigenstates, whose nodal positions are organized by the golden ratio. A finite-size scaling ansatz built on the wave-front propagation yields $\sigma(\tau)\propto\tau$. The parity-resolved DQPTs and the $\beta$-phase diagram establish two complementary dynamical diagnostics of nonreciprocal quasicrystals, in which nonreciprocity promotes transport at the critical point and suppresses it in the delocalized phase.

Physics-based lithium-ion battery models provide access to physically meaningful internal electrochemical states and processes, but cell-specific parameter inference from terminal current-voltage data is computationally expensive and limited by identifiability. We present a surrogate-accelerated inverse framework based on a single-particle model with electrolyte dynamics (SPMe). Its forward map uses our Artiphy surrogate framework for rapid, differentiable evaluation of voltage and selected internal states. After rescaling to remove exact structural redundancies, we infer non-redundant transport, kinetic and capacity parameter groups, including concentration-dependent solid and electrolyte diffusivities. Synthetic voltage data from a Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) model under a WLTP-like current protocol provide a benchmark with known reference parameters and controlled model discrepancy. The inferred SPMe reproduces the benchmark voltage with an error of order 1 mV and recovers electrode capacities well. Positive-electrode diffusivity is recovered accurately over much of the probed stoichiometric range. Local sensitivity and Fisher-information analysis identifies correlated kinetic-Ohmic and electrolyte-transport directions, and shows how localised information and the global diffusivity parameterisation can yield narrow Fisher-curvature envelopes despite weak voltage sensitivity to negative-electrode diffusion over much of the drive cycle. These results represent a step towards rapid physics-based in-silico parameterisation and reduced reliance on destructive cell characterisation.

Surface active agents (surfactants) are common contaminants found on most air-liquid interfaces. Surfactants lower the surface tension, and hence surfactant concentration gradients generate surface tension gradients, which leads to flow. A canonical surfactant-induced flow is the outward spreading due to the localised deposition of surfactants onto an otherwise clean liquid interface. Eshima et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., accepted, 2026) demonstrated experimentally and theoretically, through a late-time similarity solution, that surfactant solubility enhances surfactant-induced flows of air-liquid-air sheets and that soluble surfactant solutions can be mapped onto equivalent insoluble surfactant solutions. Here we extend the work theoretically and numerically, developing a systematic framework for the derivation and analysis of such solutions. The relevant nondimensional parameters are quantitatively defined, and the physically accessible parameter space is wide, which our theory and numerical simulations are able to span. We link the solutions for finitely soluble surfactants to the solutions for the limiting regimes of insoluble and infinitely soluble surfactants, where the latter link only holds transiently: the solution of the infinitely soluble limit appears as an intermediate solution that persists ever longer as solubility increases, before the ultimate late-time solution, which maps onto insoluble surfactants, is obtained.

We develop a Plebański–Demiański-adapted parametrization of the general Ovcharenko–Podolský solution and construct new families of generalized black holes in four-dimensional Einstein–Maxwell theory. These Petrov type~D spacetimes possess non-null, fully non-aligned electromagnetic fields. A restriction imposed in the previous parametrization is not required by the field equations in shifted coordinates. Removing it retains an independent charge parameter $q$, which may be real or purely imaginary. For $q^2\geq0$, both the metric and electromagnetic field admit a smooth aligned limit to the charged Plebański–Demiański solution with $\Lambda=0$ and $e^2+g^2=q^2$. We impose angular conditions in the Griffiths–Podolský form allowing Killing horizon cross sections with spherical topology. The resulting eight-parameter class extends the seven-parameter class of Ovcharenko and Podolský [arXiv:2508.04850]. The remaining normalization condition is generically quartic, defining four algebraic branches. We give explicit metrics and electromagnetic fields for the non-twisting and $l=0$ twisting families and analyze their black hole and acceleration horizons, extremality, conicity, and further limits. We determine the effective-NUT-free branches of the latter family and their degenerate cases. Using the genuine Griffiths–Podolský form, we establish an explicit correspondence between the non-accelerating effective-NUT-free subclass and the Kerr–Newman–Bertotti–Robinson family and express its electromagnetic flux charges in our parameters. The $q^2<0$ sector includes the genuine uncharged Kerr–Bertotti–Robinson solution recently identified by Ovcharenko and Podolský [arXiv:2608.21672].

We develop an on-shell description of low-frequency gravitational waveforms from black-hole mergers beyond leading order. Treating the strongly coupled merger as effective hard $S$-matrix data, we organize its long-wavelength response using soft theorems and the KMOC formalism. At next-to-leading order, the quantum soft theorem contains logarithmic terms absent from the classical soft theorem. We show that these extra terms cancel in the full KMOC in-in observable between the one-loop radiative amplitude and the corresponding graviton cut, leaving precisely the classical logarithmic contributions associated with gravitational drag and early-time acceleration. We also identify the $1/\omega$ corrections from remnant recoil and Christodoulou non-linear memory. These results reveal a hierarchy of merger information accessible at low frequency: logarithmic tails depend only on asymptotic hard data, recoil probes total radiated momentum, while non-linear memory probes the angular distribution of the emitted radiation.

The Heavy Meson (Hymn) collaboration presents a new extraction of D meson fragmentation functions using experimental data from LEP and LHC. We focus particularly on kinematical regimes where perturbative QCD should be safely applicable to avoid contamination from higher-twist effects which could lead to an apparent process dependence of fragmentation functions. We account for the initial-state radiation and, as a novel ingredient, consider the prompt and non-prompt contributions separately. The analysis is carried out at next-to-leading order accuracy including uncertainty estimation based on Monte-Carlo replica technique. We disucss the exemplary case of $\mathrm{D}^0$ here and defer the results for $\mathrm{D}^\pm$ and $\mathrm{D}^{*,\pm}$ to a forthcoming publication.

For the first time, we establish a direct connection between inflationary dynamics and the subsequent magnetohydrodynamic evolution. Starting from vacuum fluctuations, we self-consistently evolve the coupled inflaton-plasma system through inflation, reheating, and into the radiation-dominated era. We find an inflaton-driven inverse cascade followed by freely decaying turbulence, with kinetic energy dominating over magnetic energy and driving dynamo amplification. The inflaton-driven turbulence causes steeper magnetic energy decay than helical turbulence and should therefore be accounted for subsequent evolution of primordial fields and their present-day observables.

We construct a holographic dark-energy model using Kaniadakis entropy with the particle horizon as the infrared cutoff, consistently modifying both the holographic density and the Friedmann background. In standard Einstein gravity, noninteracting particle-horizon holographic dark energy (HDE) does not produce the sufficiently negative pressure required for late-time accelerated expansion. We show that the Kaniadakis deformation changes this behavior while the particle horizon is retained. For the representative parameter choice $K=1.90\times10^{-36}$, with $\Omega_{\rm DE0}=0.7$ and $c^2=0.64$, the deceleration parameter changes sign at $z\simeq0.585$ in the noninteracting case. Including the interaction strengths $b^2=0.03$ and $0.06$ changes the transition only slightly, giving $z\simeq0.586$ and $0.589$, respectively. Thus, for the parameter set considered here, the interaction does not generate the acceleration; rather, the transition is already present in the noninteracting Kaniadakis model and the interaction produces only a small shift in its timing. We derive the autonomous evolution equations, the effective dark-energy equation of state, and the deceleration parameter. The adiabatic squared sound speed is also examined as a diagnostic of the effective-fluid stability, while statefinder variables are used to characterize deviations from $\Lambda$CDM. Finally, we verify that the $K\to0$ limit continuously recovers standard Einstein-gravity particle-horizon HDE, for which the noninteracting model remains decelerating.

Little red dots (LRDs) are a recently identified population of compact, red sources characterised by a distinctive V-shaped UV-to-optical continuum and broad emission lines. Their physical structure and evolution remain uncertain, while their properties at intermediate redshifts are largely unexplored. We identify and characterise LRD-like sources at 0.5<z<1.75 using the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS), extending observational studies to a previously poorly explored cosmic epoch. We select candidates from their UV and optical slopes measured from broadband photometry and refine the sample using broad emission lines in VIPERS spectroscopy. We investigate their photometric, spectroscopic, and morphological properties, constrain their physical sizes with HSC imaging, measure their comoving number density and evolution, and characterise their local environments using the VIPERS galaxy density field. We also model the multi-wavelength emission of the unique X-ray-detected source with CIGALE, including X-ray and AGN emission. We identify 14 LRD-like sources, including one X-ray-detected object, whose HSC morphology remains unresolved. We measure their number density in two redshift bins, 0.5<z<1 and 1<z<1.75, and combine our results with literature measurements. We find a rapid decline in number density after cosmic noon. The two sources with sufficiently constrained environments are located in underdense regions. The SED of the X-ray-detected source is best reproduced by a radiatively efficient accretion disk viewed at low inclination. Our results demonstrate that LRD-like sources are present at z>0.5, bridging local and high-redshift studies. Their abundance, compact morphology, environmental properties, and multi-wavelength emission provide new constraints on the evolution and physical origin of this population.