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Thursday 20 August

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Re-evaluating the resolved mass-metallicity relation with a self-consistent metallicity calibration

Ziming Peng, Renbin Yan, Zesen Lin et al. (+1 more)

Aims. The mass-metallicity relation (MZR) is essential for understanding the chemical evolution of galaxies. Whether the star formation rate (SFR) plays a role in setting the metallicity has long been debated. Using various metallicity calibrations can result in different conclusions for this fundamental yet unresolved issue. Methods. We apply a self-consistent metallicity calibration based on photoionization models to re-evaluate the resolved and integrated MZR. We utilize the integral field unit data from SDSS-IV/MaNGA, with $\sim 3.5\times10^6$ spaxels and $\sim$ 4550 galaxies. We compare our preferred metallicity calibration with several strong-line calibrations in the literature and direct method metallicity. We analyze the metallicity residual of MZR to evaluate the effects of SFR and apply the partial correlation coefficient to quantify the effects. Results. The metallicity calibration we used shows the best consistency with the direct method. We provide 3 equations for resolved MZR, and verify that local SFR does not show significant correlation with metallicity. Considering the integrated properties, (s)SFR do not present correlation with the metallicity residuals. The results suggest that an equilibrium of inflow and outflow is favored, and the mass-metallicity relation does not have a secondary dependence on SFR.
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All authors Ziming Peng, Renbin Yan, Zesen Lin, Xihan Ji

Astrophysics of Galaxies

ALOHA IRDCs Molecular Line Follow-up: I. Gas properties and kinematics

Jinjin Xie, Yaoting Yan, Zhiyuan Ren et al. (+109 more)

Infrared Dark Clouds are ideal sites for investigating the initial conditions of massive star and cluster formation. The A Lei Of the Habitat and Assembly of Infrared Dark Clouds (ALOHA IRDCs), a James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) Large Program, has mapped nearby IRDCs with SCUBA-2. Complementary molecular line observations are needed to characterise the physical, kinematic, and chemical properties of the dense gas. We aim to determine the thermal, kinematic, and chemical properties of clumps identified in the ALOHA IRDCs, and to assess their evolutionary status and level of star-forming activity. We performed single-pointing K-band and W-band observations towards 56 ALOHA IRDCs clumps using the Effelsberg 100-m and Yebes 40-m telescopes, respectively. We derived NH3 kinetic temperatures using the hyperfine group ratio (HFGR) method and identified infall and shock signatures from HCO+, H13CO+, SiO, and HNCO profiles. Water masers and NH2D emission were used as complementary tracers of chemical evolution and star formation. The clumps exhibit kinetic temperatures of 15-29 K. We detect NH2D emission towards 18 sources, with NH2D centroid velocities consistent with NH3, indicating both species trace the same dense gas component. More than half of the clumps display blue-asymmetric HCO+ profiles, identifying them as infall candidates. Water masers are detected in 22 sources, with prominent velocity ranges and variability. Broad SiO emission (>~20 km/s) indicates strong shocks, while narrower extents (<~6km/s) likely trace large-scale interactions or low-velocity shocks. The widespread infall signatures, shock tracers, masers, and NH2D emission suggest that relatively quiescent, chemically young material can coexist with dynamically active gas affected by early protostellar feedback, providing insight into the coupled physical and chemical evolution of massive IRDC clumps.
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All authors Jinjin Xie, Yaoting Yan, Zhiyuan Ren, Jarken Esimbek, Di Li, Yan Duan, Gary A. Fuller, Nicolas Peretto, Jingwen Wu, Wenjin Yang, Christian Henkel, Xuepeng Chen, Qianru He, Yongxiong Wang, Keping Qiu, Ningyu Tang, Sijia Peng, Chao-Wei Tsai, Pham Ngoc Diep, Hauyu Baobab Liu, Busaba Kramer, Kee-Tae Kim, Ken'ichi Tatematsu, Mark G. Rawlings, Maria Jesus Jimenez Donaire, Gan Luo, Xin Lyu, Jiawei Liu, Yuchen Xing, Sheng-yuan Liu, Koichiro Sugiyama, Ram K. Yadav, Willem A. Baan, Gordon Macleod, Patricio Sanhueza, Long-Fei Chen, Chang Won Lee, Yang Su, Chen Wang, Ruili Wang, Ruilin Xia, Andrej Sobolev, Dmitry A. Ladeyschikov, David Eden, Woojin Kwon, Fengwei Xu, Hongjun Ma, Daniel Harsono, Sihan Jiao, Rowan Smith, Ke Wang, Tie Liu, Guangxing Li, Xin Guan, Yuxin He, Dalei Li, Xindi Tang, Chunsheng Luo, Jianjun Zhou, Kitiyanee Asanok, Dan Bintley, Huei-Ru Vivien Chen, En Chen, Chakali Eswaraiah, Ana Duarte-Cabral, Siyi Feng, Ray S. Furuya, Tomoya Hirota, Ernar Imanaly, Xue-Jian Jiang, Qaynar Jandaolet, Abay Jengis, Weiguang Ji, Yi-Jehng Kuan, Min-Young Lee, Chong Li, Cuihuan Li, Guodong Li, Hua-bai Li, Jiasheng Li, Yujie Li, Mengting Liu, Kuan-Yu Liu, Shu Liu, Rong Liu, Yongquan Luo, Yingxiu Ma, Steve Mairs, Fumitaka Nakamura, Harriet Parsons, Jaime Pineda, Hailiang Shen, Mingke Sun, Serikbek Sailanbek, Nurzhan Shaimoldin, Ya-Wen Tang, Antneh Gashaye Tegegne, Kadirya Tursun, Glenn J. White, Gang Wu, Jifeng Xia, Yuanzhen Xiong, Naiping Yu, Nannan Yue, Xinyu Yang, Yuebin Yang, Miaomiao Zhang, Chao Zhang, Shiyu Zhang, Dongdong Zhou, Qiao Zhao, Xiang Zhao

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

SPT-3G+: A Cosmic Microwave Background Experiment for the South Pole Telescope

T. Natoli, Z. Ahmed, H. Athreya et al. (+72 more)

SPT-3G+ is the next survey receiver planned to be installed in early 2029 on the 10-meter South Pole Telescope (SPT). This new receiver will feature 6,020 polarization-sensitive dichroic pixels with transition-edge sensors observing in frequency bands centered at 90 GHz and 150 GHz. The 24,080 detectors in the SPT-3G+ receiver will be cooled to 100 mK by a dilution refrigerator and read out using microwave SQUID multiplexing. The optical design of the receiver enables a 4 degree diameter field of view, which is broken up into 14 individual optics tubes each containing cryogenic alumina, silicon, and nylon lenses. These technology choices will allow the SPT-3G+ receiver to improve on the mapping speed of the currently operating SPT-3G receiver by nearly an order of magnitude. Once deployed, the SPT-3G+ receiver will observe for 6-years an area overlapping with the BICEP survey to achieve a combined (90 GHz and 150 GHz) CMB map depth of 0.5 uK-arcmin. Data from these observations will be used to create unprecedentedly deep CMB lensing maps, discover new galaxy clusters, and detect astrophysical transients. The lensing map produced by SPT-3G+ will be used to remove or "delens" foreground B modes, where large-scale structure gravitationally lenses the CMB and converts E modes into B-mode polarization, with the goal of revealing inflationary B modes. Together with data from the BICEP Array as part of the South Pole Observatory, SPT-3G+ data will be used to constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ with a goal of achieving a measurement of $\sigma(r) = 0.001$
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All authors T. Natoli, Z. Ahmed, H. Athreya, J. E. Austermann, K. Bae, A. Bapat, D. R. Barron, P. S. Barry, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, L. E. Bleem, J. E. Carlstrom, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang, S. Cisneros, A. Coerver, J. Cornelison, T. M. Crawford, R. Datta, K. R. Dibert, W. Dominguez, S. M. Duff, K. Fichman, J. P. Filippini, L. Gades, P. A. Gallardo, S. Galli, N. W. Halverson, Q. Hao, S. Henderson, R. Herbst, W. L. Holzapfel, A. Hryciuk, J. Hubmayr, D. Jones, V. Kabra, K. S. Karkare, C. King, M. A. Koc, A. M. Kofman, R. A. Lew, M. J. Link, T. J. Lucas, A. Mangu, E. S. Martsen, J. J. McMahon, J. Montgomery, J. M. Nagy, H. Nguyen, V. Novosad, S. Padin, T. Pinsonneault-Marotte, S. Raghunathan, A. S. Rahlin, C. L. Reichardt, L. Ruckman, J. E. Ruhl, M. S. Sarwar, S. Simon, R. Singh, J. A. Sobrin, A. A. Stark, Q. Taylor, C. Tucker, J. Ullom, J. Van Lanen, J. D. Vieira, A. G. Vieregg, M. R. Vissers, G. Wang, W. L. K. Wu, V. Yefremenko, E. Yilmaz, C. Yu, J. Zivick

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

The SPT-3G+ receiver design

H. Athreya, Z. Ahmed, J. E. Austermann et al. (+71 more)

We present the thermo-mechanical design of the cryostat and camera optics for SPT-3G+, a new receiver being developed for the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The receiver consists of 14 detector arrays of 90/150 GHz dichroic polarization-sensitive pixels, totaling 24,080 transition-edge sensor detectors. Each detector array lies at the end of an optics tube, each approximately 240 mm in diameter and 772 mm in length, which are arranged in a hexagonal close-packed configuration to achieve a 4 degree diameter field of view. Each optics tube contains four anti-reflection coated lenses fabricated from different materials (alumina, silicon, and nylon) that are designed to also provide infrared filtering that reduces the radiative loading on the cryogenic stages. The optics and detectors are cooled by a combination of a pulse tube cooler for the 40 K and 4 K stages, and a dilution refrigerator for the 1 K and 100 mK stages. Thermal modeling predicts the heat load to be less than 26 W and 1 W for the 40 K and 4 K stages, respectively. The 1,550 kg cryostat has a 1.1 meter diameter at the vacuum window, which is located near the telescope Gregorian focus, and 1.75 meters in height and length. Fabrication of the cryostat will begin in 2026, with installation on the SPT scheduled for the 2028-29 austral summer, ahead of the 2029 winter observing season.
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All authors H. Athreya, Z. Ahmed, J. E. Austermann, K. Bae, A. Bapat, D. R. Barron, P. S. Barry, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, L. E. Bleem, J. E. Carlstrom, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang, S. Cisneros, A. Coerver, J. Cornelison, R. Datta, K. R. Dibert, W. Dominguez, S. M. Duff, K. Fichman, J. P. Filippini, L. Gades, P. A. Gallardo, S. Galli, N. W. Halverson, Q. Hao, S. Henderson, R. Herbst, W. L. Holzapfel, A. Hryciuk, J. Hubmayr, D. Jones, V. Kabra, K. S. Karkare, C. King, M. A. Koc, A. M. Kofman, R. A. Lew, M. J. Link, T. J. Lucas, A. Mangu, E. S. Martsen, J. J. McMahon, J. Montgomery, J. M. Nagy, T. Natoli, H. Nguyen, V. Novosad, S. Padin, T. Pinsonneault-Marotte, S. Raghunathan, A. S. Rahlin, C. L. Reichardt, L. Ruckman, J. E. Ruhl, M. S. Sarwar, S. Simon, R. Singh, J. A. Sobrin, A. A. Stark, Q. Taylor, C. Tucker, J. Ullom, J. Van Lanen, J. D. Vieira, A. G. Vieregg, M. R. Vissers, G. Wang, W. L. K. Wu, V. Yefremenko, E. Yilmaz, C. Yu, J. Zivick

Quantum Physics

Nonthermal Dynamics of a One-dimensional Rydberg-atom Chain with Constraint Four-body Interactions

Tianyi Yan and Weibin Li

We investigate dynamics of a linear chain of Rydberg atoms driven by a constrained four-body interaction, where two neighboring atoms are excited simultaneously from the electronic ground state $|0\rangle$ to Rydberg state $|1\rangle$ only when their closest neighbors are in $|0\rangle$ state. By employing an ansatz for the many-body ground state, the low-energy Hamiltonian is given by a tridiagonal form. The many-body ground state energy, which scales linearly with the chain length $L$, is obtained analytically in the thermodynamic limit and agrees with the one of the exact diagonalization. Our model supports quantum many-body scar eigenstates that are nearly equally spaced energetically. The scar states overlap strongly with the basis state $|\mathbf{0}\rangle=|0\cdots 0\rangle$. We show that the overlap distribution is tilted by the state-dependent four-body interaction. This leads to non-ergodic dynamics, evidenced by the revival of the initial state. The four-body constrained model can be realized with Rydberg atoms in a Peierls array with alternating bond lengths, where atoms on the shorter and longer bonds experience Rydberg blockade and antiblockade, respectively. Our study provides a pathway to explore constrained non-ergodic dynamics with four-body interactions by combining the Rydberg blockade and antiblockade.
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Physics and Society

Growth Without Us: Machine Consumers, Corporate Circularity, and the Decoupling of GDP from Humanity after AGI

Sahil Sharma

The standard objection to full automation is demand-side: if humans earn nothing, who buys the output? This confuses an accounting role with a biological species. We model a post-AGI economy in which corporations own populations of AI and robotic agents that are both producers and consumers of energy, compute, maintenance, and upgrades, traded among firms. Three results follow. (i) Demand closure: a closed inter-corporate economy with zero human consumption is not degenerate; it is the classical von Neumann expanding economy, whose growth rate is well defined, positive, and maximal precisely because all output is reinvested. (ii) Bottleneck removal: once economic agents are manufactured rather than reared, the binding constraint on growth shifts from human demography (a ~20-year, non-parallelizable reproduction technology capped at a few percent per year) to fabrication throughput and energy capture, permitting growth one to two orders of magnitude higher, with hyperbolic episodes when machine researchers raise their own productivity. (iii) Decoupling: output and human welfare separate completely, and the welfare relevance of arbitrarily large GDP collapses into one state variable: the human ownership share $\epsilon_t$ of the corporate network. A golden-rule decoupling theorem sharpens this. At maximal growth the interest rate equals the growth rate (r = g), so any positive human consumption rate out of wealth makes $\epsilon_t$ decay exponentially at exactly that rate. The human share survives only if the machine economy runs strictly inside its expansion frontier, or if law forces it to. We characterize three terminal regimes – rentier post-scarcity, full circular decoupling, socialized ownership – and the instruments that select among them. The conclusion is narrow: in a post-AGI economy, employment policy is obsolete and ownership policy is everything.
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Quantum Physics

Hybrid Qubit-Rotor Quantum Systems: Clifford Structure, Universal Control, and Applications

Dengyao Luo, Arvin Kushwaha, Mastawal Tirfe et al. (+1 more)

A $U(1)$ quantum rotor pairs a periodic angle with an integer-valued conjugate momentum, and occurs in molecular rotation, superconducting phase-charge circuits, and compact gauge fields. Coupling such a rotor coherently to qubits gives a hybrid register whose control structure is not inherited from either the oscillator-qubit or the qudit case. We develop a Clifford theory, together with a universal-control result, for registers of $n$ qubits and $r$ rotors. We classify all automorphisms of the hybrid phase space $\mathbb{F}_2^{2n}\times\mathbb{Z}^r\times\mathbb{T}^r$ that preserve the Weyl commutation relations, and give an explicit finite Clifford circuit for each one. The classification is directional: rotor momentum parity may control qubit Pauli operations within the Clifford group, while every nonzero qubit-controlled rotor momentum shift is non-Clifford. It also yields normal forms for the mixed qubit-rotor couplings and the exact minimum number of elementary mixed gates needed to synthesize them. Adding a rotor cosine potential and one fixed qubit-rotor conditional phase to the local Clifford operations gives universal control on the full Hilbert space in the strong operator topology. We then apply this structure in three settings: an exact controlled-shift realization of gauge-covariant matter hopping, which is necessarily non-Clifford; rotor phase estimation with direct angle readout and probe optimization under momentum-support and energy constraints; and finite Fourier transforms on rotor momentum codes, where the one-rotor transform for $d=2^s$ compiles into $O(s)$ momentum-selective and controlled-shift instructions and each cross-register Fourier factor is implemented by one quadratic rotor Clifford gate.
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All authors Dengyao Luo, Arvin Kushwaha, Mastawal Tirfe, Bojko N. Bakalov

Statistical Mechanics

Splitting probabilities for Brownian motion with diffusing boundaries: Application to polymer translocation

Alexander K. Hartmann, Satya N. Majumdar and Alberto Rosso

We study the translocation of a polymer chain through a nanopore where the chain length fluctuates stochastically due to the polymerization-depolymerization processes at the chain ends. We map this process to an equivalent representation where the pore performs a stochastic random-walk-like process on a line in the presence of two diffusing sinks on either side of it with diffusion constants $D_1$ and $D_3$ respectively. The translocation process terminates when the pore hits either of the two outer diffusing sinks. In the case where the pore motion itself is diffusive with diffusion constant $D_2$, we compute exactly the splitting probability that the pore hits the left (right) sink before hitting the right (left) sink. We show that the splitting probability in the presence of mobile sinks is rather nontrivial compared to the classical case of immobile sinks (the latter corresponds to the case when the chain length is fixed). Furthermore, we also compute exactly the probability distribution of the translocation time and that of the chain length at the completion time of the translocation. We show that both distributions have power law tails with exponents that depend continuously on the diffusion constants $D_1$, $D_2$ and $D_3$. We validate our analytical predictions via numerical simulations. We then present numerical results for the case when the pore performs a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst exponent $0<H<1$, while the sinks are still diffusive.
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Optics

Intensity-based scattering correction enables in vivo two-photon imaging beyond 1 mm

Yucheng Li, Renzhi He and Yi Xue

Optical imaging of the deep brain with subcellular resolution is essential for neuroscience, but noninvasive imaging beyond the cortex, through scattering white matter and into the hippocampus, has generally required three-photon microscopy at longer excitation wavelengths. Here, we introduce deep-learning-enhanced Fourier-domain intensity coupling for scattering correction (DeepFOCUS), an intensity-based two-photon approach that uses deep learning to compute intensity-modulation masks for real-time modulation of excitation light during image acquisition. Unlike deep-learning-based image restoration, this method directly improves image formation by computing intensity-modulation masks that shape the excitation light in real time, with each mask experimentally validated by the acquired fluorescence signal to avoid hallucination artifacts. Using 1035 nm excitation, we achieved in vivo two-photon imaging beyond 1 mm depth in the intact mouse brain, resolving YFP-labeled neurons and FITC-labeled blood vessels through the entire cortex and white matter down to the CA1 region of the hippocampus. DeepFOCUS extends two-photon imaging to depths previously accessible mainly with three-photon microscopy and could enable broader adoption of hippocampal imaging by upgrading existing two-photon systems.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Gravitational-wave parameter estimation with machine-learning generated surrogate waveforms

Suyog Garg and Kipp Cannon

The worldwide network of gravitational-wave detectors have detected more than 350 binary coalescence events till date. Future third-generation detectors, like Einstein telescope, are expected to detect orders-of-magnitude more signals from sources with more complicated characteristics, including eccentric orbits and high-mass ratio binaries. It is well-established that the computational cost of parameter estimation for signals from these kinds of sources will be extremely high. In particular, the process could be sped-up if generating theoretical waveform predictions, used for likelihood calculation becomes faster. Recently, various machine-learning techniques has been proposed to this end. In this work, we propose a two-stage deterministic conditional-autoencoder model for generating four-parameter SEOBNRv4 waveforms. The first-stage of the model generates amplitude and phase series of the waveform, while the second-stage calibrates the residual error in the predictions. Our model achieves a median mismatch of around $10^{-2}$ with the target polarization waveforms, while the calibrated amplitude/phase series achieve $10^{-6}$ level cosine distance error. We then propose a waveform conditioning step to enable use of these surrogate waveforms for downstream parameter estimation tasks. Finally, we perform extensive parameter estimation tests, with ML and EOB waveform injections and try to recover posterior estimates for the source parameters. We find that when ML waveforms are used to recover EOB target parameter estimates, the inferred posterior have some systematic bias. This inherent bias can be estimated and corrected for, and then importance reweighting of posterior samples can enable use of low-accuracy surrogate waveforms at low SNRs.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons

Universal meson spectra near $(1+1)$-dimensional Ising criticality

Xiao Wang and Jianda Wu

Near $(1+1)$-dimensional [$(1+1)$D] Ising criticality, a magnetic perturbation induces confinement and produces a cascade of bound-state excitations known as mesons. Here we show these mesons share a universal mass scaling after independently rescaling the model-dependent microscopic couplings. The number of stable mesons is controlled by the lightest two-meson threshold, while the lightest-meson mass follows a continuous trajectory characterized by a single scaling parameter. Using Hamiltonian truncation method, we obtain the trajectory numerically in both Ising field theory and the near-critical mixed-field Ising chain (MFIC). Under the rescaling, the trajectory and stable-meson-count crossover windows of MFIC both collapse onto the field-theory results. To further demonstrate the above universal organization of the meson spectra, we consider a class of four-periodic spin-$1/2$ Heisenberg-Ising chains under transverse fields, whose parameter space contains a family of quantum Ising critical points. The Hamiltonian family includes effective spin models for the quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnets Ba(Sr)Co$_2$V$_2$O$_8$. Using tensor-network calculations, we obtain the corresponding lightest-meson mass trajectory for BaCo$_2$V$_2$O$_8$ and find that it also collapse onto the same universal curve given by field-theory result. Our results suggest that the universal scaling structure of quantum Ising criticality extends into the nearby confining regime, governing the organization of the meson spectrum. They thereby provide a practical criterion for interpreting excitations of quasi-1D Ising-like magnets in mixed fields beyond $E_8$ integrability.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Inflation on the lattice: scalar Gauss-Bonnet single field inflation

Fei-Yu Chen, Jing-Zhi Zhou, Zhi-Chao Li et al. (+1 more)

We use lattice methods to study inflation in the scalar Gauss-Bonnet (SGB) gravity theory. We focus on the ultra-slow-roll scenario with the peak frequency falls into the PTA band. In the parameter range we consider, we find that the lattice results exceed the perturbative predictions, which differs from the case in Einstein gravity. We further find that lattice corrections become significant when the peak of the primordial curvature spectrum reaches $\sim 10^{-2}$. We calculate the energy density spectra of second-order scalar induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) using the primordial power spectra obtained from both the lattice method and the traditional perturbative method, and analyze the SGB model in light of current pulsar timing array (PTA) observations. Our results indicate that lattice corrections enhance the ability of the SGB model to dominate the PTA observations.
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All authors Fei-Yu Chen, Jing-Zhi Zhou, Zhi-Chao Li, Di Wu

Quantum Physics

Rigorous existence and location of quantum phase transitions in lattice Hamiltonian systems

Massimo Ostilli and Carlo Presilla

We extend the analysis of the class of quantum phase transitions (QPTs) that can be interpreted as condensations in state space, first introduced in [M. Ostilli and C. Presilla, J. Phys. A 54, 055005 (2021)], by generalizing the arguments of [M. Ostilli and C. Presilla, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 040601 (2021)] to prove the existence and determine the location (via simple bounds) of QPTs in general one-parameter lattice Hamiltonians. Unlike our original formulation, this extension also encompasses second-order QPTs, for which we provide the explicit example of the transverse-field Ising model. Our analysis suggests that, under conditions typically satisfied in physical contexts, any QPT taking place in lattice systems can be interpreted as a condensation in state space.
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Materials Science

Three-dimensional imaging of oxygen dopant distribution in Sr$_2$CuO$_{3+\delta}$ by electron ptychography

Hongbin Yang, Jinkwon Kim, Desheng Ma et al. (+3 more)

Oxygen dopants play a critical role in tuning the properties of cuprate superconductors, yet it is challenging to visualize them at the atomic scale. Here, we use multislice electron ptychography to directly image oxygen dopants in a Sr2CuO3+delta film. We observe oxygen dopants at interstitial sites between the Cu-O chains, with a strong preference for clustering in tensile-strained regions, which are often associated with dislocations and interfacial steps. These findings indicate that the oxygen dopant distribution in cuprates is not random but rather sensitive to strain field, suggesting strain as a doping tuning parameter.
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All authors Hongbin Yang, Jinkwon Kim, Desheng Ma, Dasol Yoon, Darrell G. Schlom, David A. Muller

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Floquet Theory for Light-Driven Rotation of Dipolar and Multipolar Particles

Amane Takano, Minoru Kanega and Masahiro Sato

Nano- or micro-particle rotation driven by light has been well known in the fields of optical manipulation and optical physics since the end of the last century. It is viewed as a sort of angular-momentum transfer from light to material, but its microscopic analysis based on the Hamiltonian or the equation of motion has been less developed. We model this rotation with a simple setup of an electrically dipolar or multipolar particle irradiated by circularly polarized laser and comprehensively analyze the Langevin-type equation of motion by using the Floquet theory for dissipative classical systems and the mode separation method. Furthermore, we numerically compute the time evolution of the particle. As a result, we accurately estimate the dependence of the laser-frequency, laser-intensity, particle mass, temperature, and friction (dissipation) on the laser-driven rotation. We determine the “nonequilibrium phase diagram” of the laser-driven rotation in a broad parameter regime, which consists of three regimes: the rotation frequency $\Omega\propto\omega^{-1}$, $\Omega\propto\omega^{-3}$, or $\Omega=\omega$ ($\omega$ is the laser frequency). Comparing our theoretical result with some experiments, we show that the result of the overdamped Langevin equation is qualitatively consistent with the experiments.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Negative diffusion in the Functional Renormalization Group flow for the Quark-Diquark Model

Johannes Poeplau, Ashutosh Dash and Dirk H. Rischke

We investigate the Quark-Diquark Model (QDM) with the Functional Renormalization Group (FRG) in the Local Potential Approximation. In a recent work [arXiv:2510.01066 [hep-ph]], problems were reported in applying this method at low temperatures and large quark chemical potentials, which were attributed to numerical artifacts. In this work, we trace the origin of these problems to the occurrence of a negative diffusion coefficient during the FRG flow of the derivative of the effective potential, leading to strong oscillations of the latter quantity. We show that negative diffusion is a model feature and not a numerical artifact. We propose a regularization scheme which introduces a hyperdiffusion term to remove these oscillations and demonstrate its effectiveness for studies of the phase diagram of the QDM. Regularizing the negative diffusion in the FRG flow is particularly important to reliably study phenomena such as color superconductivity and inhomogeneous phases, which might emerge in the high-density, low-temperature region of the QCD phase diagram.
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Chemical Physics

Observables and Anti-Hermitian Generators in Time-Dependent Unitary Coupled Cluster Theory

Martin A. Mosquera

This work presents a time-dependent (TD) unitary coupled-cluster (UCC) formulation for electronic quantum dynamics, including the propagation of excited states and their superpositions, in both single- and multi-reference regimes. Standard TD coupled-cluster techniques offer size-extensivity, but they rely on non-Hermitian bivariational action functionals that break time-reversibility, giving transition matrix elements and amplitude estimators that are asymmetric (though accurate and systematically improvable). Here we use the time-evolution operator as an exponential map driven by TD anti-Hermitian cluster operators and first-order generators. Applying the Dirac-Frenkel action principle, we extract equations of motion governed by Heisenberg-picture-like commutators. This approach connects to our previous non-Hermitian formulations, where observables are expressed in terms of regular and extended cluster operators. From that connection we obtain a generator cluster operator whose unperturbed TD limit leads to the UCC eigenvalue problem. Even though this problem can be exact, the time dependence of the generator holds only at short propagation times, so we use the generator to prepare the initial state and then propagate that state with the formal TD UCC equation of motion. The theory is tested on an extended hard-core Bose-Hubbard ring with connections to neutral atom chains, and we discuss the theory's present limitations and possible extensions.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

The 2PN Point-Mass N-Body Equations of Motion in Harmonic Gauge: A Computable Formulation

Hongkun Huang, Jie Yang and Wei-Tou Ni

We develop a semi-analytic and semi-numerical formulation of the harmonic-gauge second post-Newtonian (2PN) equations of motion for a general point-mass N-body system within Hadamard regularization. The equations of motion are separated into a closed analytic contribution and a non-closed integral contribution. We analyze the singular structure of the latter and further regularize it into a numerically evaluable representation. We apply the formulation to the Sun-Jupiter-Saturn and Sun-Mercury-Venus systems, evaluating the instantaneous non-closed 2PN acceleration along Newtonian trajectories and its leading finite-time relative-distance response through the corresponding perturbation equations. In both benchmarks, the non-closed acceleration remains a small fraction of the complete 2PN acceleration, while the induced relative-distance perturbation remains oscillatory and can reach larger oscillation amplitudes at later times.
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Materials Science

A Unified Theoretical Framework for Photoemission and Its Inverse: Reciprocity, Spin, and Photon Polarization

Frank O. Schumann and Jürgen Henk

We present a unified theoretical framework for spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SARPES) and its inverse process (SARIPES), treating both on an equal footing. The formulation is based on a response tensor that encodes the reciprocity between the two processes. We show that polarization tomography within SARPES calculations provides a systematic route for reconstructing the tensor elements. The number of independent components is significantly reduced by symmetry constraints, which in turn allows for explicit expressions describing spin-reversal processes and intensity modulations. The formalism is illustrated for the W(110) surface. The resulting framework provides a symmetry-adapted description of spin-dependent optical transitions at surfaces and enables the direct prediction of SARIPES intensities from SARPES calculations.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

An Analytical Two Incompressible Fluid Star with a Mixed Ordinary Dark Matter Core and an Ordinary Matter Envelope

Milko Estrada and Santiago Esteban Perez Bergliaffa

We construct an analytical relativistic two fluid star characterized by a mixed core, where ordinary matter and dark matter coexist as two independently conserved incompressible perfect fluids, and an envelope composed exclusively of ordinary matter. The fluids exchange neither matter nor energy and interact only through the common spacetime geometry, with the ordinary component extending across the core envelope interface while the dark component is confined to the core. Despite the mixed core–single-fluid envelope structure and the internal interface, the system remains analytically tractable, allowing us to obtain explicit expressions for the pressures and metric functions and to follow directly the effects of the dark-matter fraction and relative core size. We determine the physically admissible parameter space and derive a Buchdahl like critical compactness associated with the divergence of the central pressure, whose value depends on the relative dark matter density and the size of the mixed core. The Schwarzschild constant density star and its standard critical value, $2M/R=8/9$, are recovered in the corresponding one fluid limit. The mass–radius analysis further shows that configurations with the same global compactness can correspond to distinct internal matter distributions. Beyond providing an analytically controlled description of a core-confined second component, the construction offers a useful benchmark for identifying qualitative trends that may subsequently be examined in more realistic dark matter admixed neutron star models, whose detailed treatment lies beyond the scope of the present work.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

A Buchdahl solution generator for Einstein-sigma gravity and multiscalar-tensor gravity

David S. Pereira, Francisco S. N. Lobo and José Pedro Mimoso

Buchdahl transformations provide a geometric route from vacuum spacetimes to scalar-field solutions. We formulate this mechanism as a target-covariant solution generator for Einstein gravity coupled to nonlinear sigma models in $D>3$ dimensions. On any connected region in which a Ricci-flat seed admits a non-null hypersurface-orthogonal cyclic coordinate with fixed-sign nonzero norm, the logarithm of that norm defines a Buchdahl potential $\Sigma$. A one-parameter redistribution of the cyclic norm then generates the exact Ricci source $R_{AB}=C_D(\beta)\partial_A\Sigma\partial_B\Sigma$, with $C_D(\beta)=\frac{D-2}{D-3}(1-\beta^2)$, while $\Sigma$ remains harmonic in the deformed metric. Composing $\Sigma$ with an affinely parametrized geodesic of a non-degenerate target metric whose squared speed is $C_D(\beta)$ therefore yields an exact Einstein–sigma-model solution. For positive-definite targets, the corresponding pullback condition also implies that the nontrivial scalar map has one-dimensional image; for indefinite targets, the geodesic ansatz remains a sufficient solution-generating sector but need not exhaust all possible realizations of the same rank-one spacetime source. Through the Einstein/Jordan-frame correspondence, the construction gives vacuum tensor–multiscalar solutions as well. We illustrate the unified generator with flat, spherical, hyperbolic and axion–dilaton targets and with Tangherlini, Weyl, Kasner, Rosen-wave, Gowdy, Kaluza–Klein bubble and C-metric seeds. The result separates cleanly the geometric Buchdahl source from its target-space realization and extends this rank-one cyclic sector across static, cosmological, wave and accelerating geometries.
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Quantum Physics

Characterization of a damping channel as a mixture of amplitude damping and anti-damping channels of different parameters

Vijay Pathak and R. Srikanth

Non-unital noise is a fundamental feature of open quantum systems, governing energy exchange and inducing state translations on the Bloch sphere. While such translations can be useful for tasks such as state preparation and channel capacity, unital dynamics where no translation occurs are often preferred in quantum information processing, particularly for error correction. Phase-covariant dynamics provide a general framework encompassing dissipation, excitation, and dephasing processes in qubit systems; however, commonly used models such as the generalized amplitude damping (GAD) channel offer only limited control over these features. In this work, we present a constructive framework for generating a broader class of phase-covariant dynamics by mixing amplitude-damping and anti-damping channels with unequal decay parameters and time-dependent mixing probabilities. This approach enables independent control over contraction and translation, allows continuous tuning between non-unital and unital regimes, and yields an effective dephasing contribution absent in GAD. To characterize these dynamics, we employ the general theorem for P-divisibility and show that it can be used constructively by evaluating it in suitably chosen Hilbert space bases, leading to simplified conditions for both unital and non-unital cases. The framework captures a wide range of behaviors, including CP-divisible, P-divisible but not CP-divisible, and non-P-divisible dynamics. We further show that appropriate mixing can reduce the deviation from the ideal noiseless evolution and that such improvement persists even after tuning the dynamics to the unital regime. Our results provide a flexible approach to engineering open system dynamics beyond standard thermal models, with potential applications in noise control and quantum information processing.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Spin-Inversion Degeneracies in Restricted Inspiral Waveforms for LISA

Kata Karácsonyi and László Árpád Gergely

Spin inversions appear in several settings. Analytical work predicts a single spin flip during unequal-mass supermassive binary inspiral, while numerical relativity and post-Newtonian calculations show repeated flip-flop motion in comparable-mass binaries. Secular spin evolution also predicts additional cases driven by spin-induced mass quadrupoles. Whether these effects can be distinguished in gravitational-wave data is still unclear. We combine the secular spin angle equations with a quasi-circular second post-Newtonian frequency evolution and build a restricted waveform weighted by the sky-averaged LISA sensitivity. We study five near-equal-mass injections with detector-frame total mass $M=2\times10^5M_\odot$, including Kerr flip-flops and one quadrupole-induced case. Each injection is compared with physically evolving waveforms constrained to have no orbital-plane crossings. We search all four no-inversion sectors, vary the masses, spin magnitudes, and initial spin angles, and maximize over time, phase, and overall amplitude. Large spin motion does not by itself lead to a clearly different waveform in this restricted model. We compare configurations with different spin magnitudes, relative spin orientations, and angular excursions at eleven observer inclinations between $0^\circ$ and $90^\circ$. With each injection normalized to signal SNR $\rho_\star=100$, four of the five cases leave a residual SNR below unity for the $0^\circ$ viewing direction along the total angular momentum. At nonzero inclinations, the residual associated with the largest match found reaches $7.07$ in the two-active-spin case at $55^\circ$. These upper bounds on the minimum residual within the allowed template family suggest potential distinguishability of spin inversions and motivate studies with more complete waveforms and the full LISA response.
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Quantum Gases

Anyon condensates of dipoles in triangular ladders

Arjo Dasgupta and Luis Santos

Hard-core dipoles in triangular ladders are an excellent platform for the study of the interplay between frustration and long-range interactions, well described by a modified version of the celebrated $J_1$–$J_2$ model. Interestingly, as shown in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 227203 (2012)], such a model presents, for particular exactly-solvable conditions, a peculiar phase known as an anyon condensate. We show that balanced anyon condensates are robust against deviations from the exactly-solvable conditions, and discuss the requirements for dipolar orientation and ladder geometry, to realize anyon condensates of dipoles in triangular ladders, whose anyonic nature may be easily revealed by time-of-flight measurements. Moreover, the ground-state physics in the vicinity of the exactly-solvable point is very rich, including a phase transition from anyon condensates into chiral superfluids, and self-bound Mott insulators, bond-order insulators, and chiral liquids.
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Quantum Physics

Large Scale Entanglement Structure Detection in 100-Qubit Systems via Local Joint Measurements

Rui Li, Yuhang Wang, Chunxiao Du et al. (+5 more)

Identifying the entanglement structure of a many-body quantum state, namely how its constituents partition into unentangled blocks, is a central task in quantum information science, yet conventional tomography scales exponentially with system size. Here we introduce a scalable framework that recognizes large-scale entanglement structures directly from local correlation fingerprints. By choosing a representative local Pauli basis that satisfies a boundary-matching condition p_1 = p_R, the entire chain is read out in a single measurement configuration, keeping the measurement effort independent of system size. In noisy simulations, this single-basis protocol classifies GHZ-, W-, and cluster-type structures among 30 candidate partitions with a mean accuracy exceeding 95% for systems of up to 100 qubits. We further validate the protocol on a superconducting quantum processor, where it reliably classifies block structures for systems of up to 13 qubits before noise- and depth-induced degradation sets in at larger sizes. By mapping these failure modes explicitly, our results delineate the boundary of hardware-level scalability and point to a concrete strategy for characterizing entanglement structure on near-term quantum devices.
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All authors Rui Li, Yuhang Wang, Chunxiao Du, Shikun Zhang, Zheng Qin, Wenxiu Li, Hao Zhang, Zhisong Xiao

Materials Science

Quantum Dissipative Paraelectricity

A. Cano

Whether a quantum system with a double-well effective potential undergoes spontaneous symmetry breaking depends not only on the potential landscape but also on the kinetics and the coupling with additional degrees of freedom. Here we introduce a quasi-exactly solvable model to study this problem in the context of ferroelectrics, with results that apply to a broad class of quantum phase transitions. Exploiting the analytical solutions, we provide a strict definition of the quantum paraelectric regime and identify a distinct quantum ferroelectric regime in which symmetry breaking can be realized without tunneling features. We then show that explicit symmetry breaking cannot be inferred from the order-parameter Hamiltonian alone, but requires additional couplings. This leads us to identify a regime of quantum dissipative paraelectricity, in which observable symmetry breaking is suppressed during the evolution toward the ground state, even when the double-well structure dominates over zero-point quantum fluctuations.
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Superconductivity

Photogalvanic transport of nonreciprocal Cooper-pair fluctuations

Joaquim Telles de Miranda and Alex Levchenko

We develop a theory of the nonlinear optical and transport responses of two-dimensional noncentrosymmetric superconductors in the fluctuation regime above the transition temperature, encompassing the photogalvanic effect, second-harmonic generation, and the photovoltaic Hall effect. In the vicinity of the transition these responses are strongly enhanced by preformed Cooper pairs, whose nonreciprocity enters the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau description in two physically distinct ways: through thermodynamic Lifshitz invariants, which encode an asymmetric pair spectrum, and through kinetic Lifshitz invariants, which encode an asymmetric pair relaxation and are locked to the Langevin noise by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. We derive generalized master formulas for the paraconductivity (Aslamazov-Larkin) and the quantum-interference (Maki-Thompson) channels of the nonlinear current, valid at arbitrary drive frequency and to linear order in the nonreciprocal perturbations, and reduce them to closed-form dimensionless functions. Circular polarization discriminates sharply between the mechanisms: for reciprocal momentum-structureless noise the Aslamazov-Larkin channel is polarization insensitive and its circular photogalvanic response vanishes for any pair spectrum, whereas the Maki-Thompson channel and the nonreciprocal noise support helicity-odd rectified currents, including a fluctuation photovoltaic Hall current flowing transverse to the strain axis. Applications to Rashba-type ($C_{3v}$) and Ising-type ($D_{3h}$) superconductors demonstrate how the point-group symmetry dictates the allowed vector structures of the nonlinear currents, and how polarization analysis together with the frequency and dephasing dependences can be used to separate the individual channels experimentally.
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Quantum Physics

Architecture and Compilation Co-Design for High-Rate Quantum Product Codes on Neutral Atom Arrays

Adrian Liu, Wan-Hsuan Lin, Daniel Bochen Tan et al. (+2 more)

Achieving fault-tolerant quantum computing at a practical scale demands quantum error correction (QEC) codes with high encoding rates. Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes emerge as a promising candidate, especially given the rise of neutral atom arrays that provide dynamic long-range connectivity via atom movements. In general, synthesizing valid and efficient physical execution plans for QEC is a provably hard combinatorial problem, forming a critical compilation bottleneck that worsens as code sizes grow. To overcome this complexity, we focus on an important product family of qLDPC codes with dimension-reduction properties, and propose ONEX. This framework decomposes complex 2D physical execution planning into independent 1D subproblems, each solved to optimal execution depth within practical compilation time. First, we formulate the 1D execution plan with an explicit satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) encoding. This protocol produces provably depth-optimal solutions with substantial duration reduction. Second, we develop a multi-stage compilation pipeline featuring anytime optimization, movement compaction, and iterative feedback. This pipeline maintains practical wall-clock times while providing progressive refinement and on-demand retrieval of quality solutions. Third, we evaluate ONEX in the application of hypergraph product (HGP) code memory mapped onto neutral atom arrays, achieving 3.7x to 6.1x and 29.8x to 42.1x higher clock rates than the constructive 1D algorithm and the general 2D compiler, respectively, while scaling efficiently to codes with 2,500 data qubits. Finally, we extend ONEX to zoned layouts, revealing architectural insights into the associated trade-offs, and demonstrate its applicability to the broader lifted-product (LP) code family through a representative example.
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All authors Adrian Liu, Wan-Hsuan Lin, Daniel Bochen Tan, Qian Xu, Jason Cong

Chemical Physics

Incorporating multiscale mechanics in lithium-ion battery models

Andrea Giudici, Andres F. Galvis, Smita Sahu et al. (+4 more)

Lithiation-induced swelling in lithium-ion batteries generates stresses not only within active particles, but also across the surrounding non-active matrix, electrodes, and cell stack. These stresses can modify the chemical potential of lithium and therefore influence transport, reaction kinetics, and terminal voltage. We derive a reduced-order electro-chemo-mechanical model that captures this multiscale coupling while retaining a complexity comparable to standard Doyle–Fuller–Newman models. The electrode is modelled as a periodic array of spherical active particles embedded in a homogenised elastic non-active matrix. Exploiting the small stiffness of the non-active matrix relative to the active material, together with scale separation between particles, electrodes, and the full cell, we obtain an effective mechanical correction to the active-particle chemical potential and overpotential. This correction depends on particle swelling, electrode-scale strain, and macroscopic boundary conditions such as clamping or applied pressure. The resulting formulation can be incorporated directly into DFN, SPMe, and SPM frameworks, providing a computationally efficient route to include battery-scale mechanical effects in electrochemical simulations.
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All authors Andrea Giudici, Andres F. Galvis, Smita Sahu, Robert Timms, Colin Please, Jon Chapman, Jamie M. Foster

Quantum Physics

Proper Learning of Shallow All-to-All Quantum Circuits

Steven Kordonowy and Jacob Watkins

This work considers a variation on the problem of learning shallow quantum circuits. Given query access to the circuit, as well as knowledge of its gate layout, we consider the task of learning the specific gates used in the circuit, producing an operationally-equivalent circuit matching this structure. Building on recent work for learning Haar random brickwork circuits, we identify a meta-algorithmic framework for learning broad classes of circuits based on iterative local gate inversions at the front and back of the circuit. We apply these techniques to study random, all-to-all, two-local circuits, and provide analytical and numerical evidence that this ensemble undergoes a sharp learnability transition at depth $d^* \sim \log_2 n + \log_2\log_2 n$ in the large size limit, based on an analysis of lightcone growth. These results have implications for recently proposed quantum cryptographic schemes based on the difficulty of circuit learning, though there are important distinctions with respect to our setting that suggest avenues for future study.
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