Materials Science
Recent progress on liquid transport growth of quantum materials
Jiaqiang Yan and Brenden Ortiz
Liquid transport growth (LTG) is a horizontal flux growth technique that is closely analogous to chemical vapor transport, with the key distinction that a molten flux rather than a vapor serves as the transport
agent. Unlike conventional flux growth, LTG spatially separates charge dissolution and
crystal precipitation and couples them through continuous solute transport under a deliberately imposed temperature gradient. This enables
crystal growth to begin before the charge is completely dissolved, removes the
equilibrium solubility constraint on the starting charge/flux ratio, and allows large yields of single
crystals to be obtained from a single growth. Recent studies have further shown that by spatially separating dissolution and crystallization and maintaining crystallization at a nearly constant temperature, LTG is particularly effective for two classes of materials: compounds that crystallize only within a narrow temperature and/or composition window, and compounds whose stoichiometry, defect concentration, and thus physical properties are sensitive to the crystallization temperature. In this review, we discuss representative examples including Fe$_3$Sn$_2$, CrTe$_3$, YFe$_2$Ge$_2$, UTe$_2$, CeRh$_2$As$_2$, MoTe$_2$, WTe$_2$, and LuNb$_6$Sn$_6$ to illustrate the unique capabilities of LTG for producing high quality single
crystals of diverse
quantum materials. We also summarize practical considerations for LTG experimental design, including furnace selection, growth time, melt stability, and ampoule geometry, and discuss future opportunities for transforming LTG from an empirical growth method into a more predictive
crystal growth technique.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
PeV extended emission around Galactic PeVatrons and echos of their flares
A.Neronov and Ie.Vovk
We notice that
Galactic sources of PeV gamma-rays are generally expected to be surrounded by multi-degree-scale extended emission produced as a result of injection of electron-positron pairs in the interstellar medium from interactions of PeV gamma-rays with microwave
photons. The surface brightness of such emission may be variable in time because of variability of the PeV emission power of its parent source. A
flare of the parent source produces an “echo” spreading across the extended emission region that may be detectable on the time scales from decades to millennia. We consider a possibility that the very extended PeV source in the Cygnus region is the produced by the Cygnus X-3 PeV gamma-ray source, possibly being an echo of its past
flare.
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Quantum Physics
Implicit differentiation of tensor network algorithms
Lander Burgelman, Anna Francuz, Paul Brehmer et al. (+4 more)
The current leading approach to the variational optimization of projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) is based on automatic differentiation, which allows for a convenient evaluation of the energy gradient with respect to the local variational degrees of freedom. However, evaluating the energy gradient not only remains a major computational bottleneck of the optimization procedure, but also suffers from frequent numerical instabilities. In this work, we adopt recent advances in implicit differentiation techniques to address these challenges in PEPS optimization. By reformulating the core step of the gradient computation in terms of a single characteristic equation for the contraction environment, we reduce the cost of the gradient computation and improve its scaling with the problem size. By choosing a suitable parametrization of this characteristic equation based on the intrinsic
symmetries of the contraction environment, we can directly remove instabilities from the global gradient computation that would otherwise arise from the derivatives of subroutines of the contraction
algorithm. Finally, we demonstrate how this approach drastically simplifies the practical implementation of stable gradient-based PEPS optimization.
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All authors Lander Burgelman, Anna Francuz, Paul Brehmer, Lukas Devos, Jutho Haegeman, Frank Verstraete, Bram Vanhecke
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Galactic constraints on spinning primordial black hole dark matter from interstellar dust heating
Shaobin Hu, Yupeng Yang, Chengjie Sun et al. (+5 more)
Primordial black holes (PBHs) are compelling dark matter candidates. PBHs with masses between $10^{15}$ and $10^{18}\,\mathrm{g}$ can heat interstellar
dust via Hawking radiation. Previous studies of this
dust heating mechanism mostly neglected PBH
spin and adopted a single dark matter
halo profile. In this work, we incorporate PBH
spin, which substantially enhances the emitted radiation flux, and systematically investigate the dependence of constraints on the dark matter density distribution by considering five different
halo models. We compute the complete
photon spectra, including both primary and secondary emissions. Our results show that, for a fixed profile and mass function, larger
spin parameters yield stronger constraints on the PBH fraction $f_{\mathrm{PBH}}$. Among the
halo models, the Isothermal profile gives the most stringent limits, followed by Einasto, then NFW and Moore, while the Burkert profile yields the weakest constraints. For silicate grains, which cool less efficiently than graphite, the upper limits reach $\mathcal{O}(10^{-4})$ for high
spin cases. We consider both monochromatic and lognormal mass functions, and find consistent trends between them. For the lognormal case, larger values of the width $\sigma$ lead to a broader mass range being excluded, in particular ruling out massive PBHs as the sole dark matter component. Our bounds are generally weaker than other existing limits, but they provide a complementary and independent constraint.
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All authors Shaobin Hu, Yupeng Yang, Chengjie Sun, Zihan Li, Jiafan Sun, Yuzhu Tong, Yankun Qu, Shuangxi Yi
Instrumentation and Detectors
Comparative study and optimization of SDHCAL hadronic energy reconstruction methods
Tanguy Pasquier, Gérald Grenier and Imad Laktineh
We present a detailed study of hadronic shower energy reconstruction methods for the Semi-Digital Hadronic Calorimeter (SDHCAL) within the ILD detector concept, using the Particle Flow
Algorithm (PFA) APRIL. Using samples of single $K^0_L$ and dijet ($u,d,s$) events, we compare linear, quadratic, split, and
polynomial regression-based reconstruction formulas, focusing on their impact on linearity and resolution. The study also addresses angular corrections required in the barrel region due to non-perpendicular particle incidence. Results show that while all methods achieve good overall performance, the split method and the
polynomial regression provide the best compromise across different energy regimes, offering improved resolution at low energies without compromising linearity at higher energies. For dijets, sensitivity to PFA confusion dominates the resolution at high energies. These findings highlight the potential of future improvements, notably the integration of precise timing information from the T-SDHCAL into APRIL, to further reduce confusion and enhance hadronic energy reconstruction for next-generation
lepton colliders.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
High resolution Lyman-{\alpha} forest constraints on dark matter-neutrino scattering
Markus R. Mosbech, Olga Garcia-Gallego, Vid Iršič et al. (+2 more)
We present new constraints on models of dark matter interacting with
neutrino, based on high-resolution Lyman-$\alpha$ forest data. We perform a suite of full hydrodynamical simulations of these models, spanning a range of interaction strengths and thermal histories. We train an emulator on the simulation results. A Monte Carlo Markov Chain analysis yields an upper limit on the interaction strength of $u_{\nu\chi} \leq1.5\times10^{-8}$ (95% C.L.), which is the strongest direct bound to date on such interactions. Our results exclude previous hints of non-zero interactions presented in the literature. We furthermore compare our results to those obtained by mapping warm dark matter constraints to other models with suppressed small-scale structure, and find that these methods would overestimate the constraining power for this model.
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All authors Markus R. Mosbech, Olga Garcia-Gallego, Vid Iršič, Matteo Viel, Julien Lesgourgues
Plasma Physics
An asymptotic-preserving five-moment two-species plasma model coupled to an external magnetohydrodynamic solver
Magnus Deisenhofer, Aleksandr Mustonen, Simon Lautenbach et al. (+1 more)
Accurately modeling collisionless space
plasmas requires capturing small-scale kinetic effects while keeping global-scale simulations computationally tractable. Traditional multiscale approaches often rely on localized magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)-particle-in-
cell (PIC) coupling or dynamic model hierarchies. In this work, we extend an established, adaptive multi-model hierarchy spanning from fully kinetic Vlasov descriptions to fluid models by introducing an asymptotic-preserving (AP) strategy that couples a two-species, five-moment fluid description with an ideal MHD solver. This coupling is the final critical step toward enabling efficient global simulations because the kinetic-scale physics in nonideal regions is entirely handled by finer models in the hierarchy. Kinetic descriptions natively solve Maxwell's equations and thus capture fast
plasma waves, oscillations, and light waves, which are absent in the MHD dynamics. To address this difference without sacrificing computational efficiency, our AP framework seamlessly projects these fast dynamics onto the slow MHD dynamics, ensuring rigorous consistency at the model interfaces. We detail the AP two-fluid formulation, the variable-coupling interface, and its integration into external frameworks. Finally, we demonstrate the validity and robustness of the fully coupled framework, from kinetics to ideal MHD, through
magnetic reconnection simulations.
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All authors Magnus Deisenhofer, Aleksandr Mustonen, Simon Lautenbach, Rainer Grauer
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
The non-LTE abundances of magnesium and yttrium and asteroseismic ages for the chemical clock calibration
Š. Mikolaitis, G. Tautvaišienė, E. Pakštienė et al. (+11 more)
Building on our previous study, which demonstrated the importance of accounting for departures from local thermodynamic
equilibrium (LTE) in elemental-abundance determinations and of using asteroseismic ages, we investigate spatial variations in the empirical [Y/Mg]-age relation across the
Galactic disc using a substantially larger
stellar sample. We analysed high-resolution
stellar spectra and determined Mg and Y abundances through spectral synthesis of multiple spectral features, rigorously accounting for non-LTE (NLTE) effects. We derived asteroseismic ages for
stars exhibiting
solar-type oscillations and used cross-checked isochrone-based methods for the remaining
stars. We determined atmospheric parameters and Mg and Y abundances for 528
Galactic field
stars, together with asteroseismic ages for 307
stars and isochronal ages for 221
stars. We also identified two new triple-lined and nine double-lined spectroscopic systems. Combining the present sample with that of our previous study yielded a total of 736
stars, which we used to examine the [Y/Mg]-age relation across the
Galactic disc. The relation shows systematic spatial variations that likely reflect differences in
star-formation and chemical-enrichment histories. In general, [Y/Mg] tends to increase with
metallicity over the investigated age range. At supersolar
metallicity, however, this trend may weaken, and the [Y/Mg]-age relations become flatter than those of
solar-
metallicity stars, which show lower [Y/Mg] values at young ages and higher values at old ages.
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All authors Š. Mikolaitis, G. Tautvaišienė, E. Pakštienė, A. Drazdauskas, V. Bagdonas, C. Viscasillas Vázquez, M. Ambrosch, Y. Chorniy, R. Minkevičiūtė, E. Stonkutė, B. Bale, B. Ćurjurić, A. Sharma, K. Diktanaitė
Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Competing Orders Driven by Wigner Crystal Phase in Rhombohedral Graphene
Zekang Zhou, Kilian Krötzsch, Raphaël Ayache et al. (+7 more)
Rhombohedral
graphene systems provide a unique platform where strong electronic interactions and nontrivial band
topology coexist at low carrier densities and high displacement fields, giving rise to a rich landscape of emergent electronic phases. Here, we report that the highly insulating state on the low-density side of
chiral superconductivity in rhombohedral pentalayer
graphene (R5G) corresponds to a Wigner
crystal (WC) phase. In addition, a hole-doped metallic Wigner
crystal (h-mWC) phase emerges near the WC boundary. Under an out-of-plane
magnetic field, the system hosts competing
magnetic-field-stabilized superconductivity (fSC) and unconventional reentrant
quantum Hall (RIQH) states. These emergent phases are closely connected to the underlying WC and mWC states and evolve continuously across phase boundaries. Our results establish that WC phase plays an important role in the phase diagram of rhombohedral multilayer
graphene and highlight its connection to a rich landscape of emergent phases.
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All authors Zekang Zhou, Kilian Krötzsch, Raphaël Ayache, Yonggen Li, Sandeep Joy, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Moty Heiblum, Preden Roulleau, Mitali Banerjee
Mathematical Physics
Quasi-Pfaffian Solutions to Integrable Systems via Sylvester-Moutard Transformations
Claire R Gilson and Chen Shu
In this paper, we introduce a mathematical structure called the quasiPfaffian. The quasiPfaffian is analogous to the quasideterminant, a structure used instead of a determinant in noncommutative settings. Building on the Sylvester identity for the quasiPfaffian, we develop a novel transformation, named the Sylvester Moutard transform, this generates new solutions for Moutard transformable integrable systems, such as the Novikov Veselov equation and the two dimensional sine Gordon equation. We also briefly review the classical Moutard transformation in the context of quasiPfaffians and discuss several additional properties of this new object.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Comment on "Non-linear interactions in cosmologies with energy exchange"
Naman Soni
This work provides a critical reassessment of the cosmological models presented in the article "Non-linear interactions in cosmologies with energy exchange" Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 120 (2020) arXiv:1907.06410 . It points out and corrects several mathematical inconsistencies in the original article. These include a flawed simplification of a Liénard-type equation, unjustified omissions of integration constants, and an incorrect use of the variation-of parameters method. By deriving the exact analytical solutions, it is shown that the corrected mathematical framework fundamentally contradicts the claims of the original article.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Atmospheric evolution through outgassing and escape on young molten rocky exoplanets
Emma Postolec, Tim Lichtenberg, Harrison Nicholls et al. (+2 more)
The earliest rocky
planet atmospheres are shaped by competition between initial volatile inventories and atmospheric escape. On young magma ocean
planets, outgassing competes with atmospheric escape, controlling volatile retention and atmospheric
evolution. We investigate how atmospheric escape and replenishment via outgassing during magma ocean crystallization shape rocky
planet atmospheres. We extend a coupled interior-atmosphere model to simulate rocky
planet evolution during the magma ocean era by incorporating an energy-limited atmospheric escape module. Comparing radiative-convective and prescribed-convective atmospheres, we quantify how atmospheric energy transport affects escape. We explore a wide range of orbital separations, escape efficiencies, oxidation states, and initial volatile inventories to identify regimes where sustained magma-ocean outgassing or escape dominates. We estimate atmospheric loss and compositions for young rocky
planets around Sun-like and M-
dwarf stars over geologic timescales. Atmospheric escape shortens magma ocean lifetimes by weakening greenhouse insulation. Radiative-convective atmospheres reduce solidification timescales compared to purely convective cases. Volatile dissolution into the magma ocean interacts with escape to chemically fractionate the planetary volatile budget over time by retaining more soluble species. For Earth-mass
planets, atmospheres survive if loss rates remain moderate. Mantle redox state remains a key control on retained atmospheric composition: high oxygen fugacity (fO2) yields heavier, H2O- and CO2-rich atmospheres, while low fO2 produces light, H2- or CO-dominated atmospheres, consistent with previous studies. Orbital separation, initial volatile inventory, and
stellar type produce diverse evolutionary pathways, from bare rocky
planets to magma oceans with thick atmospheres, ranging from H2- to SO2-dominated.
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All authors Emma Postolec, Tim Lichtenberg, Harrison Nicholls, Laurent Soucasse, Floris van der Tak
Materials Science
Ridge-Spin-Layer Coupling and Emergent Ridgetronics in 2D Altermagnets
Mu Tian, Run-Wu Zhang, Chaoxi Cui et al. (+2 more)
Extending valleytronics from discrete points to continuous lines in momentum space transforms dispersionless bands into a controllable degree of freedom. Here we introduce ridge–
spin–layer coupling (RSLC) in two-dimensional (2D) altermagnets, where a one-dimensional continuous line of dispersionless electronic states (a ridge) in momentum space locks to both
spin polarization and atomic sublayer. This ridge-induced quenching of kinetic energy mimics flat-band physics, yet crucially, RSLC grants external control, allowing for layer-selective switching of ridge orientation in reciprocal space,
spin-filtered transport in real space, and a distinct electric
Hall response. Guided by collinear
spin layer group
symmetry, we identify three 2D candidate materials, namely Mg$_2$Mo$_2$(PO$_5$)$_2$, Ca(FeP)$_2$, and Mg$_2$V$_2$(SO$_5$)$_2$, each featuring a crossed-ridge structure with two ridges, one per
spin channel and sublayer. Our work establishes ridgetronics as a controllable platform for direction-discriminating currents, bridging dispersionless bands with multifunctional device operation.
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All authors Mu Tian, Run-Wu Zhang, Chaoxi Cui, Zhi-Ming Yu, Yugui Yao
Soft Condensed Matter
Plug Flow and Cavitation in Rough Lubricated Contacts: Molecular Dynamics of Single- vs. Two-Component Fluids
Shubham Agarwal and Martin H. Müser
We present non-
equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of lubricated sliding between rough, deformable surfaces under conditions representative of mixed lubrication. One aim is to reduce the gap between highly idealized simulations of smooth interfaces and real, rough, load-bearing contacts. Another aim is to determine whether favorable tribological properties of two-fluid lubrication reported for solvated hydrophilic-hydrophobic
polymer-brush interfaces can also be realized in rough contacts without brushes. To this end, we compare aqueous (water), hydrocarbon (n-dodecane), and immiscible two-fluid lubrication under identical
geometric conditions representing randomly rough surfaces. For the single-component lubricants, the simulations reproduce established trends: water shows stronger speed dependence but reduced load-bearing capacity than n-dodecane, despite their similar ambient viscosities. Beyond this expected behavior, the simulations reveal that the combination of strong confinement and large height gradients can cause plug flow and thereby cavitation after asperity collisions. For a high-surface-tension
liquid like water, cavitation leads to an abrupt shear-stress release on scales much exceeding the size of the cavity. Since plug motion only weakens with single-component lubricants at low speeds, the two-fluid lubricant can only leverage its potential advantages at low sliding velocities. It is also the only system in which folding lips form, occasionally developing into transient, detached clusters at high speeds.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Observers, local measurements, and topology
Michele Cirafici
An observer which propagates in a spacetime with dynamical
gravity has access to an
algebra of observables which is expected to be a von Neumann
algebra with a trace. The observer can use projections from the
algebra to perform local measurements. By using this fact we construct a simplicial complex out of measurements recorded on the worldline of the observer and we propose that such a complex captures topological information about spacetime, even when this is fluctuating.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
The World Cup in space: Finding ionised buckyballs in the ISM with CARMENES
J. Maíz Apellániz
Over a century after the discovery of the first diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) in absorption in
stellar spectra (Heger et al 1922), their origin is still mostly unknown. The exception are four DIBs (out of 600+ known) in the 9300-9700 Angstrom region, for which a possible ascription to C_60^+ (ionised buckminsterfullerene, shaped liked a football, hence buckyballs) has been made. However, those DIBs are located in a spectral region heavily contaminated by telluric H_2O absorption, hampering their detection and study from the ground. I present the results of a study with the CARMENES spectrograph that uses a novel technique with multi-epoch spectroscopy at different times of the year to shift the relative position of the DIBs and the surrounding telluric lines, hence facilitating the analysis of the DIBs. The technique has been applied to 41 sightlines of diverse extinctions and environments, with positive detections in all of them. Our results are consistent with three of those DIBs having C_60^+ as the carrier.
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Lattice Field Theory
LQCDMaster: Agentic Scientific Computing for Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics Research
Haofei Gao, Tingjia Miao, Wenkai Jin et al. (+12 more)
Lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD) provides a first-principles framework for computing hadronic observables, but its practical use remains limited by the substantial expertise required to turn research motivation into reliable computing workflows. Here we present LQCDMaster, a tool-augmented, skill-guided and domain-specialized scientific computing
agent that converts natural-
language LQCD research tasks into executable PyQUDA computing workflows, including measurement scripts, job-submission artifacts, execution logs and numerical outputs. The system combines agentic planning, expert-annotated LQCD skills and a deterministic Wick-contraction tool to constrain the algebraically fragile components of code generation. We evaluate LQCDMaster on a
benchmark at the forefront of scientific research, comprising 70 LQCD computing tasks, with observables covering local and nonlocal two-point functions, Wilson loops,
meson and
baryon three-point functions. The generated workflows exactly reproduce expert-written implementations in 63 of 70 tasks at machine precision, with three additional discrepancies attributable to convention mismatches. Across representative observables, the
agent reduces implementation time from hours to minutes while preserving end-to-end numerical validation. Further, we present a typical case of LQCDMaster-driven exploration: a
lattice computation of light-cone distribution amplitudes with diagonal Wilson-line, a quantity accessible with standard methods but never before computed, and computation of the spectrum of
proton, deuteron, triton, hyperon, hyperdeuteron and hypertriton. This work pioneers the paradigm of agentic scientific computing by automating the end-to-end scientific computing workflows in
lattice QCD research, lowering its barrier and facilitating the exploration and verification of non-standard scientific ideas.
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All authors Haofei Gao, Tingjia Miao, Wenkai Jin, Muhua Zhang, Hanzhang Wang, Jie Ran, Jinxin Tan, Zhentao Zhang, Bo Tang, Leiyi Li, Jun Hua, Xiangyu Jiang, Qi-An Zhang, Siheng Chen, Wei Wang
Optics
Hybrid Symmetry Breaking for Chiral Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum
Yongtu Zou, Zhiyao Ma, Guangwei Hu et al. (+3 more)
Chiral optical modes provide a fundamental platform for
spin selective light matter interactions and underpin emerging applications ranging from
chiral emission to polarization-controlled photonic devices. They are typically achieved by tailoring specific structural asymmetries to directly induce circularly polarized radiation. Here, we introduce hybrid
symmetry breaking as a general route for generating and controlling
chiral quasi-bound states in the continuum (qBICs). By combining multiple orthogonal
symmetry perturbations, optical chirality emerges in otherwise achiral photonic structures and evolves continuously from linear to circular polarization. A parity based analysis reveals that the
chiral qBICs originate from the
symmetry-controlled
evolution of parity allowed radiative channels. We demonstrate the universality of the approach across multiple BIC platforms, achieve deterministic control of the polarization state across nearly the entire Poincare sphere, and further establish dynamic chirality reconfiguration in a fixed structure through a phase-change material. More broadly, our results demonstrate that optical chirality can emerge from
symmetry engineering, providing a general framework for the design of
chiral photonic states.
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All authors Yongtu Zou, Zhiyao Ma, Guangwei Hu, Haoran Ren, Stefan A. Maier, Changxu Liu
Materials Science
Modeling the Fatigue Behavior of Amorphous Polymers
Valeriy V. Ginzburg, Oleg V. Gendelman and Alessio Zaccone
Prediction of material durability is both very important and very difficult. In many cases, material durability is measured by subjecting a sample to repeating oscillatory cycles (in shear or tension-compression) until it fails in either ductile or brittle fashion. Typically, the stress amplitude is denoted S, and the number of cycles N, so the resulting dependence is known as the SN-curve. For many materials, SN curve has been shown to obey the empirical Basquin's law, N = AS^(-m), where the prefactor A was a function of the temperature, load frequency, and sample history, and the power law m was a real number, usually between 3 and 12. Here, we derive the Basquin's law using a linearized version of the Long's plasticity model and demonstrate that within this framework, m = 3. We also derive the expression for the prefactor A. Finally, we show that our theory successfully describes experimental data for three amorphous
polymers, PS, PMMA, and PVC.
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Quantum Physics · Cross-listed from cs.IT
Quantum XYZ Stabilizer Codes
Alessio Baldelli, Davide Orsucci, Francisco Lázaro et al. (+1 more)
Stabilizer codes are often constructed within the Calderbank–Shor–Steane (CSS) framework, where two mutually orthogonal binary classical codes define $X$ and $Z$-type stabilizer generators. While this structure is algebraically convenient, additional non-CSS constraints may help suppress low-weight logical operators and improve decoding performance in the finite-length regime. We thus introduce
quantum XYZ stabilizer codes, whose parity-check
matrix (PCM) is built from three pairwise orthogonal binary PCMs associated with $X$-, $Y$-, and $Z$-type stabilizer generators. A nontrivial point is that an XYZ code instance is not automatically genuinely non-CSS: the same stabilizer group may admit a CSS generating set. We characterize this collapse, obtaining algebraic and rank conditions for deciding when the $Y$-type checks are redundant and when they define genuinely non-CSS stabilizer constraints. We also derive upper and lower bounds on the
quantum minimum distance, including bounds for mixed Pauli logical operators. The novel framework includes a known non-CSS topological code, namely the XYZ$^2$ hexagonal code, and yields also sparse finite-length
quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) constructions from intersecting-subset and quasi-dyadic code families. Simulations under depolarizing code-capacity noise and quaternary belief propagation decoding show that the proposed XYZ qLDPC instances can outperform representative CSS qLDPC instances with similar finite-length parameters.
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All authors Alessio Baldelli, Davide Orsucci, Francisco Lázaro, Massimo Battaglioni
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Stellar Multiplicity in Open Clusters: Investigating Binary Fractions and Their Relationship with Cluster Properties
Ruan P. Alves, Hektor Monteiro, Wilton S. Dias et al. (+1 more)
Stellar multiplicity is key in dynamical
evolution of open clusters (OCs) and processes of
stellar formation and
evolution. Since most
stars form in multiple systems, investigating how environmental properties affect their occurrence is crucial. We aim to investigate how binary fraction and mass ratios change across different OC environments. Using a sample of 773 OCs, we identified binary systems and estimated binary fractions, obtaining values in the ranges 0.10-0.85 overall and 0.06-0.79 for high mass-ratio systems. No strong dependence on age or evolutionary stage is found, while an anticorrelation between
metallicity and the binary fraction is identified. However, young and old clusters exhibit distinct mass-ratio distributions. We also find that the probability of a
star being the primary component increases with
stellar mass. In contrast, the probability of a
star belonging to a binary system increases with mass for masses below 1
solar mass, and remains between 60% and 70% for high masses. Binary systems are preferentially located in the inner regions of clusters compared to single
stars, and the mean mass ratio decreases with increasing distance from the cluster center. These results suggest that the binary fraction appears to be set at early times and remains largely unaffected by cluster dynamical
evolution. The concentration of binaries in the inner regions of clusters likely reduces their susceptibility to dynamical escape.
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All authors Ruan P. Alves, Hektor Monteiro, Wilton S. Dias, Gabriel R. Hickel
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Relativistic corrections and high-energy resummation for exclusive heavy quarkonium photoproduction
Maxim Nefedov
The $O(v^2)$ correction to the high-energy resummed coefficient function for the exclusive photoproduction of vector ($1^{--}$) heavy quarkonia off
hadrons is computed, thereby taking into account corrections of $O(v^2 \alpha_s^n \ln^{n-1}(x/\xi))$. When expressed in terms of the physical vector-
meson mass ($M_V$) and the relative heavy-
quark velocity ($\langle v^2 \rangle$) using the Gremm-Kapustin relation, the computed correction turns out to be negligible at the scale $\mu_F=M_V$. However, it partially cancels the $\mu_F$ dependence of the $O(v^2)$ correction to the LO coefficient function in $\alpha_s$, thereby improving the robustness of the predictions.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
Isomer-specific excitation of formic acid in collisions with helium atoms
Karina Sogomonyan, Anzhela Veselinova-Marinova, François Lique et al. (+1 more)
An accurate estimation of the molecular abundances of isomers in the interstellar medium (ISM) is necessary to unravel the underlying chemistry and physics. After the recent detections of both isomers of formic acid ($cis-$ and $trans-$HCOOH) in dense dark cold clouds, their accurate molecular line modeling became of interest. The conditions of these environments do not necessarily follow the local thermodynamic
equilibrium, thus taking into account the competition between the radiative and collisional processes is required. This involves the knowledge of the rotational excitation data for collisions with the most abundant interstellar species \textemdash He and H$_2$. In this paper, the first potential energy surfaces (PES) for the interaction of the two rotamers of formic acid with He atoms are computed using the explicitly correlated coupled-cluster theory [CCSD(T)-F12]. The obtained PESs demonstrate qualitative similarities and high anisotropy. The global minima are found with $V=-53.0$ cm$^{-1}$ and $V=-46.0$ cm$^{-1}$ for $cis-$HCOOH and $trans-$HCOOH respectively. Collisional excitation cross sections calculated for total energies up to 100 cm$^{-1}$ demonstrate similar propensity rules for both isomers. Quantitative differences of the cross sections associated with the two rotamers are also discussed.
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All authors Karina Sogomonyan, Anzhela Veselinova-Marinova, François Lique, Jérôme Loreau
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Testing the Isotropy of the Universe with the CHIME/FRB Catalog I
Jun-Yi Shen and Yuan-Chuan Zou
We test the isotropy of the Universe using 536 Fast
Radio Bursts (FRBs) from the first CHIME/FRB catalog, employing two complementary statistical methods: the two-point angular correlation function (2PACF) and the sigma-map method, with observational biases corrected using CHIME injection data. Both analyses are consistent with the isotropic expectation, but are limited by the small sample size. The 2PACF suffers from an ill-conditioned covariance
matrix, preventing robust parameter inference. The sigma-map angular power spectrum shows no statistically significant directional anisotropy, though the uncertainties at low multipoles remain large. Future FRB surveys are expected to improve these limitations.
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Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.SP
The divisor of the twisted Selberg zeta function
Moritz Doll and Anke Pohl
For the Selberg
zeta function of geometrically finite infinite-area
hyperbolic orbisurfaces with twists by finite-dimensional
unitary representations, we establish a factorization formula in terms of a Weierstrass product of the Laplace resonances of the considered
hyperbolic orbisurface, Barnes G-functions, gamma functions, and the singularity degrees of the representation. We thereby provide an interpretation of the zeros and poles of the Selberg
zeta function by spectral and
geometric entities of the orbisurface and the representation. This formula generalizes the factorization result by Borthwick, Judge and Perry to
hyperbolic orbisurfaces with orbifold singularities as well as to
unitary twists. Also in the untwisted case, the presence of orbifold singularities yields a separate, previously unobserved contribution to the factorization formula.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
A self-consistent Higgs-portal framework for dark matter–admixed neutron stars: Collider-motivated benchmarks meet multimessenger constraints
Adamu Issifu
We investigate dark matter (DM)-admixed
neutron stars (NSs) within a self-consistent single-fluid relativistic mean-field framework by extending the
Higgs-portal model with a massive $Z^\prime$ vector mediator. The resulting density-dependent repulsive interaction dynamically couples the baryonic matter (BM) and DM sectors, allowing the DM content to be characterized by the global particle fraction, $F_\chi=N_\chi/N_B$, with the local DM density determined self-consistently as $n_\chi=F_\chi n_B$, thereby eliminating the need for the externally prescribed DM
Fermi momentum adopted in previous single-fluid models. Using the NL3$\omega\rho$, DD2, and FSU2R EOSs, we show that increasing $F_\chi$ systematically softens the
nuclear equation of state (EOS), reduces the maximum NS mass by up to $\sim29\%$, increases
stellar compactness, and modifies the thermodynamic response of dense matter. We further derive exact analytical expressions for the adiabatic speed of sound, its density derivative, and the adiabatic index, providing a rigorous
benchmark for assessing the causality and thermodynamic stability of DM-admixed EOSs. At the microscopic level, the BM–DM interaction is shown to be dominated by the repulsive $Z^\prime$ vector channel. Our framework establishes a direct connection between
collider-motivated WIMP models and the multimessenger phenomenology of NSs, with potential implications for future gravitational-wave and X-ray observations.
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Materials Science
Scalable Fabrication of Diamond-on-Silica Heterostructures via High-Selectivity Deep ICP-RIE and Room-Temperature Bonding
R. Chembra Vasudevan, A. Hammouti, J. Le Pouliquen et al. (+4 more)
Single-
crystal diamond is a leading material platform for high-power electronics and solid-state
quantum technologies, yet many device architectures require micrometer-scale membranes with deeply etched features, patterned from commercially available substrates. In this work, we demonstrate a complete through-etch of a 16 {\mu}m -thick NV-doped single-
crystal diamond membrane using a single-layer SiO2 hard mask combined with a multi-step oxygen-based ICPRIE process. With a diamond-to-SiO2 selectivity of 15:1, this non-metallic mask strategy can achieve etch depths of few tens of {\mu}m with well-defined sidewalls, conserved surface roughness and negligible micromasking. Furthermore, we use the
oxide layer that remains after etching to serve as the bonding surface in a subsequent integration step. The etched microstructures are transferred onto SiO2 substrates and bonded at room temperature using O2
plasma surface activation and a sodium silicate interlayer. The resulting siloxane film is optically transparent across the visible spectrum and introduces no detectable parasitic photoluminescence, preserving the optical readout of the embedded NV centers. Together, this deep-etch and room-temperature bonding process provides a scalable and contaminationfree route from bulk diamond membranes to diamond-on-silica
heterostructures for integrated
quantum photonics and sensing applications.
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All authors R. Chembra Vasudevan, A. Hammouti, J. Le Pouliquen, T. Batte, P. Pirasteh, Y. Dumeige, P. Huillery
Quantum Gases
Parallel analog quantum simulation in homogeneous quantum gases
Diego Hernández Rajkov, Alberto Terenzi, Marcia Frómeta Fernández et al. (+4 more)
Analog
quantum simulation offers a powerful way to study strongly correlated
quantum systems that are beyond the reach of classical computation. In this context, ultracold atomic gases have been demonstrated to be an exceptionally versatile and well-controlled platform for implementing various
quantum Hamiltonians. In this work, we extend this level of control to a multiplexed configuration in which distinct
quantum-simulation units are independently controlled and engineered starting from a single atomic cloud. We demonstrate multiplexed operation in two representative settings. First, by shaping box-trap potentials and separately controlling the evaporative cooling trajectories, we prepare subsystems at various temperatures across the superfluid transition of the
unitary Fermi gas. Second, we demonstrate parallel
quantum simulation of the Josephson
Hamiltonian across distinct Josephson-junction
quantum simulation units with individually tunable parameters, including local phase control to initialize the dynamics. Our scheme provides a versatile route toward systematic studies of dynamics and transport
Hamiltonians in strongly correlated ultracold matter. Moreover, it is readily extendable to a wide range of atomic species, geometries, and dimensionalities.
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All authors Diego Hernández Rajkov, Alberto Terenzi, Marcia Frómeta Fernández, Nicola Grani, Massimo Inguscio, Giulia Del Pace, Giacomo Roati
Quantum Physics
Pareto-optimal work extraction and the thermodynamic cost of precision in quantum information engines
Jonas Berx, Ted Olander and Henning Kirchberg
We study a finite-time
quantum information engine in which a two-level system is measured by a
quantum harmonic oscillator acting as a meter and where useful work is extracted conditionally on the measurement outcome. Using multi-objective optimisation, we find a Pareto-optimal trade-off between extractable work and its fluctuations and show that reducing fluctuations entails higher thermodynamic costs: greater information consumption, more engine cycles, longer operation time, and reduced average work output. In the limit of a highly accurate meter, we obtain the work distribution, its moments, and the Pareto front analytically. In this regime, the work statistics of the engine reduce to those of a
qubit in contact with a single thermal bath. We further analyse the associated information flows by examining the mutual information and Fisher information, and show that the Pareto-optimal engine designs lie very close to local maxima of the latter with respect to the operation time of the device. Our results provide a compact description of the trade-offs between work, its fluctuations, and thermodynamic costs in
quantum information engines.
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Materials Science
Synergistic Effects of Phosphorus Doping and Oxygen Vacancies on Formaldehyde Oxidation over CeO$_2$(111): A First Principles Investigation
Tarek Ayadi, Mourad Debbichi, Michael Badawi et al. (+3 more)
Using a combination of static and dynamic density functional theory simulations, we systematically investigated how phosphorus doping and oxygen vacancies on the CeO$_2$(111) surface influence the oxidation mechanisms of formaldehyde (HCHO). Our results reveal that P cations (P$^{5+}$) substitutionally replace Ce$^{4+}$ in the
lattice, forming Ce$-$O$-$P bonds that reduce the band gap (from 2.26 eV to 2.09 eV) and generate localized Ce$^{3+}$ states through charge redistribution. This synergistic effect of P doping combined with oxygen vacancy strengthens HCHO adsorption by decreasing the adsorption energy from -0.62 eV on pristine CeO$_2$(111) to -2.65 eV on the defective P-doped surface. Importantly, P doping lowers the C$-$H bond cleavage barrier by 0.84 eV relative to pristine CeO$_2$(111), accelerating formaldehyde oxidation on the defective surface. In addition, the rapid desorption of CO$_2$ and H$_2$O ($\tau \sim 0.59 s$ at 300 K) indicates weak product-surface interactions, which favor efficient catalyst regeneration during continuous operation. These findings highlight P-doped CeO$_2$(111) as a promising system for low-temperature HCHO oxidation and provide insights into the design of ceria-based catalytic materials.
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All authors Tarek Ayadi, Mourad Debbichi, Michael Badawi, Fabien Pascale, Adel Mesbah, Sébastien Lebègue