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Physics

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Wednesday 12 August

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.PR

Logarithmic intermittency of the critical 2D SHF

Shirshendu Ganguly and Kyeongsik Nam

While the solution to the $1+1$ dimensional stochastic heat equation with multiplicative noise is closely related to the exponential of a Brownian motion, the two-dimensional picture exhibits an additional weak-to-strong disorder transition. In [CSZ '23], the critical two-dimensional stochastic heat flow (SHF) was constructed as the scaling limit of the partition function of $2+1$ dimensional directed polymers under the logarithmic intermediate-disorder scaling at criticality. The SHF is a random measure and, like many naturally occurring random measures, it is expected to exhibit rich intermittency. [CSZ '25] established that it is almost surely singular with respect to the Lebesgue measure. More recently, [GT '26] showed that the logarithm of the SHF averaged over small balls is asymptotically Gaussian, with both its mean and variance diverging as the ball radius tends to zero. In this paper we prove a sharp result quantifying the singularity of the support of the SHF as well as its intermittency. In particular, we show that, almost surely, for all small $\varepsilon>0$, up to a vanishing error, all the mass of the point-to-plane SHF in any domain is concentrated on ${1}/{\big(\varepsilon^2\log^{1/2+o(1)}(1/\varepsilon)\big)}$ balls of radius $\varepsilon$, each containing $\varepsilon^2{\log^{1/2+o(1)}(1/\varepsilon)}$ mass, thus precisely establishing its logarithmic fractal behavior. A key ingredient in the proof is a refined large-deviations theory, which allows access to conditional distributions, by taking advantage of the Gaussian-like behavior of the SHF at quasi-critical scales. A further useful observation that features prominently is that conditioning a Brownian motion on its endpoint being unusually large essentially induces a shift in the mean of its increments, and consequently, at small enough scales, their distributions do not alter significantly.
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Quantum Physics

A Unified Quantum Interferometric Framework for Interaction-Free Measurement and Delayed-Choice Experiments

Hitesh Awasthi, Sandeep Mishra and Anirban Pathak

A theoretical unified interferometric framework is developed for interaction-free measurement (IFM) and delayed-choice (DC) experiments. The proposed model leads to a quantum circuit based architecture in which an ancillary qubit coherently controls the interaction between a photon and a bomb, allowing the system to evolve in a superposition of interaction and non-interaction regimes. The ancillary control qubit serves as a quantum switch that continuously interpolates between IFM and DC behavior, revealing a common operational origin for both phenomena. We demonstrate that both the phenomena can be realized within this framework through controlled quantum-gate operations. The analysis shows that the framework enables a continuous transition between the particle-like and wave-like behavior in DC setup. The framework is shown to be consistent with standard quantum mechanics, preserving unitary evolution, quantum superposition and the measurement postulate.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Exact solution for stationary states of a closed memristor with mobile charged vacancies

Irina V. Boylo and Konstantin L. Metlov

A nonlinear model of a memristor based on charged mobile vacancies is considered taking into account the electrostatic interaction between them. This interaction significantly affects the stationary (limiting) vacancy distributions formed under the action of the electric current flowing through the memristor, for which analytical expressions are obtained in this work. Between the regions with reduced and increased vacancy concentrations, an intermediate electrically neutral region is formed due to the electrostatic interaction. Interestingly, the limiting resistances in the “on” and “off” states of such a memristor do not depend on the strength of the electrostatic interaction, at least in the leading first order in the vacancy concentration.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Hemispheric Asymmetry of Solar Active Regions Arises from a Nested Population

Aimee A. Norton

We investigate the longitude–time distribution of NOAA active regions (ARs) during Solar Cycles 22–24 and find statistically significant North–South asymmetry in AR emergence. Using an activity-nest identification algorithm, we show that this asymmetry is concentrated in the subset of ARs that participate in nests. Nest-member ARs exhibit substantially larger hemispheric asymmetry than either the full AR population or the non-nest population, and the asymmetry is largely removed when nest-member ARs are excluded. Monte Carlo tests with randomized longitudes and temporal perturbations show that the observed nesting and asymmetry exceed random expectations, implying that $\sim$6–18% of ARs participate in a non-random, hemispherically asymmetric nesting component. This asymmetry is associated with temporally offset bursts of activity and distinct longitudinal clustering between the hemispheres, leading to reduced cross-equatorial coherence in the longitude–time distribution of solar ARs. Intervals of enhanced nesting activity and hemispheric asymmetry broadly coincide with enhanced hemispheric quasi-biennial variability and temporal evolution of the large-scale solar magnetic field, suggesting a possible connection between intermediate-timescale dynamo variability and the hemispheric organization of solar activity.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

The Delay Time Distribution of Quasi-Periodic Eruptions

Margaret Shepherd, K. Decker French, Jason T. Hinkle et al. (+4 more)

Quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are quasi-periodic X-ray bursts observed in the nucleus of a galaxy. Multiple pieces of observational evidence link QPEs to tidal disruption events (TDEs), which occur when stars are disrupted after approaching a supermassive black hole too closely. Post-starburst galaxies are overrepresented among the host galaxies of both TDEs and QPEs, though the mechanism causing this overrepresentation is unknown. While their physical origin is unclear, the delay time distribution (DTD) of QPEs, or rate of QPEs as a function of time since a burst of star formation, can constrain what mechanisms influence the QPE rate and possible QPE formation channels. We compile a catalog of 10 QPE host galaxies with optical spectra, model the stellar populations with Bagpipes, and retrieve the age of the most recent burst of star formation to construct the DTD of QPEs. We find that the QPE rate increases with post-burst age to reach a peak at ~1 Gyr relative to a control sample, similar to the observational TDE DTD, though we cannot rule out a flat distribution of burst ages relative to a control sample. However, the fraction of QPE host galaxies with high (>1%) burst mass fractions is larger than the fraction of galaxies with high burst mass fractions in either a sample of TDE host galaxies or a sample of control galaxies. If the preferred QPE formation channel requires extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs), then such EMRIs may be more readily produced by large, ~1-Gyr-old bursts of star formation.
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All authors Margaret Shepherd, K. Decker French, Jason T. Hinkle, Ferdinand, Samaresh Mondal, Yashasvi Moon, Margaret E. Verrico

Astrophysics of Galaxies

A systematic comparison of green valley selection criteria across multiparameter spaces using a homogeneous ultraviolet-optical dataset

Pius Privatus and Umananda Dev Goswami

We present a systematic comparison of commonly adopted green valley (GV) selection criteria by examining their distributions across multiple observational and physical parameter spaces. Using a homogeneous ultraviolet-optical dataset constructed from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we construct GV samples based on rest-frame $u-r$ and NUV$-r$ colours, specific star formation rate, and the $D_n(4000)$ spectral index. These samples are analysed in colour–stellar mass, colour–magnitude, and star formation rate–stellar mass diagrams. We find that the different selection criteria identify statistically distinct subsets of GV galaxies occupying different regions of parameter space. Ultraviolet-based selections are compact in NUV$-r$ colour space but shift toward optically red galaxies and lower star formation activity in the star formation rate–stellar mass plane. The $u-r$-selected sample is more tightly confined in optical colour space but is biased toward higher star formation rates, whereas the $D_n(4000)$-based selection yields the most heterogeneous population. In contrast, the sSFR-selected GV sample exhibits the most consistent behaviour across all parameter spaces. Despite these differences, all selection methods span a similar stellar mass range, indicating that the observed variations arise primarily from differences in star formation activity rather than stellar mass. The relatively small overlap between the different selection criteria demonstrates that GV identification is strongly diagnostic-dependent and that the commonly adopted one-dimensional definitions are not interchangeable. These results highlight the importance of combining complementary diagnostics to obtain a more complete and physically meaningful picture of transitional galaxy populations.
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Quantum Physics

Conditional dependence and Scrooge ensembles in shallow random quantum circuits

Yinchen Liu, Max McGinley, Thomas Schuster et al. (+1 more)

The output state of a 2D geometrically local shallow random quantum circuit does not have long range correlations due to its lightcone structure. But this changes if one measures a subset of the qubits: long-range entanglement can be induced by the measurement process, leading to conditional correlations between distant qubits. In this paper we investigate the structure of conditional dependence in these circuits and its consequences for quantum advantage. For a tripartition $ABC$ of the qubits, we consider the ensemble of post-measurement states on $A$ that is conditioned on a specific measurement outcome on $B$ and ranges over all possible measurement outcomes on $C$. For circuit depths exceeding a constant critical value $d^*$, we conjecture that this ensemble is well approximated by a certain generalization of the Haar ensemble, called the Scrooge ensemble~[Jozsa et al., \href{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.49.668}{Phys. Rev. A 49, 668 (1994)}]; we also provide supporting numerical and analytical evidence. Our conjecture describes a precise sense in which the state retains its lightcone structure on the remaining unmeasured qubits, but also develops some globally random features arising from the measurement. A consequence is that $n$-qubit shallow random quantum circuits in two dimensions are classically efficiently simulable in the presence of a tiny depolarizing noise rate $\Omega(\log(n)/n)$.
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All authors Yinchen Liu, Max McGinley, Thomas Schuster, David Gosset

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Evidence for the First Globular Cluster Stellar Stream beyond the Milky Way

Julie Kiel Holm, Sarah Pearson, Jacob Nibauer et al. (+5 more)

The dark matter content of ultra-diffuse galaxies is the subject of considerable debate. Stellar streams, which form when a host galaxy tidally strips stars from an orbiting stellar system, provide a powerful technique to constrain the dark matter content of external galaxies. The stripped stars form long, thin leading and trailing tidal arms that persist for billions of years. Stellar streams from globular clusters are particularly sensitive probes of dark matter halos and substructure. Globular cluster streams are expected to exist in a variety of host galaxy types, but so far, they have only been observed in the Milky Way. We present evidence for the first extragalactic globular cluster stellar stream, identified in deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the ultra-diffuse galaxy, UGC9050-Dw1. The stream's morphology, colour, and apparent association with a compact source support the globular cluster progenitor interpretation observationally, and we reproduce the observed surface brightness with simulated globular cluster stellar populations. We use generative stream modelling, which fits dynamical models directly to the stream morphology, to constrain the mass of the progenitor and present the first stream-based halo constraint for an ultra-diffuse galaxy. The stream models point to a globular cluster origin and suggest a massive dark matter host halo. By extending the reach of globular cluster stream analysis to external galaxies, this work opens a new chapter in dark matter science.
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All authors Julie Kiel Holm, Sarah Pearson, Jacob Nibauer, David J. Sand, Adrian M. Price-Whelan, Tjitske Starkenburg, David Hendel, Catherine Fielder

Quantum Physics

Isospectral majorization and isoperimetric inequalities for coherent states on the Bloch sphere

Luis Daniel Abreu

Let $\mathcal{P}_{N}$ be the $(N+1)$-dimensional Hilbert space of analytic polynomials of degree at most $N$. This is the natural environment to define $SU(2)$ (Bloch) coherent states. Let $Q_{\rho }$ be the Husimi function of a density operator $\rho $ on $% \mathcal{P}_{N}$. We prove an isospectral version of Lieb-Solovej inequality: if $\rho ^{\downarrow }$ is obtained by placing the eigenvalues of $\rho $ in decreasing order along the monomial basis, then \begin{equation*} \int_{\mathbb{C}}\Phi (Q_{\rho }(z))\,dm(z)\leq \int_{\mathbb{C}}\Phi (Q_{\rho ^{\downarrow }}(z))\,dm(z) \end{equation*}% for every convex function $\Phi $ on $[0,1]$. Applying the corresponding reversed inequality to the concave function $\Phi (t)=-t\log t$ gives the Wehrl entropy. In the process it is show that the output state of $\rho $ under Lieb-Solovej's channel is majorized by the output of the state $\rho ^{\downarrow }$. As an application, among all measurable subsets of the sphere having a fixed area, spherical caps maximize every partial sum of the eigenvalues of Toeplitz operators with symbol $1_{\Omega}$. Equivalently, caps maximize all Ky Fan norms, leading to the sharp inequalities, previously known for $r=1$: \begin{equation*} \sum_{j=1}^{r}\lambda_{j}(\Omega) \leq r-\sum_{k=0}^{r-1}(r-k)\binom{N+1}{k} m(\Omega)^{k}\bigl(1-m(\Omega)\bigr)^{N+1-k}. \end{equation*} This implies isoperimetric inequalities for all Schatten sums of $T_{\Omega}$, obtained without using the spherical isoperimetric inequality.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Quantum Airy Structures and Matrix Models: a supercurrent approach

Leszek Hadasz and Mykhailo Hontarenko

We develop a super-current formulation of $\mathcal{N}=1$ super-Virasoro constraints for external-source models. By assigning bosonic and fermionic monodromies independently, we unify the NS-NS, NS-R, R-NS, and R-R sectors. For each, a super-Miwa transformation represents the projected super energy-momentum tensor as a differential operator in spectral variables. Dilaton shifts yield Super Quantum Airy Structures in the NS-NS and R-NS sectors, whereas the R-R and NS-R sectors require an additional odd coordinate. Our principal result is an exact similarity transformation relating the NS-NS and R-R differential constraints. The intertwining prefactor combines a bosonic determinant, a cubic Airy weight, and a Grassmann exponential kernel defined by the difference of Neveu–Schwarz and Ramond fermionic propagators. These results establish a concrete candidate system of Ward identities for a supersymmetric extension of the Kontsevich model, delineating the precise algebraic and analytic properties of the measure and fermionic kernel required for its potential matrix-model realization.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

A sharp bound on spacetime distance from quantum entanglement

Zhi-Wei Wang, Arshid Shabir, Mir Faizal et al. (+1 more)

Ryu-Takayanagi established how boundary entanglement encodes bulk area. We provide the metric counterpart: boundary mutual information imposes a rigorous lower bound on bulk geodesic separation that diverges logarithmically as correlations vanish. A multiscale iteration promotes this local inequality to a global obstruction to bulk connectivity. For parallel strips in AdS$_5$/CFT$_4$, the bound necessitates a quantum resolution of the classical mutual-information transition and fixes the asymptotic growth of geodesic distance.
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All authors Zhi-Wei Wang, Arshid Shabir, Mir Faizal, Samuel L. Braunstein

Applied Physics

Measurement of third-order elastic constants using thermal modulation of ultrasonic waves

Bibo Zhong and Jinying Zhu

Third-order elastic constants (TOEC) play an important role in nonlinear material characterization, but measurements of TOEC are laborious with large error margins. This Letter presents the equations of wave velocity changes caused by homogeneous temperature variation and uniaxial stress in isotropic media and the expression of TOEC in terms of thermally induced velocity change and thermal strain. TOEC of an aluminum sample were experimentally determined by measuring ultrasonic wave velocity changes in the uniaxial loading test and the thermal modulation test. Experimental results showed good agreement between the two test methods. Owing to the simple test setup and high measurement sensitivity, the thermal modulation test is a potential experimental method to determine TOEC and absolute acoustic nonlinearity parameters.
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2608.12244 · 12 Aug · 1. Corrected a sign typo in Eq. (6d) relative to the original APL publication. 2. The final TOEC values might be affected by minor temperature variations during testing; for further discussion, see Zhu et al., Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, 41(7), 4066-4089 (2026), DOI: 10.1080/10589759.2025.2551866

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Optics

Goos-Hanchen-Shift Photonic Sensor for Nanometer-Scale Delayering and Tamper Detection in Semiconductor Packages

Mia Mohammad Shoaib Hasan and Mohamed Elkabbash

We propose a co-packaged photonic tamper sensor that detects progressive delayering and localized drilling through changes in the Goos-Hanchen (GH) shift of a reflected optical beam. Frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR) couples the beam into a high-index sensing layer, where its transverse-wavevector components acquire a thickness-dependent propagation phase. Numerical simulations show an approximately linear response for sensing-layer thicknesses below 250 nm and a delayering sensitivity of 5.3 nm of beam displacement per nanometer of material removed, nearly three times that of a conventional total internal reflection (TIR) structure. The off-resonant response remains stable under representative refractive-index, wavelength, and incidence-angle variations. Localized drilling also produces a monotonic GH-shift change that increases with drill depth and width. These results establish GH-shift readout as a rapid, spatially encoded, and difficult-to-emulate approach for semiconductor-package tamper detection.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Aspects of Carrollian field theory from holography

Hare Krishna and Vaishnavi Patil

We study holography for three-dimensional asymptotically flat spacetimes in which the bulk gravitational dynamics is conjectured to be dual to a two-dimensional Carrollian (equivalently BMS) conformal field theory. Such theories are known to arise as ultrarelativistic ($c\rightarrow0$) contractions of relativistic 2d conformal field theories. Under this contraction, the Virasoro algebra becomes the conformal Carrollian algebra and the Brown-Henneaux central charges become $c_L=0$, $c_M=\frac{3}{G}$. In this article, we recover these central charges directly from holography. We first construct the holographic quasilocal stress tensor for asymptotically flat spacetimes carrying Bondi mass and angular momentum. Under BMS$_3$ transformations, the stress tensor acquires an inhomogeneous term, the “BMS Schwarzian", and extracting the central charges from it reproduces the algebraic result exactly. We then obtain the action for the boundary BMS Schwarzian modes. Finally, we show that the holographic stress-tensor correlators satisfy the expected Ward identity, while stress-tensor conservation obeys flux-balance laws.
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Soft Condensed Matter

Random close packing at extreme size ratios with an Adam-based inflation protocol

Kenneth Desmond

We present rcpgenerator, an openly available code for generating $d$-dimensional dense, disordered, non-overlapping close packings from an arbitrary prescribed list of particle diameters. The method adapts the Clarke–Wiley inflation protocol, but instead uses the Adam optimizer to relax the particle configuration. Typically, particle coordinates are advanced with a single, global step size, which must shrink as the size ratio $S\equiv D_{\max}/D_{\min}$ grows, generally stalling the optimization. Adam instead gives each coordinate its own adaptive step size, stabilizing the optimization time across a broader range of $S$. We demonstrate this in three-dimensional periodic tests that reach $S\sim5\times10^{5}$ for a continuous lognormal distribution ($N\sim10^{6}$ diameters) and particle numbers up to $N\approx5.6\times10^{6}$ for power-law distributions, with the densest packings reaching $\phi\simeq0.87$, each completed in minutes to hours on a multicore machine. Across truncated-lognormal, truncated-power-law, and Weibull distributions, the resulting $\phi$ reproduces trends such as the locations of peaks and knees with distribution shape and $S$ found in prior numerical results and in the parameter-free Farr–Groot prediction, with a remaining offset typically $0.005$–$0.01$. Additionally, results are commensurate with multimodal packing densities measured in vibrated-bed experiments. The code and the complete per-case census behind every figure are released with the paper.
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Quantum Physics

Capability-Adaptive Cryptanalysis with Reduced-Space Quantum Verification

Nivedita Dey, Mrityunjay Ghosh, Pranav Kaushal et al. (+2 more)

Efficient integration of cryptanalytic evidence with quantum verification remains a fundamental challenge in hybrid classical-quantum cryptanalysis. This work presents a capability-adaptive cryptanalytic framework that unifies linear cryptanalysis, differential cryptanalysis, and side-channel leakage analysis within a common candidate-space reduction architecture, followed by reduced-space quantum verification through amplitude amplification. A formal mathematical model is developed for candidate-space construction, adaptive filtering, verification-space reduction, and complexity characterization, supported by the oretical results establishing the relationship between candidate-space contraction and quantum verification effort. A Hamiltonian formulation is further introduced to provide a physically realizable interpretation of the reduced-space verification process. Evaluation using statistically generated cryptanalytic observations demonstrates that the proposed framework reduces an initial candidate-key hypothesis space of 4096 candidates to an effective candidate space of 13 hypotheses, corresponding to an overall reduction of approximately 99.683%. Consequently, the Grover verification requirement decreases from 50 iterations to only 2 iterations, yielding an approximately 25-fold reduction in verification effort, while reduced-space amplitude amplification achieves a target-state success probability of approximately 94.53%. These results demonstrate that adaptive cryptanalytic filtering can substantially reduce quantum verification complexity while preserving cryptanalytic admissibility, providing a practical foundation for capability-aware hybrid cryptanalysis and reduced-space quantum search.
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All authors Nivedita Dey, Mrityunjay Ghosh, Pranav Kaushal, Abhinab Khare, Amlan Chakrabarti

Materials Science · Cross-listed from math.DS

Effective Dynamics of Disclination Pairs

Nicolò Briatico, Pierluigi Cesana and Marco Morandotti

The dissipative dynamics of a pair of wedge disclinations with opposite Frank angles confined to a circular domain is investigated under the assumption of radially symmetric motion. Two distinct dynamical regimes are identified: a diverging-disclination regime and an annihilating-dipole regime. The stationary points associated with both regimes are determined and fully characterized in terms of their stability, and quantitative estimates for the characteristic evolution times in their vicinity are derived. In the annihilating-dipole regime, it is shown that, after a suitable time rescaling, the resulting law of motion for the dipole coincides with that of an edge dislocation.
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Fluid Dynamics

Effects of Soret Diffusion and Radiative Heat Loss on the Evolution of Buoyant Flame Kernels in Ultra-Lean Hydrogen-Air Mixture

Ivan S. Yakovenko and Alexey D. Kiverin

Ultra-lean hydrogen flames under terrestrial gravity are governed by a coupled interaction among preferential diffusion, thermal diffusion, heat loss, and self-induced convection. This study numerically examines combustion in a quiescent 6~vol.% H$_2$–air mixture using detailed chemistry and a low-Mach-number formulation. A complete calculations set was considered, with Soret diffusion and optically thin radiative heat loss independently enabled and disabled. One-dimensional spherical calculations were used to isolate the initial post-ignition flame kernel growth, while two-dimensional planar and axisymmetric simulations described its subsequent buoyant rise, deformation, and breakup. Over the analyzed interval, the spherical flame-front radius followed $R_f^2\approx Kt$ rather than constant-speed expansion. Soret diffusion increased the effective growth coefficient $K$, whereas radiation reduced it. The axisymmetric calculations reproduced the experimentally measured leading-point trajectory substantially better than the planar formulation. Soret diffusion produced larger, faster-rising kernels and maintained a more nearly circular upper cap, whereas radiation had a weaker effect on trajectory but increased relative lateral flattening. In all cases, a toroidal vortex stretched the flame segment and caused local extinction and fragmentation. Soret diffusion delayed breakup, while radiation advanced it; their combined effect on breakup time was nearly compensating. The results show that Soret transport and radiation primarily alter kernel growth and resistance to vortex-induced extinction, while the qualitative breakup pathway remains hydrodynamically controlled.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Second-Chern Bounds in Non-Abelian Quantum Geometry

Junwen Zhao, Zhiming Pan, Kang Yang et al. (+1 more)

We study the quantum geometry of doubly degenerate energy levels in a four-dimensional parameter space. We find that the scalar quantum metric $g$ and the Berry curvature $F$ obey $(\operatorname{tr} g)^2/16\geq\sqrt{\det g}\geq |2\Tr(F\wedge F)-\Tr F\wedge \Tr F|/24$. The first inequality characterizes the anisotropy in the metric. The second determinant inequality measures the self-duality of the traceless $SU(2)$ part of the curvature under Hodge star operation and the algebraic closedness of the inter-level polarization amplitudes under $SU(2)$ rotations in the doubly degenerate levels. The saturation of the determinant bound imposes a quaternionic Cauchy-Riemann equation, analogous to the complex analyticity imposed by ideal-band conditions in two-dimensional Chern insulators. As examples, four-band Dirac Hamiltonians automatically saturate the determinant bound and possess a topological zero in $\operatorname{tr}(F\wedge F)$. We compare the differences between Kramers degeneracy and ordinary $U(2)$ degeneracy. In addition to the non-Abelian geometric bound, the latter also obeys an independent first-Chern bound.
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All authors Junwen Zhao, Zhiming Pan, Kang Yang, Congjun Wu

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

High-energy neutrino signatures of embedded GRB jets in AGN disks: a dynamic jet-propagation framework

Wei-Cheng Long and Yun-Wei Yu

Relativistic jets embedded in active galactic nucleus (AGN) accretion disks are promising high-energy neutrino sources, but their emission is often estimated from a single representative jet state. We develop a time-dependent framework that follows jet-head propagation, evolving reverse-shock conditions, and particle cooling until the jet chokes or breaks out, and apply it to the SG and TQM disk models. For the representative choked cases, neutrino emission is dominated by the high-dissipation phase near jet stalling, allowing a stalling-state approximation to reproduce the trajectory-integrated, detector-weighted event yield within approximately $14\%$. In breakout cases, however, rapid jet-head acceleration across steep disk-density gradients suppresses reverse-shock dissipation and can cause single-state estimates to overpredict the fluence, even after accounting for the available energy budget. Full trajectory integration also reshapes the high-energy spectral tail and produces distinct detectability patterns across SMBH mass and disk radius for the two disk models. Some lower-density outer-disk cases develop harder tails extending into the 10–100 PeV range, motivating future ultra-high-energy neutrino searches. Resolving jet propagation dynamics is therefore indispensable for evaluating embedded transients across AGN disk environments and avoiding systematic biases in multi-messenger modeling.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Model-independent measurement of the transversity amplitudes of the $B^0\to K^{*0}\mu^+\mu^-$ decay

LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb et al. (+1178 more)

An analysis of the decay amplitudes of $B^0 \to K^{*0}(\to K^+\pi^-)\mu^+\mu^-$ is presented, using proton-proton collision data recorded by the LHCb experiment at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 8.4 fb$^{-1}$. The amplitudes are constructed from Legendre polynomials in the $\mu^+\mu^-$ invariant mass squared region $1.1<q^2<8.0$ GeV$^2/c^4$. $C\!P$-averaged observables are obtained from the amplitudes. Some of these observables present deviations with respect to the Standard Model, which can be interpreted as shifts in the effective Wilson coefficients. This model-independent approach enables tests of theoretical predictions that can help disentangle hadronic effects from potential contributions from physics beyond the Standard Model. This allows flexibility in the choice of $q^2$ binning for global analyses. Depending on the binning scheme, the deviation of the Wilson coefficient $C_9$ from its Standard Model expectation varies from $4.3\sigma$ to $4.8\sigma$.
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All authors LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A.A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C.A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, H. Al Saleh, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, S. Amato, J.L. Amey, Y. Amhis, Z. Amos, L. An, L. Anderlini, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J.A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J.J. Back, M. Bai, Z.B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I.R. Barbosa, W. Barker, R.J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Baron, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P.B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I.B. Bediaga, N.A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, J.L.M. Berkey, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, L. Bertsch, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M.S. Bieker, N.V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F.C.R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J.E. Blank, S. Blusk, J.A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R.B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J.T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S.A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T.J.V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J.D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, C. Buti, J.S. Butter, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J.I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A. Campomagnani, A.C. Campos, A.F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, A. Casais Vidal, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A.J. Chadwick, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, G. Chizhik, V. Chobanova, A. Christakakis, M. Chrzaszcz, Y. Chu, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, P. Cifra, P.E.L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H.V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, A. Codovini, C. Codovini, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, G.C. Costantino, C. Cotirlan, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D.C. Craik, N. Crepet, M. Cruz Torres, M. Cubero Campos, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C.L. Da Silva, X. Dai, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, G. Darze, A. Davidson, O. De Aguiar Francisco, C. De Angelis, F. De Benedetti, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, S. De Capua, M. De Cian, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, F. De Gregorio, E. De Lucia, J.M. De Miranda, L. De Paula, A. De Robertis, E. De Santis, M. De Serio, P. De Simone, F. De Vellis, J.A. de Vries, F. Debernardis, D. Decamp, S. Dekkers, L. Del Buono, B. Delaney, B. Demaire-Lepape, J. Deng, O. Deschamps, F. Dettori, B. Dey, P. Di Nezza, S. Ding, Y. Ding, L. Dittmann, J.F. Diverchy, A.D. Docheva, A. Doheny, C. Dong, F. Dordei, J. Dorta Moreno, A.C. dos Reis, J. Dos Santos Oliveira, A.D. Dowling, L. Dreyfus, W. Duan, P. Duda, L. Dufour, V. Duk, P. Durante, M.M. Duras, J.M. Durham, O.D. Durmus, K. Duwe, A. Dziurda, S. Easo, E. Eckstein, U. Egede, S. Eisenhardt, E. Ejopu, L. Eklund, M. Elashri, D. Elizondo Blanco, J. Ellbracht, S. Ely, A. Ene, T. Evans, F. Fabiano, S. Faghih, L.N. Falcao, B. Fang, R. Fantechi, L. Fantini, M. Faria, K. Farmer, F. Fassin, D. Fazzini, L. Felkowski, C. Feng, M. Feng, A. Fernandez Casani, M. Fernandez Gomez, B. Fernandez Rodino, J. Fernandez-John, A.D. Fernez, F. Ferrari, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, R.A. Fini, R. Fiorenza, M. Fiorini, M. Firlej, D.S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Fiutowski, F. Fleuret, A. Fomin, M. Fontana, M. Fontes Vaz, L.A. Foreman, R. Forty, D. Foulds-Holt, V. Franco Lima, M. Franco Sevilla, M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei, D.A. Friday, J. Fu, Y. Fu, Q. Führing, T. Fulghesu, G. Galati, M.D. Galati, A. Gallas Torreira, D. Galli, S. Gambetta, M. Gandelman, P. Gandini, B. Ganie, H. Gao, R. Gao, T.Q. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, L.M. Garcia Martin, P. Garcia Moreno, J. García Pardiñas, P. Gardner, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, A. Gavrikov, E. Gersabeck, M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon, S. Ghizzo, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, F.I. Giasemis, V. Gibson, H.K. Giemza, A.L. Gilman, M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù, L. Girardey, M.A. Giza, F.C. Glaser, V.V. Gligorov, C. Göbel, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, E. Golobardes, A. Golutvin, S. Gomez Fernandez, A.G. Gomez Mongui, W. Gomulka, F. Goncalves Abrantes, I. Gonçales Vaz, M. Goncerz, G. Gong, S. Gong, J.A. Gooding, C. Gotti, E. Govorkova, J.P. Grabowski, L.A. Granado Cardoso, R. Grande Quartieri, E. Graugés, E. Graverini, L. Grazette, G. Graziani, A.T. Grecu, N.A. Grieser, L. Grillo, C. Gu, M. Guarise, L. Guerry, A.-K. Guseinov, Y. Guz, T. Gys, K. Habermann, T. Hadavizadeh, C. Hadjivasiliou, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, S. Haken, G. Hallett, P.M. Hamilton, Q. Han, S. Han, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Harnew, T.J. Harris, L. Hartman, M. Hartmann, S. Hashmi, J. He, N. Heatley, A. Hedes, F. Hemmer, C. Henderson, R. Henderson, R.D.L. Henderson, A.M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy, J. Herd, P. Herrero Gascon, J. Heuel, A. Heyn, A. Hicheur, G. Hijano Mendizabal, J. Horswill, R. Hou, Y. Hou, D.C. Houston, N. Howarth, W. Hu, X. Hu, W. Hulsbergen, R.J. Hunter, D. Hutchcroft, M. Idzik, P. Ilten, A. Iohner, S. Jacevicius, H. Jage, S.J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, T. Jakoubek, E. Jans, A. Jawahery, C. Jayaweera, A. Jelavic, V. Jevtic, Z. Jia, E. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y.J. Jiang, E. Jimenez Moya, N. Jindal, M. John, A. John Rubesh Rajan, D. Johnson, C.R. Jones, S. Joshi, B. Jost, J. Juan Castella, N. Jurik, I. Juszczak, K. Kalecinska, D. Kaminaris, S. Kandybei, M. Kane, Y. Kang, C. Kar, M. Karacson, A. Kauniskangas, J.W. Kautz, M.K. Kazanecki, F. Keizer, M. Kenzie, T. Ketel, B. Khanji, S. Kholodenko, V. Kholoimov, G. Khreich, F. Kiraz, T. Kirn, V.S. Kirsebom, N. Kleijne, A. Kleimenova, D. Klekots, K. Klimaszewski, M.R. Kmiec, T. Knospe, R. Kolb, S. Koliiev, L. Kolk, A. Konoplyannikov, P. Kopciewicz, P. Koppenburg, A. Korchin, I. Kostiuk, O. Kot, S. Kotriakhova, E. Kowalczyk, O. Kravcov, M. Kreps, W. Krupa, W. Krzemien, O. Kshyvanskyi, S. Kubis, M. Kucharczyk, A. Kupsc, A. Kurzina, V. Kushnir, B. Kutsenko, J. Kvapil, I. Kyryllin, D. Lacarrere, P. Laguarta Gonzalez, A. Lai, A. Lampis, D. Lancierini, C. Landesa Gomez, G. Lanfranchi, C. Langenbruch, T. Latham, F. Lazzari, C. Lazzeroni, R. Le Gac, H. Lee, R. Lefèvre, M. Lehuraux, E. Lemos Cid, O. Leroy, T. Lesiak, E.D. Lesser, B. Leverington, A. Li, C. Li, C. Li, H. Li, J. Li, K. Li, L. Li, L. Li, P. Li, P.-R. Li, Q. Li, T. Li, T. Li, W. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Z. Lian, Q. Liang, X. Liang, Z. Liang, S. Libralon, A. Lightbody, J. Lin, S. Lin, T. Lin, R. Lindner, H. Linton, R. Litvinov, D. Liu, F.L. Liu, G. Liu, K. Liu, S. Liu, W. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.L. Liu, G. Loachamin Ordonez, I. Lobo, A. Lobo Salvia, A. Loi, T. Long, F.C.L. Lopes, J.H. Lopes, A. Lopez Huertas, C. Lopez Iribarnegaray, Q. Lu, C. Lucarelli, D. Lucchesi, M. Lucio Martinez, Y. Luo, A. Lupato, M. Lupberger, E. Luppi, K. Lynch, J. Lyu, S. Lyu, X.-R. Lyu, H. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert, F. Maciuc, B. Mack, I. Mackay, L.M. Mackey, L.R. Madhan Mohan, M.J. Madurai, D. Magdalinski, J.J. Malczewski, S. Malde, L. Malentacca, G. Manca, C. Mancuso, R. Manera Escalero, A. Mangalasseri, F.M. Manganella, R. Mangrulkar, D. Manuzzi, S. Mao, D. Marangotto, J.F. Marchand, R. Marchevski, U. Marconi, E. Mariani, S. Mariani, C. Marin Benito, J. Marks, A.M. Marshall, L. Martel, G. Martelli, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli, M. Martinelli, C. Martinez, A. Martinez Armas, D. Martinez Gomez, D. Martinez Santos, F. Martinez Vidal, A. Martorell i Granollers, A. Massafferri, R. Matev, A. Mathad, C. Matteuzzi, K.R. Mattioli, L. Matzner, A. Mauri, E. Maurice, J. Mauricio, P. Mayencourt, J. Mazorra de Cos, M. Mazurek, D. Mazzanti Tarancon, M. McCann, N.T. McHugh, A. McNab, R. McNulty, B. Meadows, S.E.R. Medaer, D. Melnychuk, D. Mendoza Granada, P. Menendez Valdes Perez, F.M. Meng, M. Merk, A. Merli, L. Meyer Garcia, D. Miao, H. Miao, M. Mikhasenko, D.A. Milanes, A. Minotti, E. Minucci, B. Mitreska, D.S. Mitzel, R. Mocanu, A. Modak, L. Moeser, R.D. Moise, E.F. Molina Cardenas, T. Mombächer, M. Monk, T. Monnard, S. Monteil, A. Morcillo Gomez, G. Morello, M.J. Morello, M.P. Morgenthaler, A. Moro, J. Moron, W. Morren, A.B. Morris, A.G. Morris, R. Mountain, Z. Mu, N. Muangkod, E. Muhammad, F. Muheim, M. Mulder, K. Müller, F. Muñoz-Rojas, V. Mytrochenko, P. Naik, T. Nakada, R. Nandakumar, G. Napoletano, I. Nasteva, M. Needham, N. Neri, S. Neubert, N. Neufeld, J. Nicolini, D. Nicotra, E.M. Niel, L. Nisi, Q. Niu, B.K. Njoki, P. Nogarolli, P. Nogga, J. Nombela Royo, C. Normand, A. Novo Cal, J. Novoa Fernandez, G. Nowak, H.N. Nur, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, T. Oeser, O. Okhrimenko, R. Oldeman, F. Oliva, E. Olivart Pino, M. Olocco, R.H. O'Neil, J.S. Ordonez Soto, D. Osthues, J.M. Otalora Goicochea, P. Owen, A. Oyanguren, O. Ozcelik, F. Paciolla, A. Padee, K.O. Padeken, B. Pagare, T. Pajero, A. Palano, L. Palini, L. Palombini, M. Palutan, C. Pan, X. Pan, S. Panebianco, S. Paniskaki, L. Paolucci, A. Papanestis, M. Pappagallo, L.L. Pappalardo, C. Pappenheimer, C. Parkes, D. Parmar, G. Passaleva, D. Passaro, A. Pastore, M. Patel, J. Patoc, C. Patrignani, A. Paul, C.J. Pawley, A. Pellegrino, J. Peng, X. Peng, M. Pepe Altarelli, S. Perazzini, H. Pereira Da Costa, M. Pereira Martinez, A. Pereiro Castro, C. Perez, A. Perez Casas, P. Perret, A. Perrevoort, A. Perro, M.J. Peters, A. Petkovic, K. Petridis, A. Petrolini, S. Pezzulo, J.P. Pfaller, H. Pham, L. Pica, M. Piccini, L. Piccolo, B. Pietrzyk, R.N. Pilato, D. Pinci, F. Pisani, M. Pizzichemi, V.M. Placinta, M. Plo Casasus, T. Poeschl, F. Polci, M. Poli Lener, A. Poluektov, I. Polyakov, E. Polycarpo, S. Ponce, D. Popov, K. Popp, K. Prasanth, C. Prouve, D. Provenzano, V. Pugatch, A. Puicercus Gomez, G. Punzi, J.R. Pybus, Q. Qian, W. Qian, N. Qin, R. Quagliani, R.I. Rabadan Trejo, B. Rachwal, R. Racz, J.H. Rademacker, M. Rama, M. Ramírez García, V. Ramos De Oliveira, M. Ramos Pernas, G. Ramsey, M.S. Rangel, G. Raven, M. Rebollo De Miguel, F. Redi, J. Reich, F. Reiss, Z. Ren, P.K. Resmi, M. Ribalda Galvez, R. Ribatti, G. Ricart, D. Riccardi, S. Ricciardi, K. Richardson, M. Richardson-Slipper, F. Riehn, K. Rinnert, P. Robbe, G. Robertson, E. Rodrigues, A. Rodriguez Alvarez, E. Rodriguez Fernandez, J.A. Rodriguez Lopez, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez, J. Roensch, A. Rogovskiy, D.L. Rolf, P. Roloff, A. Romano, V. Romanovskiy, A. Romero Vidal, G. Romolini, F. Ronchetti, T. Rong, W. Rose, M. Rotondo, M.S. Rudolph, M. Ruiz Diaz, J. Ruiz Vidal, J. Ruz Armendariz, J.J. Saavedra-Arias, J.J. Saborido Silva, D. Sahoo, N. Sahoo, B. Saitta, M. Salomoni, I. Sanderswood, R. Santacesaria, C. Santamarina Rios, M. Santimaria, L. Santoro, E. Santovetti, A. Saputi, A. Sarnatskiy, G. Sarpis, M. Sarpis, C. Satriano, A. Satta, M. Saur, H. Sazak, F. Sborzacchi, A. Scarabotto, S. Schael, S. Scherl, M. Schiller, H. Schindler, M. Schmelling, B. Schmidt, N. Schmidt, S. Schmitt, H. Schmitz, O. Schneider, A. Schopper, N. Schulte, H. Schumacher, M.H. Schune, G. Schwering, B. Sciascia, A. Sciuccati, G. Scriven, I. Segal, S. Sellam, M. Senghi Soares, A. Sergi, N. Serra, L. Sestini, B. Sevilla Sanjuan, Y. Shang, D.M. Shangase, R.S. Sharma, L. Shchutska, T. Shears, S. Shelton, J. Shen, Z. Shen, S. Sheng, B. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, W.S. Shi, E. Shmanin, R. Silva Coutinho, G. Simi, S. Simone, M. Singha, I. Siral, N. Skidmore, T. Skwarnicki, M.W. Slater, E. Smith, M. Smith, L. Soares Lavra, M.D. Sokoloff, F.J.P. Soler, A. Solomin, K. Solovieva, N.S. Sommerfeld, R. Song, Y. Song, Y. Song, Y.S. Song, F.L. Souza De Almeida, G. Souza De Castro, B. Souza De Paula, K.M. Sowa, E. Spadaro Norella, E. Spedicato, J.G. Speer, P. Spradlin, F. Stagni, M. Stahl, S. Stahl, S. Stanislaus, M. Stefaniak, O. Steinkamp, F. Suljik, J. Sun, L. Sun, M. Sun, D. Sundfeld, P. Svihra, V. Svintozelskyi, J. Swallow, K. Swientek, F. Swystun, A. Szabelski, T. Szumlak, Y. Tan, Y. Tang, Y.T. Tang, M.D. Tat, J.A. Teijeiro Jimenez, F. Terzuoli, F. Teubert, E. Thomas, D.J.D. Thompson, A.R. Thomson-Strong, R. Thornton, H. Tilquin, V. Tisserand, S. T'Jampens, M. Tobin, T.T. Todorov, L. Tomassetti, G. Tonani, X. Tong, T. Tork, L. Toscano, D.Y. Tou, C. Trippl, G. Tuci, N. Tuning, L.H. Uecker, A. Ukleja, A. Upadhyay, B. Urbach, A. Usachov, U. Uwer, V. Vagnoni, A. Vaitkevicius, A. Valassi, V. Valcarce Cadenas, G. Valenti, N. Valls Canudas, J. van Eldik, H. Van Hecke, E. van Herwijnen, C.B. Van Hulse, R. Van Laak, M. van Veghel, P. Varrella, R. Vazquez Gomez, P. Vazquez Regueiro, C. Vázquez Sierra, S. Vecchi, J. Velilla Serna, J.J. Velthuis, M. Veltri, A. Venkateswaran, M. Verdoglia, M. Vesterinen, W. Vetens, D. Vico Benet, P. Vidrier Villalba, M. Vieites Diaz, X. Vilasis-Cardona, E. Vilella Figueras, A. Villa, P. Vincent, B. Vivacqua, F.C. Volle, D. vom Bruch, K. Vos, C. Vrahas, J. Wagner, J. Walsh, N. Walter, E.J. Walton, G. Wan, A. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, G. Wang, H. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, N.W. Wang, R. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X.W. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.H. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, J.A. Ward, A. Wasili, M. Waterlaat, N.K. Watson, D. Websdale, Y. Wei, Z. Weida, J. Wendel, B.D.C. Westhenry, A.S. White, C. White, M. Whitehead, E. Whiter, A.R. Wiederhold, D. Wiedner, M.A. Wiegertjes, C. Wild, G. Wilkinson, M.K. Wilkinson, M. Williams, M.J. Williams, M.R.J. Williams, R. Williams, S. Williams, Z. Williams, F.F. Wilson, M. Winn, W. Wislicki, M. Witek, L. Witola, T. Wolf, E. Wood, G. Wormser, S.A. Wotton, H. Wu, J. Wu, X. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Wu, K. Wyllie, S. Xian, Z. Xiang, Y. Xie, T.X. Xing, A. Xu, L. Xu, M. Xu, R. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, S. Yadav, K. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yang, H. Yeung, H. Yin, X. Yin, C.Y. Yu, J. Yu, K. Yu, X. Yuan, Y Yuan, S. Zalambani, J.A. Zamora Saa, F. Zangari, M. Zavertyaev, M. Zdybal, F. Zenesini, C. Zeng, M. Zeng, S.H Zeng, C. Zhang, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, Q.Z. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. Zhang, S.L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, J. Zhao, M. Zhao, Y. Zhao, A. Zhelezov, S.Z. Zheng, X.Z. Zheng, Y. Zheng, T. Zhou, X. Zhou, V. Zhovkovska, L.Z. Zhu, X. Zhu, X. Zhu, Y. Zhu, V. Zhukov, J. Zhuo, T. Zies, D. Zuliani, X. Zuo

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Electron transport in a 1.6~nm-thick double-gated (100) silicon nanosheet: A theoretical study accounting for phonon confinement and remote-phonon scattering

Shoaib Mansoori, Bimin Cai, Edward Chen et al. (+2 more)

We study theoretically electron transport in an top-and bottom-gated (100) 1.6 nm-thin silicon nanosheet with SiO2/HfO2 gate stacks, focusing on the intrinsic physical processes that affect transport: the confinement of phonons and the presence of interface hybrid plasmon-phonon excitations (IPPs or `remote phonons'). The band structure is calculated using local empirical pseudopotentials; an approximated elastic continuum model is used to consider the confinement of acoustic phonons; the dielectric continuum limit is used to deal with the IPPs. We find that the electron mobility is affected significantly by the boundary conditions chosen to deal with phonon confinement. The more realistic assumption of phonons clamped at the SiO2/HfO2 interfaces and optical phonons at the Si/SiO2 interfaces results in a room temperature mobility much smaller than what is obtained using the common assumption of bulk phonons in the elastic, high-temperature approximation. We also find that, as a result of the complicated structure of the primed subbands, the high-field saturated velocity is significantly lower than its bulk value, as it had been measured in the past in the case of Si inversion layers but never explained theoretically. Finally, we find that IPP scattering does depress the low-field mobility but to a small extent, thanks to the presence of the interfacial SiO2 layers and to the proximity of the metal gates. Moreover, by keeping electrons `cooler', IPP scattering results in a higher saturated velocity. Therefore, the presence of high-kappa materials in the gate-insulator stacks should not affect negatively the performance of field effect transistors based on Si nanosheets.
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All authors Shoaib Mansoori, Bimin Cai, Edward Chen, Dallin O. Nielsen, Massimo V. Fischetti

Quantum Physics

Parity Mapping for Quantum Optimization on Frustrated Ising Rings

Ruiyi Wang, Anita Weidinger, Glen Bigan Mbeng et al. (+2 more)

The frustrated Ising ring is one of the simplest models exhibiting exponential closing spectral gaps, making it a paradigmatic and challenging benchmark for quantum annealing (QA). Ground-state preparation for this model has therefore been studied extensively in both continuous-time QA and digitized protocols such as the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). Here, we use the frustrated Ising ring to investigate how the parity mapping affects the performance of both QA and QAOA. For QA, finite-size calculations show that the parity mapping increases the minimum spectral gap under the energy normalization used in this work, thereby enabling faster continuous-time ground state preparation protocols. An ideal implementation of Parity-QA, with a single global constraint, shows no evidence of exponential gap closing over the accessible system sizes, whereas a hardware-motivated decomposition into local constraints restores the exponential decrease, albeit with a smaller fitted exponent than conventional QA. For the digitized protocol, we find that the number of Parity-QAOA layers required to prepare the exact ground state remains constant over the simulated sizes, improving upon the quadratic scaling required by conventional QAOA. To investigate the role of constraints in Parity-QAOA, we further consider a modified Ising ring instance in which the constraint term is essential for preparing the target ground state. We then compare the corresponding resource requirements with those of conventional QAOA.
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All authors Ruiyi Wang, Anita Weidinger, Glen Bigan Mbeng, Wolfgang Lechner, Giuseppe E. Santoro

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

A Covariant Distributional Approach for Junctions in Torsional Locally Rotationally Symmetric Class II Spacetimes

Ujjwal Agarwal and Sante Carloni

A rigorous framework for consistent study of junctions in a coordinate independent manner is presented. This is achieved by extending a theory of distributions in curved spacetimes with torsion and combining it with covariant formalism. In this way, one can derive general conditions on the differentiability of the joined manifold. Given a specific theory of gravity, in particular the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble one, we evaluate the conditions for obtaining a smooth junction. These conditions can be successfully applied independently of the choice of coordinates used to describe the metric, thereby, evading the drawbacks of coordinate dependent Israel-Darmois framework.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Finding black hole spins efficiently during a numerical binary evolution

Himanshu Chaudhary, Rob Owen, Mark A. Scheel et al. (+1 more)

The dynamics of a binary black hole system depend on its masses and spins. For a binary at finite separation, it is not possible to define these quantities in an unambiguous way; however, there are several reasonable definitions that reduce to the expected values in the limit of infinite separation. Approximate Killing vector (AKV) spin is one of the spin definitions used in the numerical relativity code SpEC. AKV spin requires finding approximate Killing vectors on an apparent horizon, which reduces to a generalized eigenvalue problem of size $\mathcal{O}(L^2)$, and a direct solve has time complexity $\mathcal{O}(L^6)$, where $L$ is the highest spherical harmonic mode used to represent the apparent horizon. This scaling means that the cost of computing AKV spins increases rapidly as we simulate systems at higher resolutions, especially those with high spin or mass ratios. We describe a new algorithm for computing AKV spins that is much faster than the current algorithm.
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All authors Himanshu Chaudhary, Rob Owen, Mark A. Scheel, Saul A. Teukolsky

High Energy Physics (Theory)

On divergences in a four-derivative scalar field theory

Maegan Anderson, Sam Bateman, Franz Herzog et al. (+1 more)

We perform a detailed diagrammatic analysis of the renormalisation of a family of asymptotically free, shift-symmetric four-derivative scalar field theories introduced by Holdom in arXiv:2303.06723 and arXiv:2402.09223. We extend the renormalisation of the theory from one to three loops using both an $R^*$ method and an asymptotic expansion in momenta. We prove that the Euclidean correlators (or off-shell amplitudes) are IR finite, to all orders in perturbation theory, and derive a non-renormalisation theorem describing the all-order structure of the renormalisation constants. In particular, a purely cubic interaction is RG invariant and a perfect square Lagrangian density is preserved under renormalisation. The latter result is due to a Ward identity in a related $\textit{ gravitational}$ theory $-$ the conformally flat limit of quadratic gravity (CFQG). We show that the beta function for the perfect square theory maps exactly to that of an $O(2)$-symmetric, two-derivative, massless $\phi^4$ theory at negative coupling. We verify this relationship explicitly up to three loops and thus determine the beta function and anomalous dimension for both the perfect square theory and CFQG to six loops.
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All authors Maegan Anderson, Sam Bateman, Franz Herzog, Neil Turok

Statistical Mechanics · Cross-listed from q-bio.PE

Dynamics of fluctuating populations in multi-state switching environments

Mauro Mobilia

Microbial populations generally evolve in fluctuating environments under time-varying conditions. These are often described by binary switching models, sometimes seen as coarse-grained feast-famine cycles, in which resource availability switches abruptly between abundant and scarce conditions. However, experimental studies suggest that feast-famine environments actually exhibit more complex temporal dynamics. Here, we study how two strains, one growing slightly slower than the other, compete for the same resources in fluctuating environments comprising a finite number of intermediate states, each having its own carrying capacity. Environmental switching between these states and their carrying capacities represents gradual changes in nutrient availability. This class of multi-state stochastic switching models can be interpreted as a coarse-grained description of feast–famine cycles and allows us to investigate strain competition under the gradual recovery and depletion of resources. By computational and analytical means, we characterise the population dynamics in these multi-state fluctuating environments. In particular, we study how the switching rates and distribution of carrying capacities affect the population-size statistics, fixation probability, and mean fixation time. By comparing these results with their counterparts in binary environments, we clarify how the frequency and amplitude of environmental fluctuations influence population dynamics in coarse-grained feast-famine cycles.
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Plasma Physics

Derivation and application of sheath boundary conditions for drift-kinetic simulations in a linear plasma device based on a gyromoment approach

Jacob Emil Mencke, Thomas Stucker and Paolo Ricci

Boundary conditions for a drift-kinetic model at the collisional presheath entrance with perpendicular incidence of the magnetic field to the wall are derived and numerically implemented. The drift-kinetic model for the plasma is based on the expansion of the ion distribution function on a Hermite-Laguerre basis, and the evolution of the resulting gyromoments. A linear-plasma-device geometry is considered. Comparison with simpler simulations with previously used ad hoc boundary conditions is presented. For the new set of boundary conditions, a significant increase of the plasma outflow to the wall is observed, leading to a significantly smaller plasma density in the whole volume of the device.
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Medical Physics

A 2D Hydrothermodynamic Analytical Model for Rapid Tumor Ablation using High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound

D. Tsiklauri

We establish a self-consistent 2D hydrothermodynamic analytical model for high-intensity focused ultrasound tumor ablation. Expanding compressible Navier-Stokes equations to second order demonstrates that a stationary cellular matrix suppresses acoustic streaming ($\mathbf{v}_2 = 0$). This constraint forces the absorbed wave momentum flux to convert entirely into localized, time-averaged static pressure gradients ($\nabla \langle p_2 \rangle = \mathbf{F}_2$), bridging non-linear hydrodynamics with thermodynamic dissipation. Solving the non-diffusive Pennes bioheat equation under a $1.0\,\text{s}$ top-hat pulse reveals that a spherically focusing geometry ($\propto 1/r^2$) overrides exponential damping past a critical geometric threshold ($r_{\text{crit}} = 2x_0$), preventing upstream skin overheating. We derive an optimization criterion where the absorption coefficient matches half the inverse target depth ($\alpha = 1/2x_0$). Solving the non-isothermal Arrhenius integral yields a sharp lesion boundary radius at $r_b = 0.75\,w_0$, where the volume average reaches $72.1^\circ\text{C}$ while the core peaks at $90.0^\circ\text{C}$. Post-pulse 2D free-space Green's function convolution confirms immediate monotonic thermal decay ($\partial \theta/\partial t' < 0$) outside this boundary. This closed-form framework provides explicit scaling laws for non-invasive wave-matter thermal confinement, bypassing computationally heavy numerical simulations.
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Nuclear Theory

Impact of perturbative tensor interactions on the spontaneous fission half-lives of superheavy nuclei

R. Rodriguez-Guzman, A. Rakhmankulov, L.M. Robledo et al. (+1 more)

The standard microscopic description of fission, based on the mean-field Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation and a semi-classical description of tunneling through the fission barrier, has been used to analyse the impact of introducing a (perturbative) tensor term along with the well known Gogny-D1S force in the spontaneous fission half-lives. Calculations in a series of even-even isotopes of superheavy nuclei ranging from nobelium to darmstatium have been carried out. The results show that the tensor term only impacts the height of the first fission barrier and leaves mostly unaffected the pairing properties and therefore the collective inertias. As a consequence of the reduction in the barrier height, the spontaneous fission lifetimes obtained by including the tensor term are significantly smaller than the ones without it bringing the theoretical predictions in closer agreement with experimental data.
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All authors R. Rodriguez-Guzman, A. Rakhmankulov, L.M. Robledo, R.N. Bernard