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Physics

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Sunday 12 July

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Transport in magnetic-topological-insulator nanoribbons containing multiple superconductor-proximitized sectors

Javier Osca, Sungguen Ryu, Rosa López et al. (+1 more)

Transport in devices with multiple proximitized sectors depends heavily on the complex phases of the pairing gaps of those sectors. We investigate magnetic topological insulator nanoribbons in two- and three-terminal setups with proximitized sectors and asymptotic normal leads. Our focus is on the regime of single chiral Majoranas. The characteristic electric and thermal interferometries of chiral Majoranas can be controlled by the complex phases of the pairing. We predict an AC Majorana effect, in which phase dynamics induced by a voltage bias generate measurable time-dependent conductance oscillations. A three-terminal junction with superconducting islands can be used as a Majorana router when the relative complex phases are configured.
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All authors Javier Osca, Sungguen Ryu, Rosa López, Llorenç Serra

Materials Science · Cross-listed from stat.ML

Edge Cluster Expansion with Radial Rotary Attention for Interatomic Potentials

Zemin Xu, Wenbo Xie and P.Hu

In this paper, we provide a systematic investigation of SO(2) theory to machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs) and identify the limitations of conventional SO(2) Linear architectures relative to SO(3) Clebsch-Gordan Tensor Products (CGTP). Building on these insights, we propose direct Cartesian construction and recursive Clebsch-Gordan construction of Wigner D-matrices and introduce two novel interaction building blocks. First, we propose the Edge Complex Product Basis based on Generalized Asymmetric Contraction, a new formulation for many-body expansion that directly constructs higher-order interactions on edges through complex-valued equivariant multiplications. Second, we introduce Radial Rotary Complex Attention(RRA), which enhances extrapolation performance and surpasses existing attention vector formulations. We also introduce several improvements to the Atomic Cluster Expansion module. Building on these advances, we train our models on OMat24, sAlex, and MPTrj, and introduce TECE-OAM-RRA-1.0, which achieve state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on the Matbench Discovery.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Certified boundary-magic witness for state-dependent proto-area in a holographic code

Luis Lozano

We study a four-qubit product-EPR holographic code whose reconstructing region contains matter and one leg of a geometry bond. Seven deformations compare local, bipartite, bond-stabilizing, and bond-moving operators. Exact spectra show that only matter-controlled bond motion produces a leading quadratic logical-state dependence of the boundary entropy. We select one state-independent physical recovery by optimizing coherent information of the channel Choi state. A separate semidefinite program maximizes entanglement fidelity over all channels. At fixed coupling the physical recovery attains that optimum to numerical precision, while recovered-entropy subtraction leaves a nonzero variational proto-area response. Total stabilizer Renyi magic is also nonzero for deformations with no boundary response, so it does not characterize the effect. Projecting the exact stabilizer-Renyi quadratic form away from pairwise Pauli tangents defines a leading-order boundary witness. Its global convex minimum is positive for the bond-moving deformation and zero for the six comparisons. For the reference-matter-geometry resource partition, however, pairwise tangents span the full projective tangent space at the product-EPR base, so the witness vanishes for every Hermitian deformation. A two-bound extension retains this degeneracy but exhibits a split-geometry structural residual and a logical-state-dependent cut switch. These results establish a finite-code witness, not a universal magic law or continuum gravitational dynamics.
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Quantum Physics

Security of passive entanglement-based key distribution protocols

Shun Kawakami, Koichi Takasugi and Koji Azuma

Entanglement-based key distribution protocols, such as the Bennett-Brassard-Mermin 1992 (BBM92) protocol and quantum conference key agreement (QCKA), are promising applications of quantum networks. In practical implementations, passive measurement setups are widely adopted because of their simplicity. However, the security analysis of passive protocols with biased basis choice is highly nontrivial, since standard proof techniques for threshold detectors are generally not applicable in this setting. In this work, we establish the security of passive entanglement-based key distribution protocols in the asymptotic regime. Specifically, we prove the security of passive BBM92 with biased basis choice and extend the proof to passive QCKA with an arbitrary number of parties. In addition, we numerically show that the key generation rate of passive BBM92 is almost identical to that of the corresponding active protocol. Our results provide a theoretical foundation for practical passive implementations of entanglement-based key distribution protocols.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Polarization-dependent observational signatures of Weyl-coupled photons around a black hole

Mao-Yuan Wan and Chen Wu

A photon coupled non-minimally to the Weyl tensor propagates differently in its two linear polarization states: the vacuum around a black hole becomes a birefringent medium. On a Schwarzschild background the coupling $\alpha$ splits the photon sphere and the critical impact parameter of the two polarizations, producing a double shadow and a polarization-dependent photon ring; the two shadow edges separate by $62\%$ of the shadow radius at $\alpha/M^2=0.75$. We compute a unified set of wave-optical and geometric-optical observables for both polarizations across a range of $\alpha$: greybody factors, absorption cross sections, differential cross sections and their glories, a backward birefringence signal, shadows, photon rings, and null trajectories. The two-polarization scattering matrices are extracted with a Riccati–Hankel matching scheme that keeps the phase-sensitive observables reliable, and the geometric-optics chain is cross-validated with three independent ray tracers. The cleanest diagnostic is the backward signal: it is protected by parity and vanishes identically at $\alpha=0$.Laboratory bounds on $\alpha$ render these effects unobservable for supermassive black holes; order-unity couplings would require a black hole of primordial mass.
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Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.AP

Global existence and optimal decay for a three-dimensional penalized Navier–Stokes system with biharmonic damping

Kabiru Michael Adeyemo, Mohamed Majdoub and Subha Pal

We investigate a three-dimensional parabolic system that arises as a hyperviscous and penalized approximation of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The model combines three complementary dissipative mechanisms: the classical viscous diffusion, a biharmonic (hyperviscous) regularization, and a divergence penalization. In addition, a Temam-type correction is incorporated into the nonlinear convection term to compensate for the weak compressibility effects generated by the penalization procedure. We prove the global existence of weak solutions for arbitrary initial data belonging to $L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)$. For sufficiently small initial data in $H^2(\mathbb{R}^3)$, we establish the existence and uniqueness of global strong solutions. Furthermore, for initial data in $L^1(\mathbb{R}^3)\cap H^2(\mathbb{R}^3)$, we derive optimal large-time decay estimates, showing that the solutions exhibit the same asymptotic decay rates as those of the classical heat equation. A key feature of our analysis is that all the obtained a priori estimates are uniform with respect to the positive penalization parameter $\varepsilon$. These uniform bounds provide a stable and rigorous analytical foundation for the study of the penalized approximation of incompressible flows.
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Quantum Physics

Learning Topological Quantum Phases from Limited Subsystems

Mehran Khosrojerdi, Sougato Bose, Alessandro Cuccoli et al. (+3 more)

Characterizing quantum topological phases requires measuring non-local string order parameters, demanding access to the full system, which is often experimentally unfeasible. In this work, we introduce a data-efficient supervised learning framework that circumvents this limitation by recognizing quantum phases from small subsystems. Our protocol utilizes a quantum kernel constructed from the reduced density matrices of these subsystems, which can be efficiently estimated experimentally. We benchmark our framework with the classification of the phase diagrams of two spin models on one-dimensional lattices, namely the generalized cluster-Ising spin-1/2 chain and the anisotropic Haldane spin-1 chain. Remarkably, our approach achieves high accuracy in phase classification when operations are limited to as few as one to four sites, and it also generalizes to longer chains even when trained on moderate system sizes. These findings demonstrate that local reduced density matrices preserve vital signatures of global topological phases, offering a practical route to characterize rich phase diagrams of quantum many-body systems.
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All authors Mehran Khosrojerdi, Sougato Bose, Alessandro Cuccoli, Paola Verrucchi, Abolfazl Bayat, Leonardo Banchi

Soft Condensed Matter

Enhanced diffusion of colloidal tracers due to enzymatic activity

Mauricio Gomez, Erick Leyva, Justine Miqueu-Petit et al. (+5 more)

Enzymatic catalysis can generate nonequilibrium fluctuations, but how these couple to tracer motion at larger length scales depends on physical context. Here, we investigate colloidal tracers in two configurations: passive particles dispersed in an enzymatically active solution, and enzyme-decorated particles where catalysis occurs directly at the tracer surface. We combine differential dynamic microscopy (DDM), which probes ensemble-averaged long-time diffusion, with optical tweezer (OT) measurements of short-time force fluctuations, and compare several complementary metrics for quantifying activity-induced enhancement. For 1 $\mu$m tracers, we observe activity-induced enhancements in both configurations, with the strongest effects for enzyme-decorated particles, which exhibit enhanced diffusion and increased non-thermal force fluctuations. For 200 nm tracers, enhancements are more subtle and method-dependent: DDM detects modest increases in diffusion for bare particles, while corresponding signatures are not resolved by the OT. These results demonstrate that enzymatic activity can be transduced from molecular to microscale motion and forces, but that the apparent magnitude and detectability of enhancement depend strongly on tracer size, localization of activity, the timescales probed by the measurement, and the metric used to quantify enhancement. More broadly, understanding how enzyme activity modifies transport and fluctuations across scales is important for interpreting nonequilibrium dynamics in active soft matter, intracellular transport, and chemically crowded biological environments.
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All authors Mauricio Gomez, Erick Leyva, Justine Miqueu-Petit, Dakota Feldcamp, Anthony Estrada, W. Benjamin Rogers, Jennifer L. Ross, Wylie W. Ahmed

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Signal selection and model-independent extraction of pionless charged-current muon neutrino cross section using double-differential kinematic imbalance observables on carbon and oxygen with the T2K experiment

K. Abe, S. Abe, H. Adhikary et al. (+403 more)

We present the first joint measurement of muon neutrino CC$0\pi Np$ interactions on carbon and oxygen targets, in two double-differential kinematic imbalance (KI) observable spaces, $\delta p_{T}$-$\delta \alpha_{T}$ and $p_{N}$-$\cos\theta_{\mu}$. The measurement employs the ND280 detector of the T2K experiment and includes a detailed description of the event selection used to define signal and control regions, the evaluation of systematic uncertainties, and the signal extraction procedure, together with validation studies supporting a robust cross-section measurement. The results of this analysis indicate that current neutrino-nucleus interaction models do not adequately describe the data, and demonstrate the strong discriminating power of KI observables. This measurement highlights the need for improved theoretical nuclear modeling within neutrino interaction generators to achieve increased precision in neutrino oscillation measurements.
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All authors K. Abe, S. Abe, H. Adhikary, R. Akutsu, H. Alarakia-Charles, Y.I. Alj Hakim, S. Alonso Monsalve, L. Anthony, S. Aoki, K.A. Apte, T. Arai, T. Arihara, S. Arimoto, Y. Asami, Y. Asaoka, Y. Ashida, E.T. Atkin, N. Babu, V. Baranov, G.J. Barker, G. Barr, D. Barrow, P. Bates, L. Bathe-Peters, M. Batkiewicz-Kwasniak, N. Baudis, V. Berardi, L. Berns, S. Bhattacharjee, A. Blanchet, A. Blondel, L. Bøe, P.M.M. Boistier, S. Bolognesi, S. Bordoni, S.B. Boyd, C. Bronner, A. Bubak, M. Buizza Avanzini, J.A. Caballero, N.F. Calabria, D. Calvet, S. Cao, D. Carabadjac, S.L. Cartwright, M.P. Casado, M.G. Catanesi, J. Chakrani, A. Chalumeau, D. Cherdack, A. Chvirova, J. Coleman, G. Collazuol, F. Cormier, A.A.L. Craplet, A. Cudd, D. D'Ago, C. Dalmazzone, T. Daret, C. Davis, Yu.I. Davydov, P. de Perio, G. De Rosa, T. Dealtry, C. Densham, A. Dergacheva, R. Dharmapal Banerjee, F. Di Lodovico, G. Diaz Lopez, S. Dolan, T.A. Doyle, O. Drapier, K.E. Duffy, J. Dumarchez, P. Dunne, K. Dygnarowicz, M. El Baz, J. Elias, S. Emery-Schrenk, G. Erofeev, A. Ershova, G. Eurin, M. Fani, D. Fedorova, S. Fedotov, M. Feltre, L. Feng, D. Ferlewicz, A.J. Finch, M.D. Fitton, C. Forza, M. Friend, Y. Fujii, Y. Fukuda, N. Funayama, A.N. Gaciño Olmedo, J. García-Marcos, A.C. Germer, L. Giannessi, C. Giganti, M. Girgus, V. Glagolev, M. Gonin, R. Gonzalez Jimenez, J. González Rosa, K. Gorshanov, P. Govindaraj, M. Grassi, M. Guigue, F.Y. Guo, D.R. Hadley, S. Han, D.A. Harris, R.J. Harris, M. Hartz, T. Hasegawa, C.M. Hasnip, S. Hassani, N.C. Hastings, K. Hayashi, Y. Hayato, I. Heitkamp, D. Henaff, Y. Hino, K. Hiraide, J. Holeczek, A. Holin, N.T. Hong Van, T. Honjo, M.C.F. Hooft, R. Huang, J. Hu, A.K. Ichikawa, K. Ieki, M. Ikeda, T.H. Ishida, T. Ishida, M. Ishitsuka, H. Ito, S. Ito, A. Izmaylov, N. Jachowicz, B. Jargowsky, S.J. Jenkins, C. Jesús-Valls, J.Y. Ji, T.P. Jones, P. Jonsson, S. Joshi, C.K. Jung, M. Kabirnezhad, A.C. Kaboth, K. Kadota, H. Kakuno, A. Kamata, J. Kameda, S. Karpova, V.S. Kasturi, Y. Kataoka, T. Katori, R. Kawabe, M. Kawaue, E. Kearns, M. Khabibullin, N.V. Khomutov, A. Khotjantsev, T. Kikawa, S. King, V. Kiseeva, J. Kisiel, A. Klustová, L. Kneale, H. Kobayashi, S.R. Kobayashi, T. Kobayashi, L. Koch, S. Kodama, M. Kolupanova, L.L. Kormos, Y. Koshio, K. Kowalik, R. Kralik, Y. Kudenko, A. Kumar Jha, R. Kurjata, V. Kurochka, T. Kutter, L. Labarga, M. Lachat, K. Lachner, J. Lagoda, S.M. Lakshmi, M. Lamers James, A. Langella, D.H. Langridge, J.-F. Laporte, D. Last, N. Latham, M. Laveder, L. Lavitola, M. Lawe, A. Leclerc, N. Lemaire, D. Leon Silverio, T. Leplumey, S. Levorato, S.V. Lewis, B. Li, C. Lin, R.P. Litchfield, W. Li, A. Longhin, L. Ludovici, X. Lu, T. Lux, L.N. Machado, L. Magaletti, K. Mahn, K.K. Mahtani, S. Manly, D.G.R. Martin, D.A. Martinez Caicedo, L. Martinez, M. Martini, N. Mashin, T. Matsubara, R. Matsumoto, C. Mauger, K. Mavrokoridis, N. McCauley, K.S. McFarland, C. McGrew, J. McKean, A. Mefodiev, G.D. Megias, L. Mellet, C. Metelko, M. Mezzetto, S. Miki, V. Mikola, E.W. Miller, A. Minamino, O. Mineev, S. Mine, J. Mirabito, M. Miura, S. Moriyama, P. Morrison, Th.A. Mueller, D. Munford, A. Muñoz, L. Munteanu, Y. Nagai, T. Nakadaira, K. Nakagiri, M. Nakahata, Y. Nakajima, K.D. Nakamura, A. Nakano, Y. Nakano, S. Nakayama, T. Nakaya, K. Nakayoshi, C.E.R. Naseby, D.T. Nguyen, V.Q. Nguyen, K. Niewczas, S. Nishimori, Y. Nishimura, Y. Noguchi, T. Nosek, F. Nova, J.C. Nugent, H.M. O'Keeffe, L. O'Sullivan, W. Okinaga, K. Okumura, T. Okusawa, N. Onda, N. Ospina, L. Osu, N. Otani, Y. Oyama, V. Paolone, J. Pasternak, D. Payne, T.P.D. Peacock, M. Pfaff, L. Pickering, J.-B. Plançon, P. Podlaski, B. Popov, A.J. Portocarrero Yrey, M. Posiadala-Zezula, Y.S. Prabhu, H. Prasad, F. Pupilli, B. Quilain, P.T. Quyen, E. Radicioni, M.A. Ramirez Delgado, R. Ramsden, P.N. Ratoff, M. Reh, G. Reina, L. Restrepo, C. Riccio, D.W. Riley, E. Rondio, D. Ross, S. Roth, N. Roy, A. Rubbia, L. Russo, A. Rychter, W. Saenz, K. Sakashita, S. Samani, F. Sánchez, E.M. Sandford, Y. Sato, T. Schefke, K. Scholberg, M. Scott, Y. Seiya, T. Sekiguchi, H. Sekiya, M. Sekiyama, T. Sekiya, D. Seppala, D. Sgalaberna, A. Shaikhiev, M. Shiozawa, Y. Shiraishi, N. Shvarev, A. Shvartsman, V. Siccardi, N. Skrobova, K. Skwarczynski, D. Smyczek, M. Smy, J.T. Sobczyk, H. Sobel, F.J.P. Soler, A.J. Speers, R. Spina, A. Srivastava, P. Stowell, Y. Stroke, I.A. Suslov, A. Suzuki, M. Suzuki, S.Y. Suzuki, M. Tada, A. Takeda, Y. Takeuchi, K. Takeya, H.K. Tanaka, H. Tanigawa, A. Teklu, V.V. Tereshchenko, N. Thamm, C. Touramanis, N. Tran, T. Tsukamoto, M. Tzanov, M. Vagins, M. Varghese, I. Vasilyev, G. Vasseur, E. Villa, U. Virginet, T. Vladisavljevic, T. Wachala, H.T. Wallace, J.G. Walsh, D. Wark, M.O. Wascko, A. Weber, R. Wendell, M.J. Wilking, C. Wilkinson, C. Winterstein, C. Wret, J. Xia, Z. Xie, K. Yamamoto, T. Yamamoto, T. Yamazumi, C. Yanagisawa, Y. Yang, T. Yano, N. Yershov, U. Yevarouskaya, M. Yokoyama, Y. Yoshimoto, N. Yoshimura, A. Zalewska, J. Zalipska, G. Zarnecki, J. Zhang, X.Y. Zhao, H. Zheng, H. Zhong, M. Ziembicki, M. Zito

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

First double-differential measurement of pionless charged-current muon neutrino interactions using kinematic imbalance observables on carbon and oxygen with the T2K experiment

K. Abe, S. Abe, H. Adhikary et al. (+403 more)

We report the first measurement of muon-neutrino charged-current cross section as a function of kinematic imbalance (KI) observables on oxygen with no pions and at least one proton in the final state, using the T2K ND280 detector. The cross section is extracted simultaneously for carbon and oxygen targets and double-differentially as a function of several KI observables, providing new insight into the modeling of nuclear effects. This joint measurement offers direct sensitivity to the correlations between two targets, a key ingredient for reducing systematic uncertainties in neutrino oscillation experiments that employ multiple target nuclei, such as T2K and Hyper-Kamiokande. Comparisons with predictions from widely used neutrino event generators show that none of the models fully describe the data across all regions of measured phase space. These results highlight possible directions where improvements in neutrino-nucleus interaction modeling are needed for current and future neutrino oscillation experiments.
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All authors K. Abe, S. Abe, H. Adhikary, R. Akutsu, H. Alarakia-Charles, Y.I. Alj Hakim, S. Alonso Monsalve, L. Anthony, S. Aoki, K.A. Apte, T. Arai, T. Arihara, S. Arimoto, Y. Asami, Y. Asaoka, Y. Ashida, E.T. Atkin, N. Babu, V. Baranov, G.J. Barker, G. Barr, D. Barrow, P. Bates, L. Bathe-Peters, M. Batkiewicz-Kwasniak, N. Baudis, V. Berardi, L. Berns, S. Bhattacharjee, A. Blanchet, A. Blondel, L. Bøe, P.M.M. Boistier, S. Bolognesi, S. Bordoni, S.B. Boyd, C. Bronner, A. Bubak, M. Buizza Avanzini, J.A. Caballero, N.F. Calabria, D. Calvet, S. Cao, D. Carabadjac, S.L. Cartwright, M.P. Casado, M.G. Catanesi, J. Chakrani, A. Chalumeau, D. Cherdack, A. Chvirova, J. Coleman, G. Collazuol, F. Cormier, A.A.L. Craplet, A. Cudd, D. D'Ago, C. Dalmazzone, T. Daret, C. Davis, Yu.I. Davydov, P. de Perio, G. De Rosa, T. Dealtry, C. Densham, A. Dergacheva, R. Dharmapal Banerjee, F. Di Lodovico, G. Diaz Lopez, S. Dolan, T.A. Doyle, O. Drapier, K.E. Duffy, J. Dumarchez, P. Dunne, K. Dygnarowicz, M. El Baz, J. Elias, S. Emery-Schrenk, G. Erofeev, A. Ershova, G. Eurin, M. Fani, D. Fedorova, S. Fedotov, M. Feltre, L. Feng, D. Ferlewicz, A.J. Finch, M.D. Fitton, C. Forza, M. Friend, Y. Fujii, Y. Fukuda, N. Funayama, A.N. Gaciño Olmedo, J. García-Marcos, A.C. Germer, L. Giannessi, C. Giganti, M. Girgus, V. Glagolev, M. Gonin, R. Gonzalez Jimenez, J. González Rosa, K. Gorshanov, P. Govindaraj, M. Grassi, M. Guigue, F.Y. Guo, D.R. Hadley, S. Han, D.A. Harris, R.J. Harris, M. Hartz, T. Hasegawa, C.M. Hasnip, S. Hassani, N.C. Hastings, K. Hayashi, Y. Hayato, I. Heitkamp, D. Henaff, Y. Hino, K. Hiraide, J. Holeczek, A. Holin, N.T. Hong Van, T. Honjo, M.C.F. Hooft, R. Huang, J. Hu, A.K. Ichikawa, K. Ieki, M. Ikeda, T.H. Ishida, T. Ishida, M. Ishitsuka, H. Ito, S. Ito, A. Izmaylov, N. Jachowicz, B. Jargowsky, S.J. Jenkins, C. Jesús-Valls, J.Y. Ji, T.P. Jones, P. Jonsson, S. Joshi, C.K. Jung, M. Kabirnezhad, A.C. Kaboth, K. Kadota, H. Kakuno, A. Kamata, J. Kameda, S. Karpova, V.S. Kasturi, Y. Kataoka, T. Katori, R. Kawabe, M. Kawaue, E. Kearns, M. Khabibullin, N.V. Khomutov, A. Khotjantsev, T. Kikawa, S. King, V. Kiseeva, J. Kisiel, A. Klustová, L. Kneale, H. Kobayashi, S.R. Kobayashi, T. Kobayashi, L. Koch, S. Kodama, M. Kolupanova, L.L. Kormos, Y. Koshio, K. Kowalik, R. Kralik, Y. Kudenko, A. Kumar Jha, R. Kurjata, V. Kurochka, T. Kutter, L. Labarga, M. Lachat, K. Lachner, J. Lagoda, S.M. Lakshmi, M. Lamers James, A. Langella, D.H. Langridge, J.-F. Laporte, D. Last, N. Latham, M. Laveder, L. Lavitola, M. Lawe, A. Leclerc, N. Lemaire, D. Leon Silverio, T. Leplumey, S. Levorato, S.V. Lewis, B. Li, C. Lin, R.P. Litchfield, W. Li, A. Longhin, L. Ludovici, X. Lu, T. Lux, L.N. Machado, L. Magaletti, K. Mahn, K.K. Mahtani, S. Manly, D.G.R. Martin, D.A. Martinez Caicedo, L. Martinez, M. Martini, N. Mashin, T. Matsubara, R. Matsumoto, C. Mauger, K. Mavrokoridis, N. McCauley, K.S. McFarland, C. McGrew, J. McKean, A. Mefodiev, G.D. Megias, L. Mellet, C. Metelko, M. Mezzetto, S. Miki, V. Mikola, E.W. Miller, A. Minamino, O. Mineev, S. Mine, J. Mirabito, M. Miura, S. Moriyama, P. Morrison, Th.A. Mueller, D. Munford, A. Muñoz, L. Munteanu, Y. Nagai, T. Nakadaira, K. Nakagiri, M. Nakahata, Y. Nakajima, K.D. Nakamura, A. Nakano, Y. Nakano, S. Nakayama, T. Nakaya, K. Nakayoshi, C.E.R. Naseby, D.T. Nguyen, V.Q. Nguyen, K. Niewczas, S. Nishimori, Y. Nishimura, Y. Noguchi, T. Nosek, F. Nova, J.C. Nugent, H.M. O'Keeffe, L. O'Sullivan, W. Okinaga, K. Okumura, T. Okusawa, N. Onda, N. Ospina, L. Osu, N. Otani, Y. Oyama, V. Paolone, J. Pasternak, D. Payne, T.P.D. Peacock, M. Pfaff, L. Pickering, J.-B. Plançon, P. Podlaski, B. Popov, A.J. Portocarrero Yrey, M. Posiadala-Zezula, Y.S. Prabhu, H. Prasad, F. Pupilli, B. Quilain, P.T. Quyen, E. Radicioni, M.A. Ramirez Delgado, R. Ramsden, P.N. Ratoff, M. Reh, G. Reina, L. Restrepo, C. Riccio, D.W. Riley, E. Rondio, D. Ross, S. Roth, N. Roy, A. Rubbia, L. Russo, A. Rychter, W. Saenz, K. Sakashita, S. Samani, F. Sánchez, E.M. Sandford, Y. Sato, T. Schefke, K. Scholberg, M. Scott, Y. Seiya, T. Sekiguchi, H. Sekiya, M. Sekiyama, T. Sekiya, D. Seppala, D. Sgalaberna, A. Shaikhiev, M. Shiozawa, Y. Shiraishi, N. Shvarev, A. Shvartsman, V. Siccardi, N. Skrobova, K. Skwarczynski, D. Smyczek, M. Smy, J.T. Sobczyk, H. Sobel, F.J.P. Soler, A.J. Speers, R. Spina, A. Srivastava, P. Stowell, Y. Stroke, I.A. Suslov, A. Suzuki, M. Suzuki, S.Y. Suzuki, M. Tada, A. Takeda, Y. Takeuchi, K. Takeya, H.K. Tanaka, H. Tanigawa, A. Teklu, V.V. Tereshchenko, N. Thamm, C. Touramanis, N. Tran, T. Tsukamoto, M. Tzanov, M. Vagins, M. Varghese, I. Vasilyev, G. Vasseur, E. Villa, U. Virginet, T. Vladisavljevic, T. Wachala, H.T. Wallace, J.G. Walsh, D. Wark, M.O. Wascko, A. Weber, R. Wendell, M.J. Wilking, C. Wilkinson, C. Winterstein, C. Wret, J. Xia, Z. Xie, K. Yamamoto, T. Yamamoto, T. Yamazumi, C. Yanagisawa, Y. Yang, T. Yano, N. Yershov, U. Yevarouskaya, M. Yokoyama, Y. Yoshimoto, N. Yoshimura, A. Zalewska, J. Zalipska, G. Zarnecki, J. Zhang, X.Y. Zhao, H. Zheng, H. Zhong, M. Ziembicki, M. Zito

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Corrected detector-level reconstruction of inclined radio air showers from trigger-level ADC waveforms

Xin Xu, Pengfei Zhang, Xiaoyang Gong et al. (+4 more)

Autonomous radio arrays record air-shower radio pulses as trigger-selected analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) voltage traces. We reconstruct the primary arrival direction and energy while accounting for noise, direction-dependent detector responses and atmospheric refraction in inclined showers. Waveform cross-correlation corrects relative trigger times; plane- and spherical-wavefront fits estimate the initial direction and effective emission point. A modified voltage-domain angular-distribution fit uses source-end tangents of refracted rays to refine the direction and distinguish the particle core from the radio-footprint centre, reducing the median opening-angle error by approximately 50% relative to straight source-to-station viewing angles. Antenna and radio-frequency-chain inversion recovers the electric field, and early-late corrections give its lateral peak-amplitude distribution. An event-to-reference peak-amplitude correction is calibrated on 2,500 simulated electric-field showers to account for 50-200 MHz coherence loss; a semi-analytic Fresnel parameterisation examines its finite-source interpretation. Proton and iron reference lateral-distribution fits give two energy estimates, averaged with fixed equal weights. Validation uses 6,000 independent showers. In the field-level test with simulation-input geometry, either correction reduces the relative energy root-mean-square error (RMSE) from 11.90% to 8.31%. Across three waveform treatments, 3,073 common detector-level events yield mean relative energy residuals of -2.30% to -1.86%, standard deviations of 8.46%-8.96%, and median opening-angle errors of 0.0315-0.0349 degrees. The method is intended for sparse radio arrays detecting highly inclined showers, such as the Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND).
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All authors Xin Xu, Pengfei Zhang, Xiaoyang Gong, Yichen Xie, Fufu Yang, Xiaosong Liu, Chao Zhang

Quantum Physics

Semiclassical asymptotics of multiphotonic scattering probabilities with partial indistinguishability

Alonso Botero, Hubert de Guise and Orlando Melo-Vargas

We propose a framework for computing multiphotonic scattering probabilities in a lossless multiport interferometer for arbitrary photon numbers and degrees of indistinguishability. By exploiting a toroidal expansion of multiphotonic states in tensor powers of single-particle states, the framework defines a map from a torus of relative phases to the probability simplex that governs the asymptotic behavior of scattering probabilities in the large-photon limit. Specifically, the probabilities concentrate on the "classically allowed region" defined by the map, and the slowly-varying part of the multiphotonic distribution reproduces a classical measure induced by the map. As a result, we are able to establish a new asymptotic formula for the multiphotonic probabilities in a general scenario of partially indistinguishable photons, while also providing a single-particle picture to explain the asymptotics of known multiphotonic transition amplitudes in the fully indistinguishable case. More broadly, our framework yields new, directly testable consequences in relation to asymptotic photon bunching patterns: it translates features of the classical map – such as caustics and voids – into direct predictions about regions of large or exponentially suppressed photon-distribution probability.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

$\lambda$, $\rho$, and $\sigma$ Regge trajectories for the quadruply heavy pentaquark $bb\bar{u}cc$ in the diquark-triquark picture

Xin-Ru Liu, Qi Liu and Jiao-Kai Chen

Systematic investigations of four series of Regge trajectories for quadruply heavy pentaquarks are still lacking. Using the diquark and triquark Regge trajectory relations, we propose the Regge trajectory relations for the quadruply heavy pentaquark ${bb\bar{u}cc}$: $M=2m_{b}+2m_{c}+m_{u}+5C/2 +\beta_{x_{\lambda}}(x_{\lambda}+c_{0x_{\lambda}})^{2/3} +\beta_{x_{\rho_1}}(x_{\rho_1}+c_{0x_{\rho_1}})^{2/3}+\beta_{x_{\rho_2}}\sqrt{x_{\rho_2}+c_{0x_{\rho_2}}} +\beta_{x_{\sigma}}(x_{\sigma}+c_{0x_{\sigma}})^{2/3}$. Four series of Regge trajectories, namely the $\lambda$-, $\rho_1$-, $\rho_2$-, and $\sigma$-trajectories, are investigated. We demonstrate that accounting for the internal structure and substructure of pentaquarks is indispensable for constructing the $\rho_1$-, $\rho_2$-, and $\sigma$-trajectories; without such structural considerations, functional form and trajectory parameters can only be obtained via pure fitting against theoretical or experimental data. We further prove that the Regge trajectories of diquark 1, triquark, and diquark 2 (embedded within the triquark) do not correspond one-to-one to the $\rho_1$-, $\rho_2$-, and $\sigma$-trajectories. Nevertheless, these trajectories govern the behaviors of the respective $\rho_1$-, $\rho_2$-, and $\sigma$-trajectories. For both configurations $(bb)(\bar{u}(cc))$ and $(cc)(\bar{u}(bb))$, the $\lambda$-, $\rho_1$-, and $\sigma$-trajectories exhibit behavior of $M{\sim}x^{2/3}$ ($x=n_{r_1},n_{r_3},l_1,l_3,N_{r},L$), whereas the $\rho_2$-trajectories exhibit behavior of $M{\sim}\sqrt{x}$ ($x=n_{r_2},\,l_2$). The functional behavior of Regge trajectories for diquarks and triquark offers guidance for fitting the pentaquark Regge trajectories. Additionally, we provide rough estimates for spin-averaged masses of the $\lambda$-, $\rho_1$-, $\rho_2$-, and $\sigma$-excited states.
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Optics

Sub-Hz Stability and Correlation in Pair-Generated Primary Kerr Comb Tones

Konstantin Khrizman, Andrei Diakonov and Liron Stern

Kerr microcombs provide a compact route to broadband optical frequency grids, yet the primary comb states formed at the onset of Kerr-comb generation have received little attention as metrological objects. Here we characterize the coherence and frequency stability of pair-generated primary-comb tones in a silicon nitride microresonator using synchronized multi-channel frequency counting referenced to a hydrogen-maser-stabilized difference-frequency comb, enabling direct measurement of temporal fluctuations and correlations among the pump, signal, and idler tones. We show that the generated tones are strongly constrained by parametric energy conservation: under weakly locked conditions with MHz-level frequency excursions, the residual deviation from $2f_p=f_s+f_i$ remains sub-hertz in the mean, and the signal-idler regression deviates from the ideal $-1$ response by only $2.4\times10^{-9}$. When two of the three tones are tightly phase-locked, the energy-conservation residual of the full pump-signal-idler triad, equivalently the deviation of the measured idler from the value inferred from the locked pump and signal, reaches a fractional-instability floor near $6 \times 10^{-16}$ at $\tau\approx100~\mathrm{s}$. This demonstrates metrological-level preservation of the parametric constraint while revealing subtle mode-dependent noise transfer. Together, these results establish primary Kerr tones as a strongly correlated chip-scale parametric frequency triad suitable for demanding precision-frequency applications.
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Quantum Physics · Cross-listed from cs.MS

A Reproducible Software Workflow for Unanchored Approximate MUB Optimization: A Case Study in Dimension Six

Abdul Fatah, Ian McLoughlin and Saim Ghafoor

We present a reproducible, parameter-driven software workflow for optimizing approximate mutually unbiased basis (AMUB) configurations in arbitrary dimensions d using a Lie-algebra unitary parameterization. The workflow is designed for portable execution across CPU, Apple MPS, CUDA-capable GPU, and HPC backends, using a Taylor-series matrix exponential layer as an accelerator compatibility pathway. As a dimension-six case study, we optimize unanchored configurations across 100 random seeds for basis counts n = 3, 4, 5, 6 in complex128 and complex64 arithmetic. The workflow recovers exact three-basis configurations, identifies a recurrent four-basis partial-exact hub-and-triangle structure, and finds no near-exact pairs for n = 5 or n = 6 in the reported campaigns under the primary tolerance. As a hardware-execution check, we embed the representative d = 6, n = 4 transition unitaries into three-qubit 8x8 unitaries and execute the resulting circuits on the 156-qubit Heron processor ibm-marrakesh using subspace post-selection. The measured QPU pairwise losses are dominated by a hardware and compilation noise floor of approximately 0.02-0.08, associated with compiled circuits averaging 37 native CZ gates, which obscures the distinction between classically near-exact and defective pairs. The results provide a reproducible computational framework for exploring AMUB landscapes, together with an initial assessment of the challenges involved in executing optimized dimension-six unitaries on current quantum hardware.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Scalarization of Einstein-Euler-Heisenberg black hole with multiple horizons

Hong Guo and Yun Soo Myung

Scalarizations of the Einstein-Euler-Heisenberg (EEH) black hole (EEHBH) with multiple horizons are investigated in the EEH-scalar theory by introducing a quadratic scalar coupling to the Maxwell term. For mass $M=1$ and Euler-Heisenberg parameter $\mu=0.03$, the magnetically charged EEHBH admits four horizon families (low, cold, negative, and hot), with triple horizons appearing in the narrow band of magnetic charge $q\in[0.95,1.0065]$. The onset scalarization around the low, cold, and high horizons is then analyzed for the magnetic charge $q=0.5,\,1,\,2$, implying infinite branches of scalarized black holes for each case. We construct the three fundamental branches of scalarized black holes. From the positivity condition of their mass, we find the upper bounds on primary scalar charges $q_{s}$ for scalarized low and cold horizons. These bounds determine the allowable regions for the Hawking temperature and entropy. Furthermore, we perform a time-domain stability analysis and find that the instabilities arise only at small scalar charge regime. Therefore, stable and physically viable scalarized black holes exist in an intermediate window of the primary scalar charge for low and cold horizon solutions and a lower bound for hot horizon solution.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Nucleosynthesis of Pop III and Fe-enriched Pop II Pair-Instability Supernovae

Wenyu Xin, Ken'ichi Nomoto, Chun-Ming Yip et al. (+4 more)

Recently discovered very metal-poor (VMP) star LAMOST J1010+2358 shows a peculiar abundance pattern that is remarkably well fit by a Pop III pair-instability supernova (PISN) of $\simeq 260$ M$_\odot$. Motivated by this, we investigate the nucleosynthetic characteristics of Pop III and Pop II PISNe to provide theoretical constraints for future observations. This paper is divided into two parts. First, we explore the evolution and nucleosynthesis of Pop III PISNe with initial masses of 130 - 300 M$_\odot$. Our main aim is to investigate how the uncertainty in $^{12}$C$(\alpha,\gamma)^{16}$O and $^{16}$O+$^{16}$O reaction rates affect their explosion properties and nucleosynthesis. We find that the yields of odd-$Z$ elements are particularly sensitive to the $^{12}$C$(\alpha,\gamma)^{16}$O rate, while the production of Fe-peak elements shows significant sensitivity to both rates. Second, we investigate the nucleosynthetic features of Pop II PISNe formed in gas enriched exclusively by Pop III PISN ejecta. By employing a time-dependent convection model during the explosion, we demonstrate that metal enrichment increases opacity and triggers vigorous convective mixing. This hydrodynamic effect significantly enhances the explosion energy and $^{56}\text{Ni}$ production. Consequently, Pop II PISNe exhibit distinct chemical signatures, including a weaker odd-even effect and enhanced Zn-Ge production, providing unique diagnostics for identifying PISN remnants in the early Universe.
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All authors Wenyu Xin, Ken'ichi Nomoto, Chun-Ming Yip, Xianfei Zhang, Qian-Fan Xing, Shaolan Bi, Gang Zhao

Fluid Dynamics

The critical radius of compressible capillary drops: viscosity, thermodynamics, and diffuse-interface scales

Umpei Miyamoto

A compressible capillary drop differs from an incompressible one in that its radius is a dynamical degree of freedom. When the drop is sufficiently small, this spherical mode can become unstable, defining a critical radius set by the competition between surface tension and compressibility. This paper examines the robustness and physical meaning of that critical radius. For a non-relativistic viscous fluid, starting from the viscous compressible equations and the free-surface stress condition, we derive the radial dispersion relation and show that shear and bulk viscosities change the eigenvalues but not the onset radius. A thermodynamic argument identifies the same radius as the point where the energy of a uniformly compressed drop changes from locally stable to unstable, explaining why the threshold is not set by viscous dissipation. This energetic interpretation can also be applied to a special-relativistic fluid, where the non-relativistic mass-density factor is replaced by the corresponding enthalpy-density factor. We then compare the critical radius with diffuse-interface length scales in two Cahn–Hilliard free-energy models to determine whether the instability can occur within the range of validity of the sharp-interface description. In a symmetric quartic model the critical radius is much smaller than the interface thickness, so the instability is absent throughout that range. In a shallow-well model, however, the critical radius can become parametrically larger than the interface thickness, leaving a range of sharp-interface drops that are unstable. Whether such a range exists therefore depends on the diffuse-interface free-energy model.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Conformal dark matter and MHz gravitational waves

Imtiaz Khan, Niamat Ullah, Salvatore Capozziello et al. (+2 more)

A localized enhancement of the primordial curvature spectrum can leave two distinct relics: gravitationally produced conformal-fermion dark matter and a scalar-induced stochastic gravitational-wave background. We show that the dark-matter abundance fixes the scalar normalization through the cubic moment of the curvature spectrum, while the induced tensor signal probes its quadratic convolution. This closes the usual normalization freedom in scalar-induced gravitational-wave templates and ties the MHz signal directly to the dark-matter mass, peak scale, and spectral width. A concrete single-field realization demonstrates this mechanism: a Mukhanov–Sasaki evolution produces a broad MHz background that sits safely below the Gaussian primordial-black-hole threshold. In this construction, a null high-frequency search becomes a lower bound on the conformal-fermion mass, while a detection has to reproduce the relic abundance, peak frequency, amplitude, and width from one primordial feature. The result is a testable link between small-scale inflationary structure, superheavy dark matter, and laboratory MHz gravitational-wave searches
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All authors Imtiaz Khan, Niamat Ullah, Salvatore Capozziello, G. Mustafa, Farruh Atamurotov

Lattice Field Theory

The Neutron Electric Dipole Moment from Lattice QCD using a Background Electric Field

Thomas Blum, Fangcheng He, Taku Izubuchi et al. (+3 more)

We present the calculation of the neutron electric dipole moment (nEDM) $d_n$ using 2+1 flavor domain wall fermion ensembles with fixed lattice spacing $a\approx 0.11\,\text{fm}$ and pion masses of 340, 420, and 576 MeV. We show that the neutron electric dipole moment can be extracted from the energy shift induced by a static uniform external background electric field in the presence of the CP-violating QCD theta-term, $\bar\theta Q_{top}$. Motivated by the Feynman-Hellmann theorem, we employ sampling of the topological charge $q_\text{top}(t)$ on a single time-slice rather than the global topological charge $Q_\text{top}=\int q_\text{top}(t) \, dt$, which dramatically improves the statistical precision of the $\theta$-induced nEDM. Key to our method is to calculate the forward matrix element of the topological charge density in the nucleon deformed by a background electric field. We find that calculation with the traditional positive parity-projected nucleon operator is subject to large excited-state contamination. To remove the contamination, we construct the ground state of the deformed nucleon by solving a non-Hermitian generalized eigenvalue problem. With this approach, we find consistent values for the nEDM when using different nucleon interpolating operators, regardless of whether they are covariant or non-covariant under chiral transformations. Finally, after extrapolating to the physical point, we obtain $d_n=-0.0050(4)^\text{stat}(8)^\text{sys}\bar{\theta}$ $e$ fm, where the systematic uncertainty includes excited-state effects estimated as variation with the Euclidean-time fits and the dependence on the strength of the electric field applied to the neutron. Conventional systematic errors like discretization, finite-volume, and chiral extrapolation effects will be addressed in future work.
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All authors Thomas Blum, Fangcheng He, Taku Izubuchi, Luchang Jin, Hiroshi Ohki, Sergey Syritsyn

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Einstein Frame Regularization of the JNW Spacetime: From Brans-Dicke Singularity to Ellis Wormhole

A. Bhattacharya, R. N. Izmailov and R. Kh. Karimov

We propose a novel way to achieve the regularization of the JNW globally naked singularity sourced by the canonical Einstein minimally coupled scalar field (EMS). The key idea is to complexify (Wick rotate) the JNW parameters, which yields a regular metric that surprisingly represents a twice asymptotically flat regular traversable wormhole, famously known as the Ellis class III wormhole sourced by the ghost EMS. We begin by arguing that the JNW solution belongs to a hierarchy of actions describing different gravity theories, which indicates that a regularized version of JNW automatically adds corresponding regular versions to the hierarchy of gravity theories.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

A winding number analysis of Schwarzschild black hole stability in light of Planck-scale modified kinematics

Mohsen Khodadi, Nosratolla Jafari and Shahin Mamedov

Determining whether Planck-scale effects can stabilize black holes addresses fundamental questions about black hole evaporation and quantum gravity consistency. Here, we analyze the thermodynamic topology of Schwarzschild black holes under Planck-scale modified kinematics, using a cubic entropy correction derived from a well-known phenomenological MDR with leading correction \(\eta E^3/E_P\). Enforcing physical constraints (\(S'(r_h) > 0\), \(T > 0\)) via the entropy-geometry correspondence, we find a single unstable branch with \(w = -1\) and \(W = -1\) for both signs of the correction parameter. A second root suggesting stability (\(w = +1\)) is excluded due to negative mass/temperature and lies outside the perturbative regime. Thus, this class of MDRs does not yield stable Schwarzschild black holes. However, MDRs with different leading-order corrections may behave otherwise, leaving the search for Planck-scale stabilization an open endeavor.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Observation of new excited $\it{\Sigma}_{c}^{0}$ states in the $B^-\rightarrow \it{\Lambda}^+_c\overline{p}\pi^{-}$ decay

LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb et al. (+1120 more)

An amplitude analysis of the $B^-\rightarrow \it{\Lambda}^+_c\overline{p}\pi^{-}$ decay is performed using proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $9\text{ fb}^{-1}$, collected with the \mbox{LHCb} detector at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13$\text{ TeV}$. In the $\it{\Lambda}^+_c\pi^{-}$ invariant-mass spectrum, the known $\it{\Sigma}_c(2455)^0$, $\it{\Sigma}_c(2520)^0$, $\it{\Sigma}_c(2800)^0$ baryons are observed, along with two new states: $\it{\Sigma}_c(2900)^0$ and $\it{\Sigma}_c(3200)^0$. The masses and widths of the three high-mass states, modeled with Breit–Wigner line shapes, are determined. This result expands the landscape of charm baryon spectroscopy and provides crucial data for understanding charm baryon structure and dynamics.
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All authors LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, M. Abdelfatah, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A.A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C.A. Aidala, S. Akar, K. Akiba, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, S. Amato, J.L. Amey, Y. Amhis, L. An, L. Anderlini, M. Andersson, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J.A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J.J. Back, Z.B. Bai, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I.R. Barbosa, R.J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P.B. Battista, A. Bavarchee, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I.B. Bediaga, N.A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, I. Belov, I. Belyaev, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, R. Bernet, A. Bertolin, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, M.S. Bieker, N.V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F.C.R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J.E. Blank, S. Blusk, J.A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, C. Bolognani, R. Bolzonella, R.B. Bonacci, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J.T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S.A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T.J.V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J.D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, C. Breitfeld, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, D. Brundu, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, C. Burr, C. Buti, J.S. Butter, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J.I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A.C. Campos, A.F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, A. Casais Vidal, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A.J. Chadwick, I. Chahrour, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, G. Chizhik, V. Chobanova, M. Chrzaszcz, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, P. Cifra, P.E.L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H.V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, G.C. Costantino, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D.C. Craik, N. Crepet, M. Cruz Torres, M. Cubero Campos, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C.L. Da Silva, X. Dai, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, G. Darze, A. Davidson, J.E. Davies, O. De Aguiar Francisco, C. De Angelis, F. De Benedetti, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, S. De Capua, M. De Cian, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, E. De Lucia, J.M. De Miranda, L. De Paula, M. De Serio, P. De Simone, F. De Vellis, J.A. de Vries, F. Debernardis, D. Decamp, S. Dekkers, L. Del Buono, B. Delaney, J. Deng, V. Denysenko, O. Deschamps, F. Dettori, B. Dey, P. Di Nezza, S. Ding, Y. Ding, L. Dittmann, A.D. Docheva, A. Doheny, C. Dong, F. Dordei, A.C. dos Reis, A.D. Dowling, L. Dreyfus, W. Duan, P. Duda, L. Dufour, V. Duk, P. Durante, M.M. Duras, J.M. Durham, O.D. Durmus, K. Duwe, A. Dziurda, S. Easo, E. Eckstein, U. Egede, S. Eisenhardt, E. Ejopu, L. Eklund, M. Elashri, D. Elizondo Blanco, J. Ellbracht, S. Ely, A. Ene, J. Eschle, T. Evans, F. Fabiano, S. Faghih, L.N. Falcao, B. Fang, R. Fantechi, L. Fantini, M. Faria, K. Farmer, F. Fassin, D. Fazzini, L. Felkowski, C. Feng, M. Feng, A. Fernandez Casani, M. Fernandez Gomez, A.D. Fernez, F. Ferrari, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, M. Ferrillo, R.A. Fini, M. Fiorini, M. Firlej, K.L. Fischer, D.S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Fiutowski, F. Fleuret, A. Fomin, M. Fontana, L.A. Foreman, R. Forty, D. Foulds-Holt, V. Franco Lima, M. Franco Sevilla, M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei, D.A. Friday, J. Fu, Q. Führing, T. Fulghesu, G. Galati, M.D. Galati, A. Gallas Torreira, D. Galli, S. Gambetta, M. Gandelman, P. Gandini, B. Ganie, H. Gao, R. Gao, T.Q. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, L.M. Garcia Martin, P. Garcia Moreno, J. García Pardiñas, P. Gardner, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, A. Gavrikov, E. Gersabeck, M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon, S. Ghizzo, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, F.I. Giasemis, V. Gibson, H.K. Giemza, A.L. Gilman, M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù, L. Girardey, M.A. Giza, F.C. Glaser, V.V. Gligorov, C. Göbel, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, E. Golobardes, A. Golutvin, S. Gomez Fernandez, W. Gomulka, F. Goncalves Abrantes, I. Gonçales Vaz, M. Goncerz, G. Gong, J.A. Gooding, C. Gotti, E. Govorkova, J.P. Grabowski, L.A. Granado Cardoso, E. Graugés, E. Graverini, L. Grazette, G. Graziani, A.T. Grecu, N.A. Grieser, L. Grillo, C. Gu, M. Guarise, L. Guerry, A.-K. Guseinov, Y. Guz, T. Gys, K. Habermann, T. Hadavizadeh, C. Hadjivasiliou, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, S. Haken, G. Hallett, P.M. Hamilton, Q. Han, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Harnew, T.J. Harris, M. Hartmann, S. Hashmi, J. He, N. Heatley, A. Hedes, F. Hemmer, C. Henderson, R. Henderson, R.D.L. Henderson, A.M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy, J. Herd, P. Herrero Gascon, J. Heuel, A. Heyn, A. Hicheur, G. Hijano Mendizabal, J. Horswill, R. Hou, Y. Hou, D.C. Houston, N. Howarth, W. Hu, X. Hu, W. Hulsbergen, R.J. Hunter, D. Hutchcroft, M. Idzik, P. Ilten, A. Iohner, H. Jage, S.J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, T. Jakoubek, E. Jans, A. Jawahery, C. Jayaweera, A. Jelavic, V. Jevtic, Z. Jia, E. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y.J. Jiang, E. Jimenez Moya, N. Jindal, M. John, A. John Rubesh Rajan, D. Johnson, C.R. Jones, S. Joshi, B. Jost, J. Juan Castella, N. Jurik, I. Juszczak, K. Kalecinska, D. Kaminaris, S. Kandybei, M. Kane, Y. Kang, C. Kar, M. Karacson, A. Kauniskangas, J.W. Kautz, M.K. Kazanecki, F. Keizer, M. Kenzie, T. Ketel, B. Khanji, S. Kholodenko, G. Khreich, F. Kiraz, T. Kirn, V.S. Kirsebom, N. Kleijne, A. Kleimenova, D. Klekots, K. Klimaszewski, M.R. Kmiec, T. Knospe, R. Kolb, S. Koliiev, L. Kolk, A. Konoplyannikov, P. Kopciewicz, P. Koppenburg, A. Korchin, I. Kostiuk, O. Kot, S. Kotriakhova, E. Kowalczyk, O. Kravcov, M. Kreps, W. Krupa, W. Krzemien, O. Kshyvanskyi, S. Kubis, M. Kucharczyk, A. Kupsc, V. Kushnir, B. Kutsenko, J. Kvapil, I. Kyryllin, D. Lacarrere, P. Laguarta Gonzalez, A. Lai, A. Lampis, D. Lancierini, C. Landesa Gomez, J.J. Lane, G. Lanfranchi, C. Langenbruch, T. Latham, F. Lazzari, C. Lazzeroni, R. Le Gac, H. Lee, R. Lefèvre, M. Lehuraux, E. Lemos Cid, O. Leroy, T. Lesiak, E.D. Lesser, B. Leverington, A. Li, C. Li, C. Li, H. Li, J. Li, K. Li, L. Li, P. Li, P.-R. Li, Q. Li, T. Li, T. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Y. Li, Z. Lian, Q. Liang, X. Liang, Z. Liang, S. Libralon, A. Lightbody, T. Lin, R. Lindner, H. Linton, R. Litvinov, D. Liu, F.L. Liu, G. Liu, K. Liu, S. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.L. Liu, G. Loachamin Ordonez, I. Lobo, A. Lobo Salvia, A. Loi, T. Long, F.C.L. Lopes, J.H. Lopes, A. Lopez Huertas, C. Lopez Iribarnegaray, Q. Lu, C. Lucarelli, D. Lucchesi, M. Lucio Martinez, Y. Luo, A. Lupato, M. Lupberger, E. Luppi, K. Lynch, S. Lyu, X.-R. Lyu, H. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert, F. Maciuc, B. Mack, I. Mackay, L.M. Mackey, L.R. Madhan Mohan, M.J. Madurai, D. Magdalinski, J.J. Malczewski, S. Malde, L. Malentacca, G. Manca, G. Mancinelli, C. Mancuso, R. Manera Escalero, A. Mangalasseri, F.M. Manganella, D. Manuzzi, S. Mao, D. Marangotto, J.F. Marchand, R. Marchevski, U. Marconi, E. Mariani, S. Mariani, C. Marin Benito, J. Marks, A.M. Marshall, L. Martel, G. Martelli, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli, M. Martinelli, C. Martinez, D. Martinez Gomez, D. Martinez Santos, F. Martinez Vidal, A. Martorell i Granollers, A. Massafferri, R. Matev, A. Mathad, C. Matteuzzi, K.R. Mattioli, A. Mauri, E. Maurice, J. Mauricio, P. Mayencourt, J. Mazorra de Cos, M. Mazurek, D. Mazzanti Tarancon, M. McCann, N.T. McHugh, A. McNab, R. McNulty, B. Meadows, S.E.R. Medaer, D. Melnychuk, D. Mendoza Granada, P. Menendez Valdes Perez, F.M. Meng, M. Merk, A. Merli, L. Meyer Garcia, D. Miao, H. Miao, M. Mikhasenko, D.A. Milanes, A. Minotti, E. Minucci, B. Mitreska, D.S. Mitzel, R. Mocanu, A. Modak, L. Moeser, R.D. Moise, E.F. Molina Cardenas, T. Mombächer, M. Monk, T. Monnard, S. Monteil, A. Morcillo Gomez, G. Morello, M.J. Morello, M.P. Morgenthaler, A. Moro, J. Moron, W. Morren, A.B. Morris, A.G. Morris, R. Mountain, Z. Mu, N. Muangkod, E. Muhammad, F. Muheim, M. Mulder, K. Müller, F. Muñoz-Rojas, V. Mytrochenko, P. Naik, T. Nakada, R. Nandakumar, G. Napoletano, I. Nasteva, M. Needham, N. Neri, S. Neubert, N. Neufeld, J. Nicolini, D. Nicotra, E.M. Niel, L. Nisi, Q. Niu, B.K. Njoki, P. Nogarolli, P. Nogga, C. Normand, J. Novoa Fernandez, G. Nowak, H.N. Nur, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, T. Oeser, O. Okhrimenko, R. Oldeman, F. Oliva, E. Olivart Pino, M. Olocco, R.H. O'Neil, J.S. Ordonez Soto, D. Osthues, J.M. Otalora Goicochea, P. Owen, A. Oyanguren, O. Ozcelik, F. Paciolla, A. Padee, K.O. Padeken, B. Pagare, T. Pajero, A. Palano, L. Palini, M. Palutan, C. Pan, X. Pan, S. Panebianco, S. Paniskaki, L. Paolucci, A. Papanestis, M. Pappagallo, L.L. Pappalardo, C. Pappenheimer, C. Parkes, D. Parmar, G. Passaleva, D. Passaro, A. Pastore, M. Patel, J. Patoc, C. Patrignani, A. Paul, C.J. Pawley, A. Pellegrino, J. Peng, X. Peng, M. Pepe Altarelli, S. Perazzini, H. Pereira Da Costa, M. Pereira Martinez, A. Pereiro Castro, C. Perez, P. Perret, A. Perrevoort, A. Perro, M.J. Peters, K. Petridis, A. Petrolini, S. Pezzulo, J.P. Pfaller, H. Pham, L. Pica, M. Piccini, L. Piccolo, B. Pietrzyk, R.N. Pilato, D. Pinci, F. Pisani, M. Pizzichemi, V.M. Placinta, M. Plo Casasus, T. Poeschl, F. Polci, M. Poli Lener, A. Poluektov, I. Polyakov, E. Polycarpo, S. Ponce, D. Popov, K. Popp, K. Prasanth, C. Prouve, D. Provenzano, V. Pugatch, A. Puicercus Gomez, G. Punzi, J.R. Pybus, Q. Qian, W. Qian, N. Qin, R. Quagliani, R.I. Rabadan Trejo, R. Racz, J.H. Rademacker, M. Rama, M. Ramírez García, V. Ramos De Oliveira, M. Ramos Pernas, M.S. Rangel, G. Raven, M. Rebollo De Miguel, F. Redi, J. Reich, F. Reiss, Z. Ren, P.K. Resmi, M. Ribalda Galvez, R. Ribatti, G. Ricart, D. Riccardi, S. Ricciardi, K. Richardson, M. Richardson-Slipper, F. Riehn, K. Rinnert, P. Robbe, G. Robertson, E. Rodrigues, A. Rodriguez Alvarez, E. Rodriguez Fernandez, J.A. Rodriguez Lopez, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez, J. Roensch, A. Rogovskiy, D.L. Rolf, P. Roloff, V. Romanovskiy, A. Romero Vidal, G. Romolini, F. Ronchetti, T. Rong, M. Rotondo, M.S. Rudolph, M. Ruiz Diaz, J. Ruiz Vidal, J.J. Saavedra-Arias, J.J. Saborido Silva, D. Sahoo, N. Sahoo, B. Saitta, M. Salomoni, I. Sanderswood, R. Santacesaria, C. Santamarina Rios, M. Santimaria, L. Santoro, E. Santovetti, A. Saputi, A. Sarnatskiy, G. Sarpis, M. Sarpis, C. Satriano, A. Satta, M. Saur, H. Sazak, F. Sborzacchi, A. Scarabotto, S. Schael, S. Scherl, M. Schiller, H. Schindler, M. Schmelling, B. Schmidt, N. Schmidt, S. Schmitt, H. Schmitz, O. Schneider, A. Schopper, N. Schulte, M.H. Schune, G. Schwering, B. Sciascia, A. Sciuccati, G. Scriven, I. Segal, S. Sellam, T. Senger, M. Senghi Soares, A. Sergi, N. Serra, L. Sestini, B. Sevilla Sanjuan, Y. Shang, D.M. Shangase, R.S. Sharma, L. Shchutska, T. Shears, J. Shen, Z. Shen, S. Sheng, B. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, W.S. Shi, E. Shmanin, R. Silva Coutinho, G. Simi, S. Simone, M. Singha, I. Siral, N. Skidmore, T. Skwarnicki, M.W. Slater, E. Smith, M. Smith, L. Soares Lavra, M.D. Sokoloff, F.J.P. Soler, A. Solomin, K. Solovieva, N.S. Sommerfeld, R. Song, Y. Song, Y. Song, Y.S. Song, F.L. Souza De Almeida, B. Souza De Paula, K.M. Sowa, E. Spadaro Norella, E. Spedicato, J.G. Speer, P. Spradlin, F. Stagni, M. Stahl, S. Stahl, S. Stanislaus, M. Stefaniak, O. Steinkamp, F. Suljik, J. Sun, J. Sun, L. Sun, D. Sundfeld, W. Sutcliffe, P. Svihra, V. Svintozelskyi, K. Swientek, F. Swystun, A. Szabelski, T. Szumlak, Y. Tan, Y. Tang, Y.T. Tang, M.D. Tat, J.A. Teijeiro Jimenez, F. Terzuoli, F. Teubert, E. Thomas, D.J.D. Thompson, A.R. Thomson-Strong, H. Tilquin, V. Tisserand, S. T'Jampens, M. Tobin, T.T. Todorov, L. Tomassetti, G. Tonani, X. Tong, T. Tork, L. Toscano, D.Y. Tou, C. Trippl, G. Tuci, N. Tuning, L.H. Uecker, A. Ukleja, A. Upadhyay, B. Urbach, A. Usachov, U. Uwer, V. Vagnoni, A. Vaitkevicius, V. Valcarce Cadenas, G. Valenti, N. Valls Canudas, J. van Eldik, H. Van Hecke, E. van Herwijnen, C.B. Van Hulse, R. Van Laak, M. van Veghel, G. Vasquez, R. Vazquez Gomez, P. Vazquez Regueiro, C. Vázquez Sierra, S. Vecchi, J. Velilla Serna, J.J. Velthuis, M. Veltri, A. Venkateswaran, M. Verdoglia, M. Vesterinen, W. Vetens, D. Vico Benet, P. Vidrier Villalba, M. Vieites Diaz, X. Vilasis-Cardona, E. Vilella Figueras, A. Villa, P. Vincent, B. Vivacqua, F.C. Volle, D. vom Bruch, K. Vos, C. Vrahas, J. Wagner, J. Walsh, N. Walter, E.J. Walton, G. Wan, A. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, G. Wang, H. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, N.W. Wang, R. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, X.W. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.H. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, J.A. Ward, M. Waterlaat, N.K. Watson, D. Websdale, Y. Wei, Z. Weida, J. Wendel, B.D.C. Westhenry, C. White, M. Whitehead, E. Whiter, A.R. Wiederhold, D. Wiedner, M.A. Wiegertjes, C. Wild, G. Wilkinson, M.K. Wilkinson, M. Williams, M.J. Williams, M.R.J. Williams, R. Williams, S. Williams, Z. Williams, F.F. Wilson, M. Winn, W. Wislicki, M. Witek, L. Witola, T. Wolf, E. Wood, G. Wormser, S.A. Wotton, H. Wu, J. Wu, X. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Wu, K. Wyllie, S. Xian, Z. Xiang, Y. Xie, T.X. Xing, A. Xu, L. Xu, M. Xu, R. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, S. Yadav, K. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yang, H. Yeung, H. Yin, X. Yin, C.Y. Yu, J. Yu, X. Yuan, Y Yuan, J.A. Zamora Saa, M. Zavertyaev, M. Zdybal, F. Zenesini, C. Zeng, M. Zeng, S.H Zeng, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. Zhang, S.L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Y. Zhao, A. Zhelezov, S.Z. Zheng, X.Z. Zheng, Y. Zheng, T. Zhou, X. Zhou, V. Zhovkovska, L.Z. Zhu, X. Zhu, X. Zhu, Y. Zhu, V. Zhukov, J. Zhuo, D. Zuliani, G. Zunica

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Unveiling the enigma of the Nakashima-Deguchi object (IRAS 19312+1950): a candidate Orion KL analog

Y. Gong, K. M. Menten, T. Kamiński et al. (+5 more)

The Nakashima-Deguchi object (NDO; aka IRAS 19312+1950) has been recognized as an enigmatic object, exhibiting characteristics of both an evolved star and a star-forming region. However, the actual nature of this object remains a topic of ongoing debate. We conducted observations of this object in (sub)millimeter continuum and molecular line emission using the IRAM-30m and APEX telescopes as well as the SMA. Based on SED fitting of single-dish continuum observations, we determined that the cloud hosting NDO has a dust temperature of $25\pm2$ K, a source-averaged (24$^{\prime\prime}$) H$_2$ column density of $(4.4\pm 0.6) \times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$, a dust emissivity index of $1.7\pm0.2$, and a total gas mass of $220\pm21 M_{\odot}$. SMA continuum observations resolve the cloud into at least four dust continuum cores. The centrally peaked core MM1, associated with an SiO maser, is the primary mass reservoir. Single-dish spectroscopic observations of NDO led to the detection of 59 spectral lines attributed to 12 species and their isotopologues. This includes the first detection of deuterated molecules, DCO$^{+}$, DCN, DNC, and HDCO, indicating substantial deuterium abundance. SMA spectroscopic observations detected 75 spectral lines toward MM1, assigned to 12 species and their isotopologues. These lines exhibit diverse morphologies on a scale of $\sim$0.1 pc, likely due to outflow feedback. The observed high-velocity outflow is inconsistent with a spherical morphology and rather resembles a wide-angle bipolar outflow. The presence of deuterated species, and the overall large mass of the complex, the surrounding material of NDO appears more naturally associated with a star-forming environment than with a purely evolved-star scenario. Our investigations led us to postulate that this enigmatic object may represent an Orion KL analog about ten times farther away.
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All authors Y. Gong, K. M. Menten, T. Kamiński, F. Schuller, F. Navarete, A. Belloche, P. Schilke, F. Wyrowski

Materials Science

Nonlinear Tellegen limit

Abhinava Chatterjee and Nikhil Kalyanapuram

The Tellegen limit is the fundamental electromagnetic stability bound on magnetoelectric media. We show that nonlinear magnetoelectric coupling gives rise to a new Tellegen limit, which we term the nonlinear Tellegen limit. Unlike the linear Tellegen limit, which is fixed by material parameters, the nonlinear Tellegen limit is field-tunable – a static electric or magnetic field drives the system toward electromagnetic instability at a material-specific critical field determined by the symmetry-allowed nonlinear magnetoelectric couplings and electromagnetic response. The approach to this limit is accompanied by a field-tunable linear birefringence, whose maximum is bounded by the nonlinear Tellegen limit – beyond which the medium becomes electromagnetically unstable. We demonstrate the nonlinear Tellegen limit and the field-space stability phase diagram in two magnetically ordered material systems – a $d$-wave altermagnet and an M-type hexagonal ferrite – showing that the symmetry of the magnetic point group governs both the structure of the nonlinear magnetoelectric tensor and the resulting electromagnetic instability.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Wind-driven angular momentum removal and X-ray ionization effects in Roche-lobe overflowing HMXBs

Atsuo T. Okazaki and Stanley P. Owocki

We investigate the dynamical interaction between stellar winds and Roche-lobe overflow (RLO) streams in high-mass X-ray binaries using three-dimensional SPH simulations. We show that the donor wind can exert a strong dynamical influence on the accretion flow. In the absence of X-ray ionization, the wind interacts asymmetrically with the disk and carries retrograde angular momentum, resulting in a net removal of angular momentum and a reduction of the disk size. When X-ray photoionization is included, the response of the system becomes strongly non-monotonic. At high luminosity ($L_X = 10^{38} {\rm erg s}^{-1}$), wind acceleration is suppressed and the flow approaches the no-wind case. In contrast, at moderate luminosity ($L_X = 10^{37} {\rm erg s}^{-1}$), the system enters a qualitatively different accretion regime. In this regime, the partially ionized wind becomes dense and dynamically important, strongly perturbing the RLO stream. As a result, the accretion flow transitions from RLO-dominated to wind-dominated, and the RLO stream undergoes a dynamical bifurcation into low- and high-angular-momentum branches. This leads to suppressed disk formation despite the presence of a strong mass supply. These results demonstrate that moderate ionization can be more disruptive than both weak and strong ionization, providing a new mechanism regulating accretion flows in RLO HMXBs.
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Optics

Temporal Evolution of Blackbody Radiation in a One-Dimensional Photonic Time-Crystal

Luis Cortes-Herrera, Naren Ganesh, Jack Hasty et al. (+1 more)

One of the most intriguing phenomena in time varying-media photonics is the amplification of light in a photonic time crystal (PTC). However, studies to date have focused exclusively on PTC-based amplification of coherent light. Here, we theoretically investigate the PTC-based amplification of thermal radiation, specifically blackbody radiation. Such amplification is not only fundamentally intriguing due to the thermal radiation's stochastic nature, but also technologically relevant because thermal radiation's ubiquity, which implies that its amplification generally accompanies that of coherent radiation. For simplicity, and due to the experimental relevance of PTC amplification in transmission lines, we consider amplification in a one-dimensional medium. To analyze the amplification of blackbody radiation in a PTC, we examine the electromagnetic fields' spatial correlations and spatial spectra. We show that the spatial spectra of initially blackbody radiation converge periodically toward Gaussian profiles with progressively increasing amplitudes, coherence lengths, and spatial- and wavenumber-domain purities. We demonstrate that these asymptotic behaviors are governed by the PTC momentum band structure and can be understood using a rotating-wave approximation for the pseudo-Hermitian dynamics of the electromagnetic field in a PTC. Beyond revealing the fundamental evolution of thermal radiation in time-varying media, our numerical framework provides a general approach for analyzing the dynamics of stochastic electromagnetic fields in PTCs and time-varying media, in general. The results also provide physical insight and practical guidance for the design of PTC-based amplifiers, where the concurrent amplification of parasitic thermal radiation may occur.
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All authors Luis Cortes-Herrera, Naren Ganesh, Jack Hasty, Yuzhe Xiao

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Mapping Dust Attenuation at Kiloparsec Scales. III. The 2175Å\ Bump

Ruonan Guo, Cheng Li, Tao Jing et al. (+3 more)

We combine the Swift/UVOT+MaNGA catalog with 2MASS $K_s$ imaging to map the 2175Å\ attenuation bump at kiloparsec scales in nearby galaxies. We use two complementary estimators: an ultraviolet-to-near-infrared attenuation-curve method, yielding $A_{bump}^{UOIR}$ and $B$ for 2487 high-continuum-S/N spaxels, and the NUV-only method of \citet{2025PASA...42...22B}, yielding $A_{bump}^{NUV}$ and $k_{bump}$ for 7934 spaxels. The two absolute bump estimates agree well where they overlap. We compare bump strength with local stellar-population, emission-line, attenuation-curve, and geometric diagnostics after separating star-forming (SF) and non-SF regions. The strongest bumps occur at low specific H$\alpha$ surface brightness, $\Sigma_{\text{H}\alpha}/\Sigma_\ast$, especially in non-SF regions, where this ratio traces ionized-gas emission per unit stellar mass rather than sSFR. The bump also weakens with EW(H$\alpha$) and strengthens with $D_n4000$ and stellar age. In contrast, metallicity, inclination, galactocentric radius, $A_V$, and optical attenuation-curve slope are secondary predictors. The absolute strength $A_{bump}^{NUV}$ increases with $\Sigma_{\text{H}\alpha}$ and $\Sigma_\ast$, while the relative strengths $k_{bump}$ and $B$ do not, indicating that absolute bump amplitude partly follows dust column whereas normalized strengths better trace effective bump prominence. These results support local radiation-field processing of the 2175Å\ carriers.
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All authors Ruonan Guo, Cheng Li, Tao Jing, Shuang Zhou, Niu Li, Zhuo Cheng

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Spectral-Domain Deep Learning of Intrinsic Scattering Operators for Arbitrarily Shaped Compact 3D Particles

Daize Li, Jiafu Shen, Yifei Liu et al. (+2 more)

Rapid prediction of optical scattering from arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional particles is important for particle optics and photonic characterization, but remains challenging because of the large variability of complex morphologies and the strong angular dependence of their scattering responses. To address both issues, a dual spectral-domain neural scattering model is introduced in which morphology and scattering are represented in physically ordered bases: particle geometry is compressed into only 256 spherical-harmonic coefficients, and the optical response is encoded by the complex T-matrix in a spherical-vector-wave basis. The morphology spectrum replaces high-dimensional Euclidean geometry representations, such as voxel grids, point clouds, or meshes, with a compact ordered descriptor, while the T-matrix represents a geometry-determined scattering operator that can be queried for different incidence directions, polarizations, and observation angles. A spectral-token Transformer trained on 50{,}000 irregular particles at 1064~nm maps the morphology spectrum directly to the T-matrix. The predicted operators recover modal structure and reproduce full-angle differential scattering maps and incidence-angle scans. Generalization to out-of-distribution synthetic shapes and natural sand-particle morphologies shows that the dual spectral architecture learns an intrinsic relation from the geometry spectrum to multipolar scattering. This establishes spectral-domain operator learning as a compact route for reusable, angle- and polarization-resolved optical scattering prediction of complex 3D particles.
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All authors Daize Li, Jiafu Shen, Yifei Liu, Bonan Zhang, Heping Xie

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Inhibition of Accretion by the Stellar Wind in Misaligned Be/X-ray Binaries

Atsuo T. Okazaki

Be/X-ray binaries (BeXRBs) constitute a major subclass of high-mass X-ray binaries. They show intermittent X-ray activity with $L_X > 10^{36} {\rm erg s}^{-1}$, while remaining quiescent most of the time with $L_X < 10^{34} {\rm erg s}^{-1}$. BeXRBs generally have eccentric orbits as a result of supernova kicks when neutron stars were born. In these systems, the same kicks are also likely to make the binary orbital axis misaligned with the spin axis of the Be star. In such systems, when the neutron star captures gas from the equatorial disk of the Be star, the resulting accretion disk is in general tilted to both the Be disk plane and to the binary orbital plane. This raises an interesting possibility that in misaligned BeXRBs, the polar wind of the Be star collides with the accretion disk and significantly affects its structure by the large ram pressure. In this paper, we study the effects of the stellar wind on the accretion dynamics in misaligned BeXRBs. Using analytical wind and disk models, we first compare the wind's ram pressure with the gas pressures of the accretion flow to derive a condition for the stellar wind to strongly suppress accretion, and then apply the condition to a sample of BeXRBs whose relevant parameters are well determined or constrained. We find that wind-driven inhibition is a plausible mechanism for suppressing accretion in systems with slowly rotating neutron stars in wide orbits, where the classical propeller mechanism is expected to be inefficient. The effect is particularly important if the accretion flow is hot and low-density, or after the accretion rate has declined from the outburst level.
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