Fluid Dynamics
Orientation-dependent drag, lift, and torque correlations for regular Platonic polyhedral particles
Manuel A. Taborda and Berend van Wachem
In this work, particle-resolved direct numerical simulations are performed to investigate flow past the five Platonic solids, which represent a progression in particle sphericity with an increasing number of faces. The simulations cover particle Reynolds numbers in the range 0.1 <= Re_p <= 300 and multiple particle orientations relative to the incoming flow. Based on the numerical data, new correlations are developed for the drag, lift, and torque coefficients. The proposed drag correlation explicitly accounts for both Reynolds number and particle orientation, whereas the lift and torque coefficients are represented by orientation-dependent trigonometric and exponential basis functions whose coefficients vary with Reynolds number. The simulations are conducted using the immersed boundary method, and the resulting drag correlation accurately reproduces the numerical data. The lift and torque correlations capture the principal trends observed in the numerical simulations, including the strong dependence on particle orientation. The proposed correlations provide a computationally efficient framework for incorporating orientation-dependent hydrodynamic forces and torques into Euler–Lagrange and point-particle simulations, enabling a more realistic representation and predictions of non-spherical particle transport in multiphase flows.
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Quantum Physics
The exact price of local realism in CHSH experiments: a measurement-dependence-detection trade-off surface, a moiré phase-locking mechanism that saturates it, and an unmeasured fringe in the fourfold coincidence sum
Aaron Alai
For local hidden-variable accounts of the CHSH experiment that are faithful – reproducing the observed singles and coincidence rates and unbiased marginals of a polarization singlet with symmetric detector efficiency $\eta_{\rm eff}$ – I determine the minimal measurement dependence $M$ (
Hall's measure) needed to reach a CHSH value $S$. Linear programming over all local strategies yields $M(S,\eta_{\rm eff})=\max\{0,\eta_{\rm eff}((S+2)\eta_{\rm eff}-4)/6\}$, whose edges reproduce
Hall's bound, the Garg-Mermin threshold, and the postselection ceiling. The
quantum point is certified exactly: $M(2\sqrt{2},9/10)=(27\sqrt{2}-33)/100$, by primal and dual certificates in $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2})$. I solve the detection profile under which a deterministic sign model reproduces the singlet exactly, and prove exact
quantum correlations and angle-independent coincidence rates jointly impossible in this class. Mixtures of this profile with measurement dependence trade $M$ against a $\cos 4(a-b)$ modulation of the fourfold coincidence sum, up to 12.4% in relative amplitude, identical at the two CHSH angles; existing data exclude its full amplitude and bound its mixtures with flat detection to a detection share of order 15%; its sub-percent content is unbounded. A two-setting cross-ratio and a settings-
torus log-
Fourier protocol, calibrated against channel-efficiency imbalance, reach $5\sigma$ at 0.1% within hours; a flat result excludes the solved family to a detection share of order 1%. A local mechanism, moiré phase locking, with deterministic phase
evolution and quenched randomness, attains the certified floor exactly at $\eta_{\rm eff}=1$ and, with the solved profile, reaches $M=0$ at $\eta_{\rm eff}\approx 0.80$. Its floor-attaining census shares a low-order
Fourier skeleton across independent solutions and is not realizable by station-local offsets on the terrains tested.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Spectral Fingerprints of Resonant Defect Scattering by Substitutional Mn in Graphene
Ahmed Samir Lotfy, Zviadi Zarkua, Renan Villarreal et al. (+10 more)
Using substitutional Mn in
graphene/Cu(111) as a model point defect, we combine scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) to test the predicted fingerprints of resonant scattering. As the Mn concentration increases to 0.44%, the Dirac point stretching reaches 0.52 eV, while momentum broadening remains energy independent. These spectral fingerprints classify substitutional Mn as a strong resonant scatterer and establish the combination of STM and ARPES as a powerful approach to identify and characterize resonant disorder in
graphene.
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All authors Ahmed Samir Lotfy, Zviadi Zarkua, Renan Villarreal, Rikkie Joris, Muhammad Saad, Koen van Stiphout, Karina Landivar, Steven Brems, Giovanni Di Santo, Aleksandr Seliverstov, Simona Achilli, Luca Petaccia, Lino M. C. Pereira
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Localized scalar modes of $O(3)$ critical bubbles: partial-wave continuum mergers and wave-function deformation
Tomohiro Inagaki and Yuko Murakami
At phase coexistence, a degenerate quartic scalar potential admits an exact planar kink whose normal fluctuation operator is the modified Pöschl–Teller operator, with translational and positive shape states below a continuum beginning at $\Lambda=4$. We continue the two connected spectral bands through finite supercooling in a smooth one-component quartic
benchmark and resolve $\ell=0,1,2$. The $O(3)$ bounce is obtained by singular collocation, while the radial Euclidean Hessian is analyzed by finite-difference diagonalization and independent threshold shooting. The positive $\ell=2$ and $\ell=1$ branches reach the common false-
vacuum continuum threshold at $\delta_{{\rm merge},2}=0.0900472$ and $\delta_{{\rm merge},1}=0.1410162$, respectively. At each endpoint, $u_\ell\propto\rho^{-\ell}$ is square integrable and defines a threshold eigenstate; beyond the endpoint, however, no normalizable eigenstate continuation exists for the corresponding branch. The $\ell=0$ shape state remains bound up to the
geometric wall crossover. Its planar-mode overlap, radial centroid, and distinct interior and exterior decay lengths reveal asymmetric wave-function deformation. Thus, angular spectral dissolution and the later
geometric loss of a true-
vacuum-like core are separate phenomena, revealing two distinct finite-supercooling fates of the planar shape mode.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
VERITAS 2.3.1: Optimisation and Characterisation of the Enhanced Readout ASIC for the NewAthena Wide Field Imager
Ajay Kumar Dakshinamurthy, Sven Herrmann, Peter Orel et al. (+7 more)
VERITAS 2.3.1 is the next iteration of the VErsatile Readout based on Integrated Trapezoidal Analogue Shapers (VERITAS) integrated
circuit (IC) architecture for high-speed, low-noise readout of DEPleted Field Effect Transistor (DEPFET) detectors in the Wide Field Imager (WFI) on ESA's NewAthena X-ray satellite. Building on VERITAS 2.3, which demonstrated a short processing time of 2.5 us per readout and a system noise target of about 3 e- ENC RMS, the VERITAS 2.3.1 revision has been improved with additional features and targeted optimisations of existing analogue and digital blocks, alongside refined layout routing to reduce parasitic effects, to improve transient behavior, cross talk, manufacturability, and reliability while preserving the proven VERITAS architecture. The functionality and performance of VERITAS 2.3.1 was characterised in two steps. First by using a dedicated application specific integrated
circuit (ASIC) only test setup. Second, a full scale module test setup is used, with integrated DEPFET sensors and readout electronics, under
vacuum and at mission like temperatures. This paper presents the design updates and implementation details of the VERITAS 2.3.1, compares its measured performance to that of VERITAS 2.3, and discusses the impact of the added features, block-level optimisations, and routing improvements on overall system performance.
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All authors Ajay Kumar Dakshinamurthy, Sven Herrmann, Peter Orel, Anna-Katharina Schweingruber, Astrid Mayr, Johannes Muller-Seidlitz, Jonas Reiffers, Sebastian Albrecht, Steven W. Allen, Glenn Morris
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Estimation of systematic error from bulk deformation of end test mass induced by photon calibrator for LIGO post-O5 gravitational wave projects
Daiki Tanabe, Aloysius Niko, Kun-Yao Chang et al. (+4 more)
We studied the bulk deformation of the end test masses (ETMs) of gravitational wave (GW) detectors caused by calibration devices named
Photon Calibrator (Pcal). This bulk deformation is one of the source of calibration error since it induces non-linear displacement from the ideal pendulum motion of the ETM. Particularly, it is the dominant error source above 1500 Hz which is crucial to the studies of
neutron star mergers. The displacement also depends on beam offsets of the main interferometer (IFO) beam and Pcal beams. We conceptually described frequency dependent effect of bulk deformation and evaluated it in several cases of the beam offset with finite-element analysis (FEA) software, for ETM models of Advanced LIGO (aLIGO), KAGRA, Advanced Virgo (AdVirgo), and LIGO A#.
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All authors Daiki Tanabe, Aloysius Niko, Kun-Yao Chang, Yuki Inoue, Dripta Bhattacharjee, Richard Savage, Henry Tsz-King Wong
Fluid Dynamics
Hydrodynamic Brachistochrone: Conflicting Paths of Time and Energy Minima within Viscous Media
Ramin Gasimli, Lei Yi, Shrabin Bajracharya et al. (+2 more)
We experimentally and theoretically study the hydrodynamic analog of the classical brachistochrone problem: the time- and energy-minimizing paths for a spherical particle rolling down an incline within a viscous fluid. We show that in the presence of viscous dissipation, the paths of minima diverge from the classical cycloid, into curves of opposing
curvature for time and energy, and are characterized by an effective dimensionless parameter, $St_p$, representing the ratio of the particle's viscous response time scale to its gravitational time scale. Using a generalized variational framework, we show that the fastest path reduces to {nearly straight ramps}, however, beginning and terminating in localized cycloids of
curvature, $\kappa_c \sim St_p^{-2}$. Remarkably, the path of fastest descent on a given energy budget requires navigating a non-monotonic path ({\it“S-shaped”}) with an interior point of inflection. Our findings reveal a unification of temporal and energetic optimality for transport through dissipative media, and expand the celebrated brachistochrone solutions to the hydrodynamic regime.
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All authors Ramin Gasimli, Lei Yi, Shrabin Bajracharya, Anupam Pandey, Varghese Mathai
Quantum Physics
Secure Medical Data Transmission Using Quantum Key Distribution and Post-Quantum Cryptography in Real-World Fiber Networks
Vasile-Laurentiu Dosan, Paul Spooren, Sebastian Moeckel et al. (+12 more)
The threat
quantum computers pose to classical public-key cryptography motivates the deployment of
quantum-safe communication for critical infrastructure such as healthcare, finance, and energy systems.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) and post-
quantum cryptography (PQC) offer complementary security guarantees, information-theoretic key exchange and
quantum-resistant end-to-end authentication that can be combined in a layered architecture. Here, we demonstrate a field-deployed
quantum-secure network integrating
entanglement-based QKD with end-to-end PQC over 140 km of installed fiber in Thuringia, Germany, connecting a rural health kiosk to a university hospital via a trusted-node architecture comprising heterogeneous underground and aerial fiber links. Unlike conventional deployments that rely on a dedicated key management system to forward keys to applications, our architecture injects QKD keys directly into standard Linux-based VPN tunnels between adjacent nodes, while PQC secures the communication end-to-end, remaining fully compatible with existing infrastructure and software. Polarization-entangled
photon pairs were generated at 810 nm and 1550 nm, with the telecom
photon transmitted over deployed fiber. Active polarization stabilization and dispersion compensation preserve the
entanglement and enable 22 days of continuous, fully autonomous operation, further underscoring the technological maturity of
entanglement-based QKD approaches in a real-world fiber environment. Although the two deployed links were operated during separate rather than concurrent periods, the predominantly aerial link exhibited markedly greater instability, with QBER variations most strongly correlated with wind speed. The generated keys secured a telemedicine proof-of-concept without modifying existing medical systems, demonstrating a practical framework for
quantum-safe critical infrastructures.
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All authors Vasile-Laurentiu Dosan, Paul Spooren, Sebastian Moeckel, Alessandro Zannotti, Alek Lagarrigue, Pablo Vazquez, Marc Bodenstein, Jonas Jelonek, Sarika Mishra, Jansen Dwan, Natasa Pavlovic Tucakovic, Fabian Steinlechner, Kevin Füchsel, Thomas Hühn, Oliver de Vries
Medical Physics
Ultra-wideband MRE of the human liver and spleen for viscoelastic model identification in hepatic inflammation
Jakob Schattenfroh, Michael Fedders, Steffen P. Häseli et al. (+10 more)
Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is established for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis. Conventional abdominal MRE is typically limited to 40-60 Hz. Lower frequencies remain largely unexplored, particularly with regard to hepatic inflammation. We developed ultra-wideband MRE covering 5-80 Hz to investigate frequency-resolved viscoelastic dispersion of the liver and spleen and to identify biomechanical markers of hepatic inflammation. Following phantom validation, nine healthy volunteers and nine patients with inflammatory liver disease were examined at 12 frequencies. Spatiotemporal phase unwrapping and frequency-adaptive wavefield preprocessing enabled reconstruction of shear wave speed (SWS), penetration rate (PR), and loss angle ($\phi$). Six rheological models were evaluated. The largest inflammation-associated changes were observed at frequencies below 20 Hz: $\phi$ increased by 63% (p<0.001), PR decreased by 37% (p=0.003), and SWS increased by 8% (p=0.008), indicating predominantly dissipative, rather than stiffness-related, changes and a shift toward fluid-like behavior with minor stiffness changes in the lower frequency regime. The rheological springpot model with serial dashpot provided the best fit and revealed distinct dispersion functions for liver and spleen. In patients, springpot elastic modulus increased (101%, p=0.001), while viscosity and springpot power-law exponent decreased (52%, p=0.002 and 58%, p<0.001) suggesting a shift from soft-fluid to stiff-solid liver properties. Ultra-wideband MRE revealed that inflammatory liver disease is associated with property shifts toward stronger dissipation and fluid-like behavior at low frequencies while displaying solid-like behavior at higher frequencies. Ultra-low frequency MRE may provide a diagnostic window into inflammation-associated liver viscoelasticity without full rheological modeling.
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All authors Jakob Schattenfroh, Michael Fedders, Steffen P. Häseli, Tobias Puengel, Yanglei Wu, Tom Meyer, Hossein S. Aghamiry, Tim Ricken, Münevver Demir, Frank Tacke, Jing Guo, Rolf Reiter, Ingolf Sack
Superconductivity
Synthesis and stability of high-$T_c$ LaH$_{10\pm\delta}$ films at high pressures
Sam Cross, William Thomas, Lawrence Nobbs et al. (+12 more)
High-pressure hydrides hold the record for the highest superconducting critical temperatures across all classes of
superconductors. Currently lanthanum decahydride, LaH$_{10}$, exhibits the highest critical temperature among binaries, with $T_c \approx$ 250 K at pressures between 140-180 GPa. Here, we report the synthesis of LaH$_{10\pm\delta}$ films in two DACs at pressures of 168 GPa and 176 GPa via in situ
laser heating of elemental lanthanum films with ammonia borane (NH$_3$BH$_3$) as the hydrogen donor. The high-
symmetry fcc lanthanum sublattice (space group $Fm\bar3m$) is resolved using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, with unit
cell parameters in excellent agreement with previous studies on bulk samples. We provide confirmation of high-$T_c$ superconductivity in LaH$_{10\pm\delta}$ with highest $T_c$ of 247 K at 176 GPa evidenced in electrical measurements. The characteristic suppression of superconductivity is observed in
magnetic fields. Furthermore, combined diffraction and electrical measurements reveal remarkable temporal stability of both the
crystal structure and the high-$T_c$ superconductivity over the full measurement period of about 300 days post
laser heating. Our work establishes film precursors using physical vapour deposition (PVD) techniques as a practical route to hydride formation, opening a pathway toward the controlled synthesis of promising ternary hydrides and the integration of micro-fabricated device geometries in diamond anvil
cells.
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All authors Sam Cross, William Thomas, Lawrence Nobbs, Rebecca Nicholls, Oliver Lord, Qian Zhang, Dominique Laniel, Max Gerin, Bjorn Wehinger, Mohamed Mezouar, Xiaojiao Liu, Egor Koemets, Annette Kleppe, Sven Friedemann, Jonathan Buhot
Mathematical Physics
Cluster Representation of Renormalization Group Transformations and a Rigorous Proof for Convergence of the RG-Flow of the Ising Model to Trivial Fixed Points away from Criticality
Fabio Arz
Many rigorous results in the modern era of statistical mechanics have been obtained through geometrical representations. A much studied tool in this setting is the random cluster representation of
lattice spin models. Another area of statistical mechanics that is of great interest but lacking rigorous results is the theory of the renormalization group. This paper investigates the idea to find a common ground between these two concepts in order to obtain rigorous results on the renormalization group flow. A need for negative cluster-weights weakens the success of this approach. Nevertheless, we managed to establish a relation between the scaling limit of the renormalization group flow of the nearest-neighbour Ising model away from criticality with a simple one-dimensional dynamical system that follows the cluster connectivity of the renormalization group transformation. This allows for a rigorous proof of the convergence of this flow to the zero- and infinite-temperature fixed point respectively for a large family of renormalization group transformations. Explicit results will be established on $\mathbb{Z}^2$ followed by a discussion of the available generalizations to higher dimensions.
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Superconductivity
Predicting critical temperature in quantum simulators for high-$T_c$ superconductivity: the matrix product state plus mean field approach
Thomas Köhler and Adrian Kantian
Quantum simulation based on ultra cold atomic
lattice gases is one of the most promising platforms to investigate high-$T_c$ superconductivity beyond the limited capabilities of
quantum many body numerics on classical computers. Yet, despite enormous progress since the field's inception, realizing a high-$T_c$ superconducting state still remains out of reach. The present work lays the groundwork to purpose the recently proposed, and already partly realized, mixed-dimensional (mixD) models, towards this end. These systems offer the proven capability to realize very high pairing energies while retaining appreciable mobility of pairs. We specifically investigate the potential of 2D mixD-models with anisotropic tunneling, using the
matrix product state plus mean field theory (MPS+MF) for
fermions, and show that these models may enter a high-$T_c$ superconducting phase. These simulations in turn are based on a comprehensive characterization of the 1D mixD-systems, which are the sub-units of which the 2D system is comprized. In this, we cover the range of currently experimentally relevant system sizes, and establish practical heuristics to determine when finite\hyp size effects preclude the use of a 1D mixD-system to build the 2D ones.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Simulation of advective accretion flows around black holes under various outer boundary conditions
Rajiv Kumar and Seong-Jae Lee
We simulated various
accretion disc structures with viscous hydrodynamic (HD) flow around a black hole (BH). We found that the structure of the
accretion disc is significantly influenced by changes in the physical parameters of the initial inflowing gases. These physical parameters can be called outer boundary conditions (OBCs) at the outer-
accretion boundary and represented on an OBC plane, which is primarily divided into hot-mode and cold-mode inflowing gases. We found smooth and shocked flows in the simulation, which follow the semi-analytical solutions with their OBCs. Interestingly, we observed that certain types of OBCs can produce shocks with jet-like features in the
accretion flow. However, other OBCs can produce smooth or shock-free
accretion flow, which may or may not have
outflows. The smooth flows can display both the lowest and highest angular momentum distributions among the advective flows, depending on the OBCs. Additionally, the nature of the
accretion flows can be either steady or quasi-steady, also influenced by the OBCs. We also observed that solutions corresponding to hot-mode gases have a greater tendency to generate
outflows compared to those with the cold-mode. Therefore, this qualitative study of OBCs is crucial for understanding
accretion physics, which can aid in modeling
accretion discs, similar to the quantitative studies (which involve only changing mass
accretion rates) of the inflowing gases. Thus, we assert that an
accretion model should be based on both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the initial inflowing gases.
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Optics
Invertible mapping between structured light and vector terahertz emission
Amirreza Sadeghpour and Daryoush Abdollahpour
Terahertz (THz) radiation provides a powerful platform for ultrafast spectroscopy, imaging, and communication, yet deterministic control over its spatial and polarization structure remains challenging. Here we establish a unified framework for generating and synthesizing vectorial THz beams through coherent control of ultrafast photocurrents in
semiconductors. By exploiting
quantum interference between one- and two-
photon excitation pathways driven by femtosecond vector beams, we demonstrate that the spatial phase and polarization structure of the optical fields can be directly mapped onto the magnitude and orientation of injected currents. This structured charge motion acts as a programmable THz
antenna, enabling tailored far-field emission. Beyond forward modeling of THz generation from cylindrical vector beams and full Poincaré beams, we introduce an inverse-design methodology that reconstructs the required current distribution–and corresponding excitation beam profiles–from a desired THz field pattern. This invertible mapping transforms coherent photocurrent control into a systematic design strategy for THz beam shaping. Our results bridge structured light and THz photonics, providing a route toward compact, all-optical, and reconfigurable THz sources with engineered amplitude, phase, and polarization profiles.
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Optics
Perturbation theory of mesoscale plasmonic waveguide with an analytical treatment of nonclassical electromagnetic boundary condition
Jiling Xue and Haitao Liu
The optical modes of mesoscale plasmonic waveguides (MPWs) are significantly affected by nonclassical
quantum effects, which can be comprehensively described by the nonclassical electromagnetic boundary condition (NEBC) formulated with the surface-response Feibelman d-parameters. In this paper, a perturbation theory for the nonclassical waveguide modes (NWMs) supported by MPWs under the NEBC is proposed. In this theory, by adopting the classical waveguide modes (CWMs) under the classical electromagnetic boundary condition (CEBC) as the basis functions and treating the NEBC as a first-order perturbation, a general expression of the propagation constant of the NWM with an analytical dependence on the NEBC is derived. This theory transparently reveals the underlying general relation between the nonclassical effects and the propagation properties of the NWMs, thereby providing an effective tool for the understanding and design of MPW devices, as well as for the experimental measurement of the d-parameters.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Multi-scattering processes and spectral properties of low-energy QCD
Konrad Kockler, Jan M. Pawlowski, Franz R. Sattler et al. (+2 more)
We compute
quark and
meson spectral functions in low-energy QCD, including all-order scatterings and decays of pions and the scalar $\sigma$-mode. For low energies the
gluons decouple and the dynamics of two-flavour QCD is well-described by a
Quark-
Meson model. The computations are performed directly in Minkowski space, using the spectral functional renormalisation group. The full mesonic realtime dynamics is captured with the emergent composite approach which is extended here to realtime processes. The inclusion of all-order scatterings and decays is achieved through the self-consistent treatment of the scattering tails and the momentum-dependent resummation of the four-
meson vertex via its Bethe-Salpeter equation. We illustrate the importance of higher-order scatterings using the example of the $\pi \to 3\pi$ scattering threshold - the lowest kinematically accessible channel for the pion.
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All authors Konrad Kockler, Jan M. Pawlowski, Franz R. Sattler, Ruwen Schulz, Jonas Wessely
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Quantum State of the Asymptotic Gravity Field from BRST Quantization
Xavier Calmet and Stephen D. H. Hsu
We derive the
quantum state of the asymptotic linearized
gravity field of a compact energy source, using BRST quantization. Barnich has previously derived the
quantum state of the U(1) field in QED using the Gauss law constraint. The role of Gauss's law is now played by the linearized
Hamiltonian and momentum constraints in
gravity. For a static mass source, only the scalar
Hamiltonian constraint is shifted. The
quantum state corresponding to the static Newton field originates in the non-radiative scalar constraint sector, not in the propagating transverse-traceless graviton sector. We discuss implications for holography and for black hole information: 1. the exact
quantum state of the compact source is encoded in the asymptotic
quantum state of its
gravity field 2. Hawking amplitudes are dependent, via the
gravity state outside the horizon, on the black hole internal state.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Non-abelian uni-vector deformations in gauged supergravities and non-abelian Einstein-Maxwell theories
Kirill Gubarev and Konstantin Sovit
We construct non-abelian uni-vector deformations of solutions in non-abelian Einstein\–Maxwell theories and gauged supergravities, obtained as Scherk–Schwarz reductions of general relativity and double field theory, respectively. We provide examples of deformed backgrounds for both cases. We show that non-abelian deformations in Einstein–Maxwell theories can be presented as coordinate transformations in the parent theory, general relativity, extending the result of arXiv:2508.09637 for abelian uni-vector deformations.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Quantum Effects in Supersymmetric Galilean Yang-Mills
Neil Lambert and Joseph Smith
We study the
quantum dynamics of supersymmetric Galilean Yang-Mills (SGYM), with a focus on three dimensions where there is a classical scale
symmetry. This is believed to be the worldvolume theory describing D2-branes within type IIA non-relativistic string theory and arises as a non-relativistic limit of maximally supersymmetric (relativistic) Yang-Mills. Unlike the relativistic case, we find that SGYM only admits perturbative dynamical excitations on the Coulomb branch. We show that in three dimensions the classical scale
symmetry is broken at one-loop due to logarithmic divergences which cannot be absorbed by renormalization of existing couplings. As such we find that SGYM is non-renormalizable. However, we argue that by including additional marginal deformations the original coupling can be renormalized and rendered asymptotically free. Finally, we propose that three-dimensional SGYM flows to a strongly coupled non-relativistic M2-brane theory.
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Quantum Physics
Decisional Monogamy-of-Entanglement for Coset States and Applications to Unclonable Cryptography with Correlated Challenges
Amit Behera, Alper Cakan and Vipul Goyal
A main application of
quantum information in cryptography is copy-protection, where we encode a functionality (such as a decryption key or software) into a reusable
quantum state so that it cannot be split into two adversaries (called freeloaders) that both remain useful. Previous works have only shown security for independently sampled challenges for the two adversaries. A competing natural security notion is identical-challenge security where the adversaries receive the same challenge. This notion has many real-life applications and connections to other fundamental primitives such as unclonable bits (i.e. unclonable encryption) and unclonable lockboxes (i.e. copy-protection of point functions). Despite its importance and numerous attempts, achieving identical-challenge security in the plain model has remained open. We first make progress on the definitional foundations of copy-protection by introducing natural copy-protection security definitions that imply the previous ones (including identical-challenge security) and better capture the security intuitions and real-life use cases; and we also characterize the relationship between the previous definitions. Then, we show how to achieve in the plain model our new stronger definitions for copy-protection of general classes of functionalities. In particular, we resolve the long-standing open questions of copy-protection of point functions, copy-protection of compute-and-compare programs, and identical-challenge secure copy-protection of decryption keys and all puncturable functionalities. Our technical core is a new decisional monogamy-of-
entanglement result for coset states, which both allows us to achieve our new results, and also significantly simplifies and unifies unclonable cryptography proofs. We believe this will have further applications and may be of independent interest.
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Quantum Physics
Near-Optimal Mixedness Testing with Pauli Measurements
Jayadev Acharya, Abhilash Dharmavarapu, Yuhan Liu et al. (+1 more)
We consider a fundamental problem of mixedness testing: Given $n$ copies of an $N$-
qubit state $\rho$, determine whether $\rho = \mathbb{I}_d/d$ or $\|\rho-\mathbb{I}_d/d\|_1 \geq \varepsilon$ with high probability, where $d = 2^N$. In particular, we focus on performing this task with simple single-
qubit measurements, i.e. measurements that are prepared independently on each
qubit. We provide a nearly complete picture of single-
qubit mixedness testing by showing that its copy-complexity is $\tilde{\Theta}\left(\sqrt{10}^N/\varepsilon^2\right)$. To establish our lower bound, we introduce a new measurement-dependent lower bound framework for adaptive single-copy state certification. For the upper bound, we present a randomized Pauli basis measurement protocol, which relies on a new primitive for computationally efficient uniformity testing of correlation-concentrated distributions on the Boolean hypercube. In conjunction, we provide lower and upper bounds for mixedness testing with fixed Pauli measurement protocols.
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All authors Jayadev Acharya, Abhilash Dharmavarapu, Yuhan Liu, Nengkun Yu
Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.PR
The Parabolic Anderson Model's Total Mass at Small Times: Geometry, Fluctuations, and Renormalization
Pierre Yves Gaudreau Lamarre and Yuanyuan Pan
Let $D\subset\mathbb R^d$ be a bounded domain, let $\kappa>0$ be fixed, and let $W$ be a fractional Brownian sheet on $\mathbb R\times\mathbb R^d$. Consider the Stratonovich
parabolic Anderson model (PAM) $\partial_tu_\kappa=(\frac12\Delta+\kappa W')u_\kappa$ with Dirichlet boundary condition on $D$ and the flat initial condition $u_\kappa(0,\cdot)=\mathbf 1_D$. We calculate exact asymptotics for the expectation and the standard deviation of the total mass $\int_Du_\kappa(t,x)~\mathrm d x$ as $t\to0$ under the assumption that $W$'s Hurst indices are all at least $1/2$ and that $u_\kappa$'s moments are finite for small enough $t>0$. In doing so, we uncover that these asymptotics are determined by a competition between three mechanisms: (1) $\mathbf{Geometry}$: The rate of heat
diffusion through the boundary $\partial D$. (2) $\mathbf{Fluctuations}$: $W$'s time Hurst index. (3) $\mathbf{Renormalization}$: The singularity of deterministic Stratonovich corrections. As a result, we identify novel phase transition phenomena, which arise from the influence of $W$'s Hurst indices on the relative magnitudes of these contributions.
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Fluid Dynamics
Inter-turbine spacing and flow unsteadiness effects on wake-induced blade dynamics
Francisco J. G. de Oliveira, Adrian T. McGlade, Zahra Sharif Khodaei et al. (+1 more)
Wind turbines operating downstream of others in a farm are routinely exposed to waked inflow, with reduced mean velocity and elevated
turbulence driving power deficits and additional structural fatigue. The direct effect of wakes on blade-level structural loading remains under-explored experimentally, owing partly to the sparse spatial coverage of conventional point-based strain sensors. Here, we present a wind-tunnel study of wake-induced blade dynamics using two $1\,\mathrm{m}$-diameter turbine models, in which one blade of a downstream turbine ($WT_2$) is instrumented with distributed Rayleigh-backscattering fibre-optic strain sensors, providing spatially continuous strain measurement across the blade span. By changing the relative position of the upstream turbine ($WT_1$) to the downstream, waked turbine $WT_2$ across the streamwise and spanwise extent, we map power output, spanwise strain, and accumulated representative fatigue relevant loading across the wake profile. Full wake impingement suppresses blade loading through the associated velocity deficit, while partial wake overlap generates the strongest load intermittency and highest relative fatigue relevant loading, despite an intermediate power recovery. A combined performance-to-loading metric shows this partial-wake regime offers the least favourable trade-off between energy yield and structural loading. These results show that minimising partial-wake exposure, not only mean velocity deficits, should be a design consideration for wind-farm layout and turbine spacing.
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All authors Francisco J. G. de Oliveira, Adrian T. McGlade, Zahra Sharif Khodaei, Oliver R. H. Buxton
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
A metallicity sweet spot for disc fragmentation and planet formation
Ethan J. Carter, Dimitris Stamatellos, George Blaylock-Squibbs et al. (+2 more)
Fragmentation of gravitationally unstable discs offers an alternate formation mechanism for gas
giant planets and brown
dwarfs on wide orbits.
Metallicity plays a key role in disc
evolution from the onset of gravitational instability to the formation of
planets. We aim to determine the effect of
metallicity on disc fragmentation and on the properties of disc-instability
planets. We model gravitationally unstable discs with varying
metallicity ($0.01-10 \,\rm Z_{\odot}$) using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics code PHANTOM. Our simulations reveal a "sweet spot" for fragmentation at $0.3 \,\rm Z_{\odot}$, where cooling is most efficient, with fragmentation also happening less vigorously at higher and lower
metallicities. However, further away from the sweet spot, fragmentation becomes more difficult and is eventually suppressed at extreme low and high
metallicities ($0.01 \,\rm Z_{\odot}$ and $10 \,\rm Z_{\odot}$, respectively), where the disc cools inefficiently. Discs with
metallicities close to the sweet spot form more
planets per disc, faster, and with lower initial masses than fragmenting discs with higher or lower
metallicities. Our results may explain the slight overabundance of wide-orbit
giant planets observed around metal-poor
stars; these
planets may have formed via disc fragmentation.
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All authors Ethan J. Carter, Dimitris Stamatellos, George Blaylock-Squibbs, Alison Young, Ken Rice
History and Philosophy of Physics
Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics: A Journey Into de Broglie-Bohm Pilot-Wave Theory
Andrea Oldofredi
This work provides an introduction to the most influential hidden-variable interpretation of the
quantum formalism, i.e., the de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave theory. As the reader will see, the chapter offers a detailed discussion of the main formulations of the theory. Moreover, cogent topics such as the origin of the Born rule, the interpretation of probability, the nature of the wave function, the status of
spin, as well as extensions of the pilot-wave approach beyond non-relativistic
quantum mechanics will be examined. This essay, however, not only reviews existing relevant literature but also contributes new insights about (i) the existence of
spin in the context of pilot-wave theory, and (ii) whether the latter framework is formally and conceptually simpler than standard
quantum mechanics.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Automatically distinguishing Rubin transients from AGN using variability metrics
Dylan Magill, Matt Nicholl, Philip Wiseman et al. (+7 more)
Stochastic variability of active
galactic nuclei (AGN) can produce contaminants in the search for explosive extragalactic transients (such as
supernovae and
tidal disruption events). In the new era of the Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), previously uncatalogued AGN, especially those with luminosity near the survey detection limits, are expected to produce a flood of detections that have the potential to contaminate surveys targeting other transients, leading to inefficient use of spectroscopic follow-up time. For surveys aiming to statistically characterise transient demographics, it is advantageous to use easily modelled and reproducible selection criteria to distinguish AGN from other transients, rather than machine learning. We test enacting cuts based on simple data-driven photometric variability parameters to distinguish non-AGN extragalactic transients from standard AGN variability on both Zwicky Transient Facility photometry and simulated LSST photometry from the MALLORN data set. We also investigate the impact of light curve history availability,
redshift range and filter selection on selection efficiency. We find that a two-dimensional cut incorporating the ratio of detection flux and pre-detection standard deviation and the ratio of detection flux to pre-detection mean flux is the most effective cut. This approach is easily scalable as these values are included in the LSST alert packets. We provide estimates of the completeness and purity of the sample produced by enacting this cut, and gauge the AGN contamination avoided. The parameters utilised in this approach could also be implemented as features for identifying AGN in a photometric classifier.
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All authors Dylan Magill, Matt Nicholl, Philip Wiseman, Charlotte R. Angus, Paige Ramsden, Christopher Frohmaier, Sjoert van Velzen, Vysakh Anilkumar, Jaimee Greenwood, Joshua G. Weston
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Spin precession and anomalous dipole couplings in a plane-wave Yang-Mills background
V. V. Parazian
We investigate the
fermion spin dynamics and induced dipole interactions in an external Yang-Mills gauge field that represents a non-Abelian plane wave. We use the exact solutions of the Dirac equation in the external gauge field, the exact
fermion Green's function, and the renormalized one-loop
fermion-
gluon vertex in the axial gauge. The exact propagator produces
spin-dependent structures proportional to $\sigma ^{\mu \nu }F_{\mu \nu }^{a} $. The external field induces
spin precession at tree level through a non-Abelian extension of the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation, coupled with Wong color transport. The exact vertex produces a phase-dependent Pauli form factor $F_{2}^{a}\left( 0;\varphi ,\varphi ^{\prime }\right) $ beyond tree level, which serves as an anomalous chromomagnetic dipole coupling. For monochromatic two-color noncommuting plane waves, explicit weak-field expressions are derived for the induced Pauli coefficient and the anomalous
spin-precession frequency. The commutator term $gf^{abc}A_{\mu }^{b}A_{\nu }^{c}$ in this case, generates additional field-strength components and dynamically induced precession axes not present in Abelian backgrounds, resulting in coupled
spin-color precession. The exact one-loop coefficient is provided as a harmonic expansion suitable for periodic Yang-Mills waves. Explicit expressions for
spin-dependent amplitudes,
spin-flip probabilities, and polarization asymmetries are provided. These results establish a direct connection between exact background-field propagators, renormalized vertex functions, anomalous dipole interactions, and observable
spin effects in strong non-Abelian gauge fields.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Precision-Era Reassessment of Modified Quark–Lepton Complementarity: NuFIT 6.1, Phase-Convention Covariance and Lepton-Number Violation
Gazal Sharma and Gaurav Katoch
Quark-
lepton complementarity (QLC) provides a phenomenological framework for comparing
quark and
lepton flavour structures. We reassess a modified QLC correlation-
matrix construction using the 2026 Particle Data Group
quark-mixing inputs and the NuFIT 6.1 oscillation likelihoods. The historical prediction $\sin^2\theta_{23}=0.4235$ is strongly disfavoured, with $\Delta\chi^2=17.99$ for normal ordering and 20.43 for inverted ordering, whereas later ordering-dependent estimates remain compatible with present preferred regions. Reconstructed ensembles of the complex correlation
matrix show that the first row is comparatively stable, while about 99% of the squared mean-texture
evolution occurs in the lower two rows; roughly 72% of the present ensemble remains closer to the tribimaximal than to the bimaximal reference texture. We further formulate the
lepton sector in the symmetric Schechter-Valle parametrization. The oscillation phase appears as the invariant combination $\delta=\phi_{13}-\phi_{12}-\phi_{23}$, while independent phase directions remain relevant to
lepton-number-violating (LNV) amplitudes. We prove that, for unrestricted diagonal
quark-
lepton mismatch phases, changing from the standard PDG convention to the symmetric parametrization leaves the full ensemble of $|V_{c,ij}|$ invariant: additional left phases are absorbed into the mismatch
matrix and right phases only rephase columns. Consequently, the QLC magnitude texture does not constrain the independent Majorana/LNV phases. The historical $S_1$ and $S_2$ limits are also found to lie close to their phase-agnostic kinematic ceilings.
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Atomic Physics
$Ab$ $initio$ calculation of hyperfine-structure properties to extract nuclear magnetic octupole moments of $^{69}$Ga and $^{71}$Ga
Fei-Chen Li and Yong-Bo Tang
We calculate the hyperfine-structure properties of the low-lying states in $^{69}$Ga and $^{71}$Ga using the relativistic coupled-cluster method at the singles and doubles (RCCSD) level. The properties include the first-order hyperfine constants and the second-order corrections arising from off-diagonal hyperfine interactions. Based on our theoretical results, we reanalyze the previous hyperfine-splitting measurements of the $4p_{3/2}$ state in $^{69,71}$Ga [R. T. Daly and J. H. Holloway, Phys. Rev. 96, 539 (1954)], and refine the
nuclear magnetic octupole moments of these two isotopes. The refined values $\Omega(^{69}\mathrm{Ga})=0.123(9)\,\mu_N\times b $ and $\Omega(^{71}\mathrm{Ga})=0.165(15)\,\mu_N\times b $ are about 13% and 12% larger than the earlier results reported by Daly and Holloway. By providing the first independent ab initio determination, the present results offer a reliable set of reference values for the
magnetic octupole moments of $^{69,71}$Ga, which will benefit both future high-precision measurements and
nuclear-structure calculations.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
A Quantum-Gravity-Motivated GUP Effective Metric
M. H. Al Ghifari, M. F. Fauzi, A. Rohim et al. (+3 more)
Recent critiques have addressed certain aspects of the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) effective metric (Ong 2023). This study presents a scale-dependent quadratic GUP effective metric, constructed through analyses of the
gravity-induced phase shift (COW experiment) and the Einstein-Bohr
photon box Gedanken experiment. In contrast to the procedure outlined in (Xiang et al. 2018), the momentum-dependent metric is improved by introducing an interpolating function $\Delta p (r)$, which employs the effective distance concept to accurately capture the distinct behavior of $\Delta p (r)$ in both short and long distance regimes. The resulting effective metric exhibits the same structure as that derived from the Renormalization Group (RG) theory. However, the RG parameter $\hat{\gamma}$ can now be related to the dimensionless GUP parameter $\beta_0$, thereby distinguishing this metric from the RG-based approach. The corresponding effective metric prediction demonstrates internal consistency of the model, and phenomenologically the predictions are in agreement with some
quantum black hole models in some limits. The effective metric improved black hole thermodynamics and shadow predictions compared to the heuristic approach and other proposed GUP effective metrics. Furthermore, the relationship between GUP and $f(R)$
gravity (D'Agostino et al. 2026) may provide a possible future route toward a more fundamental description of GUP.
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All authors M. H. Al Ghifari, M. F. Fauzi, A. Rohim, H. S. Ramadhan, H. Alatas, A. Sulaksono