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Physics

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Sunday 5 July

High Energy Physics (Theory)

Neumann scalars in AdS: partition functions and phases

Biki Bishwakarma, Astha Kakkar and Swarnendu Sarkar

We present an analysis of one-loop partition functions for scalars in AdS$_{d+1}$ obeying the Neumann boundary condition and explore phases of scalar field theories in several dimensions at zero and finite temperature. The partition function computation involves an analytic continuation from $\Delta_+$ corresponding to the Dirichlet boundary condition to $\Delta_-$ corresponding to Neumann boundary condition. We show that this can be implemented by deformations of the contour for integral over eigenvalue ($\lambda$) of the Laplace operator as compared to the integral over ${\mathbb R}$ in [arXiv:2201.09043] for the Dirichlet boundary condition. We further contrast these phases with those appearing for the case of scalars obeying the Dirichlet boundary condition and corroborate the occurrence of these phases by studying the long range behaviour of correlators.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Stress stability criterion of the isospinning $\mathbb{C}P^2$ solitons

Sergei Antsipovich and Yakov Shnir

We study the energy-momentum tensor of stationary rotating topological solitons in a (2 + 1)-dimensional $\mathbb{C}P^2$ nonlinear sigma model with a stabilizing potential term. We evaluate the distributions of the corresponding shear forces and pressure and study the stability criteria for these solutions. Our results suggest that these solitons become classically unstable for some range of values of the parameters of the system.
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Nuclear Theory

Theory of Spinful Relativistic Superfluids

Dam Thanh Son

We construct an effective field theory description of relativistic superfluids with nonzero angular momentum density. At first order in the derivative expansion, the effective action contains a term with a quantized coefficient, which encodes the Berry phase for the angular momentum of the superfluid condensate. From this single term we derive a number of physical effects, including the relativistic Mermin-Ho relation, an anomalous Ettingshausen effect (exchangeable for an anomalous Hall effect), and an anomalous Hall viscosity.
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Fluid Dynamics

Quadrature-Aware Complex-Linear Neural Operator for Boundary-to-Field Prediction in Resonant Acoustics

Muhammad Idrees Khan and Hua-Dong Yao

Repeated prediction of acoustic fields from spatially distributed boundary excitation is computationally expensive when each source realization requires a new wave simulation. This work introduces a quadrature-aware complex-linear boundary operator (CLBO) that maps complex normal velocity on a vibrating surface to complex pressure at receiver locations. The model couples learned source and receiver basis functions through an explicit complex surface-quadrature contraction, so the boundary excitation enters linearly by construction. This preserves complex superposition, homogeneity, and zero response to zero excitation, while representing the source through coordinates, normals, and quadrature weights rather than a fixed flattened input vector. Reference data were generated using a verified three-dimensional multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann solver and stored in a solver-agnostic boundary-to-field format. CLBO was compared with a fixed-sensor complex DeepONet under matched case splits and optimization settings, with additional tests of structural consistency, receiver-coordinate interpolation, source discretization, source-family holdout, label efficiency, physics-informed ablations, unseen source mixtures, and computational cost. Across five training seeds, CLBO achieved a mean complex relative field error of 0.184 +/- 0.00771, compared with 0.367 +/- 0.00742 for DeepONet. Its measured source-superposition error was 1.31 x 10^-7, and its mean error on newly simulated mixed-source cases was 0.237, compared with 0.415 for DeepONet. Inference was 1.83 x 10^4 faster than the reference calculation for the reported query size. These results show that enforcing the known complex-linear boundary-to-field structure improves physical consistency and generalization under distributed acoustic excitation.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

A Catalog of Automatically Identified Multi-Signature ICMEs Observed by Solar Orbiter

Felix N. Minta, Stefano A. Livi, George C. Ho et al. (+2 more)

In this study, we present a catalog of 138 interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) identified using multiple distance-normalized ICME criteria within sliding time windows applied to Solar Orbiter in-situ measurements. We observe sub-adiabatic proton cooling, a near-spherical radial density decrease, a steep decline in dynamic pressure indicative of enhanced expansion in the inner heliosphere, and a magnetic-field profile shallower than Parker-spiral expectations. Approximately $55\%$ of the ICMEs are associated with a preceding shock and sheath, while $45\%$ are not. Compared with non-sheath ICMEs, sheath-associated events are $\approx27\%$ longer, $\approx68\%$ more magnetized, $\approx30\%$ faster, $\approx2.6$ times hotter, $\approx34\%$ denser, and $\approx2.8$ times more over-pressured, while expanding $\approx96\%$ faster and maintaining low plasma $\beta$. Expansion speed also scales strongly with ICME size and bulk speed, suggesting that sheath dynamics regulate ejecta expansion. For the 32 ICMEs with Heavy Ion Sensor (HIS) observations, $\approx30\%$ exhibit $\mathrm{O}^{7+}/\mathrm{O}^{6+}\approx1$, whereas Fe-based composition signatures ($\langle Q_{\mathrm{Fe}}\rangle$, $\mathrm{Fe}^{\ge16+}/\mathrm{Fe}$, and $\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{O}$) identify $\approx50$–$65\%$ of events, consistent with lower charge-state enhancements during solar minimum. Superposed epoch analysis reveals enhanced heavy-ion signatures within magnetic-cloud intervals, linking in-situ composition to coronal heating. This catalog provides a robust benchmark for multi-mission studies, machine-learning applications, CME evolution models, and space-weather investigations.
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All authors Felix N. Minta, Stefano A. Livi, George C. Ho, Susan T. Lepri, Heather A. Elliott

Quantum Physics

Topological properties and Majorana Multiplicity in Zigzag Kitaev Chain

Rajiv Kumar, Panch Ram, Levan Chotorlishvili et al. (+1 more)

We investigate the spectral and topological properties of a zigzag Kitaev chain constructed from two diagonally coupled one dimensional Kitaev chains with a zero and finite superconducting pairing phase difference. Using a Bogoliubov-de Gennes formulation, we analyze the energy spectrum, distribution of Majorana zero modes (MZMs), the quasi-particle dispersion, and the winding number, respectively. For a zero phase difference, the resulting energy spectrum shows topological phases with two, four MZMs, and trivial regions. The phases of gap closure determine the topological phase boundaries. In particular, for the phase difference between $\phi=\pi$, the degeneracy of MZMs is partially lifted, leading to modified topological phases compared to the case $\phi=0$. The topological and trivial phase boundaries are further confirmed by evaluating the quasi-particle dispersion and the topological invariant, namely the winding number. We show that the zigzag Kitaev chain contributes independently to the total winding number $\nu = 1$ and $2$, giving rise to distinct topological phases that support two and four MZMs. The $\nu = 0$ gives rise to a trivial region. The energy spectrum of systems corroborates the analytical phase boundaries and reveals characteristics associated with hybridization, enabling us to obtain the complete phase diagram of the zigzag model. Our results establish the zigzag Kitaev chain as a minimal platform for engineering MZM quantum computations, with potential applications in the study of topological phases and Majorana based qubit physics.
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All authors Rajiv Kumar, Panch Ram, Levan Chotorlishvili, Sunil Kumar Mishra

Superconductivity

Pseudo-superconducting-diode effect in ferroelectric Josephson junctions

Yaozu Tang, Nienke ten Haaf, Artem Bondarenko et al. (+2 more)

The superconducting diode effect (SDE), characterized by unequal critical supercurrents in opposite current directions, enables supercurrent rectification. We propose a magnetic-field-free pseudo-superconducting-diode effect in ferroelectric Josephson junctions with broken inversion symmetry. Using a coupled dynamical model that combines a polarization-dependent RCSJ description with Landau-Khalatnikov-Tani ferroelectric dynamics, we show that ferroelectric polarization switching induces asymmetric critical and retrapping currents under current sweeps. The resulting nonreciprocity is highly tunable via ferroelectric parameters and the sweep protocol and remains robust at finite temperatures. Our work identifies ferroelectric Josephson junctions as a promising platform for magnetic-field-free nonreciprocal superconducting devices.
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All authors Yaozu Tang, Nienke ten Haaf, Artem Bondarenko, Mazhar N. Ali, Yaroslav M. Blanter

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Dynamical analysis of the 5:1 mean-motion resonance of the HD 202206 system

Yingyi Cao, Man Hoi Lee, Sabine Reffert et al. (+2 more)

The HD 202206 system, which features two substellar companions with a 5:1 period ratio around a solar-type star, offers a rare opportunity to study high-order mean-motion resonances and provides new insights into the formation and evolution of substellar companions in extrasolar planetary systems. We revisited the HD 202206 system, aiming to conduct a more comprehensive analysis of orbital inclinations, companion masses, resonance dynamics, and potential formation mechanisms. Our analysis of the astrometric jitter around the best fit in the Gaia DR3 catalog and the proper motion anomalies between Hipparcos and Gaia places robust constraints on the orbital inclinations. We performed a new dynamical fit to all available radial velocity data from the CORALIE and HARPS spectrographs. We assessed the dynamical configuration and long-term stability of the system using samples generated by nested sampling. Our analysis shows that the orbital inclinations are strongly constrained to about $51^\circ$. Consequently, the best-fit dynamical solution, assuming a coplanar and inclined ($i = 51^\circ$) configuration, yields an inner brown dwarf of $21.56 M_\mathrm{J}$ and an outer giant planet of $3.12 M_\mathrm{J}$. The corresponding orbital periods are 256.26 days and 1298.87 days, with eccentricities of 0.426 and 0.180. An investigation of the five relevant resonance angles shows that only one is librating with a large amplitude. Our stability analysis confirms that the system is dynamically stable. Our results provide new constraints on the masses and inclination of the system, challenging earlier claims of a face-on configuration and shedding light on the formation and evolution of substellar companions in extrasolar planetary systems.
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All authors Yingyi Cao, Man Hoi Lee, Sabine Reffert, Trifon Trifonov, Stefan Stefanov

Atomic Physics

Atomic oven with rapid thermal response for atom experiments

Weilong Huang, Congjun Zou, Feiyu Dong et al. (+3 more)

Atomic oven generating controllable atomic beam flux plays a fundamental role in quantum gas experiments. Here, we report a new heater design that can heat up an high temperature atomic oven with fast thermal response. The new heater shows a heating rate improved by 7.65 times comparing to that of the conventional resistive heater while the crucible temperature can heated up to 1200K. With this oven, we generated a collimated ytterbium beam with flux exceeding $10^{14} \text{ atoms/s}$ at 823 K. We believe that our design offers a promising solution for shortening experimental dead time and improve the experiment efficiency in cold atom researches.
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All authors Weilong Huang, Congjun Zou, Feiyu Dong, Huirong Xiao, Zejian Ren, Shanchao Zhang

Plasma Physics

Machine-Learning-Enabled Full-State Reconstruction of Fusion Plasmas from Minimal Sensor Measurements

Maryam Reza and Farbod Faraji

Plasma in nuclear fusion reactors is only partially observable: diagnostics are constrained by limited access, cost, and the harsh plasma environment, while high-fidelity simulations remain prohibitively costly at reactor-relevant scales to address the observability gap. This paper presents an ML model for reconstructing full-domain plasma states from a small number of accessible measurements. The model combines temporal encoding of sparse sensor histories with spatial decoding into complete plasma-field maps. Demonstrations using high-fidelity kinetic simulation data show that multiple coupled plasma quantities can be reconstructed from only a few density sensors, with robustness to sparse and randomly located probes. The approach provides a route toward diagnostic augmentation, real-time state estimation, and data-driven digital twins for fusion-relevant plasmas.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Universal Leading Quantum Stress Near the Schwarzschild Singularity

Shun Jiang and Jie Jiang

Determining the local quantum source near a spacelike singularity is essential for assessing semiclassical backreaction inside black holes. By standard point splitting, we provide, to our knowledge, the first complete numerical determination of the renormalized stress-energy tensor (RSET) of a massless scalar field at arbitrary curvature coupling in the four-dimensional Schwarzschild interior. Calculations in the Unruh and Hartle–Hawking states reach $r/M\simeq10^{-4}$, yielding a common leading $r^{-6}$ coefficient tensor and coupling-dependent anisotropic pressure ratios. Uniform estimates of the complete mode sums then establish a rigidity theorem: at each fixed coupling, any Hadamard-state change on the common interior evolution domain contributes only subleading stress. The leading tensor is therefore insensitive to time and directional dependence of the quantum environment, in contrast with state-dependent leading Cauchy-horizon coefficients in asymptotically flat Reissner–Nordström spacetime. Its directional null projections define positive, mixed-sign, and negative regimes in coupling and direction, specifying the local mean focusing source; at conformal coupling, all leading projections are positive.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Progress report on the integration of the IRTF adaptive secondary mirror

Ellen Lee, Mark Chun, Ruihan Zhang et al. (+13 more)

IRTF-ASM-1 is the first on-sky adaptive secondary mirror using the hybrid variable reluctance (HVR) actuators developed by the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). Since its first light in April 2024, the ASM has continued to work consistently well with no hardware issues. The primary purpose of IRTF-ASM-1 is to serve as a demonstration of the HVR actuator technology, both in terms of verifying its robustness and testing calibration methods that are relevant to larger ASMs. However, as the ASM has proven to be easy to handle and reliable in its performance, we are moving toward integrating the ASM for long-term use at IRTF. We present closed loop results with the ASM and IRTF's off-axis facility wavefront sensor FELIX. Correcting the first seven Zernike modes through coma at 90-180 Hz, we are able to enhance the seeing by a factor of 1.8 in FWHM under 0."5 seeing conditions. We also performed the first science observations with the ASM in "static" mode and demonstrated that we can improve the throughput of IRTF's slit spectrograph by approximately a factor of 2, although this requires good reference slopes in FELIX. In the near future, we plan to optimize the calibration of reference slopes in FELIX and streamline the software so that the system can be operated by a non-AO expert.
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All authors Ellen Lee, Mark Chun, Ruihan Zhang, Olivier Lai, Michael Connelley, Tony Denault, Jacob Taylor, John Rayner, Max Baeten, Arjo Bos, Matias Kidron, Fred Kamphues, Stefan Kuiper, Wouter Jonker, Alan Ryan, Philip Hinz

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Consistency test of the large-scale structure with Bernardeau-Nishimichi-Taruya transform of the KiDS-Legacy survey

Shiming Gu, Ziang Yan, Ludovic van Waerbeke et al. (+10 more)

We perform the first $k$-cut cosmic shear analysis of the KiDS-Legacy survey. This method uses the Bernardeau-Nishimichi-Taruya (BNT) transform to construct weak-lensing kernels that are more localised than conventional ones, and remove information from selected physical scales while retaining the constraining power of the targeted range. Removing the scale of $k \geq 0.33~\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$ from the KiDS-Legacy pseudo-$C_\ell$ data vector, and using a covariance matrix whose Gaussian component is computed from the theoretical data vector, we find $S_8 = 0.798_{-0.045}^{+0.045}$. This agrees with both the fiducial KiDS-Legacy bandpower result and our no-$k$-cut pseudo-$C_\ell$ posterior to within $0.1\sigma$, indicating no significant bias from nonlinear astrophysical feedback at the precision of KiDS-Legacy. We also study the case in which the Gaussian covariance is computed from the observed data vector. In this setup, the same scale cut of $k < 0.33~\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$ gives a much lower $S_8=0.717_{-0.046}^{+0.047}$. Further $k$-cut tests reveal a mild scale-dependent trend, with larger physical scales preferring lower $S_8$ values and a maximum low- versus high-$k$ deviation of $1.80\sigma$. Mock tests show that this behaviour is not produced by the covariance prescription or data vector alone, but may arise from their interplay. These results show that BNT $k$-cuts provide both a mitigation strategy for nonlinear systematics and a diagnostic of weak-lensing inference pipelines.
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All authors Shiming Gu, Ziang Yan, Ludovic van Waerbeke, Francis Bernardeau, Hendrik Hildebrandt, Angus H. Wright, Maciej Bilicki, Christos Georgiou, Shun-Sheng Li, Laila Linke, Lauro Moscardini, Robert Reischke, Benjamin Stölzner

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

First measurement of the masses of the $\Upsilon_1(1D)$ and $\Upsilon_3(1D)$ states and the energy dependence of the cross sections for $e^+e^-\to\Upsilon_J(1D)\eta$ and $e^+e^-\to\Upsilon_J(1D)\pi^+\pi^-$

Belle, Belle II Collaborations: M. Abumusabh, I. Adachi et al. (+396 more)

We study the processes $e^+e^-\to\Upsilon_J(1D)\eta$ and $e^+e^-\to\Upsilon_J(1D)\pi^+\pi^-$ at center-of-mass energies $\sqrt{s}$=(10.73 – 11.02) GeV using a $142.5\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ data sample, including 122~fb$^{-1}$ near the $\Upsilon$(10860) peak ($\sqrt{s}$ = 10.866 GeV), collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy $e^+e^-$ collider. From the peak sample, the products of Born cross section times branching fraction are obtained for $\sigma_{\rm Born}(e^+e^-\to\Upsilon_J(1D)\eta)$ or $\sigma_{\rm Born}(e^+e^-\to\Upsilon_J(1D)\pi^+\pi^-)$ and ${\cal B}(\Upsilon_J(1D)\to\chi_{b1}\gamma)$ or ${\cal B}(\Upsilon_J(1D)\to\chi_{b2}\gamma)$ for each $\Upsilon_J(1D)$ state. The corresponding branching fractions for $\Upsilon(10860)$ decays are also obtained. The significances of the $\Upsilon_1(1D)$, $\Upsilon_2(1D)$, and $\Upsilon_3(1D)$ signals are 4.8$\sigma$, ${>}10\sigma$, and 3.0$\sigma$, respectively, including systematic uncertainties. The mass for $\Upsilon_2(1D)$ is measured to be $(10167.0\pm 1.0\pm 0.2)$ MeV/$c^2$, where the first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic. The mass splittings $\Delta m_{12}=m(\Upsilon_2(1D))-m(\Upsilon_1(1D))$ and $\Delta m_{23}=m(\Upsilon_3(1D))-m(\Upsilon_2(1D))$ are $(11.8\pm1.5\pm0.4)$ MeV/$c^2$ and $(7.6\pm2.4\pm0.6)$ MeV/$c^2$, respectively.~We determine the energy dependence of the cross sections for $e^+e^-\to\Upsilon_J(1D)\eta$ and $e^+e^-\to\Upsilon_J(1D)\pi^+\pi^-$ for the $\Upsilon_1(1D)$, $\Upsilon_2(1D)$, and $\Upsilon_3(1D)$ states, combined.
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All authors Belle, Belle II Collaborations: M. Abumusabh, I. Adachi, K. Adamczyk, A. Aggarwal, H. Ahmed, Y. Ahn, M. Akdag, N. Akopov, S. Alghamdi, M. Alhakami, N. Althubiti, K. Amos, M. Angelsmark, N. Anh Ky, C. Antonioli, K. Arai, H. Atmacan, T. Aushev, V. Aushev, R. Ayad, V. Babu, H. Bae, N. K. Baghel, S. Bahinipati, P. Bambade, Sw. Banerjee, M. Barrett, M. Bartl, J. Baudot, A. Baur, A. Beaubien, F. Becherer, J. Becker, G. F. Benfratello, J. V. Bennett, F. U. Bernlochner, V. Bertacchi, M. Bertemes, E. Bertholet, M. Bessner, S. Bettarini, V. Bhardwaj, B. Bhuyan, F. Bianchi, T. Bilka, A. Biswas, D. Biswas, A. Bobrov, D. Bodrov, A. Bondar, G. Bonvicini, A. Boschetti, A. Bozek, M. Bračko, P. Branchini, R. A. Briere, T. E. Browder, A. Budano, Q. Campagna, M. Campajola, M. Carminati, G. Casarosa, C. Cecchi, M.-C. Chang, P. Cheema, L. Chen, B. G. Cheon, C. Cheshta, H. Chetri, K. Chilikin, K. Chirapatpimol, H.-E. Cho, K. Cho, S.-J. Cho, S.-K. Choi, S. Choudhury, S. Chutia, J. A. Colorado-Caicedo, I. Consigny, L. Corona, H. Crotte Ledesma, S. Cuccuini, J. X. Cui, E. De La Cruz-Burelo, S. A. De La Motte, G. De Nardo, G. De Pietro, R. de Sangro, M. Destefanis, S. Dey, R. Dhayal, A. Di Canto, J. Dingfelder, Z. Doležal, X. Dong, M. Dorigo, K. Dugic, G. Dujany, P. Ecker, D. Epifanov, J. Eppelt, R. Farkas, P. Feichtinger, T. Ferber, T. Fillinger, C. Finck, G. Finocchiaro, F. Forti, B. G. Fulsom, A. Gabrielli, A. Gale, R. Garg, A. Garmash, G. Gaudino, V. Gaur, V. Gautam, P. Gebeline, A. Gellrich, G. Ghevondyan, D. Ghosh, G. Giakoustidis, R. Giordano, A. Giri, P. Gironella Gironell, B. Gobbo, R. Godang, O. Gogota, W. Gradl, E. Graziani, D. Greenwald, K. Gudkova, Y. Han, K. Hayasaka, H. Hayashii, S. Hazra, C. Hearty, M. T. Hedges, A. Heidelbach, G. Heine, I. Heredia de la Cruz, T. Higuchi, M. Hoek, M. Hohmann, R. Hoppe, P. Horak, C.-L. Hsu, T. Humair, T. Iijima, K. Inami, N. Ipsita, A. Ishikawa, R. Itoh, M. Iwasaki, D. Jacobi, W. W. Jacobs, E.-J. Jang, Q. P. Ji, S. Jia, Y. Jin, A. Johnson, K. K. Joo, H. Kakuno, K. H. Kang, G. Karyan, T. Kawasaki, C. Ketter, C. Kiesling, C. Kim, D. Y. Kim, H. Kim, J.-Y. Kim, K.-H. Kim, H. Kindo, K. Kinoshita, P. Kodyš, T. Koga, S. Kohani, A. Korobov, S. Korpar, E. Kovalenko, R. Kowalewski, M. Krein, P. Križan, P. Krokovny, T. Kuhr, D. Kumar, R. Kumar, K. Kumara, T. Kunigo, Y.-J. Kwon, S. Lacaprara, Y.-T. Lai, T. Lam, J. S. Lange, T. S. Lau, R. Leboucher, H. Lee, M. J. Lee, C. Lemettais, P. Leo, C. Li, L. K. Li, Q. M. Li, S. X. Li, W. Z. Li, Y. Li, Y. B. Li, Y. P. Liao, J. Libby, J. Lin, V. Lisovskyi, C. Liu, Q. Y. Liu, Z. Q. Liu, D. Liventsev, S. Longo, A. Lozar, C. Lyu, J. L. Ma, Y. Ma, M. Maggiora, S. P. Maharana, R. Maiti, G. Mancinelli, E. Manoni, M. Mantovano, D. Marcantonio, S. Marcello, M. Marfoli, C. Marinas, C. Martellini, A. Martens, T. Martinov, L. Massaccesi, M. Masuda, S. K. Maurya, M. Maushart, J. A. McKenna, Z. Mediankin Gruberová, R. Mehta, F. Meier, D. Meleshko, M. Merola, C. Miller, M. Mirra, K. Miyabayashi, H. Miyake, R. Mizuk, S. Moneta, A. L. Moreira de Carvalho, H.-G. Moser, A. Mubarak, N. Mudgal, Th. Muller, H. Murakami, R. Mussa, M. Nakao, Y. Nakazawa, M. Naruki, Z. Natkaniec, A. Natochii, M. Nayak, M. Neu, M. Niiyama, S. Nishida, R. Nomaru, S. Ogawa, H. Ono, Y. Onuki, I. Ostrowski, F. Otani, S. Pardi, J. Park, K. Park, S.-H. Park, A. Passeri, S. Patra, T. K. Pedlar, R. Pestotnik, M. Piccolo, L. E. Piilonen, P. L. M. Podesta-Lerma, T. Podobnik, L. Polat, A. Prakash, V. Prasad, S. Prell, E. Prencipe, M. T. Prim, S. Privalov, P. Rados, S. Raiz, K. Ravindran, J. U. Rehman, M. Reif, S. Reiter, M. Remnev, D. Ricalde Herrmann, I. Ripp-Baudot, G. Rizzo, S. H. Robertson, J. M. Roney, A. Rostomyan, N. Rout, G. Russo, S. Saha, S. Sandilya, C. Santos, V. Savinov, B. Scavino, J. Schmitz, S. Schneider, G. Schnell, K. Schoenning, C. Schwanda, Y. Seino, K. Senyo, J. Serrano, C. Sfienti, W. Shan, C. P. Shen, X. D. Shi, T. Shillington, J.-G. Shiu, D. Shtol, B. Shwartz, A. Sibidanov, F. Simon, J. B. Singh, J. Skorupa, A. Soffer, A. Sokolov, E. Solovieva, W. Song, S. Spataro, K. Špenko, B. Spruck, M. Starič, P. Stavroulakis, S. Stefkova, R. Stroili, M. Sumihama, M. Takizawa, U. Tamponi, S. Tanaka, K. Tanida, F. Testa, D. V. Thanh, T. Tien Manh, O. Tittel, R. Tiwary, E. Torassa, F. F. Trantou, I. Tsaklidis, M. Uchida, I. Ueda, E. Uenlue, T. Uglov, K. Unger, Y. Unno, K. Uno, S. Uno, R. van Tonder, K. E. Varvell, M. Veronesi, V. S. Vismaya, L. Vitale, V. Vobbilisetti, R. Volk, S. Wallner, M.-Z. Wang, A. Warburton, M. Watanabe, S. Watanuki, C. Wessel, Y. Xie, X. P. Xu, B. D. Yabsley, S. Yamada, W. Yan, W. P. Yan, J. Yelton, K. Yi, J. H. Yin, K. Yoshihara, C. Z. Yuan, J. Yuan, L. Yuan, Y. Yusa, L. Zani, M. Zeyrek, B. Zhang, X. Zhao, V. Zhilich, J. S. Zhou, Q. D. Zhou, L. Zhu, R. Žlebčík

Quantum Physics

Purcell effect and quantum Zeno effect suppressed self-discharging of quantum battery

Da-Wei Liu, Guoqing Tian, Zi-Hao Li et al. (+3 more)

Quantum batteries (QB), as an energy storage and transfer device, not only show obvious advantages compared to classical electrochemical batteries, but also have important applications in quantum information. Self-discharging is a central obstacle to storing useful work in open QB, especially when the charger itself provides an unavoidable loss channel. Here we show that such charger-induced loss can be converted into a protection mechanism by combining Purcell effect with quantum Zeno effect. We reveal that the virtual photon process and the Purcell effect can induce the strong coupling regime to the quantum Zeno regime, in which the stronger the dissipation of the charger, the weaker the self-discharging effect of the QB. As a result, the dissipation caused by the charger to the QB can be suppressed four orders of magnitude in our scheme. Meanwhile, the quantum Zeno effect induced by the Purcell effect can also avoid the energy backflow between the QB and the charger. Owing to the significantly suppressed dissipation, the stored energy of QB can be charged to a nearly full state and the stored energy is almost converted into extractable work, which greatly improves the energy conversion efficiency.
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All authors Da-Wei Liu, Guoqing Tian, Zi-Hao Li, Shi-Qi Gan, Ying Wu, Liu-Gang Si

Plasma Physics

Particle dynamics in nonlinear electromagnetic waves: chaos onset, diffusive heating, and wave surfing

Maxim Lyutikov

We investigate the dynamics of charged particles interacting with ultra-intense electromagnetic X-modes in strongly magnetized plasmas. We demonstrate that particle motion becomes chaotic for relative wave intensities $\delta = B_w/B_0 \gtrsim 0.25$ (not above the field reversal threshold $\delta \geq 1$). The transition to chaos occurs via the Chirikov resonance overlap mechanism and the related destruction of Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) tori. The maximum Lyapunov exponent increases logarithmically with $\delta$, even though the unmagnetized $\delta \to \infty$ limit is strictly integrable. In the $\delta \gg 1$ regime, incomplete re-laminarization of the phase space flow leads to two distinct populations: (i) the majority of particles undergoing stochastic diffusion, and (ii) a fraction of particles that become phase-locked with the wave, experiencing macroscopic intermittent surfing (Lévy flights). The 1D Particle-In-Cell simulations using the EPOCH code in the highly magnetized ($\sigma \gg 1$) and under-dense regime are generally consistent with the Hamiltonian single-particle theory. The dissipation fraction of the initial EM energy remains mild.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Quasi-two-dimensional Majorana zero modes from finite-size-coupled chiral hinge states

Wenhao Liang and Xun-Jiang Luo

Majorana zero modes (MZMs) in topological superconductors have attracted broad research interest for their potential applications in topological quantum computation. In this work, we propose a quasi-two-dimensional route to realize spatially separated MZMs in a chiral higher-order topological insulator (HOTI) proximitized by a conventional $s$-wave superconductor through a theoretical model study. In three dimensions, the chiral HOTI hosts gapless hinge states along the $z$ direction, arising from a mass term that anisotropically gaps the surface Dirac cones of a topological insulator. By confining the sample along the $x$ direction while keeping it extended along $y$ and finite along $z$, opposite $z$-directed chiral hinge states hybridize and effectively form one-dimensional helical channels. Incorporating the superconducting proximity effect into this quasi-two-dimensional system induces effective $p$-wave pairing in these helical channels, thereby opening a topological gap. A fully open-boundary sample then hosts four localized MZMs, one at each endpoint of the helical channels, realizing a second-order topological superconductor characterized by Majorana corner modes. In addition to MZMs, we also find that superconducting pairing in this model produces extended Majorana hinge modes in three dimensions. Furthermore, representative disorder calculations indicate that these Majorana corner modes are robust against weak-to-moderate disorder, provided the excitation gap remains open. These results establish finite-size-coupled chiral hinge states as a promising platform for engineering multiple MZMs via conventional superconducting proximity effect.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Charting doubly strange hidden-charm pentaquarks: An electromagnetic mapping of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ and $\frac{3}{2}$ states

Ulaş Özdem

We calculate the magnetic dipole moments of doubly strange hidden-charm pentaquark states with spin-parity $J^P = 1/2^-$ and $3/2^-$ using QCD light-cone sum rules (LCSR), presenting the first systematic LCSR investigation of the electromagnetic multipole structure in the $S = -2$ sector. To assess the model dependence, we employ independent interpolating currents in diquark-diquark-antiquark form, which probe different assumptions about the internal color-spin correlations. For the spin-$3/2$ states, we also compute the electric quadrupole and magnetic octupole moments. The magnetic dipole moments exhibit a considerable spread across currents, ranging from $-2.15\,\mu_N$ to $5.74\,\mu_N$ for spin-$1/2$ pentaquarks and from $-4.25\,\mu_N$ to $-0.43\,\mu_N$ for spin-$3/2$ states, reflecting the sensitivity of magnetic moments to the internal wave function. A quark-level decomposition reveals that the charm quark dominates in most configurations, while strange quarks play a decisive role only in currents favoring axial-vector diquark structures. The electric quadrupole moments lie between $-2.01\times10^{-2}$ fm$^2$ and $5.55\times10^{-2}$ fm$^2$, and the magnetic octupole moments are typically an order of magnitude smaller. The current dependence of the magnetic dipole moments provides a quantitative measure of the theoretical uncertainty arising from the choice of interpolating operator. The pronounced isospin sensitivity of $J^3_\mu(x)$ across all three multipole moments arises from its axial-vector diquark structure, which isolates the light quark from spin averaging and allows the charge asymmetry $e_u/e_d = -2$ to propagate directly into the electromagnetic moments; the ratio $\mu_u/\mu_d = -2.00$ confirms this mechanism exactly. Our predictions offer benchmarks for future experiments and lattice QCD calculations, and may help discriminate among competing structural models.
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Physics and Society

Macro-level reinforcement tunes the transition order of reversible social contagion

Guanyu Zhang and Peng-Bi Cui

Social contagion is often shaped by reinforcement: individuals become more likely to adopt a new behavior, opinion, or product as exposure accumulates or adoption becomes widely visible. Existing network models mainly capture this effect through local mechanisms, such as threshold responses or higher-order interactions. However, how macro-level reinforcement reshapes reversible spreading remains unclear. Here we study a SIS-like process in which pairwise transmission is reinforced by global prevalence. Combining quasistationary simulations and bifurcation analysis, we show that global feedback can produce first-order transition and hysteresis loop, with distinct activation and collapse thresholds. We further show how network localization promotes local ignition while weakening the global prevalence signal required for abrupt macroscopic activation, thereby raising the reinforcement threshold. Our results reveal how onset–retreat asymmetry emerges from global feedback coupled to network structure, providing a minimal mechanism for abrupt, history-dependent reversible social contagion.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Quantum interference effects enhanced in $\pi^+p$ femtoscopic correlation functions

Zhi-Wei Liu, Jun-Xu Lu, Duo-Lun Ge et al. (+1 more)

We present a comprehensive analysis of the $\pi^+p$ femtoscopic correlation functions measured by the ALICE Collaboration in high-multiplicity $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV. Using the Koonin-Pratt formula with a Gaussian source and data-driven $\pi N$ partial-wave amplitudes, we account for the contributions from $\pi^+p$ scattering and $\Delta(1232)^{++}$-decay, thereby successfully reproducing the measured data and their transverse-mass ($m_T$) dependence. The scattering contribution yields a peak near the relative momentum $k\approx140$ MeV/$c$, whereas the decay contribution peaks around $k\approx220$ MeV/$c$. The observed correlation peak results from a weighted sum of the two contributions, with $m_T$-dependent relative weights. We find that the 140 MeV/$c$ peak originates from quantum interference between the incident and scattered waves-a mechanism previously unnoticed in femtoscopic studies. This finding resolves the peak-shift puzzle in $\pi^+p$ correlations and provides a novel perspective for quantum interference effects in femtoscopy.
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All authors Zhi-Wei Liu, Jun-Xu Lu, Duo-Lun Ge, Li-Sheng Geng

Mathematical Physics

The Dirichlet Laplacian with a point interaction on unbounded Lipschitz domains

Diego Noja and Francesco Raso Stoia

We study one-centre point interactions for the Dirichlet Laplacian on unbounded domains in dimensions two and three, with emphasis on exterior domains and special Lipschitz domains. These operators are singular perturbations constructed as self-adjoint extensions of the Dirichlet Laplacian restricted to functions vanishing at the interaction centre, and their resolvents are given by an explicit Kreĭn formula with a single extension parameter $\alpha$. The negative spectrum is completely characterized by a scalar equation and the critical coupling $\alpha$ separating binding from non-binding is the threshold limit of the Weyl function appearing in the Kreĭn formula. We establish domain monotonicity of the Weyl function, of the critical coupling, and of the unique negative eigenvalue when existing, and we derive sharp near-boundary asymptotics of the critical coupling in uniformly $C^{1,1}$ geometries. These estimates imply that, for every fixed coupling, nonpositive spectrum disappears when the interaction centre approaches the Dirichlet boundary. We also prove limiting absorption principles and purely absolutely continuous positive spectrum for a point-interaction in exterior domains case and in classes of special Lipschitz domains. We also analyze in depth several threshold phenomena. We show that the critical coupling is governed by the far-field behavior of the zero-energy Green function: exterior domains give threshold resonances, domains contained in a three-dimensional half-space give threshold eigenvalues, the half-plane gives a $p$-wave resonance, and planar wedges exhibit types of threshold states that are aperture-dependent. Finally, low-energy resolvent expansions are computed in the model cases and persistence or disappearance of eigenvalues at threshold are studied. The present paper seems to be the first systematic work on the subject.
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Quantum Physics

Supersymmetry and Entanglement in the Generalized Dirac Oscillator

H. P. Laba and V. M. Tkachuk

The supersymmetric properties of the generalized Dirac oscillator allow us to determine the entanglement entropy between the spin and the continuous variable in a purely algebraic manner. The entanglement has a relativistic origin and disappears in the nonrelativistic limit. The entanglement entropy attains its maximal value in the limit of infinite energy.
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Optics

An orthogonal-to-non-orthogonal multiplexing format converter

Zijian Li, Chen Ding, Zixian Wei et al. (+5 more)

Time-frequency orthogonality has been a foundational principle in the historical development of optical communications, whether in dense wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) within long-reach high-capacity coherent optical transmission or in time-frequency division multiple access within short-reach dense passive optical networks. Towards next-generation agile optical networks, jointly programmable orthogonal and non-orthogonal regulation offers flexible spectral allocation, ultra-dense packet distribution, and increased capacity. For bridging the fundamental differences of physical implementation, we propose and demonstrate a versatile orthogonal to non-orthogonal multiplexing format converter, with application to high-speed coherent optical transmission network enabled by a Talbot-based processor. The programmable Talbot-processed pumps coherently transfer and superpose optical signals of distinct wavelength channels onto a single channel through cross-phase modulation. We first demonstrate flexible conversion of two 80-Gbps WDM QPSK channels separated by 200-250 GHz into a non-orthogonal power-division multiplexing channel, while maintaining the high-quality encoded information in the digital domain. We then validate a digital-subcarrier-multiplexing dense access scenario in which eight 20-Gbps sub-channels are combined, converted, transmitted, and successfully decoded over a field-deployed fiber. The multiplexing format converter promises potential for applications in next-generation optical systems and networks with complex topologies and dense populations.
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All authors Zijian Li, Chen Ding, Zixian Wei, Qiarong Xiao, Ka-Suen Lee, Chaoran Huang, Changyuan Yu, Chester Shu

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Radio Activity Across Accretion State Changes in Changing-look AGNs: Insights from FIRST and VLASS over Two Decades

Zhi-Qiang Chen, Wei-Jian Guo, Victoria A. Fawcett et al. (+8 more)

Changing-look active galactic nuclei (CL-AGNs) provide a unique opportunity to probe the coupling between accretion flows and relativistic jets in supermassive black holes. We investigate the long-term radio behavior of CL-AGNs over approximately 20 years by combining FIRST and VLASS observations with quasi-simultaneous optical spectroscopy and photometry. From a parent sample of 1092 CL-AGNs, we identify 58 sources with radio detections. Radio-detected CL-AGNs exhibit systematically higher radio kinetic efficiency, quantified by \(P_{\rm j}/L_{\rm bol}\), than both typical radio-detected AGNs and radio transients, consistent with their preference for low Eddington ratios. At the population level, the expected anti-correlation between radio emission and accretion rate is weak. However, a clear source-by-source anti-correlation emerges in a small subset of CL-AGNs with continuous multi-epoch coverage. We further identify four radio transients, including both radio turn-on and turn-off events, and one source exhibiting a multiwavelength flare that may be indicative of tidal disruption event-like activity. These results suggest that radio activity in CL-AGNs is not governed by instantaneous accretion state changes but is instead regulated by long-term accretion history and jet evolution, with additional stochastic or transient channels contributing in rare cases.
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All authors Zhi-Qiang Chen, Wei-Jian Guo, Victoria A. Fawcett, Jun-Jie Jin, Wen-Ke Ren, Heng-Xiao Guo, Min-Feng Gu, Yan-Mei Chen, Lu Feng, Hu Zou, Qi-Rong Yuan

Quantum Physics

Fundamental limits on state preparation for an open qubit

D.A. Abraamian, L.V. Lokutsievskiy and A.N. Pechen

We analytically determine the ultimate limits of state preparation in two-level open quantum systems driven by coherent control. For a dissipative qubit governed by a GKSL master equation, we give an exact characterization of the reachable set in the Bloch ball. Dissipation excludes a region of states in the Bloch ball which cannot be approached even under arbitrarily strong coherent driving, and we prove that this region has a nontrivial geometry whose boundary is a surface of revolution around the $x$-axis which is analytic except for two conical singularities. We derive a closed-form control protocol for moving on this boundary, and construct an explicit protocol that steers the system arbitrarily close to any prescribed boundary state. These results provide a complete geometric constructive description of reachable qubit states in the standard dissipative environment, establishing fundamental bounds on controllability and state-preparation fidelity for open two-level quantum systems.
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Accelerator Physics

Beam-excited resonant modes in RF cavities

Yanxu Wang, Demin Zhou, Ji Li et al. (+4 more)

Beam-excited resonant modes in RF cavities are important sources of beam-coupling impedance and coupled-bunch instabilities in high-current storage rings. We develop a unified framework for longitudinal and transverse resonant impedances based on Maxwell's equations and generalized cavity-voltage definitions, and derive analytical expressions for impedances obtained from finite-length truncated wakefields. The formulation enables the resonant frequencies, normalized longitudinal and transverse shunt impedances, and, when sufficiently constrained, the quality factors to be extracted from practical wakefield simulations without requiring fully converged long-range wakes. The method is validated with an axisymmetric pillbox cavity through comparison with analytical results and eigenmode calculations. It is then applied to the RF cavity of the Storage-Ring-based Coherent Light Source (SRCLS), where the extracted HOM parameters are used to reconstruct total impedance spectra, evaluate coupled-bunch instability thresholds, and guide cavity-geometry optimization. The results demonstrate an efficient connection between wakefield analysis, eigenmode characterization, and beam-stability evaluation for practical RF-cavity designs.
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All authors Yanxu Wang, Demin Zhou, Ji Li, Weijie Fan, Qinglei Zhang, Chao Feng, Zhentang Zhao

Quantum Physics

Incompatibility assisted Zeno-like confinement enables unbounded sharing of nonlocality

Prerna Rao and Som Kanjilal

To enable sequential sharing of Bell-nonlocality by an unbounded number of copies, each copy must satisfy two requirements. First, the measurements must be incompatible to extract nonlocality. Second, the post-processsed state, obtained as an equal mixture of the two post-measurement states, must remain nonlocal. We show that the incompatibility requirements impose nontrivial constraints on the choice of the initial nonlocal state and the amount of measurement noise required to ensure that the post-processed state remains nonlocal for an unbounded number of copies. We establish this result for two measurement scenarios, namely, when each copy performs unsharp measurements corresponding to a pair of anti-commuting Pauli observables, and when each copy performs probabilistic projective measurements (PPMs) of a pair of anti-commuting Pauli observables. Furthermore, we show that, in the asymptotic limit, the nonlocal post-processed states of all the copies are almost identical, leading to a quantum Zeno-like confinement within the nonlocal region.
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Medical Physics

Comorbidity Network Analysis Reveals Diagnostic Disparities Between Austrian and Non-Austrian Inpatients: A Population-Wide Cohort Study

Elma Dervic, Andrea Vismara, Remah Dahdoul et al. (+2 more)

International migrants face well-documented barriers to healthcare access, yet the extent to which these barriers shape patterns of disease co-occurrence remains poorly understood. Drawing on a nationwide dataset of approximately 13 million hospital admissions from around 4 million individuals in Austria (2015-2019), we constructed and compared comorbidity networks between Austrian nationals and non-Austrian migrants, matched 1:1 by age, sex, and time of first hospital admission (272,779 per group). Following matching, metabolic and cardiovascular diagnoses, including type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction, were more common among non-Austrians, while depression was more common among Austrians. Comorbidity network analysis showed that among all disease pairs that differed significantly between groups, 70% showed stronger co-occurrence in Austrian patients and 30% in non-Austrian patients. Distinct sex-specific patterns appeared: Austrian males showed stronger associations between alcohol use disorder and mental health diagnoses, whereas non-Austrian males more frequently presented with acute somatic conditions. Among non-Austrian women, a pronounced cluster of recurrent depression, somatoform disorders, and dorsalgia was observed. We interpret the disproportionately fewer comorbidity links observed in non-Austrians not as evidence of lower disease burden, but as a likely reflection of structural access barriers, including language differences, cultural factors, and crisis-oriented admission patterns, that prevent comprehensive diagnostic assessment, though a contribution from the healthy migrant effect cannot be excluded. These findings stress the need for culturally aware care strategies and earlier identification of high-risk multimorbidity profiles in migrant populations.
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All authors Elma Dervic, Andrea Vismara, Remah Dahdoul, Marion Aichberger, Nilufar Mossaheb

Quantum Physics

Optimal estimation of quantum boundary effect in cosmic string space-time

Yao Jin

The presence of a cosmic string modifies vacuum fluctuations, making the evolution of a two-level polarizable atom position-dependent. Such modifications produce effects on the atomic dynamics analogous to those induced by a reflecting boundary. We show that these quantum boundary effects can be estimated by performing a sequence of $N$ measurements on a single probe atom. For a fixed total probe time, the precision limit is attained by preparing each probe in its optimal initial state, performing the corresponding optimal measurement, and shortening the probe time of each probe. The optimal measurement is uniquely determined by the probe's initial state, and the precision limit obtained with the atom initially in the excited state is four times higher than that for an equal-weight superposition state. The estimation precision displays damped oscillatory behavior as the atom-boundary or atom-string separation increases. In the boundary case, the optimal polarization is always parallel to that boundary. In cosmic-string spacetime, by contrast, the optimal polarization is along the azimuthal direction around the string. The relative advantage of the other polarization directions depends on both the atom-string separation and the deficit angle. For small deficit angles and sufficiently large separations, radial polarization perpendicular to the string becomes less favorable than the other directions.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Rigidity and the interpretation of mass with a positive cosmological constant

Eneko Aranguren and Raül Vera

We provide an explicit counterexample to the rigidity properties underlying the interpretation of mass in the presence of a positive cosmological constant $\Lambda$. Specifically, we construct a family of regular static stellar configurations satisfying the dominant and strong energy conditions, and containing no surface layers, for which the mass parameter of the outer Schwarzschild-de Sitter region can be positive, zero, or negative. The zero-mass configuration is precisely the one for which the outer vacuum region becomes exactly de Sitter, yielding a spacetime in which a de Sitter domain coexists with regular perfect-fluid matter. This contrasts sharply with the $\Lambda=0$ case, where a Minkowski domain cannot coexist with perfect-fluid regions satisfying the energy conditions. These results show that the static, spherically symmetric realization of the rigidity principle associated with the positive mass theorem for $\Lambda=0$ does not carry over to $\Lambda>0$.
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