General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Probing near-zone magnetic fields with extreme mass-ratio inspirals
Jin-Lu Hu, Xin-Dong Du, Peng-Cheng Li et al. (+1 more)
We investigate whether weak near-zone
magnetic fields can leave observable imprints on extreme-mass-ratio inspiral (EMRI) waveforms. The central massive black hole is modeled by the magnetized Schwarzschild, or Ernst, solution, and the secondary compact object is treated as a neutral point particle on equatorial circular geodesics. We compute the
magnetic corrections to the circular-orbit quantities and the innermost stable circular orbit, and then evolve the inspiral using a hybrid, source-corrected Regge–Wheeler–Zerilli approximation, in which the Schwarzschild wave-propagation potentials are kept fixed while the source is evaluated on the magnetized orbit. For a fiducial system with \(M=10^6M_\odot\) and \(\mu=10M_\odot\), a field strength \(B\simeq 4\times10^{-5}M^{-1}\), corresponding to \(B_{\rm phys}\sim10^9\,{\rm G}\), produces a one-year dephasing of about \(1.3\) rad and \ccr{a LISA-noise-weighted mismatch which, after maximization over the relative arrival time and initial GW phase, remains slightly above the adopted distinguishability threshold at one year}. Our results suggest that EMRIs can in principle probe extremely strong near-zone
magnetic fields, whereas ordinary
magnetic environments around massive black holes are likely too weak to produce detectable effects within the present approximation.
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All authors Jin-Lu Hu, Xin-Dong Du, Peng-Cheng Li, Tieguang Zi
Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Machine learning prediction of the convergence criterion for a topological invariant of finite non-Hermitian chains
Raghav Chaturvedi, Viktor Könye and Ewelina M. Hankiewicz
A topological invariant based on polar-decomposition of
matrices correctly captures the
topology of finite non-Hermitian chains exhibiting the non-Hermitian skin effect, provided that an appropriate crop-length parameter is chosen. This parameter, which sets the cutoff used in the calculation of the invariant, is usually chosen empirically and becomes especially important near topological phase transitions, where finite-size effects are strongest. Here we show that the required crop-length is controlled by physical decay (localization) lengths. For nearest-neighbor and pure longer-range hopping Hatano-Nelson-type chains, the crop-length is set mainly by a single localization length and is well approximated by a scalar multiple of that length. For more general longer-range hopping models, it is governed instead by a multichannel root structure of the characteristic
polynomial. Random-forest regression captures finite-size and near-boundary corrections while preserving this decay-length interpretation. Trained on one set of
Hamiltonians, the predictor accurately generalizes to unseen
Hamiltonians and complex base energies, reproducing crop-lengths across full phase diagrams. We further show that the predictions learned from clean nearest-neighbor hopping chains remain stable under moderate hopping disorder. These results provide a practical and physically interpretable way to choose the crop-length, which in turn determines when the real-space invariant can reliably capture the
topology of finite non-Hermitian chains.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Multi-messenger View of White Dwarf Tidal Disruption Events by Intermediate-Mass Black Holes: I. Gravitational Waves and Disk Photon and Neutrino Emissions
Jin-Hong Chen, Lixin Dai and Bing Zhang
White
dwarf (WD)
tidal disruption events (TDEs) provide a unique window onto intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs). We present a multi-messenger view of these systems in two papers. In this paper, we develop an
accretion-disk model for WD–TDEs in which the bound debris accretes at extremely super-Eddington rates, $\sim 10^5$–$10^9$ times higher than in typical (main-sequence) TDEs. The model includes
magnetic pressure,
nuclear-burning heating, wind mass loss, and
neutrino production via $e^{\pm}$ pair annihilation. At such high
accretion rates, the gas and radiation temperatures of the inner flow can reach $T\gtrsim 10^9\,\mathrm{K}$, enabling prolific pair production and MeV
neutrino emission. We find that the disk is predominantly advection dominated over a broad range of
accretion rates, while disk winds can partially cool the flow and reduce the inner temperature. The predicted thermal EM emission is nearly insensitive to the fallback rate in the super-Eddington regime: the luminosity only mildly exceeds the IMBH Eddington luminosity and the spectrum peaks at $\sim 0.1$–$1\,\mathrm{keV}$, implying detectability with current X-ray facilities such as Einstein Probe. For low-mass IMBHs ($\sim 10^3\,M_{\odot}$), the disk can also produce a burst of MeV
neutrinos with luminosities up to $\sim 10^{47}\,\mathrm{erg\,s^{-1}}$ for ONeMg WD–TDEs, although detectability with current
neutrino detectors (e.g., Super-Kamiokande and JUNO) is limited to
Galactic distances. Finally, we estimate the GW burst produced during the final passage prior to disruption, which peaks at $\sim 0.1$–$1\,\mathrm{Hz}$, placing WD–TDEs in the target band of proposed decihertz detectors and motivating coordinated GW+EM+
neutrino searches. We also present a first exploration of GWs from a precessing WD–TDE disk; this signal is much weaker, with a detection horizon $\lesssim 1\,\mathrm{Mpc}$ for these missions.
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Quantum Physics
Strictly Local Tile-Code Architectures on Two-Dimensional Planar Lattices
Yoonjin Bae and Chae-Yeun Park
Tile codes are a family of planar
quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes with weight-6 stabilizers and open boundary conditions, offering an encoding efficiency $kd^2/n$ of up to four times that of the surface code. In this work, we develop an exhaustive search
algorithm for finding SWAP-based routing schemes that implement syndrome extraction for four tile-code families using only nearest-neighbor interactions on a two-dimensional square
lattice, matching the connectivity of the surface code. Using explicitly constructed routed syndrome-extraction
circuits decoded with BP+OSD, we estimate the
circuit-level thresholds of these code families. For the SI1000 noise model, the threshold without such a connectivity constraint is obtained in a range 0.23%-0.31%, while it decreases to 0.11%-0.13% with routing, representing a reduction factor of around two to three. Despite this threshold penalty, our resource-footprint analysis shows that routed tile codes require fewer physical
qubits per logical
qubit than the surface code at sufficiently low physical error rates: Under the SI1000 noise model, we find a crossover near $p^*\approx 0.08\%$, below which routed tile codes become more
qubit-efficient, with an advantage that grows monotonically as the physical error rate decreases.
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Superconductivity
Microscopic theory of the lower critical field in superconducting thin-film strips
Takayuki Kubo
The lower critical field $B_{c1}$ of a narrow superconducting thin-film strip sets the thermodynamic scale for
vortex-free operation in a perpendicular
magnetic field. The standard Pearl–London estimate requires a phenomenological
vortex-core cutoff, because the London theory does not resolve the core. We formulate a microscopic theory for a dirty strip by solving the two-dimensional Usadel equations in the film plane, with the applied field included directly in the gauge-invariant momentum. Self-consistent
vortex and Meissner solutions are computed at fixed field, and $B_{c1}$ is obtained from their Gibbs-energy difference. The calculation resolves the
vortex core and its finite-width deformation without introducing a cutoff. The resulting
vortex self-energy is larger than the naive Pearl–London estimate and cannot, in general, be represented by a London logarithm with a single width-independent cutoff. The formulation applies at any $T<T_c$ and provides a microscopic basis for predicting $B_{c1}$ in superconducting nanostrips and related thin-film devices.
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Nuclear Theory
Self-consistent description of emission processes in axially-symmetric nuclei
A. Dumitrescu and D. S. Delion
We present a theory of cluster emission processes in terms of
proton ($\pi$) and
neutron ($\nu$) single–particle (sp) degrees of freedom within a self–consistent mean–field (SCMF) constructed from a two–particle interaction having relative (rel) and center of mass (com) terms centered on the nucler surface, the latter describing the interaction between the com of a pair of particles and the surface of an axially–symmetric
nucleus. In this way the $\alpha$-clustering phenomenon becomes enhanced on the
nuclear surface. We present applications for unstable
nuclei that decay through the emission of $\alpha$–particles above $^{100}\textrm{Sn}$, $^{208}\textrm{Pb}$ and within the actinidies series.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
A Crash Course in Supersymmetric Field Theory Across Dimensions
Xingyang Yu
These notes give a cross-dimensional crash course in supersymmetric field theory. The goal is to provide enough common
language to recognize the basic setups used in talks and papers, while also working through representative computations that make the terminology concrete. We begin with supersymmetry
algebras, multiplets, protected quantities,
moduli spaces, deformations, and anomalies, then follow these ideas through examples in two to ten spacetime dimensions. The emphasis is on recurring structures, such as holomorphy, supersymmetric
vacua, dualities, extremization principles, indices, BPS data, and anomaly constraints, rather than on a classification of theories in any one dimension.
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Superconductivity
Chiral-Structured Superconductors TrX4 (Tr = Rh, Ir; X = Ge, Si): A Platform for Mixed-Parity Pairing and Topological States
Zhenhai Yu, Yunguan Ye, Yuwei Zhou et al. (+17 more)
Chiral-structured
superconductors, with simultaneous broken mirror and inversion
symmetries, promote unconventional superconductivity through parity-mixing mechanisms. Yet a few bulk
chiral-structured
superconductors are known, partly due to the difficulty in directly determining their atomic-scale chirality. Here we report three
chiral-structured
superconductors, , RhGe4, IrGe4, and IrSi4, synthesized under high pressure, with Tc values of about 1.6 K, 1.1 K, and 2.5 K, respectively.Using atomic resolution Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with X-ray diffraction characterizations, we directly confirm their
chiral structure (space group P3121). This real space imaging approach overcomes ambiguities in traditional diffraction based methods. These materials exhibit type-II superconductivity, and the enhancement of
spin-orbit coupling (SOC) leads to the emergence of mixed parity pairing. Calculations also reveal
symmetry protected Weyl points near the
Fermi level, which is robust against the SOC. Our work not only expands the family of
chiral-structured
superconductors but also demonstrates the indispensable role of STEM in directly determining
chiral crystal structures. These materials thus offer a clean platform to explore the interplay among structural chirality, SOC, mixed parity superconductivity, and topological
quantum phenomena.
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All authors Zhenhai Yu, Yunguan Ye, Yuwei Zhou, Chaoyang Chu, Congcong Le, Lin Wu, Jian Yuan, Tong Shi, Qingxin Dong, Jinggeng Zhao, Wei Xia, Xiangqi Liu, Xia Wang, Bosen Wang, Jinguang Cheng, Yanhang Ma, Xianxin Wu, Xiangang Wan, Huiqiu Yuan, Yanfeng Guo
Fluid Dynamics · Cross-listed from math.AP
Hopf Obstruction and Transported Forced Brakke Motion in Ordered Viscoelastic Cores
Sai Peng
We study topological relaxation in ordered viscoelastic conformation flows at finite epsilon. In an ordered region, a positive spectral gap selects an oriented principal axis and hence an S^2-valued director with a
Hopf class. We show that a change of this class must be accompanied, before the sharp-interface limit, by one of a finite list of costs: exterior gap concentration, ordered-core mass, boundary flux, FENE/collar loss, or a
topology exit. The result is proved for a concrete Landau-de Gennes ordered-core closure coupled to an Oldroyd/FENE-type transport law. The structural hypotheses used in the argument are verified up to the first typed exit time: the Morse-Bott ordered well, tubular soft coordinates, massive-mode coercivity, a projected transported Ginzburg-Landau equation, exterior gap control, and tame FENE/collar coefficients. The projected Ginzburg-Landau equation separates translation modes from the remaining residuals. The translation modes give the normal line force, while the orthogonal soft, massive,
geometric, and collar terms are absorbed by coercivity or charged to the corresponding exit. A modulated-energy argument propagates a nonempty class of
vortex-tube data on regular intervals. On each such interval, the normalized core measures converge to an integral one-varifold satisfying a transported forced Brakke inequality with the computed force. The
theorem therefore derives the force projection, open-basin propagation, and Brakke compactness estimates before invoking any limiting Brakke flow, and it records the finite-epsilon cost when the regular ordered-core description breaks down.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)
A unified quenching model in Geant 4 simulation for $\alpha$, proton and electron particles in liquid scintillator detectors
Shubing Liu, Mingyuan Wang and Zeyuan Yu
The
liquid scintillator (LS) detectors are widely used in reactor
neutrino experiments. To precisely measure the oscillated
neutrino spectrum, it is crucial to understand the LS energy response, especially the quenching effect. Numerous bench-top measurements have been conducted on quenching effects for $\alpha$ particles,
protons, and electrons. These results have typically been described by Birks' law, but with different Birks' coefficients required for different particle species. In this study, we find that if more secondary electrons are allowed to be generated in Geant4 simulations, the bench-top results for all particles can be well fitted using a single Birks' coefficient of about $0.013~{\rm g\,cm^{-2}\,MeV^{-1}}$. The underlying reason is that a large fraction of the primary energy is deposited through the generation of $\delta$-electrons with energies below 4~keV, which should be tracked separately due to their different quenching behavior compared to primary particles. This study provides a unified framework for comparing Birks' coefficients from different bench-top measurements and helps experiments like JUNO and SNO+ better tune their simulations for precision energy measurements.
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Quantum Physics
Fixing Divergence in Carleman Linearization via Analytical Continuation
Mingshuo Zhu, Hayato Higuchi, Hokuto Iwakiri et al. (+4 more)
Nonlinear differential equations play a crucial role in modeling a wide range of phenomena, yet their solutions remain notoriously difficult to obtain. With the rapid development of
quantum computing,
quantum algorithms for efficiently solving such equations are actively being explored. One promising approach is based on Carleman linearization, which transforms nonlinear differential equations into linear systems. However, this method suffers from exponential divergence beyond a certain time scale. By reformulating the solutions in terms of
eigenvalues and eigenvectors, we identify that this divergence originates from the Laurent expansion outside its neighborhood of convergence. To address this issue, we insert a regularized function to the divergent solution hinted by analytical continuation. We validate this divergence-correction method on both the logistic equation and some other partial differential equations like KPP-Fisher equations and Phase-Field models under periodic conditions. We implement our method for the logistic equation using the Linear Combination of
Unitaries (LCU)
quantum algorithm, providing a detailed complexity and error analysis.
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All authors Mingshuo Zhu, Hayato Higuchi, Hokuto Iwakiri, Kouki Nakamura, Naohisa Sueishi, Shih-Yen Tseng, Shoichiro Tsutsui
Soft Condensed Matter
Spatially heterogeneous noise restructures flocking into geometry-locked and vortex states
Ankush Semwal, Mahak Poonia and Pintu Patra
Spatially heterogeneous environments continually challenge the ability of active matter to sustain coherent collective motion. Understanding how collective motion remains robust under changing environments is central to both the functioning of biological systems and the design of smart active matter. Here, we extend the Vicsek model to include a circular non-noisy region surrounded by a noisy environment - a configuration in which the noise difference sets up a contrast in local directional order between the two regions. We find that, as the surrounding noise is increased, the system passes through three distinct dynamical regimes: (i) conventional global flocking at low noise; (ii) geometry-locked motion, aligned with simulation boundaries, at intermediate noise; and (iii) vortical motion within the non-noisy region at high noise. Extending the environment to multiple non-noisy regions, we find that the geometry-locked regime can develop a directional coupling, while the
vortex mode leads to
antiferromagnetic order between the regions. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the spatial modulation of order and disorder offers a powerful and generic strategy for steering active matter, aligning with recent experimental observations of active particles in patterned landscapes.
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Applied Physics
Shape Ultrasound with Dynamic Microfluidic Lenses
Dajun Zhang, Hyunji Shim, Michael Ferolito et al. (+3 more)
Dynamic shaping of ultrasound into prescribed spatial patterns underlies a broad range of biomedical and engineering applications. However, existing modulation strategies face fundamental limitations: single element transducers paired with acoustic lenses lack reconfigurability, whereas phased arrays require large numbers of independently driven elements, leading to substantial hardware complexity, cost, and
rigidity. Here we introduce a microfluidic ultrasound lens system that enables reconfigurable spatial modulation of ultrasonic fields using two orthogonal layers of soft microfluidic channels. Each channel is selectively filled with one of two
liquids with distinct sound speeds via an FPGA controlled array of micropumps, generating programmable binary phase patterns. Integrating a 20-row-by-20-column microfluidic lens with a single element transducer, we demonstrate three-dimensional ultrasound focusing with approximately one second reconfiguration time and spatial resolution comparable to that of a 400-element transducer array. The system provides 400 addressable pixels through parallel control of 80 pumps, allowing hardware complexity to scale with the square root of the pixel count. Building on this platform, we demonstrate dynamic ultrasound heating, as well as remote particle manipulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate a cylindrical lens that manipulates ultrasound propagation in the azimuthal direction. Owing to its
liquid based, soft architecture, the microfluidic lens offers design flexibility, scalable operation across ultrasound frequencies, low acoustic transmission loss, and stable performance under high acoustic power. Together, these results establish microfluidic phase modulation as a compact, scalable, and flexible approach for dynamic ultrasound field control.
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All authors Dajun Zhang, Hyunji Shim, Michael Ferolito, Feng Ye, Hongrui Jiang, Chu Ma
Quantum Physics
Hidden Complex Structure in Quotient-Space Real Quantum Mechanics
Jeongho Bang, Kyoungho Cho and Kyunghyun Baek
Barrios Hita et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. $\bf{136}$, 240202 (2026)] argued that
quantum mechanics can be formulated over the real numbers by replacing the tensor-product postulate with a quotient-space construction, and concluded that complex numbers are therefore a matter of convenience. We show that the operational content of this construction is not that of a generic real
Hilbert-space theory. Empirical equivalence requires a distinguished real linear operator $J$ with $J^2 = -\mathbb{1}$, and all physical effects, instruments, and dynamics must preserve the corresponding $SO(2)$ gauge. Moreover, the composite-system rule is a balanced tensor product over this hidden complex structure, not the ordinary tensor product over $\mathbb{R}$. In multipartite network scenarios, this changes the meaning of source independence: canonical real representatives are not source-factorizable in the usual tensor-product sense. Thus, the construction is best understood as standard complex
quantum mechanics written in real notation, not as an independent real-amplitude theory. This clarifies what is, and is not, excluded by experiments testing the necessity of complex numbers.
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Disordered Systems and Neural Networks
Autoencoder-Based Unsupervised Identification of Nonequilibrium Phases in Sheared Binary Colloids
Yoshitaka Miyahara and Taiki Haga
Identifying nonequilibrium phases in particle systems remains a major challenge because they often exhibit complex and spatially heterogeneous structures without long-range order. Here, we develop an unsupervised machine-learning framework for classifying such nonequilibrium phases by integrating
Fourier-based preprocessing, an autoencoder, and a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). Specifically, we transform global spatial configurations into
Fourier space and use the amplitudes of
Fourier coefficients as inputs to the autoencoder. This preprocessing suppresses spatial noise while preserving phase-specific structural features and physical interpretability. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework using a binary charged colloidal system under steady shear flow, where the competition between Coulomb interactions and shear gives rise to three nonequilibrium phases characterized by distinct local structures. The encoded latent space reveals well-separated clusters that are robustly identified by the GMM, enabling the construction of a nonequilibrium phase diagram based on cluster membership probabilities. The resulting phase boundaries are consistent with those independently obtained from radial distribution function analysis and unsupervised anomaly detection. These results demonstrate that autoencoder-based unsupervised learning provides an effective framework for identifying nonequilibrium phases in complex particle systems.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons
Local moment magnon spectrum in conduction electron tunnelling
Peter Thalmeier and Alireza Akbari
The surface tunnelling spectrum of a dual system consisting of localised moments with
antiferromagnetic order coupled to conduction electrons by on-site exchange interaction is investigated. In the static approximation of the local moment order it is known that
magnetic band reconstruction leads to an anomalous tunnelling spectrum at the
magnetic ordering vector of local moments although the latter cannot contribute directly. In this work we consider dynamic effects by including the scattering of conduction electrons from the local moment
magnon excitations. They lead to self energies and renormalisation of conduction states which in turn appreciably modify the tunnelling spectrum beyond the influence of static order, interpreted as the appearance of
magnon sidebands.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Floquet polaritons in optically driven materials
Tsan Huang, Teng Xiao, Jiahua Duan et al. (+2 more)
Polaritons are coupled collective modes of light and matter in
quantum materials. In modern pump-probe experiments, a pump light pulse may dramatically alter the properties of the polaritons, rendering them Floquet polaritons that can be detected by a probe pulse. We present a practical framework to describe Floquet polaritons in terms of the linear and nonlinear optical properties of the material. The central quantity that yields the spectra of Floquet polaritons is an effective linear optical susceptibility contributed by the pump through nonlinear optical susceptibilities. We apply this method to
graphene and show that via its third-order optical nonlinearity, infrared pump leads to Floquet plasmon bands. Notably, near plasmonic band crossings, parametric instability leads to flat bands with unstable modes and exceptional points that closely resemble those of non-Hermitian systems. As a second example, we show that in hexagonal boron nitride pumped by mid-infrared
laser, the pump induces Floquet
phonon polariton bands via phononic nonlinearity, which can be detected with either far-field or near-field optical technique. Finally, in layered
superconductors pumped by THz light polarized along the out-of-plane direction, the Josephson-type optical nonlinearity leads to Floquet Josephson plasmons, which manifest as new peaks in the THz reflectivity of a probe pulse.
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All authors Tsan Huang, Teng Xiao, Jiahua Duan, Haoliang Qian, Zhiyuan Sun
Materials Science
Anomalous Piezoelectricity from Polarization-Dependent Electrostriction in Wurtzites
Guo-Dong Zhao, Aiden Ross, Yueze Tan et al. (+3 more)
The piezoelectric coefficient is a third-rank tensor connecting the strain or stress with the electric field or polarization, whereas the electrostriction coefficient is a fourth-rank tensor relating the strain to the square of electric polarization. The electrostriction tensor components in the current literature are often treated as constants independent of polarization, resulting in piezoelectric tensor components that are linearly proportional to polarization and the dielectric susceptibility tensor. Here, we study the electrostriction and piezoelectricity in strongly polar wurtzites, including AlN, Al$_{1-x}$Sc$_x$N, Al$_{1-x}$B$_x$N, GaN, and ZnO. We discover that electrostriction and the elastic modulus in wurtzites are both strongly polarization-dependent, and the piezoelectric coefficient is highly nonlinear with respect to polarization, including the anomalous possibility that decreasing polarization increases the electromechanical strain response. These unusual dependencies of electrostriction and piezoelectric effects on polarization arise from the
evolution of a layered reference nonpolar structure toward a tetrahedrally coordinated wurtzite network structure as the polarization increases. The findings have important implications in understanding the thermodynamics of the general class of wurtzite ferroelectrics and in manipulating their piezoelectric and ferroelectric behaviors.
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All authors Guo-Dong Zhao, Aiden Ross, Yueze Tan, Yujie Zhu, Jia-Mian Hu, Long-Qing Chen
Materials Science
Efficient Bethe-Salpeter Equation Calculations Based on Numerical Atomic Orbitals and Norm-Conserving Pseudopotentials: Dual-${\boldsymbol k}$-Mesh Strategy
Ziqing Guan, Yu Cao, Min-Ye Zhang et al. (+3 more)
We present an efficient implementation of the Bethe–Salpeter equation (BSE) based on numerical atomic orbitals (NAOs) and norm-conserving pseudopotentials within the ABACUS+LibRPA framework. By exploiting the localized resolution-of-identity (LRI) technique, the screened Coulomb interaction is cast into a real-space, unit-
cell-indexed form $W_{\mu\nu}(\boldsymbol R)$ that is inherently short-ranged and well localized. This spatial locality enables an efficient
Fourier interpolation of the BSE kernel from the coarse $\boldsymbol k$-mesh used in the preceding $GW$ calculation to an arbitrarily dense $\boldsymbol k$-mesh on which the BSE
Hamiltonian is assembled and diagonalized, thereby giving rise naturally to a dual-$\boldsymbol k$-mesh workflow. Building on this scheme, we systematically examine the convergence of the absorption spectra with respect to the NAO basis set, the auxiliary basis set, and the $\boldsymbol k$-point sampling.
Benchmark calculations for both molecular and periodic systems collectively validate the accuracy of the present implementation and establish the dual-$\boldsymbol k$-mesh strategy as a practical and reliable approach for $GW$+BSE calculations.
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All authors Ziqing Guan, Yu Cao, Min-Ye Zhang, Peize Lin, Ruiyi Zhou, Xinguo Ren
Optics
Broadband microwave time-frequency analysis via stabilized period-one oscillation and recirculating frequency shifting with shared fiber loop
Xianxin Zhang, Chi Jiang, Taixia Shi et al. (+1 more)
To address the need for time-frequency analysis (TFA) of broadband microwave signals and to overcome the reliance of existing schemes on large-bandwidth swept microwave sources, we propose a broadband microwave signal TFA approach based on stabilized period-one (P1) oscillation and recirculating frequency shifting (RFS). By employing a feedback loop, a stable swept optical signal is generated from the stabilized P1 oscillation of a
semiconductor laser, and its sweep bandwidth is further extended by an RFS loop to achieve multi-fold bandwidth expansion. For system compactness, the feedback loop and RFS loop share a common long fiber. The combined operation produces a broadband swept optical signal, which, through stimulated Brillouin scattering-based frequency-to-time mapping, enables TFA and frequency measurement of broadband microwave signals. Experimental results demonstrate an instantaneous analysis bandwidth of up to 57 GHz, a frequency resolution of 60 MHz, and a maximum mean absolute frequency measurement error of 38.16 MHz.
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All authors Xianxin Zhang, Chi Jiang, Taixia Shi, Yang Chen
Quantum Physics
Maximal coherence of quantum measurement and the resource theory of sharpness
Kyunghyun Baek, Yonggi Jo and Hyunchul Nha
A resource theory of
quantum measurement can be addressed in terms of
quantum coherence and measurement sharpness, respectively. The former analyzes the off-diagonal structure of POVM elements in a predetermined basis while the latter analyzes the deviation from trivial, state-independent, measurements. We establish a direct connection between the two resource theories by identifying measurement sharpness as the maximal coherence that is achievable under all possible
unitary changes of the reference basis. For a broad class of POVMs whose elements share a common eigenbasis, we show that the maximal distance-based coherence of measurement coincides exactly with the corresponding distance-based sharpness monotone. We further extend this equivalence, with element-additive distances, to POVMs whose elements admit a common mutually unbiased basis structure. These results provide a measurement-theoretic analogue of the maximal-coherence & purity correspondence for
quantum states. We also show that the maximal coherence of measurement is faithful with respect to trivial measurements and is monotonic under fuzzifying operations for dichotomic measurements, as well as under mixed-
unitary and unitarily covariant preprocessing channels. Finally, we illustrate the operational meaning and limitations of the equivalence through
qubit POVMs, single-
photon phase sensing, and noisy
photon-number resolving detection. In particular, the maximal Fisher information in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is shown to be determined by the squared maximal coherence of the measurement, while in an imperfect
photon-number resolving detector the maximal coherence behaves as a proper sharpness monotone, unlike conventional PVM-based unsharpness measures.
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Physics and Society
A behavioral principle underlying attacker-defender interactions in soccer
Issei Yamazaki, Hirotaka Goto, Kojiro Otoguro et al. (+3 more)
Soccer is widely popular for its simple rules and complex yet coordinated play that unfolds on the pitch. Nevertheless, the fundamental mechanisms governing such play are not well understood: what shapes player interactions on the pitch? What short-term goals guide players' decisions about their movements over the next few seconds? We address these questions by focusing on one-on-one settings in open play, in which the attacker, in possession of the ball and typically dribbling, faces a defender aiming to stop or delay the attacker's actions over a short period. Here we develop a mathematical model of attacker-defender interactions and analyze 306 professional soccer games. Synthesizing the large-scale
dataset with an analysis of the model reveals a simple behavioral principle that may underlie these interactions: the defender seeks to minimize their future relative speed to the attacker, whereas the attacker initiates their movements to preempt the defender's objective. This principle, relative-speed minimization, provides a consistent and unified account of the empirical data. Since our framework depends little on soccer-specific details, this principle may govern diverse pursuit-evasion scenarios as well as other invasion team sports.
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All authors Issei Yamazaki, Hirotaka Goto, Kojiro Otoguro, Hiraku Nishimori, Masashi Shiraishi, Takuma Narizuka
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
On the Uniqueness of Embeddings of Causal Sets
Nathan Madsen
We introduce the notion of a well-conditioned
embedding of a causal set into a Lorentzian
manifold and prove that if a causal set admits well-conditioned
embeddings into two
manifolds, then their interiors are related by an $\varepsilon$-approximate isometry. To justify the definition, we show that in the high-density limit a Poisson sprinkling almost surely yields a causal set possessing a well-conditioned
embedding. The error $\varepsilon$ is given explicitly and tends to zero in the high-density limit.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)
Gamma Backgrounds for Experiments at the High Flux Isotope Reactor
M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, C. Baldenegro et al. (+53 more)
This article describes the deployment of a germanium detector at Oak Ridge National Lab's High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) for the purpose of understanding the energy and spatial distribution of the gamma field in the experiment
hall where the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT) took data and future
neutrino experiments could be located. The sources from both the reactor and the
neutron beamlines are described in detail, along with their temporal variations due to reactor power and their spatial variations due to the geometry of the beamlines and building materials in the vicinity. Additionally, a shielding study was performed to assess the amount that backgrounds in tens of keV range can be mitigated. This work helps inform backgrounds for future experiments at reactors such as IBD-based
neutrino measurements and CEvNS measurements.
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All authors M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, C. Baldenegro, C. D. Bass, O. Benevides Rodrigues, E. P. Bernard, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, N. Craft, G. Deichert, A. Delgado, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, M. D. Fuller, A. Galindo-Uribarri, S. Ghosh, C. E. Gilbert, D. C. Glasgow, S. Gokhale, C. G. Grant, B. T. Hackett, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, T. E. Haugen, K. M. Heeger, B. A. Heffron, A. Irani, D. E. Jaffe, J. Koblanski, C. E. Lane, B. R. Littlejohn, A. Lozano Sanchez, X. Lu, F. Machado, J. Maricic, M. P. Mendenhall, A. M. Meyer, R. Milincic, P. E. Mueller, H. P. Mumm, R. Neilson, J. R. Newby, D. Norcini, N. Patel, C. Roca, E. Romero-Romero, R. Rosero, D. Venegas-Vargas, B. White, J. Wilhelmi, M. Yeh, C. Zhang, X. Zhang
Soft Condensed Matter
Dynamical crossover from motor-dominated to drag-dominated transport in a minimal active transport network
Kazuhiko Mitsuhashi
Motor-driven intracellular transport is often described in terms of motor activity, but macroscopic transport also depends on how effectively motor-generated force is converted into coherent motion. Motivated by cytoplasmic streaming, a minimal active transport network is examined in which motor-driven transport competes with an effective slip-related dissipative resistance. The model is not intended as a quantitative reconstruction of Nitella cytoplasmic streaming, but as a minimal system for isolating the relation between motor activity, resistance, and transport output. A controlled scan over $\gamma_{\mathrm{Slip}}$ and $\alpha_m$, with three independent seeds per condition, shows that increasing $\gamma_{\mathrm{Slip}}$ strongly suppresses mean transport speed while leaving the motor-bound fraction nearly unchanged. The mean load and motor force remain finite in the high-$\gamma_{\mathrm{Slip}}$ regime, indicating that motors remain mechanically active even when transport is suppressed. The dependence of transport speed on $\alpha_m$ progressively disappears with increasing $\gamma_{\mathrm{Slip}}$: the motor dominance ratio decreases from $R\approx1.69$ to $R\approx1.01$, and the corresponding velocity difference decreases from $\sim1.9~\mu\mathrm{m/s}$ to $\sim0.003~\mu\mathrm{m/s}$. These results indicate a dynamical crossover from motor-dominated to drag-dominated transport. The minimal model provides a compact physical scenario in which active force generation persists while its contribution to net transport is suppressed by increased effective dissipative resistance.
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Optics
Numerical-aperture transfer in holotomography with a deterministic diffusion prior
Dong-min Ryu, Jeong-hyun Roh, Woon-soo Lee et al. (+3 more)
High-throughput holotomography often relies on long-working-distance, multiwell-compatible optics that reduce illumination numerical aperture (NA) and limit access to high spatial frequencies. Here we present ResShift-ODE, a deterministic
diffusion-prior framework that transfers low-NA refractive-index (RI) tomograms to high-NA-equivalent volumes without modifying the acquisition hardware. We formulate low-NA-to-high-NA transfer as a
diffusion-prior inverse problem under an explicit NA-limited
Fourier-domain forward operator, distinct from suppressing artifacts within an already measured passband. The method extends residual-shifting
diffusion to volumetric RI data and reformulates the reverse process as a probability-flow ordinary differential equation, enabling reproducible inference in five denoiser evaluations. On held-out emulated-pair test volumes, inferred volumes matched high-NA references with RI errors of 0.002-0.003 for >99% of voxels, while
Fourier analysis confirmed measurement-anchored lateral-band recovery without filling the axial missing cone. 3D ResShift-ODE required five denoiser evaluations per volume, incurring ~5.8x the cost of a 3D U-Net while remaining ~166x faster than a 1000-step 3D denoising
diffusion probabilistic model.
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All authors Dong-min Ryu, Jeong-hyun Roh, Woon-soo Lee, Hansol Yoon, Hyun-seok Min, Yongkeun Park
Fluid Dynamics
Continuum modeling of fluidic and elastic flow during growth-driven wound closure in partial-EMT cell monolayers
Chaozhen Wei, Han Jiang, Yifan Gu et al. (+5 more)
Large-scale circular gap closure occurs over a time scale on which
cell growth and proliferation become important. Growth is the main driver of the closing process, while
cell dynamics such as elongation and intercalation reflect elastic and fluidic contributions to tissue deformation. We develop a novel fluidized growth-elasticity framework as a nonlinear analogue of a Maxwell fluid with growth. The framework decomposes the experimentally observable strain rate into the additive sum of the growth, elastic, and fluidic strain rates, thus enabling the separate quantification of these contributions from tissue kinematics and allowing the roles of tissue elasticity and fluidity (the inverse of viscosity) to be characterized. We apply the model to large circular gaps ($\sim$1.7 mm in diameter) in confluent monolayers of mouse embryonic epicardial
cells (MEC1) under two conditions, without and with TGF-$\beta$ treatment. We show that both tissue fluidity and the elastic properties associated with fiber reinforcement are critical for reproducing the closure kinematics. Specifically, we predict that the treated condition has lower fluidity, associated with a lower fluidic deformation rate and a higher elastic deformation rate than the untreated condition, in agreement with the experimental observations.
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All authors Chaozhen Wei, Han Jiang, Yifan Gu, Nonthakorn Olaranont, Pengbo Wang, Qi Wen, Yubing Sun, Min Wu
High Energy Physics (Theory) · Cross-listed from math.QA
Boson-fermion meromorphic open-string vertex algebras and their canonically twisted modules
Qixuan Fang, Yi-Zhi Huang and Fei Qi
We construct a $\frac{\mathbb{Z}}{2}$-graded meromorphic open-string vertex
algebra from a finite-dimensional vector space with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form, together with its canonically twisted module. This
algebra is generated by suitable noncommutative generalizations of bosonic and fermionic fields and is a noncommutative generalization of the free
boson-
fermion vertex operator superalgebra. Similarly to the purely bosonic and purely fermionic cases in the early works by the second author in [H1], by Fiordalisi and the third author in [FQ], and by the third author in [Q3], the usual super-commutatitive relations between creation and annihilation operators still hold while no relations exist among creation operators. In particular, normal-ordering remains well-defined. As in [H1], [FQ], and [Q3], we prove a generalized Wick's
theorem in this case, which gives a formula for a product of two normal ordered products of bosonic and fermionic generating fields. Using this generalized Wick's
theorem, we construct the $\frac{\mathbb{Z}}{2}$-graded meromorphic open-string vertex
algebra and its canonically twisted module in this case. The construction in this paper is the algebraic part of our construction of suitable Dirac-like operators from
spin manifolds.
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Quantum Physics
Latency-Constrained Hardware-Aware Quantum Error Correction Co-Design with Adaptive Confidence-Gated Neural Decoding for the Rotated Surface Code
Sumit Chongder
Real-time decoding is a major bottleneck in scaling
quantum error correction (QEC) from noisy intermediate-scale
quantum (NISQ) devices to fault-tolerant
quantum computing. We present an adaptive confidence-gated decoding framework for the rotated surface code that treats decoding as a two-stage inference problem. A lightweight feed-forward neural network performs fast-path decoding for the majority of syndrome measurements, while only low-confidence predictions are escalated to a minimum-weight perfect matching (MWPM) refinement stage. We
benchmark the framework on rotated surface codes with distances $d \in \{3,5,7,9,11\}$ under
circuit-level depolarising noise using the Stim stabiliser simulator. The evaluation characterises logical accuracy, confidence-controlled accuracy-latency trade-offs, decoding throughput, per-shot latency, and decoding-graph resource scaling. Routing only 3.3%-6.2% of syndromes to the refinement stage improves logical accuracy from 99.21% for the neural-only baseline to 99.81% at a confidence threshold of 0.95 while incurring only a bounded increase in average decoding cost. Neural-decoder throughput saturates near $4.6 \times 10^{5}$ samples s$^{-1}$ at batch size 512 on commodity CPU hardware, indicating that the neural fast path is not the dominant throughput bottleneck beyond code distance $d=7$. We release the complete benchmarking pipeline, trained models, raw
benchmark data, and source code, and explicitly distinguish the experimentally validated contributions from the broader hardware-aware QEC co-design roadmap, including hardware-constrained code discovery, GPU-accelerated inference, and multi-noise optimisation, which remain directions for future work.
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Quantum Physics · Cross-listed from cs.AI
Onnes: A Physics-Grounded Multi-Agent LLM Simulator for Cryogenic Fault Diagnosis in Quantum Computing Infrastructure
Praneeth Narisetty, Uday Kumar Reddy Kattamanchi and Shiva Nagendra Babu Kore
Dilution refrigerators are the enabling infrastructure of superconducting
quantum computers, yet their fault diagnosis is still dominated by threshold alarms that report that something is wrong, not what. We present Onnes, a physics-grounded digital-twin simulator of a dilution refrigerator (a forward physics model with a learned real-fridge noise fingerprint) that drives a live multi-
agent LLM operations layer, and use it for a controlled head-to-head between a zero-shot LLM
agent panel and a supervised ML classifier on cryogenic fault diagnosis. The twin couples a real dilution-cooling floor, a noise-and-correlation fingerprint learned from real BlueFors logs, and six physics-grounded fault classes, three engineered to overlap on temperature but separate on flow and pressure. Across a 1000-turn evaluation the zero-shot panel shows no significant difference from the classifier on detection but trails on classification, its errors concentrating on the confusable faults. Curated contrastive few-shot demonstrations and self-consistency voting then raise classification accuracy from 0.685 to 0.990, matching the supervised classifier (0.985) with no parameter updates and six labeled demonstrations; an ablation attributes the gain almost entirely to the demonstrations. Run as a continuous monitor across a nine-run fault-by-seed sweep, the
agent catches every developing fault within one poll interval, and a confidence gate suppresses pre-onset false alarms whose rate is backend-dependent. As a first sim-to-real check, a detector trained purely on real BlueFors telemetry posts a real-hardware false-alarm rate of 6.4% and 100% recall on physics faults injected onto real held-out windows. All numbers are drawn verbatim from released run logs.
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