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Physics

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Tuesday 14 July

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Searching for Stellar Activity Cycles using Flares II: The TESS CVZ

Tobin M. Wainer, Holland M. Stuart, Guadalupe Tovar Mendoza et al. (+3 more)

Magnetic activity cycles provide a fundamental constraint on stellar dynamos, but remain difficult to identify beyond the Sun. However, recent studies have shown that flares offer a unique tracer of activity cycle behavior. In this study, we use seven years of short-cadence observations from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) for over 14,000 stars in the Continuous Viewing Zone to search for long-term changes in flare activity. For each star, we perform injection and recovery tests and provide well-characterized completeness limits for flare detection thresholds, and flare finding results. From this search, we identify 17 stars with evidence of long-term variability in flare rate, synonymous with activity cycle behavior. These candidates span a range of effective temperatures, rotation periods, and flare-variability morphologies. One G-type star, TIC 167344043, stands out as the clearest solar-like case, despite rapid rotation and superflare activity. Our results identify candidate activity cycles in stars that are more rapidly rotating and flare-active than the typical stellar-activity-cycle targets in the literature. These systems probe a new regime where stellar dynamos are still evolving, providing critical constraints on when cycle-like magnetic variability first emerges.
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All authors Tobin M. Wainer, Holland M. Stuart, Guadalupe Tovar Mendoza, Andrew R. Casey, Tom Wagg, James R. A. Davenport

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Observation of pair production of longitudinally polarized $Z$ bosons in four-lepton final state with the ATLAS detector

ATLAS Collaboration

The production of two longitudinally polarized $Z$ bosons is measured using proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at a center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=13.6$ TeV and with an integrated luminosity of 164 fb$^{-1}$. The $ZZ$ candidate events are reconstructed using two same-flavor opposite-charge electron or muon pairs. The polarization fractions of the $Z$ boson pair are measured inclusively in the fiducial phase space and also in two regions of the four-lepton invariant mass, and the results are consistent with the Standard Model predictions. After a statistical combination with a previous measurement at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV, the first observation of the production of two simultaneously longitudinally polarized $Z$ bosons is obtained, with observed and expected significances of 6.5 and 5.6 standard deviations, respectively.
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics

Superstatistical Analysis of PDFs and autocorrelation functions for air pollution concentrations in the UK

Nisal Amarakoon, Hankun He and Christian Beck

Conventional statistical models often struggle to fully capture the complex spatio-temporal dynamics, intermittent fluctuations, and heavy-tailed distributions characteristic of real-world air pollution data. Furthermore, existing literature frequently focuses on extreme events, overlooking the persistence of low-pollution states and temporal memory effects. To address these gaps, we apply superstatistical frameworks from non-equilibrium statistical physics to analyse a comprehensive five-year dataset (2020-2025) of hourly air pollutant concentrations across the United Kingdom. Excellent fits of experimentally measured distributions are obtained from our theoretical models. We observe large heterogeneities of the best fitting parameters depending on the locations where the measurements are performed. These parameters form characteristic patterns in the 3-dimensional parameter space and depend on the type of pollutant considered, as well as on the environmental conditions (high traffic, industrial, or rural surroundings). We also investigate autocorrelation functions and provide evidence for differences in day-time and night-time decays of the autocorrelation function. Our investigation mainly focuses onto the dynamics of NO, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, but we also report on some anomalous distributions observed for O3.
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Nuclear Theory

Three-dimensional, boost-invariant formalism for systems of relativistically moving constituents

Adam J. Freese, Anne L. Lashbrook and Gerald A. Miller

Light front quantum mechanics in three dimensions can be used to construct boost-invariant wave functions for the internal structure of relativistic systems. The Miller-Brodsky variable $\tilde{z}$ – which is canonically conjugate to the momentum fraction $x$ – allows a spatial description of the longitudinal degree of freedom. We show how $\tilde{z}$ can be constructed as an operator and prove its boost invariance. A relativistic harmonic oscillator potential from Li, Maris, Zhao and Vary [Phys Lett B 758 (2016) 118] is used as an example of a two-body interaction that can be constructed using $\tilde{z}$ and for which closed-form analytic solutions can be found. We systematically explore the conditions in which the non-relativistic harmonic oscillator solutions are reproduced and the conditions in which relativistic corrections are significant. Harmonic oscillator states are commonly used as a basis for nuclear many-body calculations. The present effort may provide a basis for providing light-front wave functions of nuclei.
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Mathematical Physics

Spending Operators and Weak Power-Port Decompositions for Path-Dependent Entropic Lagrangians

Huilong Ren

History-dependent entropic variational formulations require a calibrated terminal differential for accumulated power and a spatial power split that remains meaningful for weak diffusion fields. Endpoint calibration and cocycle additivity determine a unique oriented spending increment, while independent local selector fields give its distributional channel form. The diffusion identity for a potential-weighted flux is established at $H(\Div)$ regularity and extended to the finite-energy class $H^1\times L^2$ through a distributional balance component. For regular diffusion models, the weighted species channel yields the local balance whenever persistent zero-potential states are dynamically isolated in the admissible state class. An independent multiplier extends the same balance to the natural weak space. These ingredients are assembled in one synchronized thermo-diffusion functional whose directional stationarity yields energetic and thermal conjugacy, species balance, flux closure, the entropy equation, and both terminal routing rules. A Cahn–Hilliard specialization verifies the construction at finite-energy regularity.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

The MICADO first light imager for the ELT: the SCAO module AIT in France, from the beta flat configuration towards the flat and final configurations

Yann Clénet, Vincent Lapeyrère, Eric Gendron et al. (+45 more)

MICADO is the designated ELT first light instrument, a near-infrared imager working at the diffraction limit of the telescope thanks to a SCAO and an MCAO mode. Since summer 2024, MICADO is in its AIT phase and all MICADO partners are currently integrating their subsystems. The MICADO SCAO module will follow three successive AIT phases in France: the beta flat configuration, the flat configuration and the final configuration. In this contribution I will first present the progress made in the AIT of the beta flat configuration and its closed loop results. I will then present the performed and on-going tasks for the flat and final configurations (manufacturing, delivery and integration of several SCAO subsystems and pieces of software) and the results obtained so far in the flat configuration. I will then conclude with the expected following steps of the SCAO module AIT in Garching.
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All authors Yann Clénet, Vincent Lapeyrère, Eric Gendron, Fabrice Vidal, Frédéric Chapron, Mathieu Cohen, Sylvain Guieu, Roderick Dembet, Eric Meyer, Arnaud Sevin, Fanny Chemla, Olivier Dupuis, Kévin Cloiseau, Gilles Fasola, Karim Hussein, Sylvain Isambert, Julien Gaudemard, Florian Ferreira, Hervé Locatelli, Nicolas Gautherot, Antonin Poyard, Lahoucine Ghouchou, Emmanuel Tisserand, Alexandre Blin, Labasse Berthe, Srilakshmi Ramalingam, Claude Collin, Julian Porras, Nicolas Levraud, Caroline Kulcsár, Henri-François Raynaud, Benoit Sassolas, Laurent Pinard, Christophe Michel, Cyrille Blanchard, Ihsan Ibn Taïeb, William Wang, Samir Maria, Tristan Buey, Vincent Chevalier, Sylvestre Taburet, Dalia Djetten, François Meyer, Pierre Baudoz, Elsa Huby, Sebastian Rabien, Eckhard Sturm, Richard Davies

Mathematical Physics

A maximal Hohenberg-Kohn theorem for non-interacting systems via potential theory

Thiago Carvalho Corso

We show that for Schrödinger operators in a connected domain, the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem holds within the class of Laplace form-bounded external potentials if and only if the single-particle density is strictly positive quasi-everywhere. Furthermore, we show that this condition is satisfied for non-interacting Schrödinger operators whenever a ground-state exists. Consequently, we establish the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem for non-interacting systems, and thereby the uniqueness of the Kohn-Sham potential, within the maximal class of Laplace form-bounded distributions. The main ingredient to establish these results is a characterization of regular states, whose proof relies on tools from classical potential theory. Moreover, this characterization reveals that, in the continuum setting, the fundamental mechanism underlying the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem is the (quasi)-unique continuation of the density rather than of the many-body wavefunction.
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Optics

Phase Angle and Effective Second-Harmonic Generation Coefficient

Yisheng Song

In this paper, the calculation formulae of phase angle are given for two classes of largest effective SHG coefficients in uniaxial crystals by means of the optimization theory. With the help of such calculation formulae, we present the best phase angles and azimuth angles of all uniaxial crystals class, as well as their effective SHG coefficients. Furthermore, these calculation is only dependent upon some principal subtensor of second order susceptibility tensor.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

K 1-6 is a photoionised ISM nebula shaped by a fast-moving hot white dwarf in a triple system

Jaroslav Merc, David Jones, Ana Escorza et al. (+22 more)

K 1-6 has long been classified as a planetary nebula (PN) hosting a binary central star, yet it has remained poorly studied due to its faintness. The central star exhibits pronounced photometric variability whose origin has so far been unclear. We aim to present a comprehensive characterisation of the K 1-6 system, including the physical properties of its stellar components and the nature of the surrounding nebulosity. We conducted a multi-wavelength analysis combining optical and UV spectroscopy obtained with the Gran Telescopio Canarias, the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, the Nordic Optical Telescope, and the Hubble Space Telescope. We also present long-term multi-band ground- and space-based photometry, including high-cadence data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, narrow-band imaging, and the latest astrometric constraints from Gaia. Our results show that the nebula is not a remnant PN, but instead consists of interstellar medium photoionised by a hot white dwarf, which is relatively evolved. It has a cooling age of 1-2 Myr, implying that any original PN has long since dissipated. We further find that the central object is a hierarchical triple system, comprising an inner binary with an orbital period likely of the order of thousands of days and a distant tertiary companion on a timescale of tens of thousands of years. The optically dominant cool component of the inner binary is an inflated K-type star displaying extreme magnetic activity, including large-amplitude variability and flaring. Its properties resemble those of BY Dra-type binaries and Abell 35-type systems, and are difficult to reconcile with single-star evolution, pointing instead to a history of binary interaction.
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All authors Jaroslav Merc, David Jones, Ana Escorza, Henri M. J. Boffin, Nicole Reindl, Michael Abdul-Masih, Thomas Masseron, Paulina Sowicka, Jan Kára, Jorge García-Rojas, Rafael A. García, Dinil B. Palakkatharappil, Quentin A. Parker, Albert A. Zijlstra, Diego Godoy-Rivera, Paul G. Beck, Savita Mathur, Montserrat Armas Padilla, Teo Muñoz Darias, Hana Kučáková, Marek Wolf, Kamil Hornoch, Petr Zasche, Rosa Clavero, Peter Goodhew

Quantum Physics

Time-independent counterdiabatic driving for emergent two-level subspaces in many-body systems

Simon Dengis and Peter Schlagheck

We show that geodesic motion in the Riemannian manifold of quantum states provides a direct route to time-independent counterdiabatic driving. Using the relation between the counterdiabatic Hamiltonian and the quantum metric tensor, we prove that a constant-speed geodesic makes the Hilbert-Schmidt norm of the counterdiabatic Hamiltonian constant. For effective two-level systems whose counterdiabatic correction has a fixed operator direction, this further implies that the full counterdiabatic Hamiltonian itself is time independent. We illustrate this result with the Landau-Zener model, three-level Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage and a collectively driven Rydberg ensemble in the blockade regime. Limitations of this approach in realistic many-body systems are discussed, where the two-level reduction is only emergent and leakage out of the effective subspace bounds the achievable speedup. In all cases, time-independent counterdiabatic driving achieves unit-fidelity state preparation on timescales substantially shorter than conventional adiabatic protocols while replacing temporally shaped auxiliary controls by fixed-amplitude fields.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Angular distribution of $\Lambda_c^+ \to \Lambda^*_{1405/1520}(\to\Sigma\pi)\ell^+\nu_\ell$ and implications for form factors

Kaiwen Chen, Zhi-Peng Xing, Xudong Yu et al. (+1 more)

We study the cascade semileptonic decay $\Lambda_c^+\to\Lambda^*_{1405/1520}(\to\Sigma\pi)\ell^+\nu_\ell$ using the helicity amplitude formalism, and derive the full four-body angular distribution. The contributions from the spin-$1/2$ and spin-$3/2$ intermediate resonances, their interference effects, and the corresponding angular coefficients are obtained explicitly. Using available form-factor inputs, we provide numerical predictions for the invariant-mass distribution, helicity-angle distributions, and angular asymmetries. Based on these observables, we discuss strategies for extracting the relevant form factors and analyze the sensitivity of the angular observables to variations in the form factors. Finally, we investigate the strong phases in the $\Lambda_c^+\to\Lambda^*$ form factors and discuss how the strong-phase difference can be extracted from the angular distribution. Our results offer useful theoretical guidance for future experimental analyses.
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All authors Kaiwen Chen, Zhi-Peng Xing, Xudong Yu, Ruilin Zhu

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Inferring 3D Coronal Magnetic Fields through Seismology-assisted Inversions of $IQU$-only Spectropolarimetric Observations

Alin Razvan Paraschiv

The routine measurement of the Stokes $IQUV$ signals of emission lines in the solar corona is still a challenging endeavor, particularly for observations using small-aperture instruments. Therefore, recent studies have explored the use of coronal seismology and propagating Alfvénic waves as alternative diagnostics of the coronal magnetic field. In particular, Z. Yang et al. showed that plane-of-sky (POS) phase-speed measurements provide a direct and consistent diagnostic of the POS magnetic-field component (B$_{\text{POS}}$). Building on recent theoretical advances in solar coronal polarization, we devise a novel inversion scheme and extended the CLEDB software package to exploit Stokes $IQU$ observations of two coronal emission lines combined with coronal seismology-derived B$_{\text{POS}}$ estimations. Using this framework, we perform a comprehensive statistical analysis demonstrating that this combination of diagnostics allows us to infer both magnetic-field orientation and strength with an accuracy comparable to that of Stokes $IQUV$ spectropolarimetry. This type of diagnostics is particularly suited for the Fe xiii 1074.7 and 1079.8 nm line pair routinely observed by new-generation instruments such as DKIST Cryo-NIRSP, DL-NIRSP, MLSO CoMP/UCoMP, and targeted by the future COSMO and CORSAIR efforts.
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Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems

Swarming and Opinion Dynamics

Rommel Tchinda Djeudjo, Dibakar Ghosh and Timoteo Carletti

Collective dynamics in multi-agent systems provide a powerful framework for understanding how coherent group-level patterns can emerge from simple interactions between individuals. Such phenomena are observed in many natural and artificial systems, including animal groups, robotic swarms, and distributed decision-making processes. In many situations, agents are not only characterized by their spatial motion, but also by internal states, e.g., opinions or preferences, which evolve through interactions with peers. Understanding how these internal states influence collective motion, and how spatial organization in turn affects internal dynamics, remains an important challenge. In this work, we propose a model of coupled collective motion and opinion dynamics. The spatial dynamics are governed by attraction–repulsion interactions, while the internal dynamics are described by a Deffuant-type opinion model. Our results show that the confidence threshold of the opinion dynamics plays a key role in controlling the number of opinion clusters, whereas the strength of the opinion-dependent spatial attraction determines whether these clusters spatially merge or remain separated. In addition, for the full-consensus state, we derive the expression for the radius of the stationary swarm distribution when a nonlinear attraction kernel is used, using a semi-analytical approach. The proposed framework may be useful for studying collective decision-making, animal group behavior, and coordination strategies in swarm robotics.
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Chemical Physics

Strong-Field Coulomb Explosion of Ethane, Propane, and Butane in Circularly Polarized Laser Fields

Yuxuan Hu, Roy Lau, Cody Covington et al. (+1 more)

We investigate the Coulomb explosion of ethane (C$_2$H$_6$), propane (C$_3$H$_8$), and n-butane (C$_4$H$_{10}$) driven by intense circularly polarized laser pulses using real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT). The ionization dynamics are benchmarked against those obtained with linearly polarized fields oriented along the $x$, $y$, and $z$ axes at the same peak intensity. Under the laser conditions considered here, circular polarization produces greater ionization than any of the linearly polarized configurations for all three molecules, indicating that the rotating electric field enhances the initial electron-removal stage that triggers Coulomb explosion. Using circularly polarized excitation, we systematically characterize fragmentation thresholds, product distributions, channel branching ratios, and bond-breaking dynamics across the alkane series. Atomic hydrogen is the most abundant fragment in all three systems, demonstrating that hydrogen loss is the dominant fragmentation pathway. Ethane primarily retains its two-carbon backbone through partial dehydrogenation, propane exhibits the broadest range of fragmentation channels and the strongest competition between C–H and C–C bond cleavage within the present ensemble, and butane favors backbone cleavage into relatively stable two-carbon fragments, most notably through the $2\mathrm{C_2H_4} + 2\mathrm{H}$ channel. Analysis of the earliest bond-breaking events further shows that C–H dissociation is the preferred initial fragmentation step throughout the series, although the degree of competition with C–C cleavage depends on molecular size.
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All authors Yuxuan Hu, Roy Lau, Cody Covington, Kálmán Varga

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Cross-listed from cs.ET

Reproducible Reservoir Computing with Thermally Driven Superparamagnets: Controlling Temperature Sensitivity

Zhengfei Chen, Alex Welbourne, Matthew O.A. Ellis et al. (+3 more)

Unconventional computing systems must demonstrate robust performance under real-world environmental conditions to enable practical deployments. We have recently proposed superparamagnetic nanodot ensembles driven by strain-induced magnetoelectric coupling as exciting candidates for use as ultra-low energy consumption reservoir computing substrates. However, because their dynamics are governed by thermal activation effects, these systems are intrinsically sensitive to ambient temperature fluctuations, leading to degraded task performance when operated outside the temperature range used during training. In this paper we simulate how temperature variations affect the magnetization dynamics of such superparamagnetic ensembles, and quantify how this affects task performance. We then show how heterogeneous nanodot patterns that incorporate different sizes of nanodots with different characteristic timescales for thermal activation mitigate this problem. Benchmark results on the NARMA-10 task show that introducing optimized heterogeneity stabilizes performance of the reservoirs across a wide range of ambient temperatures (5-35{\deg}C), with little loss of ultimate performance. We also characterize the trade-off between performance and temperature stability and show that it can be tuned via reservoir hyperparameters. Our study demonstrates a key step in making these novel devices suitable for real-world deployment.
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All authors Zhengfei Chen, Alex Welbourne, Matthew O.A. Ellis, Dan A. Allwood, Eleni Vasilaki, Thomas J. Hayward

Quantum Physics

Thermal Suppression of Dynamical Quantum Phase Transitions in Finite-Dimensional Systems A Quasi-Hermitian Framework

Jia-Chen Tang, Xu-Yang Hou, Ming-Zhang Wang et al. (+1 more)

We investigate dynamical quantum phase transitions (DQPTs) in finite-dimensional systems prepared in thermal equilibrium states and subjected to a sudden quench. A mixed-state Loschmidt amplitude is constructed from first principles within a metric-stationary pseudo-Hermitian framework, providing a self-contained derivation of the finite-temperature quench dynamics. Applying this framework to an $N$-level model consisting of a two-level sector coupled to $N-2$ spectator states, we find that temperature controls the DQPTs through the redistribution of thermal weights among the eigenstates. This mechanism leads to a dimensionality-dependent threshold temperature that becomes finite when the Hilbert-space dimension reaches five, above which the Loschmidt amplitude loses all real zeros and the DQPTs are fully suppressed. The thermal suppression mechanism suggests a general principle for controlling dynamical criticality through thermal occupation, while the quasi-Hermitian framework provides the self-consistent foundation for its rigorous derivation.
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All authors Jia-Chen Tang, Xu-Yang Hou, Ming-Zhang Wang, Hao Guo

Quantum Physics

End-to-End Quantum Key Distribution Across Hybrid Fiber and Free-Space Links with All-Optical Encoding Conversion

Khen Cohen, Tomer Nahum, Michael Tzukran et al. (+6 more)

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises information-theoretically secure communication, but future networks must bridge fiber and free-space links that naturally employ different photonic encodings, namely time-bin in fiber and polarization in free space. Here we demonstrate a complete hybrid fiber and free-space QKD link that bridges both media within a single end-to-end protocol, converting between the two encodings entirely in the optical domain. Using the decoy-state BB84 protocol operating at 1550 nm, we demonstrate continuous secure-key generation over a 90 m outdoor free-space link. The system operates across atmospheric conditions spanning more than two orders of magnitude in the refractive-index structure parameter Cn^2, from strong daytime turbulence to quiescent nighttime conditions, and we further validate photon-level operation over a 750 m free-space extension. Throughout, the link maintains a session-mean quantum bit error rate (QBER) of 5.6-6.8%, well below the 11% BB84 security threshold. The encoding conversion is performed entirely in the optical domain without measurement or state reconstruction, preserving the security assumptions of the BB84 protocol. Consequently, the time-bin-to-polarization (T2P) and polarization-to-time-bin (P2T) converters remain part of the untrusted quantum channel rather than trusted intermediate nodes. These results establish secure photonic encoding conversion as a practical interface between fiber and free-space quantum communication platforms, providing a building block for future quantum networks applications.
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All authors Khen Cohen, Tomer Nahum, Michael Tzukran, Paz Or, Yehuda Pilnyak, Nitzan Livneh, Hagai Eisenberg, Yaron Oz, Haim Suchowski

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Southern massive stars at high angular resolution: WR 25 is a massive hierarchical triple system

K. Deshmukh, L. Mahy, H. Sana et al. (+6 more)

WR 25 is a massive colliding-wind binary in the Carina nebula comprising a WN6ha primary with an O5 companion in an eccentric 208-d orbit. Recent spectroscopic analysis estimates the total binary mass to approach $100\,M_\odot$, and a primary-to-secondary mass ratio of $q= M_1/M_2\approx2$. The presence of additional spectroscopic signatures from a third, intruder star was also noted, making it a candidate hierarchical triple system. In this study, we present a VLTI/PIONIER interferometric observation of WR 25, spatially resolving all three components for the first time. For the inner WN6ha + O5 binary, we find an angular separation of $1.68\pm0.02$ milliarcseconds (mas). Leveraging the fortunate timing of the VLTI observation, which was obtained when the two components were passing the line of nodes, we determined the semi-major axis $a=3.11\pm0.20$ au. Subsequently, the newly constrained total dynamical binary mass is $93\pm18\,M_\odot$, with a primary mass $M_1=62\pm13\, M_\odot$ and secondary mass $M_2=31\pm7\, M_\odot$. We detect the tertiary with an angular separation of $27.69\pm0.02$ mas from the primary, with a chance alignment probability lower than $10^{-4}$. Using newly obtained brightness ratios between all components, we revisit archival spectroscopic data of WR 25 to disentangle spectra for individual components and derive their stellar parameters. The tertiary, which has a spectral type O7, is coeval with the inner binary and has an evolutionary mass $M_3=25.6^{+2.8}_{-2.3}\,M_\odot$. Based on simulations, we estimate the tertiary period to be in the range 19 - 82 yr. The newly confirmed triple nature of WR 25 makes it an important benchmark system to measure accurate dynamical masses of the inner binary and potentially the tertiary, to calibrate stellar evolution and atmosphere models, and to study its formation and stability as a hierarchical triple system.
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All authors K. Deshmukh, L. Mahy, H. Sana, A. J. Frost, E. Gosset, C. Lanthermann, J.-B. LeBouquin, D. Pauli, T. Shenar

High Energy Physics (Theory)

Timelike Entanglement First Law and Linearized Field Equations in Higher Curvature Gravity

Mei-Hui Xiao, Guo-Ying Li, Song He et al. (+1 more)

We investigate the timelike entanglement first law in holographic conformal field theories whose bulk dual is Lovelock gravity. Using the double Wick rotation formulation of timelike entanglement entropy together with the Jacobson-Myers entropy functional, we compute the linear variation of holographic timelike entanglement entropy for hyperbolic subregions. For cubic Lovelock gravity, we explicitly show that a single, universal multiplicative renormalization factor governs how higher curvature interactions enter the variations of both the entropy and the modular Hamiltonian, leading to $\Delta S=\Delta\langle H\rangle$ for low-energy thermal excitations. We then extend the analysis to Lovelock gravity of arbitrary order around the anti-de Sitter spacetime in the Fefferman-Graham gauge. For normalizable perturbations, the variation of the Jacobson-Myers functional reduces to the Einstein gravity's result multiplied by the same coupling-dependent factor that renormalizes the effective Newtonian constant in the linearized field equations of Lovelock gravity. We further show that the boundary contribution vanishes in the conformal limit for the class of perturbations considered. Consequently, the timelike entanglement first law is equivalent to the linearized field equations of Lovelock gravity about the maximally symmetric background, within the hyperbolic and perturbative regime considered in the present paper.
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All authors Mei-Hui Xiao, Guo-Ying Li, Song He, Jia-Rui Sun

Quantum Physics

Detecting Phishing in Ethereum Networks using Quantum Machine Learning

Sai Sakunthala Guddanti, Anupama Ray, Mrunal Arun Kumavat et al. (+1 more)

This article explores the potential of Quantum Machine Learning (QML), specifically assessing a Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM) and a Variational Quantum Classifier (VQC) for detecting anomalies in real-world financial transaction data. While these QML methods outperform statistical methods, they fall short of cutting-edge deep learning techniques. To bridge this gap, we propose a hybrid quantum-classical ensemble framework that leverages the strengths of both domains. We demonstrate its effectiveness in detecting phishing in Ethereum transaction networks by combining complementary algorithms. The QSVM, whether used individually or in an ensemble, consistently delivered the lowest false negatives and higher recall rates, that are crucial for anomaly detection. To enhance individual models, we encoded the data using novel cascaded Quantum Random Access Coding (QRAC) schemes and compared it with the popular encoding ZZ feature map on both simulators and the IBM Heron quantum processor. For both QSVM and VQC, we consistently observed improvements (13% for QRAC-VQC and 3% for QRAC-QSVM) of QRAC over the ZZ feature map. Notably, certain QML algorithms exhibit remarkable resilience on the IBM Heron quantum processor, approaching simulator-level performance on devices with high quantum volume. This observation underscores the promise of QML despite hardware limitations.
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All authors Sai Sakunthala Guddanti, Anupama Ray, Mrunal Arun Kumavat, Anil Prabhakar

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

The MICADO first light imager for the ELT: an overview of the RAM analysis and consequent design and maintenance strategy

Federico Biondi, Yann Clénet, Patrick Caillier et al. (+7 more)

MICADO is a cryogenic near infrared Multi-AO Imaging Camera and Spectrometer developed for the first light operations at the ELT. It will operate in a "Standalone" configuration with a Single Conjugate Adaptive Optics module for a nominal period of two years. After this time, the system will be re-arranged in the "MICADO-MORFEO" configuration, being able to switch between the SCAO and a Multi Conjugate Adaptive Optics module in the later phase of the project. The lifetime requirement of minimum ten years, together with other demanding requisites about its availability and reliability triggered a meticulous FMECA analysis mainly focused on developing robust maintenance strategies. In this paper, we outline the assumptions and the boundaries of the MICADO RAM analysis, a collaborative effort involving the Max Planck Institute for the Extraterrestrial Physics, the Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique and the European Southern Observatory, starting from the input provided by all MICADO partners. We describe how RAM aspects drove some design choices as well as the selection and use of components. We report the preventive and predictive maintenance strategies, which we considered to minimize the risk of instrument downtime in the high cost operational context of the ELT.
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All authors Federico Biondi, Yann Clénet, Patrick Caillier, Veronika Wimmer, Tristan Buey, Luis Neumeier, Florian Lang, Sebastian Rabien, Eckhard Sturm, Richard Davies

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Search for the decays $B^+_{(c)} \to \mu^+ \nu_\mu \gamma$

LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb et al. (+1152 more)

A search for the radiative leptonic decays $B^+\to\mu^+\nu_\mu\gamma$ and $B^+_c\to\mu^+\nu_\mu\gamma$ is performed using proton-proton collision data collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of $13~{\rm TeV}$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4~{\rm fb}^{-1}$. No evidence for an excess of events over background is observed for either signal decay. Upper limits at 90% confidence level are set on the branching fractions: \begin{align} {\cal{B}}(B^+\to\mu^+\nu_\mu\gamma)_{E_\gamma^\ast > 1\,\rm{GeV}} &< 4.0 \times 10^{-6},\\ {\cal{B}}(B_c^+\to\mu^+\nu_\mu\gamma)_{E_\gamma^\ast > 1\,\rm{GeV}} &< 1.6 \times 10^{-3}, \end{align} where the photon energy in the $B$-meson rest frame, $E_\gamma^\ast$, is required to be greater than $1~{\rm GeV}$. This constitutes the first search for these decays at a hadron collider and the first experimental investigation of the $B_c^+\to\mu^+\nu_\mu\gamma$ decay to date.
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All authors LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A.A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C.A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, H. Al Saleh, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, S. Amato, J.L. Amey, Y. Amhis, Z. Amos, L. An, L. Anderlini, M. Andersson, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J.A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J.J. Back, Z.B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I.R. Barbosa, R.J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Baron, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P.B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I.B. Bediaga, N.A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, J.L.M. Berkey, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M.S. Bieker, N.V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F.C.R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J.E. Blank, S. Blusk, J.A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R.B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J.T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S.A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T.J.V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J.D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, C. Buti, J.S. Butter, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J.I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A. Campomagnani, A.C. Campos, A.F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, A. Casais Vidal, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A.J. Chadwick, I. Chahrour, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, G. Chizhik, V. Chobanova, A. Christakakis, M. Chrzaszcz, Y. Chu, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, P. Cifra, P.E.L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H.V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, G.C. Costantino, C. Cotirlan, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D.C. Craik, N. Crepet, M. Cruz Torres, M. Cubero Campos, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C.L. Da Silva, X. Dai, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, G. Darze, A. Davidson, J.E. Davies, O. De Aguiar Francisco, C. De Angelis, F. De Benedetti, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, S. De Capua, M. De Cian, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, F. De Gregorio, E. De Lucia, J.M. De Miranda, L. De Paula, E. De Santis, M. De Serio, P. De Simone, F. De Vellis, J.A. de Vries, F. Debernardis, D. Decamp, S. Dekkers, L. Del Buono, B. Delaney, J. Deng, O. Deschamps, F. Dettori, B. Dey, P. Di Nezza, S. Ding, Y. Ding, L. Dittmann, A.D. Docheva, A. Doheny, C. Dong, F. Dordei, J. Dorta Moreno, A.C. dos Reis, J. Dos Santos Oliveira, A.D. Dowling, L. Dreyfus, W. Duan, P. Duda, L. Dufour, V. Duk, P. Durante, M.M. Duras, J.M. Durham, O.D. Durmus, K. Duwe, A. Dziurda, S. Easo, E. Eckstein, U. Egede, S. Eisenhardt, E. Ejopu, L. Eklund, M. Elashri, D. Elizondo Blanco, J. Ellbracht, S. Ely, A. Ene, T. Evans, F. Fabiano, S. Faghih, L.N. Falcao, B. Fang, R. Fantechi, L. Fantini, M. Faria, K. Farmer, F. Fassin, D. Fazzini, L. Felkowski, C. Feng, M. Feng, A. Fernandez Casani, M. Fernandez Gomez, B. Fernandez Rodino, J. Fernandez-John, A.D. Fernez, F. Ferrari, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, R.A. Fini, M. Fiorini, M. Firlej, D.S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Fiutowski, F. Fleuret, A. Fomin, M. Fontana, M. Fontes Vaz, L.A. Foreman, R. Forty, D. Foulds-Holt, V. Franco Lima, M. Franco Sevilla, M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei, D.A. Friday, J. Fu, Y. Fu, Q. Führing, T. Fulghesu, G. Galati, M.D. Galati, A. Gallas Torreira, D. Galli, S. Gambetta, M. Gandelman, P. Gandini, B. Ganie, H. Gao, R. Gao, T.Q. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, L.M. Garcia Martin, P. Garcia Moreno, J. García Pardiñas, P. Gardner, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, A. Gavrikov, E. Gersabeck, M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon, S. Ghizzo, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, F.I. Giasemis, V. Gibson, H.K. Giemza, A.L. Gilman, M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù, L. Girardey, M.A. Giza, F.C. Glaser, V.V. Gligorov, C. Göbel, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, E. Golobardes, A. Golutvin, S. Gomez Fernandez, W. Gomulka, F. Goncalves Abrantes, I. Gonçales Vaz, M. Goncerz, G. Gong, J.A. Gooding, C. Gotti, E. Govorkova, J.P. Grabowski, L.A. Granado Cardoso, R. Grande Quartieri, E. Graugés, E. Graverini, L. Grazette, G. Graziani, A.T. Grecu, N.A. Grieser, L. Grillo, C. Gu, M. Guarise, L. Guerry, A.-K. Guseinov, Y. Guz, T. Gys, K. Habermann, T. Hadavizadeh, C. Hadjivasiliou, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, S. Haken, G. Hallett, P.M. Hamilton, Q. Han, S. Han, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Harnew, T.J. Harris, L. Hartman, M. Hartmann, S. Hashmi, J. He, N. Heatley, A. Hedes, F. Hemmer, C. Henderson, R. Henderson, R.D.L. Henderson, A.M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy, J. Herd, P. Herrero Gascon, J. Heuel, A. Heyn, A. Hicheur, G. Hijano Mendizabal, J. Horswill, R. Hou, Y. Hou, D.C. Houston, N. Howarth, W. Hu, X. Hu, W. Hulsbergen, R.J. Hunter, D. Hutchcroft, M. Idzik, P. Ilten, A. Iohner, S. Jacevicius, H. Jage, S.J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, T. Jakoubek, E. Jans, A. Jawahery, C. Jayaweera, A. Jelavic, V. Jevtic, Z. Jia, E. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y.J. Jiang, E. Jimenez Moya, N. Jindal, M. John, A. John Rubesh Rajan, D. Johnson, C.R. Jones, S. Joshi, B. Jost, J. Juan Castella, N. Jurik, I. Juszczak, K. Kalecinska, D. Kaminaris, S. Kandybei, M. Kane, Y. Kang, C. Kar, M. Karacson, A. Kauniskangas, J.W. Kautz, M.K. Kazanecki, F. Keizer, M. Kenzie, T. Ketel, B. Khanji, S. Kholodenko, G. Khreich, F. Kiraz, T. Kirn, V.S. Kirsebom, N. Kleijne, A. Kleimenova, D. Klekots, K. Klimaszewski, M.R. Kmiec, T. Knospe, R. Kolb, S. Koliiev, L. Kolk, A. Konoplyannikov, P. Kopciewicz, P. Koppenburg, A. Korchin, I. Kostiuk, O. Kot, S. Kotriakhova, E. Kowalczyk, O. Kravcov, M. Kreps, W. Krupa, W. Krzemien, O. Kshyvanskyi, S. Kubis, M. Kucharczyk, A. Kupsc, V. Kushnir, B. Kutsenko, J. Kvapil, I. Kyryllin, D. Lacarrere, P. Laguarta Gonzalez, A. Lai, A. Lampis, D. Lancierini, C. Landesa Gomez, G. Lanfranchi, C. Langenbruch, T. Latham, F. Lazzari, C. Lazzeroni, R. Le Gac, H. Lee, R. Lefèvre, M. Lehuraux, E. Lemos Cid, O. Leroy, T. Lesiak, E.D. Lesser, B. Leverington, A. Li, C. Li, C. Li, H. Li, J. Li, K. Li, L. Li, L. Li, P. Li, P.-R. Li, Q. Li, T. Li, T. Li, W. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Z. Lian, Q. Liang, X. Liang, Z. Liang, S. Libralon, A. Lightbody, T. Lin, R. Lindner, H. Linton, R. Litvinov, D. Liu, F.L. Liu, G. Liu, K. Liu, S. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.L. Liu, G. Loachamin Ordonez, I. Lobo, A. Lobo Salvia, A. Loi, T. Long, F.C.L. Lopes, J.H. Lopes, A. Lopez Huertas, C. Lopez Iribarnegaray, Q. Lu, C. Lucarelli, D. Lucchesi, M. Lucio Martinez, Y. Luo, A. Lupato, M. Lupberger, E. Luppi, K. Lynch, J. Lyu, S. Lyu, X.-R. Lyu, H. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert, F. Maciuc, B. Mack, I. Mackay, L.M. Mackey, L.R. Madhan Mohan, M.J. Madurai, D. Magdalinski, J.J. Malczewski, S. Malde, L. Malentacca, G. Manca, G. Mancinelli, C. Mancuso, R. Manera Escalero, A. Mangalasseri, F.M. Manganella, R. Mangrulkar, D. Manuzzi, S. Mao, D. Marangotto, J.F. Marchand, R. Marchevski, U. Marconi, E. Mariani, S. Mariani, C. Marin Benito, J. Marks, A.M. Marshall, L. Martel, G. Martelli, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli, M. Martinelli, C. Martinez, D. Martinez Gomez, D. Martinez Santos, F. Martinez Vidal, A. Martorell i Granollers, A. Massafferri, R. Matev, A. Mathad, C. Matteuzzi, K.R. Mattioli, L. Matzner, A. Mauri, E. Maurice, J. Mauricio, P. Mayencourt, J. Mazorra de Cos, M. Mazurek, D. Mazzanti Tarancon, M. McCann, N.T. McHugh, A. McNab, R. McNulty, B. Meadows, S.E.R. Medaer, D. Melnychuk, D. Mendoza Granada, P. Menendez Valdes Perez, F.M. Meng, M. Merk, A. Merli, L. Meyer Garcia, D. Miao, H. Miao, M. Mikhasenko, D.A. Milanes, A. Minotti, E. Minucci, B. Mitreska, D.S. Mitzel, R. Mocanu, A. Modak, L. Moeser, R.D. Moise, E.F. Molina Cardenas, T. Mombächer, M. Monk, T. Monnard, S. Monteil, A. Morcillo Gomez, G. Morello, M.J. Morello, M.P. Morgenthaler, A. Moro, J. Moron, W. Morren, A.B. Morris, A.G. Morris, R. Mountain, Z. Mu, N. Muangkod, E. Muhammad, F. Muheim, M. Mulder, K. Müller, F. Muñoz-Rojas, V. Mytrochenko, P. Naik, T. Nakada, R. Nandakumar, G. Napoletano, I. Nasteva, M. Needham, N. Neri, S. Neubert, N. Neufeld, J. Nicolini, D. Nicotra, E.M. Niel, L. Nisi, Q. Niu, B.K. Njoki, P. Nogarolli, P. Nogga, J. Nombela Royo, C. Normand, J. Novoa Fernandez, G. Nowak, H.N. Nur, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, T. Oeser, O. Okhrimenko, R. Oldeman, F. Oliva, E. Olivart Pino, M. Olocco, R.H. O'Neil, J.S. Ordonez Soto, D. Osthues, J.M. Otalora Goicochea, P. Owen, A. Oyanguren, O. Ozcelik, F. Paciolla, A. Padee, K.O. Padeken, B. Pagare, T. Pajero, A. Palano, L. Palini, M. Palutan, C. Pan, X. Pan, S. Panebianco, S. Paniskaki, L. Paolucci, A. Papanestis, M. Pappagallo, L.L. Pappalardo, C. Pappenheimer, C. Parkes, D. Parmar, G. Passaleva, D. Passaro, A. Pastore, M. Patel, J. Patoc, C. Patrignani, A. Paul, C.J. Pawley, A. Pellegrino, J. Peng, X. Peng, M. Pepe Altarelli, S. Perazzini, H. Pereira Da Costa, M. Pereira Martinez, A. Pereiro Castro, C. Perez, P. Perret, A. Perrevoort, A. Perro, M.J. Peters, K. Petridis, A. Petrolini, S. Pezzulo, J.P. Pfaller, H. Pham, L. Pica, M. Piccini, L. Piccolo, B. Pietrzyk, R.N. Pilato, D. Pinci, F. Pisani, M. Pizzichemi, V.M. Placinta, M. Plo Casasus, T. Poeschl, F. Polci, M. Poli Lener, A. Poluektov, I. Polyakov, E. Polycarpo, S. Ponce, D. Popov, K. Popp, K. Prasanth, C. Prouve, D. Provenzano, V. Pugatch, A. Puicercus Gomez, G. Punzi, J.R. Pybus, Q. Qian, W. Qian, N. Qin, R. Quagliani, R.I. Rabadan Trejo, B. Rachwal, R. Racz, J.H. Rademacker, M. Rama, M. Ramírez García, V. Ramos De Oliveira, M. Ramos Pernas, G. Ramsey, M.S. Rangel, G. Raven, M. Rebollo De Miguel, F. Redi, J. Reich, F. Reiss, Z. Ren, P.K. Resmi, M. Ribalda Galvez, R. Ribatti, G. Ricart, D. Riccardi, S. Ricciardi, K. Richardson, M. Richardson-Slipper, F. Riehn, K. Rinnert, P. Robbe, G. Robertson, E. Rodrigues, A. Rodriguez Alvarez, E. Rodriguez Fernandez, J.A. Rodriguez Lopez, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez, J. Roensch, A. Rogovskiy, D.L. Rolf, P. Roloff, V. Romanovskiy, A. Romero Vidal, G. Romolini, F. Ronchetti, T. Rong, W. Rose, M. Rotondo, M.S. Rudolph, M. Ruiz Diaz, J. Ruiz Vidal, J. Ruz Armendariz, J.J. Saavedra-Arias, J.J. Saborido Silva, D. Sahoo, N. Sahoo, B. Saitta, M. Salomoni, I. Sanderswood, R. Santacesaria, C. Santamarina Rios, M. Santimaria, L. Santoro, E. Santovetti, A. Saputi, A. Sarnatskiy, G. Sarpis, M. Sarpis, C. Satriano, A. Satta, M. Saur, H. Sazak, F. Sborzacchi, A. Scarabotto, S. Schael, S. Scherl, M. Schiller, H. Schindler, M. Schmelling, B. Schmidt, N. Schmidt, S. Schmitt, H. Schmitz, O. Schneider, A. Schopper, N. Schulte, H. Schumacher, M.H. Schune, G. Schwering, B. Sciascia, A. Sciuccati, G. Scriven, I. Segal, S. Sellam, M. Senghi Soares, A. Sergi, N. Serra, L. Sestini, B. Sevilla Sanjuan, Y. Shang, D.M. Shangase, R.S. Sharma, L. Shchutska, T. Shears, J. Shen, Z. Shen, S. Sheng, B. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, W.S. Shi, E. Shmanin, R. Silva Coutinho, G. Simi, S. Simone, M. Singha, I. Siral, N. Skidmore, T. Skwarnicki, M.W. Slater, E. Smith, M. Smith, L. Soares Lavra, M.D. Sokoloff, F.J.P. Soler, A. Solomin, K. Solovieva, N.S. Sommerfeld, R. Song, Y. Song, Y. Song, Y.S. Song, F.L. Souza De Almeida, G. Souza De Castro, B. Souza De Paula, K.M. Sowa, E. Spadaro Norella, E. Spedicato, J.G. Speer, P. Spradlin, F. Stagni, M. Stahl, S. Stahl, S. Stanislaus, M. Stefaniak, O. Steinkamp, F. Suljik, J. Sun, L. Sun, M. Sun, D. Sundfeld, P. Svihra, V. Svintozelskyi, K. Swientek, F. Swystun, A. Szabelski, T. Szumlak, Y. Tan, Y. Tang, Y.T. Tang, M.D. Tat, J.A. Teijeiro Jimenez, F. Terzuoli, F. Teubert, E. Thomas, D.J.D. Thompson, A.R. Thomson-Strong, H. Tilquin, V. Tisserand, S. T'Jampens, M. Tobin, T.T. Todorov, L. Tomassetti, G. Tonani, X. Tong, T. Tork, L. Toscano, D.Y. Tou, C. Trippl, G. Tuci, N. Tuning, L.H. Uecker, A. Ukleja, A. Upadhyay, B. Urbach, A. Usachov, U. Uwer, V. Vagnoni, A. Vaitkevicius, A. Valassi, V. Valcarce Cadenas, G. Valenti, N. Valls Canudas, J. van Eldik, H. Van Hecke, E. van Herwijnen, C.B. Van Hulse, R. Van Laak, M. van Veghel, R. Vazquez Gomez, P. Vazquez Regueiro, C. Vázquez Sierra, S. Vecchi, J. Velilla Serna, J.J. Velthuis, M. Veltri, A. Venkateswaran, M. Verdoglia, M. Vesterinen, W. Vetens, D. Vico Benet, P. Vidrier Villalba, M. Vieites Diaz, X. Vilasis-Cardona, E. Vilella Figueras, A. Villa, P. Vincent, B. Vivacqua, F.C. Volle, D. vom Bruch, K. Vos, C. Vrahas, J. Wagner, J. Walsh, N. Walter, E.J. Walton, G. Wan, A. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, G. Wang, H. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, N.W. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X.W. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.H. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, J.A. Ward, A. Wasili, M. Waterlaat, N.K. Watson, D. Websdale, Y. Wei, Z. Weida, J. Wendel, B.D.C. Westhenry, C. White, M. Whitehead, E. Whiter, A.R. Wiederhold, D. Wiedner, M.A. Wiegertjes, C. Wild, G. Wilkinson, M.K. Wilkinson, M. Williams, M.J. Williams, M.R.J. Williams, R. Williams, S. Williams, Z. Williams, F.F. Wilson, M. Winn, W. Wislicki, M. Witek, L. Witola, T. Wolf, E. Wood, G. Wormser, S.A. Wotton, H. Wu, J. Wu, X. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Wu, K. Wyllie, S. Xian, Z. Xiang, Y. Xie, T.X. Xing, A. Xu, L. Xu, M. Xu, R. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, S. Yadav, K. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yang, H. Yeung, H. Yin, X. Yin, C.Y. Yu, J. Yu, K. Yu, X. Yuan, Y Yuan, J.A. Zamora Saa, F. Zangari, M. Zavertyaev, M. Zdybal, F. Zenesini, C. Zeng, M. Zeng, S.H Zeng, C. Zhang, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, Q.Z. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. Zhang, S.L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, J. Zhao, Y. Zhao, A. Zhelezov, S.Z. Zheng, X.Z. Zheng, Y. Zheng, T. Zhou, X. Zhou, V. Zhovkovska, L.Z. Zhu, X. Zhu, X. Zhu, Y. Zhu, V. Zhukov, J. Zhuo, D. Zuliani, G. Zunica, X. Zuo

Strongly Correlated Electrons

Phase-shifted multicomponent spin-charge nematicity in an altermagnet

Christopher Candelora, Siyu Cheng, Muxian Xu et al. (+7 more)

Altermagnets host spin-split Fermi surfaces without net magnetization. This intrinsically multicomponent electronic setting raises the possibility that familiar correlated electron phases acquire unconventional spin-charge structure. Here we report the discovery of altermagnetic nematicity in Co0.25NbSe2. Using spectroscopic-imaging scanning tunneling microscopy and spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy, we find that the three nominally C3-related directions lose rotational equivalence in the zero-field state, in both charge and spin-sensitive tunneling channels. Strikingly, the dominant spin-sensitive component is shifted by one C3 sector relative to the dominant charge component, revealing a phase-shifted spin-charge nematic response. A phenomenological theory shows that altermagnetic order favors a finite relative phase between the charge and spin-sensitive nematic components – C3 lattice pinning frustrates this preferred offset and selects the observed phase locking. These results establish altermagnetic nematicity as a new form of multicomponent electronic liquid-crystal order and point to a potentially generic route by which altermagnets can transform conventional correlated phases into symmetry-engineered spin-charge orders.
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All authors Christopher Candelora, Siyu Cheng, Muxian Xu, Keyu Zeng, Hengxin Tan, Younghun Hwang, Binghai Yan, Federico Mazzola, Ziqiang Wang, Ilija Zeljkovic

Quantum Physics

The Resolution of the Identity as a Generator of Exact Integral Identities: A Coherent-State Approach

Ghasem Asadi Cordshooli and Mehdi Mirzaee

The resolution of the identity is typically utilized as a passive representation tool in standard quantum mechanics textbooks. In this paper, we reinterpret this traditional perspective by introducing the resolution of the identity associated with Glauber coherent states as a direct generator of exact complex Gaussian integral identities. By systematically projecting the continuous coherent-state completeness relation onto the discrete Fock basis, highly generalized Gaussian integral relations emerge naturally as a direct consequence of state preservation, rather than being introduced as independent mathematical postulates. We demonstrate that this overarching formal structure simultaneously dictates both discrete (Kronecker delta) and continuous (Dirac delta) localization kernels under appropriate basis projections, providing a sharp conceptual contrast between the structural features of overcomplete and strictly orthogonal representations. Crucially, we highlight an intriguing non-commuting behavior in the parameter limits of the master identity. Requiring only the elementary properties of coherent states and the Dirac formalism, this approach offers a transparent and visually intuitive illustration of how Hilbert-space completeness inherently encodes vast libraries of exact, solvable mathematical relations – providing a unifying perspective suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate instruction.
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Quantum Physics

A Quantum Computing Approach to Track Reconstruction in Strip-Type Detectors

Seungyeob Jwa, Hyunyong Kim, Jangho Kim et al. (+1 more)

This study investigates the use of quantum annealing for particle track reconstruction in strip-type gaseous detectors. In such detectors, ghost hits and multiple hit combinations can turn pattern recognition into a combinatorial optimization problem. We formulate two reconstruction subproblems as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problems. The first subproblem selects detector hits associated with a single photon track inside a localized candidate region. The second subproblem selects cluster triplets from different detector layers so that multiple track candidates can be handled within a single quantum processing unit(QPU) submission. The proposed formulations are tested using simulated DAMSA detector events. For the single track hit selection task, the QPU based reconstruction gives position and angular resolutions close to those obtained with a Kalman based reconstruction. In the simultaneous association task, valid cluster triplets are first extracted from the QPU samples and then connected using an association rule based on graph connectivity to construct track candidates. The DAMSA event topology studied here has low pileup and is dominated by the two photon signal from axion-like particle(ALP) decay. In this setting, the results show that the QUBO formulations can reproduce local reconstruction decisions. This provides a practical basis for further studies of reconstruction methods that combine quantum and classical computing in more complex tracking environments.
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All authors Seungyeob Jwa, Hyunyong Kim, Jangho Kim, Minseok Oh

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

What Is the Real-Time Atomistic Mechanism Behind Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity in Donor-Chiral Bridge-Acceptor Molecules?

Shu-Zheng Zhou, Xi Sun, Kai-Yuan Zhang et al. (+1 more)

Chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) has been experimentally observed in photo-excited donor-chiral bridge-acceptor (D-B{\chi}-A) molecules [Science 382, 197-201 (2023)]. However, the microscopic mechanism underlying CISS in such chiral systems remains elusive. Here we develop a quantum dynamical model that precisely maps the atomic structure of binaphthyl-type bridge dimers in isolated D-B{\chi}-A molecules and introduce a geometric spin-orbit coupling (SOC) mechanism to unveil the intrinsic origin of CISS in axially chiral systems. During photo-excited electron transport along the twisted pathways, the geometric SOC coupling strength exceeds the intrinsic coupling of light atoms by one to two orders of magnitude, readily producing observable high spin polarizations. The resulting spin polarization comprises two components: the CISS-associated polarizations along and perpendicular to the chiral axis are intrinsic to axial chirality, requiring neither external fields nor spin-superexchange transfer, while a non-Abelian curvature correction provides a rigorous mathematical definition of the chiral axis direction. Our calculated polarization components, chirality dependence, and relative magnitudes (30-40%) quantitatively match time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. This geometric SOC framework offers a self-consistent and general physical picture of CISS in axially chiral molecules and provides explicit theoretical guidance for the design of chiral spintronic devices.
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All authors Shu-Zheng Zhou, Xi Sun, Kai-Yuan Zhang, Hua-Hua Fu

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

EP-FXT Observations of Abell 1795: X-ray properties and structure out to $R_{200}$

Y. Tang, S.M. Jia, H.H. Zhao et al. (+20 more)

We present deep X-ray observations of the nearby X-ray-luminous galaxy cluster Abell 1795 obtained with the Einstein Probe Follow-up X-ray Telescope EP-FXT, with a total exposure time of $\sim 480$ ks. Exploiting the large field of view and low particle background of EP-FXT, we directly measured the radial temperature profile of A1795 out to $R_{200}$ with full azimuthal coverage, which was shown to increase in line with the radius within 6' and then gradually decline toward larger radii. The surface-brightness residual map and 2D thermodynamic maps reveal a clockwise spiral structure extending from the cluster core towards the south-east, which traces low-temperature and low-entropy gas, which is also consistent with sloshing-induced cold fronts. In the north-west, the surface-brightness-enhanced region exhibits an arc-like high-temperature feature and both the temperature-derived and density-derived Mach numbers support the assumption that it is a weak shock. These substructures can be explained by a binary merger scenario: the perturbing subcluster induces sloshing during its first passage past the primary core and its subsequent return passage through the ICM might drive the shock towards the north-west. Our results indicate that relaxed galaxy clusters such as A1795 might still retain signatures of dynamical activity.
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All authors Y. Tang, S.M. Jia, H.H. Zhao, C.K. Li, H. Yu, Y. Chen, S.S. Weng, X.Y. Zheng, H. Feng, L.M. Song, C.Z. Liu, F.J. Lu, S.N. Zhang, W.M. Yuan, S. Andreon, J.F. Wang, W.W. Cui, J. Guan, C.C. Jin, Y. Liu, J. Zhang, H.S. Zhao, X.F. Zhao

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

The MICADO first-light imager for the ELT: first steps of the SCAO system MAIT

Yann Clénet, Eric Gendron, Fabrice Vidal et al. (+39 more)

MICADO is the ELT first light instrument, an imager working at the diffraction limit of the telescope thanks to two adaptive optics (AO) modes: a single conjugate one (SCAO), available at the instrument first light and developed by the MICADO consortium, and a multi conjugate one (MCAO), developed by the MORFEO consortium. Although the project final design review process is about to be completed, the review board and ESO acknowledged that "the review of the final design can be considered complete for the majority of the MICADO sub-systems" and agreed that MICADO can start manufacturing. For the MICADO SCAO module, we have started the manufacturing of several parts: the majority of the SCAO optics and of the SCAO mechanics, the real-time computer software and the instrument control software. This manufacturing is ordered in several steps to allow the progressive integration of a first full AO close loop with the final SCAO parts. In this contribution, we will focus on the first two steps: on our AO Sésame bench and the so-called "beta flat configuration". We will present the status of this manufacturing and the first results obtained.
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All authors Yann Clénet, Eric Gendron, Fabrice Vidal, Mathieu Cohen, Frédéric Chapron, Arnaud Sevin, Tristan Buey, Sylvain Guieu, Sylvestre Taburet, Bruno Borgo, Jean-Michel Huet, Olivier Dupuis, Kévin Cloiseau, Alexandre Blin, Julien Gaudemard, Claude Collin, Julian Porras, Florian Ferreira, Jordan Raffard, Fanny Chemla, Vincent Lapeyrère, Eric Meyer, Nicolas Gautherot, Emmanuel Tisserand, Hervé Locatelli, Gilles Fasola, Lahoucine Ghouchou, Camille Gennet, François Meyer, Amal Zidi, Caroline Kulcsár, Henri-François Raynaud, Benoit Sassolas, Laurent Pinard, Christophe Michel, Damien Gratadour, Roderick Dembet, Pierre Baudoz, Elsa Huby, Sebastian Rabien, Eckhard Sturm, Richard Davies

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Supernova Neutrinos and the Origin of Biomolecular Homochirality

Amirmasoud Jannat, Soroush Shakeri and Farhad Shahbazi

We investigate the role of parity-violating interactions between supernova neutrinos and chiral molecules in nearby interstellar molecular clouds as a potential source of biomolecular homochirality. We introduce neutrino interactions into the autocatalytic chemical reactions in a far-from-equilibrium noise-induced system. These interactions create a directional bias between L and D enantiomers in the racemization reactions, which is amplified by autocatalysis and stochastic fluctuations. We solve the stochastic equations within the Ito sense to obtain the dynamics of the probability distribution of the enantiomeric excesses, offering an astrophysical scenario for the delivery of homochirality seeds to Earth by meteorites. In spite of the weak interactions of supernova neutrinos, our framework introduces an amplification mechanism to yield a considerable enantiomeric excess of more than $10\%$, in agreement with the latest chemical analysis of the meteorites. Moreover, we scan over the parameter space of the model, inferring from the observational values in order to explore the window of opportunity to generate the initial seeds of homochiral states in interstellar molecular clouds.
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Optics

Symmetry-Informed Deep Learning for Electromagnetic Scattering

Viktor A. Lilja and Philippe Tassin

Deep learning can accelerate the modeling of electromagnetic devices by replacing costly simulations with neural networks trained to map design parameters to scattering parameters. However, data efficiency remains a central bottleneck, as training data is typically generated through expensive numerical simulations. Here we show that symmetry provides a powerful and largely untapped route to overcoming this limitation in electromagnetic scattering problems. Leveraging the equivariance of Maxwell's equations, we obtain general transformation rules that map symmetries of electromagnetic devices to corresponding transformations of their scattering parameters. This enables both systematic data augmentation and the construction of exactly equivariant neural networks. We implement the framework for both discrete and continuous symmetry groups and demonstrate its effectiveness on photonic-crystal slabs and free-form diffraction gratings. Incorporating symmetry improves data efficiency by an order of magnitude compared to standard architectures, while equivariant models additionally enforce physical constraints exactly. Our approach is general and complementary to existing physics-informed strategies, provides a first-principles framework for constructing physically grounded surrogate models, and establishes symmetry as a unifying inductive bias for data-efficient and physically consistent learning in computational electromagnetics and beyond.
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